Peer-to-peer - Knowledge (XXG)

806:, and entertainment industry to filter out copyrighted content. Although server-client networks are able to monitor and manage content availability, they can have more stability in the availability of the content they choose to host. A client should not have trouble accessing obscure content that is being shared on a stable centralized network. P2P networks, however, are more unreliable in sharing unpopular files because sharing files in a P2P network requires that at least one node in the network has the requested data, and that node must be able to connect to the node requesting the data. This requirement is occasionally hard to meet because users may delete or stop sharing data at any point. 1357:

reproducible so that other researchers can replicate, validate, and extend existing work." If the research cannot be reproduced, then the opportunity for further research is hindered. "Even though new simulators continue to be released, the research community tends towards only a handful of open-source simulators. The demand for features in simulators, as shown by our criteria and survey, is high. Therefore, the community should work together to get these features in open-source software. This would reduce the need for custom simulators, and hence increase repeatability and reputability of experiments."

467: 458:/memory (by requiring every peer to process all search queries), and does not ensure that search queries will always be resolved. Furthermore, since there is no correlation between a peer and the content managed by it, there is no guarantee that flooding will find a peer that has the desired data. Popular content is likely to be available at several peers and any peer searching for it is likely to find the same thing. But if a peer is looking for rare data shared by only a few other peers, then it is highly unlikely that the search will be successful. 420: 791:, recovery, and availability. In a centralized network, the system administrators are the only forces controlling the availability of files being shared. If the administrators decide to no longer distribute a file, they simply have to remove it from their servers, and it will no longer be available to users. Along with leaving the users powerless in deciding what is distributed throughout the community, this makes the entire system vulnerable to threats and requests from the government and other large forces. 1383: 810:

and available than files on central networks. In a centralized network, a simple loss of connection between the server and clients can cause a failure, but in P2P networks, the connections between every node must be lost to cause a data-sharing failure. In a centralized system, the administrators are responsible for all data recovery and backups, while in P2P systems, each node requires its backup system. Because of the lack of central authority in P2P networks, forces such as the recording industry,

275: 190: 6071: 4325: 4247: 36: 4315: 768: 951: 148: 6081: 4257: 293:. The peer-to-peer movement allowed millions of Internet users to connect "directly, forming groups and collaborating to become user-created search engines, virtual supercomputers, and filesystems". The basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier software systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first 513: 1288:

networks regarding public safety and national security. When a file is downloaded through a peer-to-peer network, it is impossible to know who created the file or what users are connected to the network at a given time. Trustworthiness of sources is a potential security threat that can be seen with peer-to-peer systems.

525:(i.e. with large numbers of nodes frequently joining and leaving the network). More recent evaluation of P2P resource discovery solutions under real workloads have pointed out several issues in DHT-based solutions such as high cost of advertising/discovering resources and static and dynamic load imbalance. 355:

introduced the music and file-sharing application called Napster. Napster was the beginning of peer-to-peer networks, as we know them today, where "participating users establish a virtual network, entirely independent from the physical network, without having to obey any administrative authorities or

1261:

Although peer-to-peer networks can be used for legitimate purposes, rights holders have targeted peer-to-peer over the involvement with sharing copyrighted material. Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P

1196:

Some researchers have explored the benefits of enabling virtual communities to self-organize and introduce incentives for resource sharing and cooperation, arguing that the social aspect missing from today's P2P systems should be seen both as a goal and a means for self-organized virtual communities

1287:

exceptions allow limited use of copyrighted material to be downloaded without acquiring permission from the rights holders. These documents are usually news reporting or under the lines of research and scholarly work. Controversies have developed over the concern of illegitimate use of peer-to-peer

809:

In a P2P network, the community of users is entirely responsible for deciding which content is available. Unpopular files eventually disappear and become unavailable as fewer people share them. Popular files, however, are highly and easily distributed. Popular files on a P2P network are more stable

758:

that can be inherent in a client–server based system. As nodes arrive and demand on the system increases, the total capacity of the system also increases, and the likelihood of failure decreases. If one peer on the network fails to function properly, the whole network is not compromised or damaged.

307:

was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor, creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links. The early Internet was more open than the present day, where two machines connected to the Internet could send packets to

1320:

usage. Compared to Web browsing, e-mail or many other uses of the internet, where data is only transferred in short intervals and relative small quantities, P2P file-sharing often consists of relatively heavy bandwidth usage due to ongoing file transfers and swarm/network coordination packets. In

1299:

lead to an increase in overall video game sales because newer games charge for extra features or levels. The paper concluded that piracy had a negative financial impact on movies, music, and literature. The study relied on self-reported data about game purchases and use of illegal download sites.

1188:

Cooperation among a community of participants is key to the continued success of P2P systems aimed at casual human users; these reach their full potential only when large numbers of nodes contribute resources. But in current practice, P2P networks often contain large numbers of users who utilize

449:

Because there is no structure globally imposed upon them, unstructured networks are easy to build and allow for localized optimizations to different regions of the overlay. Also, because the role of all peers in the network is the same, unstructured networks are highly robust in the face of high

402:

peers can communicate with each other directly, via the logical overlay links (each of which corresponds to a path through the underlying physical network). Overlays are used for indexing and peer discovery, and make the P2P system independent from the physical network topology. Based on how the

727:

files). Files infected with the RIAA virus were unusable afterwards and contained malicious code. The RIAA is also known to have uploaded fake music and movies to P2P networks in order to deter illegal file sharing. Consequently, the P2P networks of today have seen an enormous increase of their

584:

was an example of a hybrid model . There are a variety of hybrid models, all of which make trade-offs between the centralized functionality provided by a structured server/client network and the node equality afforded by the pure peer-to-peer unstructured networks. Currently, hybrid models have

453:

However, the primary limitations of unstructured networks also arise from this lack of structure. In particular, when a peer wants to find a desired piece of data in the network, the search query must be flooded through the network to find as many peers as possible that share the data. Flooding

759:

In contrast, in a typical client–server architecture, clients share only their demands with the system, but not their resources. In this case, as more clients join the system, fewer resources are available to serve each client, and if the central server fails, the entire network is taken down.

1356:

Researchers have used computer simulations to aid in understanding and evaluating the complex behaviors of individuals within the network. "Networking research often relies on simulation in order to test and evaluate new ideas. An important requirement of this process is that results must be

1192:

Freeloading can have a profound impact on the network and in some cases can cause the community to collapse. In these types of networks "users have natural disincentives to cooperate because cooperation consumes their own resources and may degrade their own performance". Studying the social

673:

attacks. Examples of common routing attacks include "incorrect lookup routing" whereby malicious nodes deliberately forward requests incorrectly or return false results, "incorrect routing updates" where malicious nodes corrupt the routing tables of neighboring nodes by sending them false

1125:, uses a proprietary peer-to-peer technology called "Delivery Optimization" to deploy operating system updates using end-users' PCs either on the local network or other PCs. According to Microsoft's Channel 9, this led to a 30%-50% reduction in Internet bandwidth usage. Artisoft's 3039:

Gareth Tyson, Andreas Mauthe, Sebastian Kaune, Mu Mu and Thomas Plagemann. Corelli: A Dynamic Replication Service for Supporting Latency-Dependent Content in Community Networks. In Proc. 16th ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference (MMCN), San Jose, CA

1344:. Techniques for achieving "protocol obfuscation" involves removing otherwise easily identifiable properties of protocols, such as deterministic byte sequences and packet sizes, by making the data look as if it were random. The ISP's solution to the high bandwidth is 585:

better performance than either pure unstructured networks or pure structured networks because certain functions, such as searching, do require a centralized functionality but benefit from the decentralized aggregation of nodes provided by unstructured networks.

316:

was a successful peer-to-peer network where "every participating node could request and serve content". However, ARPANET was not self-organized, and it could not "provide any means for context or content-based routing beyond 'simple' address-based routing."

1170: 884:

Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States, over conflicts with

1193:

attributes of P2P networks is challenging due to large populations of turnover, asymmetry of interest and zero-cost identity. A variety of incentive mechanisms have been implemented to encourage or even force nodes to contribute resources.

1197:

to be built and fostered. Ongoing research efforts for designing effective incentive mechanisms in P2P systems, based on principles from game theory, are beginning to take on a more psychological and information-processing direction.

1282:

To establish criminal liability for the copyright infringement on peer-to-peer systems, the government must prove that the defendant infringed a copyright willingly for the purpose of personal financial gain or commercial advantage.

1180:: In this animation, the colored bars beneath all of the 7 clients in the upper region above represent the file being shared, with each color representing an individual piece of the file. After the initial pieces transfer from the 839:

that require users to share, refer a performance measurement study). This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor.

3191:

Krishnan, R., Smith, M. D., Tang, Z., & Telang, R. (2004, January). The impact of free-riding on peer-to-peer networks. In System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 10-pp).

674:

information, and "incorrect routing network partition" where when new nodes are joining they bootstrap via a malicious node, which places the new node in a partition of the network that is populated by other malicious nodes.

867:

and services, including distributed caching systems like Correli Caches to enhance performance. Furthermore, peer-to-peer networks have made possible the software publication and distribution, enabling efficient sharing of

520:

However, in order to route traffic efficiently through the network, nodes in a structured overlay must maintain lists of neighbors that satisfy specific criteria. This makes them less robust in networks with a high rate of

1363:

Besides all the above stated facts, there has also been work done on ns-2 open source network simulators. One research issue related to free rider detection and punishment has been explored using ns-2 simulator here.

616:

the content, thus off-loading balance from the server. All of the information is retained at the server. This system makes use of the fact that the bottleneck is most likely in the outgoing bandwidth than the

216:, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional 1336:-based application architecture. The client–server model provides financial barriers-to-entry to small publishers and individuals, and can be less efficient for sharing large files. As a reaction to this 3204:

Feldman, M., Lai, K., Stoica, I., & Chuang, J. (2004, May). Robust incentive techniques for peer-to-peer networks. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerce (pp. 102-111). ACM.

2822: 1332:

Critics point out that P2P networking has legitimate legal uses, and that this is another way that large providers are trying to control use and content on the Internet, and direct people towards a

736:

and different encryption methods have made most networks resistant to almost any type of attack, even when major parts of the respective network have been replaced by faked or nonfunctional hosts.

704:

contained malware. In both cases, the top three most common types of malware accounted for the large majority of cases (99% in gnutella, and 65% in OpenFT). Another study analyzing traffic on the

2734: 1184:(large system at the bottom), the pieces are individually transferred from client to client. The original seeder only needs to send out one copy of the file for all the clients to receive a copy. 2154:

Making Grids Work: Proceedings of the CoreGRID Workshop on Programming Models Grid and P2P System Architecture Grid Systems, Tools and Environments 12-13 June 2007, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

486:

the overlay is organized into a specific topology, and the protocol ensures that any node can efficiently. search the network for a file/resource, even if the resource is extremely rare.

2064:

Networking 2007: Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet: 6th International IFIP-TC6 Networking Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, May 14-18, 2007 Proceedings

2472:

Bandara, H. M. N. Dilum; Jayasumana, Anura P. (January 2012). "Evaluation of P2P Resource Discovery Architectures Using Real-Life Multi-Attribute Resource and Query Characteristics".

3238:

P. Antoniadis and B. Le Grand, "Incentives for resource sharing in self-organized communities: From economics to social psychology," Digital Information Management (ICDIM '07), 2007

657:. What makes this particularly dangerous for P2P software, however, is that peer-to-peer applications act as servers as well as clients, meaning that they can be more vulnerable to 2636:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems. Cambridge, MA: Springer (published March 2002). pp. 696:

varies between different peer-to-peer protocols. Studies analyzing the spread of malware on P2P networks found, for example, that 63% of the answered download requests on the

1360:

Popular simulators that were widely used in the past are NS2, OMNeT++, SimPy, NetLogo, PlanetLab, ProtoPeer, QTM, PeerSim, ONE, P2PStrmSim, PlanetSim, GNUSim, and Bharambe.

902:. In the last case, the Court unanimously held that defendant peer-to-peer file sharing companies Grokster and Streamcast could be sued for inducing copyright infringement. 3461:

Basu, A., Fleming, S., Stanier, J., Naicken, S., Wakeman, I., & Gurbani, V. K. (2013). The state of peer-to-peer network simulators. ACM Computing Surveys, 45(4), 46.

831:

In P2P networks, clients both provide and use resources. This means that unlike client–server systems, the content-serving capacity of peer-to-peer networks can actually

3142: 5169: 2431: 324:, a distributed messaging system that is often described as an early peer-to-peer architecture, was established. It was developed in 1979 as a system that enforces a 1279:

In both of the cases the file sharing technology was ruled to be legal as long as the developers had no ability to prevent the sharing of the copyrighted material.

3017:

NETWORKING 2005 -- Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems

3658:", in the proceedings of the 1st Multimedia Communications Workshop MULTICOMM 2006 held in conjunction with IEEE ICC 2006 pp 43–48, June 2006, Istanbul, Turkey. 3119: 2757:

Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment: 4th International Conference, DIMVA 2007 Lucerne, Switzerland, July 12-13, 2007 Proceedings

580:

Hybrid models are a combination of peer-to-peer and client–server models. A common hybrid model is to have a central server that helps peers find each other.

4293: 2826: 2663: 3811: 3665: 3169: 1217:—that is, ensuring that the contents of communications are hidden from eavesdroppers, and that the identities/locations of the participants are concealed. 4009: 3073: 1329:. Their rationale was that P2P is mostly used to share illegal content, and their infrastructure is not designed for continuous, high-bandwidth traffic. 370:

nodes simultaneously functioning as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the

6669: 3752: 3731: 2548: 1956: 434:

do not impose a particular structure on the overlay network by design, but rather are formed by nodes that randomly form connections to each other. (

1412: 336:

communicate with one another as peers to propagate Usenet news articles over the entire group of network servers. The same consideration applies to

3563: 3968: 3590: 3290:

Majoras, D. B. (2005). Peer-to-peer file-sharing technology consumer protection and competition issues. Federal Trade Commission, Retrieved from

374:

model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that uses the client-server model is the

6117: 5688: 378:(FTP) service in which the client and server programs are distinct: the clients initiate the transfer, and the servers satisfy these requests. 2324:

Dabek, Frank; Zhao, Ben; Druschel, Peter; Kubiatowicz, John; Stoica, Ion (2003). "Towards a Common API for Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlays".

6376: 3604: 3257: 3223: 3099: 3024: 2950: 2718: 2653: 2498: 2456: 2351: 2249: 2186: 2266: 2093:

Transactions on Large-Scale Data- and Knowledge-Centered Systems III: Special Issue on Data and Knowledge Management in Grid and PSP Systems

715:

Corrupted data can also be distributed on P2P networks by modifying files that are already being shared on the network. For example, on the

5313: 5162: 3547: 922:

multimedia applications leverage a peer-to-peer network in conjunction with streaming servers to stream audio and video to their clients.

3380: 3313: 5444: 2673: 1503: 1406: 1275: 1133:

Hotline Client was built with decentralized servers and tracker software dedicated to any type of files and continues to operate today.

1051: 898: 565: 5863: 3722: 3566:, Special Issue, Elsevier Journal of Computer Communication, (Ed) Javed I. Khan and Adam Wierzbicki, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 2008 1600: 5918: 3781: 3690: 3042: 2764: 2585: 2308: 2224: 2161: 2132: 2100: 2071: 2042: 2015: 1903: 1738: 939: 669:

Since each node plays a role in routing traffic through the network, malicious users can perform a variety of "routing attacks", or

119: 3740: 2370: 403:

nodes are linked to each other within the overlay network, and how resources are indexed and located, we can classify networks as

6518: 6371: 6084: 5109: 4286: 3816: 1533:

Bandara, H. M. N. D; A. P. Jayasumana (2012). "Collaborative Applications over Peer-to-Peer Systems – Challenges and Solutions".

497:

is used to assign ownership of each file to a particular peer. This enables peers to search for resources on the network using a

366: 155:

in which interconnected nodes ("peers") share resources amongst each other without the use of a centralized administrative system

2899: 6654: 6074: 5155: 4979: 4969: 4865: 4459: 3862: 3651: 137: 3681: 2390: 6659: 6598: 6381: 4859: 4120: 3711: 3641: 3618: 1855: 1341: 251:

radio. The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. In such social contexts,

57: 3355: 3294: 1262:

applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States, primarily over issues surrounding

1189:

resources shared by other nodes, but who do not share anything themselves (often referred to as the "freeloader problem").

100: 6501: 4963: 4778: 3963: 1129:

was built as a peer-to-peer operating system where machines can function as both servers and workstations simultaneously.

931: 509:) pairs are stored in the DHT, and any participating node can efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. 133: 53: 2515: 1373: 72: 5409: 5384: 4137: 1401: 5990: 6034: 5394: 4944: 4328: 4279: 4100: 3703: 1432: 1241: 1009: 993: 466: 3309:

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, (2008). Peer-to-peer network. Retrieved from website:

1478: 3127: 2967: 2177:

Jin, Xing; Chan, S.-H. Gary (2010). "Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Network Architectures". In Shen; et al. (eds.).

79: 6491: 6366: 6230: 6110: 4718: 4318: 2212:

Peer-to-Peer Systems: First International Workshop, IPTPS 2002, Cambridge, MA, USA, March 7-8, 2002, Revised Papers

1079: 1025: 985: 605: 2660: 1325:, one of the largest broadband Internet providers in the United States, started blocking P2P applications such as 46: 6154: 6126: 5788: 5424: 4115: 3953: 1922: 1396: 1063: 848: 780: 654: 3662: 3557: 3166: 942:, enables users to create anonymous and autonomous web portals that are distributed via a peer-to-peer network. 419: 332:

model from the user or client perspective that offers a self-organizing approach to newsgroup servers. However,

6628: 6483: 6024: 5928: 5898: 5593: 5371: 5270: 4919: 4473: 1148: 864: 1348:, where an ISP stores the part of files most accessed by P2P clients in order to save access to the Internet. 217: 195: 86: 1518:

A Definition of Peer-to-Peer Networking for the Classification of Peer-to-Peer Architectures and Applications

1032:

is a connection-sharing application that shares Internet access with other devices using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.

6019: 5888: 5758: 5474: 4768: 4743: 1457: 1218: 1001: 989: 935: 755: 325: 183: 167: 2555: 6578: 6139: 6046: 6039: 5878: 5653: 5001: 4845: 4748: 4644: 4214: 3520: 2856: 2329: 2279:

R. Ranjan, A. Harwood, and R. Buyya, "Peer-to-peer based resource discovery in global grids: a tutorial,"

1730: 1130: 980:

is not itself peer-to-peer; however, it can enable peer-to-peer applications to be built on top of it via

708:

network found that 15% of the 500,000 file sample taken were infected by one or more of the 365 different

490: 475: 375: 600:

content, proposed by computer scientists Venkata N. Padmanabhan and Kunwadee Sripanidkulchai, working at

68: 6664: 6649: 6453: 6103: 6051: 5045: 5024: 4883: 4853: 4733: 4110: 4044: 3999: 3958: 3842: 3774: 3178: 2408: 1980: 1437: 1427: 1317: 749: 745: 533: 240: 179: 3587: 3090:

Glorioso, Andrea; et al. (2010). "The Social Impact of P2P Systems". In Shen; et al. (eds.).

1957:"Practical Applications of Peer-to-Peer Networks in File Sharing and Content Distribution | SimpleSwap" 568:. DHT-based networks have also been widely utilized for accomplishing efficient resource discovery for 285:

While P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains, the concept was popularized by

1382: 863:

have been useful in popularizing peer-to-peer technologies. These advancements have paved the way for

450:

rates of "churn"—that is, when large numbers of peers are frequently joining and leaving the network.

5259: 4877: 4871: 4788: 3837: 3806: 3696: 3331:"Illegal downloads may not actually harm sales, but the European Union doesn't want you to know that" 1552: 1417: 1337: 1043: 919: 557: 294: 141: 3330: 1082:

is conducting research on P2P networks as part of its modern network warfare strategy. In May 2003,

938:, aims to facilitate file sharing among educational institutions globally. Another notable program, 274: 6326: 5843: 5331: 5249: 5239: 5234: 5178: 5067: 4260: 3922: 3544: 2334: 1671: 1153: 341: 252: 3601: 2861: 2283:, vol. 10, no. 2. and P. Trunfio, "Peer-to-Peer resource discovery in Grids: Models and systems," 6618: 6358: 6255: 5833: 5638: 5628: 5019: 4793: 4539: 4488: 4167: 4105: 3912: 3801: 3502: 3471:

Ihle, Cornelius; Trautwein, Dennis; Schubotz, Moritz; Meuschke, Norman; Gipp, Bela (2023-01-24).

2990: 2874: 2490:

Structured P2P Systems: Fundamentals of Hierarchical Organization, Routing, Scaling, and Security

1861: 1653: 1568: 1542: 1309: 1138: 1110: 1095: 1055: 973: 869: 609: 601: 494: 224: 206: 200: 2637: 2631: 1333: 371: 329: 3633: 2216: 2210: 927: 312:-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years. As a precursor to the Internet, 6623: 6417: 5601: 5482: 5229: 5214: 5034: 4783: 4763: 4728: 4565: 4430: 4338: 4059: 4014: 3686: 3637: 3494: 3441: 3253: 3219: 3095: 3067: 3020: 2946: 2760: 2752: 2714: 2649: 2581: 2573: 2494: 2452: 2446: 2425: 2347: 2304: 2245: 2220: 2182: 2157: 2128: 2096: 2067: 2059: 2038: 2032: 2011: 2005: 1899: 1851: 1744: 1734: 1645: 1606: 1596: 1181: 733: 670: 646: 612:

experiences an increase in load it redirects incoming peers to other peers who have agreed to

399: 213: 175: 3571: 3310: 2602: 2206: 2149: 2120: 2088: 625:' to its neighbors in an attempt to use locality. If multiple peers are found with the same 170:

architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged,

6546: 6541: 6134: 5573: 4899: 4822: 4817: 4578: 4560: 4501: 4417: 4250: 4173: 3917: 3877: 3872: 3767: 3524: 3484: 2982: 2938: 2866: 2641: 2339: 1891: 1843: 1788: 1637: 1560: 1422: 1134: 709: 3719: 2840:

Balakrishnan, Hari; Kaashoek, M. Frans; Karger, David; Morris, Robert; Stoica, Ion (2003).

1520:, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE (2002). 783:

that runs on a peer-to-peer network instead of making requests to centralized index servers

394:

of the nodes in the physical network. Data is still exchanged directly over the underlying

6448: 6412: 6190: 5893: 5823: 5753: 5682: 5648: 5633: 5545: 5512: 5487: 4678: 4655: 4544: 4534: 4453: 4411: 4189: 4145: 3984: 3892: 3748: 3744: 3726: 3707: 3669: 3655: 3622: 3608: 3594: 3551: 3317: 3298: 3173: 2781: 2677: 2667: 2394: 2374: 1926: 1442: 1387: 1226: 1059: 1005: 969: 860: 683: 658: 630: 439: 387: 300: 93: 3404: 3049: 2841: 818:, and the government are unable to delete or stop the sharing of content on P2P systems. 787:

There are both advantages and disadvantages in P2P networks related to the topic of data

3737: 1918:

Horton, Mark, and Rick Adams. "Standard for interchange of USENET messages." (1987): 1.

1556: 6463: 6185: 5583: 5379: 4753: 4710: 4700: 4694: 4620: 4549: 4423: 4369: 4227: 4204: 3994: 3852: 3832: 3274:"No country is free from child sexual abuse, exploitation, UN's top rights forum hears" 2409:"Impact of Neighbor Selection on Performance and Resilience of Structured P2P Networks" 2367: 1724: 1292: 1098: 1083: 981: 961: 772: 569: 304: 259: 3009: 2753:"Measurement and Analysis of Autonomous Spreading Malware in a University Environment" 6643: 6613: 6593: 6588: 6556: 6526: 6458: 6443: 6029: 5828: 5502: 5123: 4955: 4811: 4639: 4480: 4302: 4024: 3937: 3897: 3882: 3506: 3291: 2907: 1813: 1590: 1452: 1447: 1230: 1039: 1017: 754:

The decentralized nature of P2P networks increases robustness because it removes the

626: 621:, hence its server-centric design. It assigns peers to other peers who are 'close in 549: 352: 3648: 2994: 1657: 1572: 212:

Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage, or

189: 5768: 5323: 5186: 4758: 4738: 4616: 4520: 4466: 4351: 4232: 4080: 4075: 3927: 2878: 2547:

Ranjan, Rajiv; Chan, Lipo; Harwood, Aaron; Karunasekera, Shanika; Buyya, Rajkumar.

2387: 1865: 1696: 1592:

Peer-to-peer computing : technologies for sharing and collaborating on the net

1035: 954: 873: 541: 345: 309: 286: 3615: 2689: 1890:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 9–16. 1340:, several P2P applications started implementing protocol obfuscation, such as the 308:

each other without firewalls and other security measures. This contrasts with the

2821:

Lua, Eng Keong; Crowcroft, Jon; Pias, Marcelo; Sharma, Ravi; Lim, Steven (2005).

2488: 2007:

SIP Handbook: Services, Technologies, and Security of Session Initiation Protocol

6583: 6551: 6468: 6306: 6265: 6235: 5858: 5778: 5723: 5643: 5029: 5011: 4773: 4589: 4512: 4437: 4222: 4004: 3907: 3473:"Incentive Mechanisms in Peer-to-Peer Networks — A Systematic Literature Review" 2343: 1886:

Steinmetz, Ralf; Wehrle, Klaus (2005). "2. What Is This "Peer-to-Peer" About?".

1840:

Proceedings of the tenth ACM symposium on Access control models and technologies

1345: 1245: 1234: 1169: 1106: 1029: 977: 923: 613: 537: 333: 256: 35: 3528: 3430: 3273: 2930: 2298: 390:

on top of the physical network topology, where the nodes in the overlay form a

6396: 6336: 6275: 6260: 6250: 6180: 5964: 5908: 5838: 5713: 5708: 5658: 5623: 5616: 5578: 5568: 5507: 5293: 5204: 5194: 5103: 4989: 4974: 4936: 4672: 4573: 4495: 4447: 4442: 4405: 4357: 3989: 3887: 3857: 2986: 2522: 1776: 1641: 1564: 1326: 1222: 1175: 1142: 1122: 1114: 1102: 1091: 1075: 997: 836: 767: 729: 723:

managed to introduce faked chunks into downloads and downloaded files (mostly

622: 498: 236: 171: 3498: 3445: 2942: 2670: 2645: 2121:"P2P Streaming Over Cellular Networks: Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities" 1836:"Peer-to-peer access control architecture using trusted computing technology" 1748: 1649: 835:

as more users begin to access the content (especially with protocols such as

6391: 6220: 6195: 6095: 5805: 5795: 5783: 5773: 5738: 5703: 5698: 5611: 5517: 5419: 5351: 5288: 5199: 4995: 4889: 4834: 3902: 3847: 1847: 1625: 1610: 1263: 1214: 1126: 1118: 1067: 1021: 886: 856: 716: 634: 278: 248: 3700: 2034:

Streaming Media Architectures: Techniques and Applications: Recent Advances

1626:"Measuring and analyzing the characteristics of Napster and Gnutella hosts" 950: 572:

systems, as it aids in resource management and scheduling of applications.

17: 2870: 2549:"Decentralised Resource Discovery Service for Large Scale Federated Grids" 2448:

An Efficient, Scalable, and Robust P2P Overlay for Autonomic Communication

2368:

Novel Architectures for P2P Applications: the Continuous-Discrete Approach

1919: 1835: 700:

network contained some form of malware, whereas only 3% of the content on

6422: 6386: 6321: 6215: 6205: 6164: 6159: 5980: 5954: 5883: 5743: 5733: 5718: 5663: 5540: 5492: 5459: 5434: 5414: 5399: 5244: 5209: 5147: 5085: 4913: 4907: 4723: 4601: 4399: 4199: 4194: 3932: 1300:

Pains were taken to remove effects of false and misremembered responses.

1284: 1268: 1248:

have used peer-to-peer platforms to carry out activities with anonymity.

1071: 891: 852: 697: 650: 597: 596:

was a proposed system for off-loading serving to peers who have recently

553: 454:

causes a very high amount of signaling traffic in the network, uses more

435: 263: 244: 228: 1504:"Why personal area networks are the best thing to happen to hotel Wi-Fi" 147: 6536: 6531: 6495: 6487: 6478: 6473: 6331: 6290: 6270: 6003: 5998: 5949: 5763: 5497: 5464: 5454: 5429: 5389: 5361: 5341: 5283: 5224: 5218: 5133: 5091: 5079: 5073: 5061: 5039: 4828: 4803: 4666: 4634: 4606: 4583: 4374: 4184: 3867: 3790: 2297:

Kelaskar, M.; Matossian, V.; Mehra, P.; Paul, D.; Parashar, M. (2002).

2089:"A Survey of Structured P2P Systems for RDF Data Storage and Retrieval" 1895: 1322: 1316:) have been known to throttle P2P file-sharing traffic due to its high- 1210: 1206: 795: 693: 687: 581: 348:

and their direct connections is strictly a client-server relationship.

313: 290: 232: 3521:"Free-rider detection and punishment in BitTorrent based P2P networks" 2516:"A Study on Peer-to-Peer Based Discovery of Grid Resource Information" 1624:

Saroiu, Stefan; Gummadi, Krishna P.; Gribble, Steven D. (2003-08-01).

1062:

capable of supporting many different types of applications, primarily

6438: 6311: 6210: 6056: 5903: 5813: 5449: 5404: 5356: 5308: 5128: 5097: 4984: 4925: 4660: 4650: 4595: 4528: 4271: 4029: 3588:

Vulnerabilities of P2P systems and a critical look at their solutions

2328:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2735. pp. 33–44. 1792: 1047: 926:

is employed for multicasting streams. Additionally, a project called

788: 701: 561: 529: 395: 391: 321: 235:, originally released in 1999. P2P is used in many protocols such as 3489: 3472: 2445:

Li, Deng; et al. (2009). Vasilakos, A.V.; et al. (eds.).

1939: 1038:

is a directory-syncing app. Research includes projects such as the

637:

the previous stream, and then transmit it piece-wise to new nodes.

6608: 6603: 6341: 6316: 6285: 6280: 6200: 5959: 5933: 5873: 5848: 5606: 5550: 5535: 5439: 5346: 5303: 5298: 5278: 4628: 4380: 4363: 4346: 4179: 4034: 3381:"EU study finds piracy doesn't hurt game sales, may actually help" 2735:"Malware Propagation Modelling in Peer-to-Peer Networks: A Review" 2514:

Ranjan, Rajiv; Harwood, Aaron; Buyya, Rajkumar (1 December 2006).

1547: 1168: 1087: 949: 911: 766: 705: 512: 511: 465: 443: 418: 273: 188: 146: 3545:

P2P-VoD Streaming: Design Issues & User Experience Challenges

2823:"A survey and comparison of peer-to-peer overlay network schemes" 629:

it designates that the node choose the fastest of its neighbors.

427:, illustrating the ad hoc nature of the connections between nodes 6245: 6240: 5748: 5527: 4391: 3614:

Biddle, Peter, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman,

3200: 3198: 2240:

Shen, Xuemin; Yu, Heather; Buford, John; Akon, Mursalin (2009).

2125:

Building Next-Generation Converged Networks: Theory and Practice

1313: 1308:

Peer-to-peer applications present one of the core issues in the

1013: 1000:

distribution protocol, with nodes in the IPFS network forming a

915: 815: 811: 803: 799: 776: 720: 545: 337: 6099: 5151: 4275: 3763: 2407:

Byung-Gon Chun, Ben Y. Zhao, John D. Kubiatowicz (2005-02-24).

1090:, testified that the United States military uses P2P networks. 1078:

applications are designed to power real-time marketplaces. The

386:

Peer-to-peer networks generally implement some form of virtual

174:

participants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network of

6225: 5818: 5728: 5336: 2633:

The Case for Cooperative Networking (PostScript with addendum)

1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1726:

Peer-to-peer: harnessing the benefits of disruptive technology

965: 918:

protocols are used in various peer-to-peer applications. Some

724: 618: 455: 364:

A peer-to-peer network is designed around the notion of equal

220:

in which the consumption and supply of resources are divided.

29: 2808:

Anonymous File Sharing in Peer to Peer System by Random Walks

3682:

Peer-to-Peer Computing: Evolution of a Disruptive Technology

3647:

Djamal-Eddine Meddour, Mubashar Mushtaq, and Toufik Ahmed, "

2474:

IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conf. (CCNC '12)

2300:

A Study of Discovery Mechanisms for Peer-to-Peer Application

489:

The most common type of structured P2P networks implement a

3010:"The scalability of swarming peer-to-peer content delivery" 2630:

Padmanabhan, Venkata N.; Sripanidkulchai, Kunwadee (2002).

340:

email in the sense that the core email-relaying network of

3759: 3602:

A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies

3600:

Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis.

3311:

http://www.infosec.gov.hk/english/technical/files/peer.pdf

1237:

protocols (e.g. Tarzan) can be used to provide anonymity.

27:

Type of decentralized and distributed network architecture

964:

is a distributed version-controlled publishing platform.

3405:"What is bandwidth throttling? How to stop it | NordVPN" 2929:

Sharma, Parul; Bhakuni, Anuja; Kaushal, Rishabh (2013).

2267:"Overview of Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlay Algorithms" 351:

In May 1999, with millions more people on the Internet,

3674:

P2P Computing: The Evolution of a Disruptive Technology

3356:"Does Video Game Piracy Actually Result in More Sales?" 2704: 2702: 2700: 1229:, authorization, and authentication for data/messages. 3611:. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(4):335–371, December 2004. 2755:. In Hämmerli, Bernhard Markus; Sommer, Robin (eds.). 1981:"Overlay Network - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3523:, International Advanced Computing Conference, 2014. 1371: 564:, a self-organized and emerging overlay network, and 344:

has a peer-to-peer character, while the periphery of

193:

The opposite of a peer-to-peer network: based on the

3693:, Idea Group Inc., Hershey, PA, United States, 2005. 2150:"Peer-to-peer Approaches to Grid Resource Discovery" 186:

peer-to-peer network typically between two devices.

6569: 6517: 6510: 6431: 6405: 6354: 6299: 6173: 6147: 6133: 6012: 5989: 5973: 5942: 5917: 5857: 5804: 5681: 5592: 5559: 5526: 5473: 5370: 5322: 5269: 5258: 5185: 5054: 5010: 4954: 4935: 4898: 4844: 4802: 4709: 4687: 4615: 4559: 4511: 4390: 4337: 4213: 4156: 4129: 4093: 4068: 4052: 4043: 3977: 3946: 3825: 3250:

Peer-to-Peer Computing: Principles and Applications

3216:

Peer-to-Peer Computing: Principles and Applications

2810:(Technical report). SRM University. 123456789/9306. 2711:

Peer-to-Peer Computing: Principles and Applications

2397:. Ph. D. Thesis (Stanford University), August 2004. 645:Peer-to-peer systems pose unique challenges from a 528:Notable distributed networks that use DHTs include 223:While P2P systems had previously been used in many 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5138:*Maintains additional presence on the surface web 3616:The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution 2782:"Software Bullet Is Sought to Kill Musical Piracy" 728:security and file verification mechanisms. Modern 3292:http://www.ftc.gov/reports/p2p05/050623p2prpt.pdf 2244:(1st ed.). New York: Springer. p. 118. 2091:. In Hameurlain, Abdelkader; et al. (eds.). 1584: 1582: 3457: 3455: 3182:, 11 October 2017, Retrieved on 4 February 2019. 3113: 3111: 2935:2013 National Conference on Communications (NCC) 2487:Korzun, Dmitry; Gurtov, Andrei (November 2012). 1765:, S. Crocker, IETF Working Group (April 7, 1969) 262:that has emerged throughout society, enabled by 205:request services and resources from centralized 2265:Dhara, Krishna; Kolberg, Mario (January 2010). 1718: 1716: 1113:standalone version that bridges WebTorrent and 548:. Some prominent research projects include the 3701:Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models 3663:Core Concepts in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking 3627:2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management 2060:"Optimal Topology Design for Overlay Networks" 2004:Ahson, Syed A.; Ilyas, Mohammad, eds. (2008). 1814:"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future" 1165:Incentivizing resource sharing and cooperation 1028:designed to be independent from the Internet. 289:systems such as the music-sharing application 6111: 5163: 4287: 3775: 3431:"Breaking and Improving Protocol Obfuscation" 3429:Hjelmvik, Erik; John, Wolfgang (2010-07-27). 2931:"Performance analysis of BitTorrent protocol" 2671:PDF (Springer, original, fee may be required) 2601:Yang, Beverly; Garcia-Molina, Hector (2001). 1257:Intellectual property law and illegal sharing 996:, peer-to-peer method of storing and sharing 446:are examples of unstructured P2P protocols). 8: 3679:Ramesh Subramanian and Brian Goodman (eds), 3672:". In: Subramanian, R.; Goodman, B. (eds.): 2576:. In Steinmetz, Ralf; Wehrle, Klaus (eds.). 2430:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1016:is a peer-to-peer protocol designed for the 478:(DHT) to identify and locate nodes/resources 3085: 3083: 2152:. In Danelutto, Marco; et al. (eds.). 6514: 6144: 6118: 6104: 6096: 5266: 5170: 5156: 5148: 4314: 4294: 4280: 4272: 4049: 3782: 3768: 3760: 3632:John F. Buford, Heather Yu, Eng Keong Lua 3543:Ghosh Debjani, Rajan Payas, Pandey Mayank 2209:. In Druschel, Peter; et al. (eds.). 2200: 2198: 2148:Chervenak, Ann; Bharathi, Shishir (2008). 2119:Zulhasnine, Mohammed; et al. (2013). 1777:"Internet security enters the Middle Ages" 227:, the architecture was popularized by the 3753:Max Planck Institute for Software Systems 3732:Harvard Business School Working Knowledge 3488: 3015:. In Boutaba, Raouf; et al. (eds.). 2860: 2333: 2207:"Can Heterogeneity Make Gnutella Stable?" 1961:SimpleSwap | Cryptocurrency exchange blog 1546: 1312:controversy. Internet service providers ( 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 2975:Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 2968:"On peer-to-peer (P2P) content delivery" 2388:Dipsea: A Modular Distributed Hash Table 2303:. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 444–. 1535:Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 1413:Distributed Data Management Architecture 740:Resilient and scalable computer networks 3969:List of people in blockchain technology 3720:Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers? 3649:Open Issues in P2P Multimedia Streaming 3354:Polgar, David Ryan (October 15, 2017). 3008:Stutzbach, Daniel; et al. (2005). 2603:"Comparing Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Systems" 1945:. SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY. 1920:https://www.hjp.at/doc/rfc/rfc1036.html 1469: 1378: 3165:Hammerksjold Andreas; Engler, Narkis, 3120:"Judge: File-Swapping Tools are Legal" 3072:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3065: 2423: 1528: 1526: 1479:"What's a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network?" 865:Peer-to-peer content delivery networks 239:file sharing over the Internet and in 3167:"Delivery Optimization - a deep dive" 2578:Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications 2114: 2112: 2010:. Taylor & Francis. p. 204. 1888:Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications 7: 6080: 4256: 3564:Foundation of Peer-to-Peer Computing 2806:Singh, Vivek; Gupta, Himani (2012). 1672:"What Is BitTorrent and Is It Safe?" 649:perspective. Like any other form of 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3661:Detlef Schoder and Kai Fischbach, " 3379:Orland, Kyle (September 26, 2017). 3092:Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking 2287:archive, vol. 23, no. 7, Aug. 2007. 2242:Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking 2179:Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking 2031:Zhu, Ce; et al., eds. (2010). 1407:Cultural-historical activity theory 1276:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. 1052:CoopNet content distribution system 899:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. 589:CoopNet content distribution system 566:CoopNet content distribution system 3248:Vu, Quang H.; et al. (2010). 3214:Vu, Quang H.; et al. (2010). 2780:Sorkin, Andrew Ross (4 May 2003). 2709:Vu, Quang H.; et al. (2010). 2285:Future Generation Computer Systems 2087:Filali, Imen; et al. (2011). 992:and network designed to create a 432:Unstructured peer-to-peer networks 411:(or as a hybrid between the two). 182:(PAN) is also in nature a type of 25: 2751:Goebel, Jan; et al. (2007). 2690:"CoopNet: Cooperative Networking" 2123:. In Pathan; et al. (eds.). 2058:Kamel, Mina; et al. (2007). 1205:Some peer-to-peer networks (e.g. 1070:is also a directory-syncing app. 633:is transmitted by having clients 328:of control. The basic model is a 6670:Software engineering terminology 6079: 6070: 6069: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4255: 4246: 4245: 3644:, Morgan Kaufmann, December 2008 3586:Marling Engle & J. I. Khan. 2842:"Looking up data in P2P systems" 1812:Berners-Lee, Tim (August 1996). 1381: 594:CoopNet (Cooperative Networking) 484:structured peer-to-peer networks 34: 4866:Freedom of the Press Foundation 4460:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3676:, Idea Group Inc, Hershey. 2005 3634:P2P Networking and Applications 3554:Springer Proceedings, June 2014 3519:A Bhakuni, P Sharma, R Kaushal 3118:John Borland (April 25, 2003). 2572:Darlagiannis, Vasilios (2005). 1295:found that illegal downloading 653:, P2P applications can contain 423:Overlay network diagram for an 166:) computing or networking is a 138:Point-to-point (disambiguation) 45:needs additional citations for 6599:BitTorrent protocol encryption 4860:Electronic Frontier Foundation 4121:2020 Twitter account hijacking 3712:MIT Sloan School of Management 3329:Sanders, Linley (2017-09-22). 3252:. Springer. pp. 179–181. 2906:. 14 June 2012. Archived from 2661:PDF (Microsoft, with addendum) 1834:Sandhu, R.; Zhang, X. (2005). 1595:. Hillsboro, OR: Intel Press. 1342:BitTorrent protocol encryption 976:. Unlike the related I2P, the 771:Search results for the query " 763:Distributed storage and search 470:Overlay network diagram for a 382:Routing and resource discovery 1: 5110:Terms of Service; Didn't Read 4964:Distributed Denial of Secrets 4779:Russian Anonymous Marketplace 3964:List of bitcoin organizations 3141:Walker, Leslie (2001-11-08). 2574:"Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Systems" 2205:Lv, Qin; et al. (2002). 2062:. In Akyildiz, Ian F. (ed.). 1502:Desire Athow (12 July 2016). 932:Pennsylvania State University 493:(DHT), in which a variant of 134:Peer-to-peer (disambiguation) 4138:The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin 3019:. Springer. pp. 15–26. 1209:) place a heavy emphasis on 1008:is a peer-to-peer chat and 972:used to browse the Internet 6035:Cryptographic hash function 4945:Central Intelligence Agency 4101:Bitcoin scalability problem 2344:10.1007/978-3-540-45172-3_3 2037:. IGI Global. p. 265. 1433:Peer-to-peer energy trading 1242:live streaming sexual abuse 6686: 3529:10.1109/IAdCC.2014.6779311 3143:"Uncle Sam Wants Napster!" 2366:Moni Naor and Udi Wieder. 1940:"CLIENT SERVER TECHNOLOGY" 1723:Oram, Andrew, ed. (2001). 1477:Cope, James (2002-04-08). 1080:U.S. Department of Defense 1026:Wireless community network 986:InterPlanetary File System 798:has been pressured by the 743: 681: 678:Corrupted data and malware 606:Carnegie Mellon University 153:peer-to-peer (P2P) network 131: 6127:Peer-to-peer file sharing 6065: 5119: 4309: 4241: 4116:2018 Bitcoin bomb threats 4111:2018 cryptocurrency crash 3954:List of bitcoin companies 3797: 3218:. Springer. p. 172. 2987:10.1007/s12083-007-0003-1 2849:Communications of the ACM 2759:. Springer. p. 112. 2451:. Springer. p. 329. 2181:. Springer. p. 119. 2127:. CRC Press. p. 99. 2066:. Springer. p. 714. 1642:10.1007/s00530-003-0088-1 1565:10.1007/s12083-012-0157-3 1397:Client-to-client protocol 1266:law. Two major cases are 889:law. Two major cases are 872:and various games though 849:Peer-to-peer file sharing 781:distributed search engine 536:distributed tracker, the 266:technologies in general. 6629:Micro Transport Protocol 6025:Timeline of cryptography 4474:Independent Media Center 3094:. Springer. p. 48. 2943:10.1109/NCC.2013.6488040 2646:10.1007/3-540-45748-8_17 2156:. Springer. p. 67. 2095:. Springer. p. 21. 1149:List of cryptocurrencies 425:unstructured P2P network 281:was established in 1999. 6367:Advanced Direct Connect 6020:Outline of cryptography 5991:Anti–computer forensics 4846:Nonprofit organizations 2713:. Springer. p. 8. 2326:Peer-to-Peer Systems II 1848:10.1145/1063979.1064005 1458:Wireless ad hoc network 1291:A study ordered by the 1221:can be used to provide 1219:Public key cryptography 1137:are peer-to-peer-based 1002:distributed file system 936:Simon Fraser University 880:Copyright infringements 756:single point of failure 516:Distributed hash tables 168:distributed application 6655:Peer-to-peer computing 6579:Distributed hash table 6454:Game and video sharing 6047:Homomorphic encryption 6040:List of hash functions 5179:Cryptographic software 4215:Bitcoin in El Salvador 3572:"The eternity service" 1731:Sebastopol, California 1589:Barkai, David (2001). 1252:Political implications 1185: 1131:Hotline Communications 958: 946:Other P2P applications 784: 712:that were tested for. 517: 491:distributed hash table 479: 476:distributed hash table 472:structured P2P network 428: 376:File Transfer Protocol 282: 253:peer-to-peer as a meme 209: 156: 6660:File sharing networks 6052:End-to-end encryption 4884:Privacy International 4854:Amnesty International 4734:Black Market Reloaded 4000:Cryptocurrency wallet 3959:List of bitcoin forks 3817:Environmental effects 3477:ACM Computing Surveys 2871:10.1145/606272.606299 2692:. Microsoft Research. 2610:Very Large Data Bases 2386:Gurmeet Singh Manku. 1985:www.sciencedirect.com 1775:Oppliger, R. (1995). 1516:Rüdiger Schollmeier, 1438:Semantic P2P networks 1428:List of P2P protocols 1201:Privacy and anonymity 1172: 1117:serverless networks. 953: 844:File-sharing networks 770: 750:Distributed computing 746:Wireless mesh network 515: 469: 422: 415:Unstructured networks 277: 192: 180:personal area network 150: 4878:La Quadrature du Net 4872:Front Line Defenders 3838:Andreas Antonopoulos 3717:Silverthorne, Sean. 3697:Shuman Ghosemajumder 2215:. Springer. p. 1842:. pp. 147–158. 1697:"האוניברסיטה הפתוחה" 1418:End-to-end principle 1338:bandwidth throttling 1109:, as well as in the 1044:PAST storage utility 558:PAST storage utility 532:, an alternative to 398:network, but at the 342:mail transfer agents 295:Request for Comments 231:file sharing system 142:P2P (disambiguation) 132:For other uses, see 54:improve this article 4749:The Farmer's Market 3147:The Washington Post 2377:. Proc. SPAA, 2003. 1557:2012arXiv1207.0790D 1402:Client–queue–client 1160:Social implications 1154:List of blockchains 1086:, then director of 994:content-addressable 462:Structured networks 326:decentralized model 225:application domains 218:client–server model 199:, where individual 196:client–server model 6619:BitTorrent tracker 5639:Facebook Messenger 4794:White House Market 4540:Free Haven Project 4489:The New York Times 4303:Tor onion services 4168:Bitcoin Foundation 4106:History of bitcoin 3913:Cameron Winklevoss 3743:2014-10-05 at the 3725:2006-06-30 at the 3706:2012-10-13 at the 3668:2011-09-15 at the 3654:2011-08-22 at the 3621:2011-07-27 at the 3607:2020-11-09 at the 3593:2007-06-15 at the 3570:Anderson, Ross J. 3560:of P2P terminology 3550:2017-02-19 at the 3316:2019-12-09 at the 3297:2012-11-01 at the 3172:2019-02-04 at the 2900:"Art thou a Peer?" 2694:Project home page. 2676:2023-01-01 at the 2666:2007-04-17 at the 2393:2004-09-10 at the 2373:2019-12-09 at the 2281:IEEE Commun. Surv. 1925:2021-06-12 at the 1896:10.1007/11530657_2 1630:Multimedia Systems 1310:network neutrality 1304:Network neutrality 1186: 1139:digital currencies 1111:WebTorrent Desktop 1058:is a peer-to-peer 1056:Secure Scuttlebutt 959: 870:Linux distribution 785: 734:chunk verification 692:The prevalence of 641:Security and trust 602:Microsoft Research 518: 495:consistent hashing 480: 429: 303:'s vision for the 283: 210: 157: 6637: 6636: 6624:UDP hole punching 6565: 6564: 6350: 6349: 6093: 6092: 5943:Service providers 5677: 5676: 5483:Check Point VPN-1 5145: 5144: 4900:Operating systems 4804:Document archives 4784:Tor Carding Forum 4764:Sheep Marketplace 4566:instant messaging 4431:The Daily Stormer 4269: 4268: 4161: 4089: 4088: 4060:Bitcoin Unlimited 4015:Lightning Network 3259:978-3-642-03513-5 3225:978-3-642-03513-5 3101:978-0-387-09750-3 3026:978-3-540-25809-4 2952:978-1-4673-5952-8 2910:on 6 October 2013 2720:978-3-642-03513-5 2655:978-3-540-44179-3 2500:978-1-4614-5482-3 2458:978-0-387-09752-7 2353:978-3-540-40724-9 2251:978-0-387-09750-3 2188:978-0-387-09750-3 1676:www.kaspersky.com 1064:social networking 851:networks such as 671:denial of service 647:computer security 400:application layer 260:social networking 241:personal networks 214:network bandwidth 178:. In addition, a 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6677: 6547:Open music model 6542:Friend-to-friend 6515: 6479:Sharing software 6145: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6097: 6083: 6082: 6073: 6072: 5921:operating system 5919:Security-focused 5867: 5692: 5267: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5149: 5046:Welcome to Video 4823:Internet Archive 4818:Doxbin (darknet) 4502:Voice of America 4418:Die Tageszeitung 4327: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4273: 4259: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4174:Bitcoin Magazine 4159: 4050: 3918:Tyler Winklevoss 3878:Satoshi Nakamoto 3784: 3777: 3770: 3761: 3629:, November 2002. 3583: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3492: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3438:Technical Report 3435: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3307: 3301: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3280:. March 3, 2020. 3270: 3264: 3263: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3126:. Archived from 3115: 3106: 3105: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3048:. Archived from 3047: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2972: 2966:Li, Jin (2008). 2963: 2957: 2956: 2937:. pp. 1–5. 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2864: 2846: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2825:. Archived from 2818: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2706: 2695: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2659: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2554:. Archived from 2553: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2521:. Archived from 2520: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2384: 2378: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2337: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2294: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1929: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1883: 1870: 1869: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1793:10.1109/2.467613 1772: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1550: 1530: 1521: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1474: 1423:Friend-to-friend 1386: 1385: 1377: 1352:Current research 1240:Perpetrators of 1135:Cryptocurrencies 930:, undertaken by 827:Content delivery 710:computer viruses 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6571: 6561: 6506: 6427: 6401: 6356: 6346: 6295: 6169: 6138: 6129: 6124: 6094: 6089: 6061: 6008: 5985: 5969: 5938: 5920: 5913: 5861: 5853: 5824:Java Anon Proxy 5800: 5686: 5685: 5683:Disk encryption 5673: 5649:Google Messages 5634:Signal Protocol 5588: 5555: 5522: 5469: 5366: 5318: 5261: 5254: 5181: 5176: 5146: 5141: 5115: 5050: 5006: 4950: 4931: 4894: 4840: 4798: 4711:Darknet markets 4705: 4683: 4679:The Hidden Wiki 4611: 4564: 4555: 4545:KickassTorrents 4535:Freedom Hosting 4519: 4507: 4454:Radio Free Asia 4412:Current Time TV 4386: 4333: 4305: 4300: 4270: 4265: 4237: 4209: 4190:Canaan Creative 4160:(not exchanges) 4158: 4152: 4125: 4085: 4064: 4039: 3985:Bitcoin network 3973: 3942: 3893:Vitalik Buterin 3843:Brian Armstrong 3821: 3793: 3788: 3758: 3749:traffic shaping 3745:Wayback Machine 3727:Wayback Machine 3708:Wayback Machine 3670:Wayback Machine 3656:Wayback Machine 3623:Wayback Machine 3609:Wayback Machine 3595:Wayback Machine 3569: 3552:Wayback Machine 3539: 3534: 3518: 3514: 3490:10.1145/3578581 3470: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3318:Wayback Machine 3308: 3304: 3299:Wayback Machine 3289: 3285: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3174:Wayback Machine 3164: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043:"Archived copy" 3041: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2981:(1): 45–63 ≤≥. 2970: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2904:www.p2pnews.net 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2678:Wayback Machine 2668:Wayback Machine 2656: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2395:Wayback Machine 2385: 2381: 2375:Wayback Machine 2365: 2361: 2354: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2278: 2274: 2269:. ResearchGate. 2264: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2189: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1927:Wayback Machine 1917: 1913: 1906: 1885: 1884: 1873: 1858: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1787:(10): 100–101. 1774: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1741: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1701:www.openu.ac.il 1695: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1603: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1443:Sharing economy 1392: 1380: 1372: 1370: 1354: 1306: 1259: 1254: 1227:data validation 1203: 1167: 1162: 1060:gossip protocol 970:overlay network 948: 908: 882: 861:eDonkey network 846: 829: 824: 765: 752: 742: 690: 684:Data validation 680: 667: 665:Routing attacks 659:remote exploits 655:vulnerabilities 643: 631:Streaming media 591: 578: 464: 417: 388:overlay network 384: 362: 356:restrictions". 301:Tim Berners-Lee 272: 247:displaying and 145: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6683: 6681: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6377:Direct Connect 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155:Direct Connect 6151: 6149: 6142: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6030:Hash functions 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6013:Related topics 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5380:BBM Enterprise 5376: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4958: 4956:Whistleblowing 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4695:Blockchain.com 4691: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4550:The Pirate Bay 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4523: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4427: 4424:Deutsche Welle 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4339:Search engines 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4321: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4157:Legal entities 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3995:Cryptocurrency 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3853:Wences Casares 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3833:Gavin Andresen 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3735: 3715: 3694: 3677: 3659: 3645: 3630: 3612: 3598: 3584: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3540: 3538: 3537:External links 3535: 3533: 3532: 3512: 3463: 3451: 3421: 3396: 3371: 3346: 3321: 3302: 3283: 3265: 3258: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3206: 3194: 3184: 3158: 3133: 3130:on 2012-03-10. 3107: 3100: 3079: 3032: 3025: 3000: 2958: 2951: 2921: 2891: 2832: 2829:on 2012-07-24. 2813: 2798: 2786:New York Times 2772: 2765: 2743: 2726: 2719: 2696: 2681: 2654: 2622: 2593: 2586: 2564: 2561:on 2008-09-10. 2539: 2528:on 14 May 2011 2506: 2499: 2479: 2464: 2457: 2437: 2399: 2379: 2359: 2352: 2335:10.1.1.12.5548 2316: 2309: 2289: 2272: 2257: 2250: 2232: 2225: 2194: 2187: 2169: 2162: 2140: 2133: 2108: 2101: 2079: 2072: 2050: 2043: 2023: 2016: 1996: 1972: 1948: 1938:Sharma, M. K. 1930: 1911: 1904: 1871: 1856: 1826: 1804: 1767: 1754: 1739: 1712: 1688: 1663: 1636:(2): 170–184. 1616: 1602:978-0970284679 1601: 1578: 1541:(3): 257–276. 1522: 1509: 1494: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1369: 1366: 1353: 1350: 1321:October 2007, 1305: 1302: 1293:European Union 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1202: 1199: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1099:torrent client 1084:Anthony Tether 982:onion services 947: 944: 907: 904: 881: 878: 845: 842: 828: 825: 823: 820: 773:software libre 764: 761: 741: 738: 679: 676: 666: 663: 642: 639: 590: 587: 577: 574: 570:grid computing 463: 460: 416: 413: 383: 380: 361: 358: 305:World Wide Web 271: 268: 255:refers to the 128: 127: 69:"Peer-to-peer" 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6682: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6614:Super-seeding 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6594:Peer exchange 6592: 6590: 6589:NAT traversal 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Anonymous P2P 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6502:Legal aspects 6500: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Music sharing 6462: 6460: 6459:Image sharing 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Broadcatching 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6353: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174:Decentralized 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6086: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503:SoftEther VPN 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Bouncy Castle 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5372:TLS & SSL 5369: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5262:communication 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5187:Email clients 5184: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:.onion domain 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4812:Archive.today 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4574:Bitmessage.ch 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4481:The Intercept 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4262: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4228:Bitcoin Beach 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Proof of work 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3938:Erik Voorhees 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3898:Ross Ulbricht 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3883:Charlie Shrem 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3873:Mark Karpelès 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691:1-59140-429-0 3688: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3483:(14s): 1–69. 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3124:news.cnet.com 3121: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3055:on 2011-04-29 3051: 3044: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2862:10.1.1.5.3597 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2766:9783540736134 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2587:9783540291923 2583: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2565: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2310:9780769515823 2306: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2226:9783540441793 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2163:9780387784489 2159: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2134:9781466507616 2130: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102:9783642230738 2098: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2073:9783540726050 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2044:9781616928339 2040: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2017:9781420066043 2013: 2009: 2008: 2000: 1997: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1905:9783540291923 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763:Host Software 1758: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1740:9780596001100 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1484: 1483:Computerworld 1480: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1453:USB dead drop 1451: 1449: 1448:SponsorChange 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:client–server 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1231:Onion routing 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Chord project 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Java platform 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 957:connect peers 956: 952: 945: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 905: 903: 901: 900: 895: 893: 888: 879: 877: 875: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 843: 841: 838: 834: 826: 821: 819: 817: 813: 807: 805: 801: 797: 794:For example, 792: 790: 782: 778: 774: 769: 762: 760: 757: 751: 747: 739: 737: 735: 731: 726: 722: 719:network, the 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 689: 685: 677: 675: 672: 664: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 640: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 588: 586: 583: 576:Hybrid models 575: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550:Chord project 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 477: 473: 468: 461: 459: 457: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 426: 421: 414: 412: 410: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 381: 379: 377: 373: 372:client–server 369: 368: 359: 357: 354: 353:Shawn Fanning 349: 347: 346:Email clients 343: 339: 335: 331: 330:client–server 327: 323: 318: 315: 311: 306: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 280: 276: 269: 267: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 221: 219: 215: 208: 204: 203: 198: 197: 191: 187: 185: 184:decentralized 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 154: 149: 143: 139: 135: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6665:File sharing 6650:Peer-to-peer 6572:technologies 6449:Disk sharing 6256:Perfect Dark 5859:File systems 5769:Private Disk 5560: 4759:Hydra Market 4739:Dream Market 4617:Social media 4521:file sharing 4517:peer-to-peer 4516: 4513:File storage 4487: 4479: 4467:The Guardian 4465: 4429: 4352:Brave Search 4233:Bitcoin City 4172: 4144: 4136: 4081:Bitcoin Gold 4076:Bitcoin Cash 4019: 3978:Technologies 3928:Dave Kleiman 3923:Craig Wright 3812:Legal status 3718: 3680: 3673: 3626: 3579: 3575: 3515: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3437: 3424: 3413:. Retrieved 3411:. 2022-07-01 3408: 3399: 3388:. Retrieved 3385:Ars Technica 3384: 3374: 3363:. Retrieved 3359: 3349: 3338:. Retrieved 3334: 3324: 3305: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3215: 3209: 3187: 3177: 3161: 3150:. Retrieved 3146: 3136: 3128:the original 3123: 3091: 3057:. Retrieved 3050:the original 3035: 3016: 3003: 2978: 2974: 2961: 2934: 2924: 2912:. Retrieved 2908:the original 2903: 2894: 2882:. Retrieved 2855:(2): 43–48. 2852: 2848: 2835: 2827:the original 2816: 2807: 2801: 2789:. Retrieved 2785: 2775: 2756: 2746: 2729: 2710: 2684: 2632: 2625: 2613:. Retrieved 2609: 2596: 2580:. Springer. 2577: 2567: 2556:the original 2542: 2530:. Retrieved 2523:the original 2509: 2493:. Springer. 2489: 2482: 2473: 2467: 2447: 2440: 2415:. Retrieved 2402: 2382: 2362: 2325: 2319: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2260: 2241: 2235: 2211: 2178: 2172: 2153: 2143: 2124: 2092: 2082: 2063: 2053: 2033: 2026: 2006: 1999: 1988:. Retrieved 1984: 1975: 1964:. Retrieved 1960: 1951: 1933: 1914: 1887: 1839: 1829: 1817:. Retrieved 1807: 1796:. Retrieved 1784: 1780: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1733:: O'Reilly. 1725: 1704:. Retrieved 1700: 1691: 1680:. Retrieved 1678:. 2023-04-19 1675: 1666: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1591: 1538: 1534: 1517: 1512: 1497: 1486:. Retrieved 1482: 1472: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1331: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1239: 1204: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1173: 1107:web browsers 1036:Resilio Sync 1034: 988:(IPFS) is a 960: 955:Torrent file 909: 897: 890: 883: 874:file sharing 847: 832: 830: 822:Applications 808: 793: 786: 753: 714: 691: 668: 644: 593: 592: 579: 542:Storm botnet 534:BitTorrent's 527: 522: 519: 506: 502: 501:: that is, ( 488: 483: 481: 471: 452: 448: 431: 430: 424: 408: 405:unstructured 404: 385: 365: 363: 360:Architecture 350: 334:news servers 319: 310:broadcasting 299: 287:file sharing 284: 222: 211: 201: 194: 163: 160:Peer-to-peer 159: 158: 152: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 6584:Merkle tree 6552:Private P2P 6484:Web hosting 6469:Peercasting 6355:Comparisons 6307:Audiogalaxy 6148:Centralized 5974:Educational 5779:Sentry 2020 5724:DriveSentry 5644:Google Allo 5250:Thunderbird 5030:Lolita City 5025:Childs Play 5012:Pornography 4985:NawaatLeaks 4774:TheRealDeal 4590:Proton Mail 4438:Darknetlive 4223:Bitcoin Law 4149:(2015 film) 4141:(2014 film) 4005:Bitcoin ATM 3908:Cody Wilson 3409:nordvpn.com 1346:P2P caching 1246:cybercrimes 1235:mix network 1143:blockchains 1105:for use in 1030:Open Garden 978:Tor network 974:anonymously 934:, MIT, and 924:Peercasting 920:proprietary 538:Kad network 320:Therefore, 270:Development 257:egalitarian 110:August 2024 18:P2P network 6644:Categories 6406:Hyperlinks 6397:WebTorrent 6372:BitTorrent 6276:WebTorrent 6261:Retroshare 6251:OnionShare 6181:BitTorrent 5965:NordLocker 5909:Tahoe-LAFS 5899:Rubberhose 5839:RetroShare 5714:Cryptoloop 5709:CrossCrypt 5689:Comparison 5659:TextSecure 5617:ChatSecure 5579:RetroShare 5569:Bitmessage 5508:strongSwan 5294:ChatSecure 5205:Claws Mail 5195:Apple Mail 5104:OnionShare 4990:SecureDrop 4975:GlobaLeaks 4937:Government 4673:Kiwi Farms 4496:ProPublica 4448:ProPublica 4443:DeepDotWeb 4406:Bellingcat 4358:DuckDuckGo 3990:Blockchain 3888:Nick Szabo 3863:Hal Finney 3858:Tim Draper 3642:0123742145 3597:, May 2006 3576:Pragocrypt 3415:2024-08-21 3390:2018-03-29 3365:2018-03-29 3340:2018-03-29 3152:2010-05-22 3059:2011-03-12 2914:10 October 2791:5 November 2417:2019-08-24 1990:2024-08-21 1966:2024-08-21 1857:1595930450 1819:5 November 1798:2023-12-14 1706:2024-07-15 1682:2023-10-24 1488:2021-12-21 1465:References 1327:BitTorrent 1244:and other 1233:and other 1223:encryption 1176:BitTorrent 1123:Windows 10 1115:BitTorrent 1103:JavaScript 1092:WebTorrent 1076:M-commerce 998:hypermedia 906:Multimedia 876:networks. 859:, and the 837:Bittorrent 744:See also: 682:See also: 598:downloaded 544:, and the 499:hash table 474:, using a 409:structured 237:BitTorrent 172:equipotent 80:newspapers 6474:Seedboxes 6392:Gnutella2 6221:Gnutella2 6196:FastTrack 6140:protocols 5806:Anonymity 5796:VeraCrypt 5784:TrueCrypt 5774:Scramdisk 5739:FileVault 5704:BitLocker 5699:BestCrypt 5612:Cryptocat 5518:WireGuard 5420:MatrixSSL 5390:BoringSSL 5352:SecureCRT 5314:Profanity 5289:Centericq 5200:Autocrypt 5002:WildLeaks 4996:WikiLeaks 4890:Telecomix 4835:Z-Library 4769:Silk Road 4744:Evolution 4688:Financial 3903:Roger Ver 3848:Adam Back 3807:Economics 3747:test P2P 3507:256106264 3499:0360-0300 3446:1652-926X 3360:Big Think 3179:Channel 9 2884:8 October 2857:CiteSeerX 2615:8 October 2532:25 August 2330:CiteSeerX 1749:123103147 1650:1432-1882 1548:1207.0790 1318:bandwidth 1264:copyright 1215:anonymity 1141:that use 1127:LANtastic 1119:Microsoft 1096:streaming 1094:is a P2P 1068:Syncthing 1050:,and the 1022:Netsukuku 928:LionShare 887:copyright 779:, a free 717:FastTrack 608:. When a 297:, RFC 1. 279:SETI@home 249:Bluetooth 6570:Internal 6511:Concepts 6488:Freesite 6423:Metalink 6387:Gnutella 6327:Morpheus 6322:LimeWire 6300:Historic 6216:Gnutella 6206:Hyphanet 6165:Soulseek 6160:Soribada 6135:Networks 6075:Category 5981:CrypTool 5955:Tresorit 5884:eCryptfs 5844:Ricochet 5744:FreeOTFE 5734:eCryptfs 5719:dm-crypt 5664:WhatsApp 5541:Linphone 5493:Openswan 5460:TeamNote 5445:SChannel 5435:mbed TLS 5415:LibreSSL 5400:cryptlib 5332:Dropbear 5245:Sylpheed 5210:Enigmail 5086:Mailpile 5020:Boystown 4970:Filtrala 4914:Qubes OS 4908:DivestOS 4729:Atlantis 4724:AlphaBay 4645:Facebook 4602:Tor Mail 4400:BBC News 4329:Category 4251:Category 4200:GHash.io 4195:CoinDesk 4146:Deep Web 4069:Currency 3933:Jihan Wu 3741:Archived 3738:Glasnost 3723:Archived 3704:Archived 3666:Archived 3652:Archived 3619:Archived 3605:Archived 3591:Archived 3558:Glossary 3548:Archived 3335:Newsweek 3314:Archived 3295:Archived 3170:Archived 3068:cite web 2995:16438304 2674:Archived 2664:Archived 2426:cite web 2391:Archived 2371:Archived 1923:Archived 1781:Computer 1658:15963045 1611:49354877 1573:14008541 1388:Internet 1368:See also 1285:Fair use 1269:Grokster 1178:protocol 1072:Tradepal 990:protocol 968:, is an 892:Grokster 853:Gnutella 833:increase 775:" using 698:gnutella 651:software 554:Kademlia 436:Gnutella 264:Internet 245:Miracast 229:Internet 6537:Darkweb 6532:Darknet 6519:Privacy 6496:ZeroNet 6382:eDonkey 6359:clients 6332:Napster 6291:ZeroNet 6271:Tribler 6191:eDonkey 6085:Commons 6004:BusKill 5999:USBKill 5950:Freenet 5834:Vidalia 5789:History 5764:PGPDisk 5670:SimpleX 5629:Session 5624:Proteus 5498:OpenVPN 5488:Hamachi 5465:wolfSSL 5455:stunnel 5430:OpenSSL 5362:wolfSSH 5342:OpenSSH 5284:BitlBee 5230:Outlook 5225:Kontact 5219:Gpg4win 5134:Tor2web 5092:Mullvad 5080:F-Droid 5074:DEF CON 5062:1.1.1.1 5040:Pornhub 5035:Playpen 4829:Sci-Hub 4667:Twitter 4656:The Hub 4635:Dark0de 4607:TorChat 4584:Keybase 4375:MetaGer 4261:Commons 4185:Bitmain 4094:History 3868:Wei Dai 3802:History 3791:Bitcoin 3734:, 2004. 3714:, 2002. 3278:UN News 3040:(2009). 2879:2731647 1866:1478064 1761:RFC 1, 1553:Bibcode 1323:Comcast 1271:vs RIAA 1211:privacy 1207:Freenet 1074:l and 894:vs RIAA 796:YouTube 730:hashing 694:malware 688:Malware 582:Spotify 314:ARPANET 291:Napster 233:Napster 207:servers 202:clients 94:scholar 6439:Backup 6418:Magnet 6312:CuteMX 6246:OpenFT 6211:GNUnet 6057:S/MIME 5904:StegFS 5814:GNUnet 5654:Signal 5602:Matrix 5450:SSLeay 5405:GnuTLS 5357:WinSCP 5309:Kopete 5260:Secure 5098:Njalla 4926:Whonix 4789:Utopia 4661:Reddit 4651:HackBB 4621:forums 4596:Riseup 4529:BTDigg 4130:Movies 4053:Client 4030:SegWit 3826:People 3689: 3640: 3505: 3497: 3444: 3256: 3222: 3098: 3023: 2993: 2949: 2877: 2859: 2763: 2717: 2652: 2584: 2497: 2455: 2350: 2332: 2307: 2248: 2223: 2185: 2160: 2131: 2099: 2070: 2041: 2014: 1902: 1864: 1854: 1747: 1737: 1656: 1648: 1609: 1599: 1571: 1409:(CHAT) 1374:Portal 1048:P-Grid 1046:, the 1042:, the 984:. The 940:Osiris 789:backup 702:OpenFT 614:mirror 610:server 562:P-Grid 540:, the 530:Tixati 442:, and 440:Gossip 396:TCP/IP 392:subset 322:Usenet 140:, and 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 6609:SHA-2 6604:SHA-1 6342:WASTE 6337:Scour 6317:Kazaa 6286:Winny 6281:WinMX 6266:Share 6201:Fopnu 5960:Wuala 5934:Qubes 5929:Tails 5874:EncFS 5849:Wickr 5607:OMEMO 5574:Briar 5551:Zfone 5536:Jitsi 5440:BSAFE 5395:Botan 5347:PuTTY 5304:Jitsi 5299:climm 5279:Adium 5068:Brave 5055:Other 4980:Ljost 4920:Tails 4754:Hansa 4719:Agora 4701:Helix 4640:Dread 4629:8chan 4579:Briar 4561:Email 4381:Searx 4370:Grams 4364:Cliqz 4347:Ahmia 4180:BitGo 4045:Forks 4035:SHA-2 4010:ECDSA 3947:Lists 3625:. In 3503:S2CID 3434:(PDF) 3192:IEEE. 3053:(PDF) 3046:(PDF) 3013:(PDF) 2991:S2CID 2971:(PDF) 2875:S2CID 2845:(PDF) 2738:(PDF) 2606:(PDF) 2559:(PDF) 2552:(PDF) 2526:(PDF) 2519:(PDF) 2412:(PDF) 1943:(PDF) 1862:S2CID 1654:S2CID 1569:S2CID 1543:arXiv 1121:, in 1088:DARPA 1024:is a 1012:app. 912:P2PTV 706:Kazaa 635:cache 523:churn 507:value 444:Kazaa 243:like 176:nodes 101:JSTOR 87:books 6492:IPFS 6432:Uses 6413:eD2k 6241:LBRY 6231:IPFS 5894:PEFS 5889:LUKS 5864:List 5759:LUKS 5754:geli 5749:GBDE 5546:Jami 5528:ZRTP 5513:Tinc 5410:JSSE 4619:and 4515:and 4392:News 4319:List 4205:Nuri 3687:ISBN 3638:ISBN 3580:1996 3495:ISSN 3442:ISSN 3254:ISBN 3220:ISBN 3096:ISBN 3074:link 3021:ISBN 2947:ISBN 2916:2013 2886:2013 2793:2011 2761:ISBN 2715:ISBN 2650:ISBN 2617:2013 2582:ISBN 2534:2008 2495:ISBN 2453:ISBN 2432:link 2348:ISBN 2305:ISBN 2246:ISBN 2221:ISBN 2183:ISBN 2158:ISBN 2129:ISBN 2097:ISBN 2068:ISBN 2039:ISBN 2012:ISBN 1900:ISBN 1852:ISBN 1821:2011 1745:OCLC 1735:ISBN 1646:ISSN 1607:OCLC 1597:ISBN 1314:ISPs 1273:and 1213:and 1182:seed 1174:The 1014:JXTA 1006:Jami 916:PDTP 914:and 910:The 896:and 816:MPAA 812:RIAA 804:MPAA 800:RIAA 777:YaCy 748:and 721:RIAA 686:and 627:file 604:and 546:YaCy 367:peer 338:SMTP 73:news 6557:Tor 6357:of 6236:Kad 6226:I2P 6186:DAT 5879:EFS 5829:Tor 5819:I2P 5729:E4M 5594:DRA 5584:Tox 5561:P2P 5475:VPN 5425:NSS 5337:lsh 5324:SSH 5271:OTR 5240:PGP 5235:p≡p 5215:GPG 5124:Tor 4563:and 4020:P2P 3525:doi 3485:doi 2983:doi 2939:doi 2867:doi 2642:doi 2638:178 2340:doi 1892:doi 1844:doi 1789:doi 1638:doi 1561:doi 1297:may 1101:in 1010:SIP 966:I2P 962:Dat 725:MP3 619:CPU 503:key 482:In 456:CPU 407:or 164:P2P 56:by 6646:: 6494:, 6490:, 3730:. 3710:. 3699:. 3685:, 3636:. 3578:. 3574:. 3501:. 3493:. 3481:55 3479:. 3475:. 3454:^ 3440:. 3436:. 3407:. 3383:. 3358:. 3333:. 3276:. 3197:^ 3176:, 3145:. 3122:. 3110:^ 3082:^ 3070:}} 3066:{{ 2989:. 2977:. 2973:. 2945:. 2933:. 2902:. 2873:. 2865:. 2853:46 2851:. 2847:. 2784:. 2699:^ 2648:. 2640:. 2608:. 2428:}} 2424:{{ 2346:. 2338:. 2219:. 2217:94 2197:^ 2111:^ 1983:. 1959:. 1898:. 1874:^ 1860:. 1850:. 1838:. 1785:28 1783:. 1779:. 1743:. 1729:. 1715:^ 1699:. 1674:. 1652:. 1644:. 1632:. 1628:. 1605:. 1581:^ 1567:. 1559:. 1551:. 1537:. 1525:^ 1481:. 1225:, 1066:. 1054:. 1020:. 1004:. 857:G2 855:, 814:, 802:, 732:, 661:. 623:IP 560:, 556:, 552:, 505:, 438:, 136:, 6498:) 6486:( 6137:, 6119:e 6112:t 6105:v 5866:) 5862:( 5691:) 5687:( 5221:) 5217:( 5171:e 5164:t 5157:v 5112:* 5106:* 5100:* 5094:* 5088:* 5082:* 5076:* 5070:* 5064:* 5042:* 4998:* 4992:* 4966:* 4947:* 4928:* 4922:* 4916:* 4910:* 4886:* 4880:* 4874:* 4868:* 4862:* 4856:* 4837:* 4831:* 4825:* 4814:* 4697:* 4675:* 4669:* 4663:* 4647:* 4631:* 4598:* 4592:* 4586:* 4552:* 4531:* 4504:* 4498:* 4492:* 4484:* 4476:* 4470:* 4462:* 4456:* 4450:* 4434:* 4426:* 4420:* 4414:* 4408:* 4402:* 4383:* 4377:* 4366:* 4360:* 4354:* 4295:e 4288:t 4281:v 3783:e 3776:t 3769:v 3755:) 3751:( 3582:. 3527:: 3509:. 3487:: 3448:. 3418:. 3393:. 3368:. 3343:. 3262:. 3228:. 3155:. 3104:. 3076:) 3062:. 3029:. 2997:. 2985:: 2979:1 2955:. 2941:: 2918:. 2888:. 2869:: 2795:. 2769:. 2740:. 2723:. 2658:. 2644:: 2619:. 2590:. 2536:. 2503:. 2476:. 2461:. 2434:) 2420:. 2356:. 2342:: 2313:. 2254:. 2229:. 2191:. 2166:. 2137:. 2105:. 2076:. 2047:. 2020:. 1993:. 1969:. 1908:. 1894:: 1868:. 1846:: 1823:. 1801:. 1791:: 1751:. 1709:. 1685:. 1660:. 1640:: 1634:9 1613:. 1575:. 1563:: 1555:: 1545:: 1539:6 1506:. 1491:. 1376:: 162:( 151:A 144:. 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index