915:. In gastric juice adjusted to pH 3.3, ptyalin was totally inactivated in 20 minutes at 37 °C. In contrast, 50% of amylase activity remained after 150 minutes of exposure to gastric juice at pH 4.3. Both starch, the substrate for ptyalin, and the product (short chains of glucose) are able to partially protect it against inactivation by gastric acid. Ptyalin added to buffer at pH 3.0 underwent complete inactivation in 120 minutes; however, addition of starch at a 0.1% level resulted in 10% of the activity remaining, and similar addition of starch to a 1.0% level resulted in about 40% of the activity remaining at 120 minutes.
42:
3044:
576:
455:
253:
982:
human amylase. Gene copy number is associated with apparent evolutionary exposure to high-starch diets. For example, a
Japanese individual had 14 copies of the amylase gene (one allele with 10 copies, and a second allele with four copies). The Japanese diet has traditionally contained large amounts of
981:
The salivary amylase gene has undergone duplication during evolution, and DNA hybridization studies indicate many individuals have multiple tandem repeats of the gene. The number of gene copies correlates with the levels of salivary amylase, as measured by protein blot assays using antibodies to
990:
are rainforest hunter-gatherers who have traditionally consumed a low-starch diet. Perry and colleagues speculated the increased copy number of the salivary amylase gene may have enhanced survival coincident to a shift to a starchy diet during human evolution.
1323:
domain. Several α-amylases contain a β-sheet domain, usually at the C terminus. This domain is organised as a five-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. Several α-amylases contain an all-β domain, usually at the C terminus.
1557:"Characterization of the activity and stability of amylase from saliva and detergent: Laboratory practicals for studying the activity and stability of amylase from saliva and various commercial detergents"
2011:
Ghalanbor Z, Ghaemi N, Marashi SA, Amanlou M, Habibi-Rezaei M, Khajeh K, Ranjbar B (2008). "Binding of Tris to
Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase can affect its starch hydrolysis activity".
1832:
Gatehouse AM, Davison GM, Newell CA, Merryweather A, Hamilton WD, Burgess EP, Gilbert RJ, Gatehouse JA (1997). "Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the tomato moth,
1276:
Several methods are available for determination of α-amylase activity, and different industries tend to rely on different methods. The starch iodine test, a development of the
883:. The name derives from the Greek word πτυω (I spit), because the substance was obtained from saliva. It will break large, insoluble starch molecules into soluble starches (
2191:
Kadziola A, Søgaard M, Svensson B, Haser R (April 1998). "Molecular structure of a barley alpha-amylase-inhibitor complex: implications for starch binding and catalysis".
1284:
amylase test, which is used as a qualitative and quantitative test within many industries, such as detergents, various flour, grain, and malt foods, and forensic biology.
688:
534:
413:
207:
345:
333:
1712:
Granger DA, Kivlighan KT, el-Sheikh M, Gordis EB, Stroud LR (March 2007). "Salivary α-amylase in biobehavioral research: recent developments and applications".
226:
2144:
R-47 alpha-amylase 1 and pullulan model oligossacharides provide new insight into the mechanism for recognizing substrates with α-(1,6) glycosidic linkages"
2110:
2381:
1280:, is based on colour change, as α-amylase degrades starch and is commonly used in many applications. A similar but industrially produced test is the
786:
found in humans and other mammals. It is also present in seeds containing starch as a food reserve, and is secreted by many fungi. It is a member of
2124:
1614:
Perry GH, Dominy NJ, Claw KG, Lee AS, Fiegler H, Redon R, Werner J, Villanea FA, Mountain JL, Misra R, Carter NP, Lee C, Stone AC (October 2007).
1763:
Nater UM, Rohleder N (May 2009). "Salivary α-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research".
1806:
1128:
Total amylase readings of over 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) are suggestive of pancreatitis. Five to 10 times the ULN may indicate
636:
313:
1043:
will usually measure either pancreatic amylase or total amylase. If only pancreatic amylase is measured, an increase will not be noted with
1810:
3074:
1495:
Rosenblum JL, Irwin CL, Alpers DH (May 1988). "Starch and glucose oligosaccharides protect salivary-type amylase activity at acid pH".
2763:
2048:"Crystal structures of the psychrophilic α-amylase from Alteromonas haloplanctis in its native form and complexed with an inhibitor"
1665:"The relationship between salivary biomarkers and state-trait anxiety inventory score under mental arithmetic stress: a pilot study"
1291:
microdetermination of amylase is described in which the digestion of starch is measured by the decrease in the starch-iodine color.
1253:
1885:
1847:
219:
2645:
2374:
162:
2919:
708:
554:
433:
186:
1888:. Faculty of Engineering, Science and the Built Environment, London South Bank University. 20 December 2004. Archived from
2657:
787:
3034:
2504:
2097:"A Study of the Starch-Iodine Complex: A Modified Colourimetric Micro Determination of Amylase in Biological Fluids"
1538:
1074:
2904:
1838:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2715:
2403:
2367:
369:
2914:
2868:
2811:
2394:
2311:
1209:
728:
180:
73:
696:
542:
459:
Crystal structure of barley alpha-amylase isozyme 1 (amy1) inactive mutant d180a in complex with maltoheptaose
421:
1268:
molecule is reported to inhibit a number of bacterial α-amylases, so they should not be used in tris buffer.
2816:
2567:
880:
167:
1452:
Fried M, Abramson S, Meyer JH (October 1987). "Passage of salivary amylase through the stomach in humans".
2730:
2475:
2226:
Kadziola A, Abe J, Svensson B, Haser R (May 1994). "Crystal and molecular structure of barley α-amylase".
1225:
931:
1354:"Structure of human salivary α-amylase at 1.6 Å resolution: implications for its role in the oral cavity"
2837:
2756:
231:
2909:
2096:
692:
538:
417:
155:
2689:
2640:
1721:
1555:
Valls, Cristina; Rojas, Cristina; Pujadas, Gerard; Garcia-Vallve, Santi; Mulero, Miquel (July 2012).
815:
649:
326:
90:
1054:
for this measurement. Blood should be taken soon after a bout of pancreatitis pain, otherwise it is
888:
374:
2873:
2584:
2572:
2407:
1304:
819:
85:
1556:
892:
183:
2806:
2628:
2623:
2601:
2589:
2428:
2173:
2101:
1867:
1788:
1745:
1694:
1586:
1477:
1040:
900:
107:
1307:
consisting of an eight-stranded α/β barrel that contains the active site, interrupted by a ~70-
3064:
2596:
2470:
2282:
2243:
2208:
2165:
2077:
2028:
1993:
1944:
1859:
1780:
1737:
1686:
1645:
1578:
1512:
1469:
1375:
1136:
disease or kidney failure, and lower elevations are commonly found in salivary gland disease.
986:
starch. In contrast, a Biaka individual carried six copies (three copies on each allele). The
683:
529:
408:
174:
41:
1205:α-Amylase is used in ethanol production to break starches in grains into fermentable sugars.
3069:
2852:
2847:
2821:
2749:
2606:
2492:
2274:
2235:
2200:
2155:
2114:
2067:
2059:
2020:
1983:
1975:
1934:
1924:
1851:
1772:
1729:
1676:
1635:
1627:
1568:
1504:
1461:
1365:
1333:
1070:
853:
1153:
675:
521:
400:
2899:
2883:
2796:
2726:
1249:
1229:, is also used in some detergents, especially dishwashing and starch-removing detergents.
1217:
1020:
1000:
907:
requires an enzyme that acts on branched products. Salivary amylase is inactivated in the
143:
2307:
1889:
1725:
119:
3048:
2937:
2878:
2667:
2579:
2416:
2359:
2072:
2047:
1988:
1963:
1939:
1912:
1681:
1664:
1640:
1615:
1186:
1121:
1110:
747:
731:
338:
202:
78:
3058:
2842:
2801:
2613:
2542:
2525:
2160:
2139:
1749:
641:
318:
2302:
2177:
1871:
1698:
1590:
1481:
604:
483:
281:
2791:
2457:
2261:
Machius M, Wiegand G, Huber R (March 1995). "Crystal structure of calcium-depleted
1792:
1776:
1115:
1106:
1036:
912:
884:
823:
671:
517:
396:
1929:
1508:
617:
350:
294:
2355:
2341:
2327:
2119:
1439:
629:
495:
306:
3015:
2950:
2786:
2684:
2650:
2618:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1288:
1277:
1093:
1016:
774:-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more (1→4)-α-linked
3043:
2024:
1050:
However, because of the small amount present, timing is critical when sampling
2694:
2662:
1855:
1370:
1353:
1308:
1216:
with α-amylase, which cleaves the long starch polymers into shorter chains of
1213:
1096:
987:
904:
743:
1863:
580:
maltotriose complex of preconditioned cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase mutant
2989:
2963:
2532:
2465:
2442:
2432:
2390:
1733:
1300:
1066:
961:
59:
2278:
2239:
2204:
2169:
2063:
2032:
1997:
1948:
1784:
1741:
1690:
1649:
1582:
1379:
2286:
2247:
2212:
2081:
1516:
1473:
645:
575:
454:
322:
252:
2537:
2351:
2337:
2323:
1979:
1964:"Glycoside Hydrolases Degrade Polymicrobial Bacterial Biofilms in Wounds"
1530:
1281:
1190:
1133:
1089:
803:
755:
624:
490:
301:
54:
2520:
2447:
2437:
2424:
1465:
1245:
1233:
1055:
1012:
1008:
1004:
976:
957:
945:
908:
896:
847:
843:
811:
799:
783:
763:
759:
150:
131:
47:
17:
1573:
1244:α-Amylase has exhibited efficacy in degrading polymicrobial bacterial
3002:
2772:
1059:
1032:
951:
839:
807:
751:
724:
703:
549:
428:
214:
126:
114:
102:
2138:
Abe A, Yoshida H, Tonozuka T, Sakano Y, Kamitori S (December 2005).
1616:"Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation"
1631:
2976:
2699:
2480:
1194:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1147:
1129:
1102:
1051:
1044:
938:
827:
2677:
2672:
2633:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2497:
2485:
2347:
2333:
2319:
1265:
983:
665:
611:
599:
511:
478:
390:
362:
357:
288:
276:
138:
27:
Enzyme that hydrolyses α bonds of large α-linked polysaccharides
2745:
2363:
1352:
Ramasubbu N, Paloth V, Luo Y, Brayer GD, Levine MJ (May 1996).
1185:α-Amylase activity in grain is measured by, for instance, the
1019:. It adopts a double displacement mechanism with retention of
865:
50:
1394:
1299:α-Amylases contain a number of distinct protein domains. The
1023:. In humans, the salivary amylase evolved from a copy of it.
1663:
Noto Y, Sato T, Kudo M, Kurata K, Hirota K (December 2005).
925:
862:
2741:
895:) producing successively smaller starches and ultimately
868:
818:, and can also be separated in testing by using specific
1252:
within the structural, matrix exopolysaccharides of the
1035:, making it the primary test used to detect and monitor
1031:
The test for amylase is easier to perform than that for
257:
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (e.c.2.4.1.19) (cgtase)
2346:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
2332:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
2318:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
2046:
Aghajari N, Feller G, Gerday C, Haser R (March 1998).
3032:
1438:(Paris, France: Firmin Didot Frerès, 1833), vol. 7,
1118:– because of damage to the cells that produce amylase
871:
859:
2928:
2892:
2861:
2830:
2779:
2714:
2513:
2456:
2415:
2402:
856:
702:
682:
664:
659:
635:
623:
610:
598:
590:
585:
568:
548:
528:
510:
505:
489:
477:
469:
464:
447:
427:
407:
389:
384:
368:
356:
344:
332:
312:
300:
287:
275:
267:
262:
245:
225:
213:
201:
196:
173:
161:
149:
137:
125:
113:
101:
96:
84:
72:
67:
34:
1424:(2nd ed.). Bruxelles: De Boeck. p. 1583.
1962:Fleming D, Chahin L, Rumbaugh K (February 2017).
1236:for more uses of the amylase family in general.
1085:Increased plasma levels in humans are found in:
850:. This form of amylase is also called "ptyalin"
814:of human α-amylase. They behave differently on
1609:
1607:
2757:
2375:
1223:An α-amylase called "Termamyl", sourced from
1077:activity that does not require a blood draw.
766:, through the following biochemical process:
8:
1561:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
1531:"Amylase, Alpha – Worthington Enzyme Manual"
2111:American Association for Clinical Chemistry
1913:"Approaches to Dispersing Medical Biofilms"
971:Genetic variation in human salivary amylase
2764:
2750:
2742:
2412:
2382:
2368:
2360:
1809:. Perten Instruments. 2005. Archived from
1714:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1311:calcium-binding domain protruding between
1189:, a test to assess sprout damages, or the
999:Pancreatic α-amylase randomly cleaves the
822:. In humans, all amylase isoforms link to
656:
574:
502:
453:
448:Alpha-amylase C-terminal beta-sheet domain
381:
251:
193:
40:
2310:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2159:
2118:
2071:
1987:
1938:
1928:
1680:
1639:
1572:
1369:
569:Alpha amylase, C-terminal all-beta domain
3039:
1344:
1550:
1548:
1434:J. Berzelius (Ms. Esslinger, trans.),
1065:Salivary α-amylase has been used as a
838:Amylase is found in saliva and breaks
565:
444:
242:
31:
1968:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1911:Fleming D, Rumbaugh KP (April 2017).
1541:from the original on 14 October 2016.
1319:3, and a carboxyl-terminal Greek key
7:
1208:The first step in the production of
758:, yielding shorter chains thereof,
1886:"The use of enzymes in detergents"
1682:10.1213/01.ANE.0000184196.60838.8D
1497:The American Journal of Physiology
25:
2127:from the original on 14 May 2022.
1254:extracellular polymeric substance
3042:
2265:α-amylase at 2.2 Å resolution".
2161:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05013.x
1075:sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
1047:or other salivary gland trauma.
899:. Ptyalin acts on linear α(1,4)
852:
798:Although found in many tissues,
2646:Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
1807:"Falling Number – Introduction"
1454:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
977:Amylase § Salivary amylase
1777:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014
919:Optimum conditions for ptyalin
1:
2658:Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase
2095:Pimstone, Neville R. (1964).
1930:10.3390/microorganisms5020015
1509:10.1152/ajpgi.1988.254.5.G775
1187:Hagberg–Perten Falling Number
1073:and as a surrogate marker of
879:, which was named by chemist
788:glycoside hydrolase family 13
660:Available protein structures:
506:Available protein structures:
385:Available protein structures:
2267:Journal of Molecular Biology
2228:Journal of Molecular Biology
2193:Journal of Molecular Biology
810:, each of which has its own
2013:Protein and Peptide Letters
746:α bonds of large, α-linked
3091:
3075:Enzymes of known structure
2345:
2331:
2317:
2142:Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
2120:10.1093/clinchem/10.10.891
2025:10.2174/092986608783489616
1250:α(1→4) glycosidic linkages
1124:– due to reduced excretion
1001:α(1-4) glycosidic linkages
974:
834:Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
770:Endohydrolysis of (1→4)-α-
2920:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
2303:The alpha-Amylase Protein
1848:Springer Science+Business
1399:Store Medisinske Leksikon
1371:10.1107/S0907444995014119
1240:Potential for medical use
655:
573:
501:
452:
380:
250:
192:
39:
2812:Diffusion-limited enzyme
2312:Medical Subject Headings
1765:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1669:Anesthesia and Analgesia
1420:Voet D, Voet JG (2005).
1358:Acta Crystallographica D
1210:high-fructose corn syrup
782:It is the major form of
740:-glucan glucanohydrolase
46:Human salivary amylase:
2568:Bacterial neuraminidase
1856:10.1023/a:1009600321838
1836:: growth room trials".
1734:10.1196/annals.1384.008
1535:worthington-biochem.com
1401:. Store Norske Leksikon
53:visible in pale khaki,
2731:Oxoguanine glycosylase
2279:10.1006/jmbi.1994.0106
2263:Bacillus licheniformis
2240:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1354
2205:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1683
2064:10.1002/pro.5560070304
1226:Bacillus licheniformis
1021:anomeric configuration
932:Human body temperature
2905:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
2838:Allosteric regulation
1193:method. It occurs in
975:Further information:
820:monoclonal antibodies
802:is most prominent in
246:GH13 catalytic domain
2915:Lineweaver–Burk plot
2720:N-Glycosyl compounds
2690:Maltase-glucoamylase
2641:Galactosylceramidase
2408:Glycoside hydrolases
2393:: sugar hydrolases (
1980:10.1128/AAC.01998-16
1212:is the treatment of
1041:Medical laboratories
937:Presence of certain
934:- 37 degrees Celsius
881:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
816:isoelectric focusing
2573:Viral neuraminidase
1974:(2): AAC.01998–16.
1813:on 9 September 2009
1726:2007NYASA1098..122G
1503:(5 Pt 1): G775–80.
1295:Domain architecture
1248:by hydrolyzing the
901:glycosidic linkages
2874:Enzyme superfamily
2807:Enzyme promiscuity
2624:Glucosylceramidase
2505:Debranching enzyme
2429:Sucrase-isomaltase
2102:Clinical Chemistry
1892:on 20 October 2009
1839:Molecular Breeding
1834:Lacanobia oleracea
1466:10.1007/bf01300195
1092:trauma (including
995:Pancreatic amylase
734:; systematic name
57:ion in green. PDB
3030:
3029:
2739:
2738:
2710:
2709:
2597:alpha-Mannosidase
2471:Alpha-glucosidase
1574:10.1002/bmb.20612
1260:Buffer inhibition
964:– least effective
777:
773:
739:
718:
717:
714:
713:
709:structure summary
564:
563:
560:
559:
555:structure summary
443:
442:
439:
438:
434:structure summary
241:
240:
237:
236:
156:metabolic pathway
16:(Redirected from
3082:
3047:
3046:
3038:
2910:Hanes–Woolf plot
2853:Enzyme activator
2848:Enzyme inhibitor
2822:Enzyme catalysis
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2727:DNA glycosylases
2493:Beta-glucosidase
2413:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2291:
2290:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2163:
2148:The FEBS Journal
2135:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1576:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1460:(10): 1097–103.
1449:
1443:
1436:Traité de Chimie
1432:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1364:(Pt 3): 435–46.
1349:
1334:Digestive enzyme
1218:oligosaccharides
954:– less effective
948:– most effective
941:and activators:
878:
877:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
804:pancreatic juice
794:In human biology
775:
771:
737:
657:
578:
566:
503:
457:
445:
382:
255:
243:
194:
62:
44:
32:
21:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3033:
3031:
3026:
2938:Oxidoreductases
2924:
2900:Enzyme kinetics
2888:
2884:List of enzymes
2857:
2826:
2797:Catalytic triad
2775:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2719:
2706:
2509:
2452:
2398:
2388:
2358:
2344:
2330:
2299:
2294:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2154:(23): 6145–53.
2137:
2136:
2132:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2052:Protein Science
2045:
2044:
2040:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1626:(10): 1256–60.
1620:Nature Genetics
1613:
1612:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1297:
1274:
1262:
1242:
1203:
1183:
1142:
1111:salivary glands
1083:
1058:rapidly by the
1029:
997:
979:
973:
921:
903:, but compound
855:
851:
836:
796:
748:polysaccharides
594:Alpha-amylase_C
581:
460:
334:OPM superfamily
258:
63:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2862:Classification
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2668:Hexosaminidase
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2580:Galactosidases
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2421:
2419:
2417:Disaccharidase
2410:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2298:
2297:External links
2295:
2293:
2292:
2253:
2218:
2183:
2140:"Complexes of
2130:
2087:
2038:
2003:
1954:
1917:Microorganisms
1903:
1877:
1824:
1798:
1755:
1704:
1655:
1632:10.1038/ng2123
1603:
1567:(4): 254–265.
1544:
1522:
1487:
1444:
1427:
1412:
1385:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1296:
1293:
1273:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1241:
1238:
1202:
1201:Industrial use
1199:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1122:Kidney failure
1119:
1113:
1100:
1082:
1081:Interpretation
1079:
1028:
1025:
996:
993:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:
965:
955:
949:
935:
929:
928:– 7.0; 5.6-6.9
920:
917:
889:erythrodextrin
835:
832:
795:
792:
780:
779:
778:-glucose units
716:
715:
712:
711:
706:
700:
699:
686:
680:
679:
669:
662:
661:
653:
652:
639:
633:
632:
627:
621:
620:
615:
608:
607:
602:
596:
595:
592:
588:
587:
583:
582:
579:
571:
570:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
546:
545:
532:
526:
525:
515:
508:
507:
499:
498:
493:
487:
486:
481:
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
462:
461:
458:
450:
449:
441:
440:
437:
436:
431:
425:
424:
411:
405:
404:
394:
387:
386:
378:
377:
372:
366:
365:
360:
354:
353:
348:
342:
341:
336:
330:
329:
316:
310:
309:
304:
298:
297:
292:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
248:
247:
239:
238:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
190:
189:
178:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
65:
64:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Enzyme family
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Cooperativity
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Oxyanion hole
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:: Hydrolysing
2717:
2713:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:non-lysosomal
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Hyaluronidase
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:Glucuronidase
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:Neuraminidase
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:Alpha-amylase
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2308:alpha-Amylase
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:(4): 545–59.
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:(1): 104–21.
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:(1): 205–17.
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:(3): 564–72.
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:(4): 486–96.
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:(1): 122–44.
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1675:(6): 1873–6.
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:domain has a
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1272:Determination
1271:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:pancreatic –
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
994:
992:
989:
985:
978:
970:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:Chloride and
943:
942:
940:
936:
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
824:chromosome 1p
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
769:
768:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
730:
726:
722:
710:
707:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
667:
663:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
640:
638:
634:
631:
628:
626:
622:
619:
616:
613:
609:
606:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
577:
572:
567:
556:
553:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
504:
500:
497:
494:
492:
488:
485:
482:
480:
476:
473:Alpha-amyl_C2
472:
468:
463:
456:
451:
446:
435:
432:
430:
426:
423:
419:
415:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
383:
379:
376:
373:
371:
367:
364:
361:
359:
355:
352:
349:
347:
343:
340:
337:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
317:
315:
311:
308:
305:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
278:
274:
271:Alpha-amylase
270:
266:
261:
254:
249:
244:
233:
230:
228:
224:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
195:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
132:NiceZyme view
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
66:
61:
56:
52:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3016:Translocases
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2951:Transferases
2948:
2935:
2792:Binding site
2458:Glucosidases
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2019:(2): 212–4.
2016:
2012:
2006:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1880:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1801:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1623:
1619:
1594:. Retrieved
1564:
1560:
1534:
1525:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1298:
1289:colorimetric
1286:
1275:
1263:
1243:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1204:
1184:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1127:
1116:Pancreatitis
1107:inflammation
1084:
1064:
1049:
1037:pancreatitis
1030:
1027:In pathology
998:
980:
913:gastric acid
893:achrodextrin
885:amylodextrin
837:
797:
781:
735:
720:
719:
120:BRENDA entry
29:
2787:Active site
2685:Iduronidase
2619:Pullulanase
2113:: 891–906.
1896:21 November
1817:21 November
1393:Kierulf P.
1278:iodine test
1145:salivary –
1094:anaesthetic
1017:maltotriose
586:Identifiers
465:Identifiers
346:OPM protein
263:Identifiers
108:IntEnz view
68:Identifiers
3059:Categories
2990:Isomerases
2964:Hydrolases
2831:Regulation
2695:Heparanase
2663:Fucosidase
2481:Neutral AB
1596:5 February
1405:24 January
1340:References
1309:amino acid
1214:cornstarch
1097:intubation
905:hydrolysis
750:, such as
744:hydrolyses
672:structures
518:structures
397:structures
177:structures
144:KEGG entry
91:9000-90-2
2869:EC number
2629:lysosomal
2533:Chitinase
2498:cytosolic
2486:Neutral C
2466:Cellulase
2443:Trehalase
2433:Invertase
2391:Hydrolase
2356:IPR006048
2342:IPR012850
2328:IPR006047
1923:(2): 15.
1864:1380-3743
1850:: 49–63.
1750:222075003
1422:Biochimie
1395:"Amylase"
1305:structure
1301:catalytic
1287:Modified
1105:– due to
1067:biomarker
1007:to yield
962:phosphate
721:α-Amylase
630:IPR006048
496:IPR012850
307:IPR006047
97:Databases
35:α-Amylase
3065:EC 3.2.1
2893:Kinetics
2817:Cofactor
2780:Activity
2538:Lysozyme
2352:InterPro
2338:InterPro
2324:InterPro
2178:41008169
2170:16302977
2125:Archived
2033:18289113
1998:27872074
1949:28368320
1872:23765916
1785:19249160
1742:17332070
1699:22252878
1691:16301277
1650:17828263
1591:36680999
1583:22807429
1539:Archived
1482:24845837
1440:page 156
1380:15299664
1328:See also
1321:β-barrel
1313:β-strand
1282:Phadebas
1246:biofilms
1191:Phadebas
1181:In grain
1134:duodenal
1090:Salivary
1056:excreted
924:Optimum
826:21 (see
760:dextrins
756:glycogen
689:RCSB PDB
625:InterPro
535:RCSB PDB
491:InterPro
414:RCSB PDB
302:InterPro
232:proteins
220:articles
208:articles
181:RCSB PDB
55:chloride
3070:Enzymes
3049:Biology
3003:Ligases
2773:Enzymes
2521:Amylase
2448:Lactase
2438:Maltase
2425:Sucrase
2287:7877175
2248:8196040
2213:9571044
2082:9541387
2073:2143949
1989:5278739
1940:5488086
1793:7564969
1722:Bibcode
1641:2377015
1517:2452576
1474:3652896
1317:α-helix
1256:(EPS).
1234:amylase
1109:of the
1060:kidneys
1013:maltose
1009:dextrin
1005:amylose
958:Sulfate
946:bromide
909:stomach
897:maltose
848:dextrin
844:maltose
812:isoform
800:amylase
784:amylase
764:maltose
742:) that
732:3.2.1.1
605:PF02806
484:PF07821
375:cd11338
282:PF00128
168:profile
151:MetaCyc
86:CAS no.
79:3.2.1.1
48:calcium
18:Ptyalin
3035:Portal
2977:Lyases
2607:Klotho
2314:(MeSH)
2285:
2246:
2211:
2176:
2168:
2109:(10).
2080:
2070:
2031:
1996:
1986:
1947:
1937:
1870:
1862:
1791:
1783:
1748:
1740:
1697:
1689:
1648:
1638:
1589:
1581:
1515:
1480:
1472:
1378:
1315:3 and
1071:stress
1033:lipase
952:Iodide
939:anions
891:, and
840:starch
808:saliva
762:, and
752:starch
725:enzyme
723:is an
704:PDBsum
678:
668:
650:SUPFAM
618:CL0369
591:Symbol
550:PDBsum
524:
514:
470:Symbol
429:PDBsum
403:
393:
327:SUPFAM
295:CL0058
268:Symbol
215:PubMed
197:Search
187:PDBsum
127:ExPASy
115:BRENDA
103:IntEnz
74:EC no.
2929:Types
2716:3.2.2
2700:HPSE2
2585:Alpha
2514:Other
2404:3.2.1
2174:S2CID
1868:S2CID
1846:(1).
1789:S2CID
1746:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1478:S2CID
1195:wheat
1174:AMY2B
1168:AMY2A
1160:AMY1C
1154:AMY1B
1148:AMY1A
1140:Genes
1130:ileus
1103:Mumps
1052:blood
1045:mumps
1015:, or
988:Biaka
842:into
828:AMY1A
646:SCOPe
637:SCOP2
323:SCOPe
314:SCOP2
163:PRIAM
3021:list
3014:EC7
3008:list
3001:EC6
2995:list
2988:EC5
2982:list
2975:EC4
2969:list
2962:EC3
2956:list
2949:EC2
2943:list
2936:EC1
2678:HEXB
2673:HEXA
2651:NAGA
2590:Beta
2563:NEU4
2558:NEU3
2553:NEU2
2548:NEU1
2476:Acid
2397:3.2)
2350:and
2348:Pfam
2336:and
2334:Pfam
2322:and
2320:Pfam
2283:PMID
2244:PMID
2209:PMID
2166:PMID
2078:PMID
2029:PMID
1994:PMID
1945:PMID
1898:2009
1860:ISSN
1819:2009
1781:PMID
1738:PMID
1718:1098
1687:PMID
1646:PMID
1598:2023
1579:PMID
1513:PMID
1470:PMID
1407:2021
1376:PMID
1266:tris
1264:The
1232:See
1069:for
984:rice
960:and
846:and
806:and
754:and
736:4-α-
697:PDBj
693:PDBe
676:ECOD
666:Pfam
642:1ppi
614:clan
612:Pfam
600:Pfam
543:PDBj
539:PDBe
522:ECOD
512:Pfam
479:Pfam
422:PDBj
418:PDBe
401:ECOD
391:Pfam
363:GH13
358:CAZy
351:1wza
319:1ppi
291:clan
289:Pfam
277:Pfam
227:NCBI
184:PDBe
139:KEGG
60:1SMD
2275:doi
2271:246
2236:doi
2232:239
2201:doi
2197:278
2156:doi
2152:272
2115:doi
2068:PMC
2060:doi
2021:doi
1984:PMC
1976:doi
1935:PMC
1925:doi
1852:doi
1773:doi
1730:doi
1677:doi
1673:101
1636:PMC
1628:doi
1569:doi
1505:doi
1501:254
1462:doi
1366:doi
1132:or
1003:of
911:by
830:).
684:PDB
530:PDB
409:PDB
370:CDD
339:117
203:PMC
175:PDB
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