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jaw contains many teeth, up to 550 teeth, 220 of which are on the lower jaw and 260 in the upper jaw. These teeth were very large as well—Paleontologists believe that the largest tooth plate measured 55 centimeters in length and 45 centimeters in width. There are two distinct formations of tooth
684:
was a large shark, previously estimated at 10 meters (33 feet) long based on extrapolation from tooth. The subadult specimen with the largest vertebra showed that it could reach lengths of 4.3–7.07 m (14.1–23.2 ft), so a 10 m (33 ft) length is possible, but more analysis is
583:
teeth have long been identified as palates of diodon, or porcupinefish (Osteichthyes, Diodontidae), well-known for their ability to inflate their bodies in defense. At the beginning of the 19th century, several authors including Swiss paleontologist Louis
Agassiz eventually demonstrated the
1448:
1264:
Shimada, K., Everhart, M. J., Decker, R., & Decker, P. D. (2010). A new skeletal remain of the durophagous shark, Ptychodus mortoni, from the Upper
Cretaceous of North America: an indication of gigantic body size. Cretaceous Research, 31(2), 249–254.
835:
body, with a large and elongate head, the primarily dorsal fin was large and placed forward on the body while the second posterior dorsal fin was much smaller, with a small anal fin being present. The overall body form closely resembles that of the
596:
Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the marine strata of United States, Brazil, Canada, the Czech
Republic, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The fact that so many fossils of
574:
is well represented in the fossil record; many fossils have been uncovered such as isolated teeth, fragments of dentition, calcified vertebral centra, denticles, and associated fragments of calcified cartilage. The very first remains of
1251:
Shimada, K., Rigsby, C. K., & Kim, S. H. (2009). Partial skull of Late
Cretaceous durophagous shark,Ptychodus occidentalis(Elasmobranchii: Ptychodontidae), from Nebraska, U.S.A.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29(2), 336–349.
964:
Vullo, Romain; Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Amadori, Manuel; Kriwet, Jürgen; Frey, Eberhard; González González, Margarito A.; Padilla Gutiérrez, José M.; Ifrim, Christina; Stinnesbeck, Eva S.; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang (2024-04-30).
592:
teeth in Kansas came in 1868 when Leidy reported and described a damaged tooth near Fort Hays, Kansas. After, many more teeth were uncovered in almost perfect conditions and other species within the genus were identified.
1283:"Articulated remains of the extinct shark Ptychodus (Elasmobranchii, Ptychodontidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Spain provide insights into gigantism, growth rate and life history of ptychodontid sharks"
1127:
Agassiz, 1835 (Elasmobranchii) based on teeth from the
Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (the Czech Republic). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B – Historia Naturalis, 71(1–2): 5–14
542:
At least 16 species are considered valid, with the largest members of the genus suggested to have grown up to 10 meters (33 feet) long. The youngest remains date to around 75
1205:
Hoffman, Brian L.; Hageman, Scott A.; Claycomb, Gregory D. (July 2016). "Scanning electron microscope examination of the dental enameloid of the
Cretaceous durophagous shark
1174:
Everhart, Michael; Caggiano, Tom (2004). "An associated dentition and calcified vertebral centra of the Late
Cretaceous elasmobranch, Ptychodus anonymus Williston 1900".
1651:
1631:
1562:
799:
It is believed that the shape coincides with the diet of the species and their geographic locations, but the time it lived has a big part as well.
1085:
Verma, Omkar; et al. (February 1, 2012). "Ptychodus decurrens
Agassiz (Elasmobranchii: Ptychodontidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of India".
1641:
1194:
A historical and mechanical description of
Ptychodus (Chondrichthyes) dententions with notes on the distribution and systematics of the genus
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1038:
1006:
1621:
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have been found in different regions of the world provides evidence of a distribution of species during the Albian-Turonian time.
967:"Exceptionally preserved shark fossils from Mexico elucidate the long-standing enigma of the Cretaceous elasmobranch Ptychodus"
1348:
Shimada, Kenshu (October 31, 2012). "Dentition of Late
Cretaceous shark, Ptychodus mortoni (Elasmobranchii, Ptychodontidae)".
1140:. Published by the author, Bourg-la-Reine, France, 100 pp., ISBN : 978-2-9565479-2-1 (printed), 978-2-9565479-3-8 (ebook)
905:). A 2024 study suggested that based on its body morphology, the species likely primarily consumed pelagic hard prey, like
1434:
University Geological Survey of Kansas, Volume VI: Paleontology part II, (Carboniferous invertebrates and Cretaceous fish)
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plates between the genus; one being juxtaposed, non-overlapping tooth rows, and another being imbricated tooth rows.
1626:
145:
1636:
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Hamm, Shawn (May 2010). "The Late Cretaceous shark Ptychodus marginalis in the Western Interior Seaway, USA".
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has long been accepted, the exact position in the group was long uncertain. A 2016 publication found that
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Le diodon devenu requin : l'histoire des premières découvertes du genre Ptychodus (Chondrichthyes)
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lived relatively long lives and were slow growing and produced large offspring and small litters.
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as previously thought. A 2024 study of a complete skeleton concluded that they belong to the
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was in the Middle Cenomanian to Middle Turonian deposits in the English Chalk, while
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An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology
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teeth with those of elasmobranchs (rays and sharks). The first discovery of
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Based on analysis of vertebrae from Spain, it is suggested that species of
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were found in England and Germany in the first half of the 18th century.
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teeth are found in many Late Cretaceous marine sediments worldwide.
936:. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 144
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species compared to an 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tall human
546:. A large number of remains have been found in the former
1039:"THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE SELMA FORMATION OF ALABAMA"
971:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1152:"Ptychodontid Sharks: Late Cretaceous Shell Crushers"
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had a massive arrangement of crushing plate teeth. A
1492:: "Giant predatory shark fossil unearthed in Kansas"
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was in the Late Santonian-Early Campanian deposits.
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1281:Jambura, Patrick L.; Kriwet, JĂĽrgen (2020-04-22).
823:The only known complete body remains are from the
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1267:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2009.11.005
8:
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705:Unlike the colossal nektonic planktivores
119:
31:
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1007:The paleobioloy Database Ptychodus entry
1209:supports neoselachian classification".
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1652:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1119:Brignon, A., 2015, Senior synonyms of
1062:
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512:'tooth') is a genus of extinct large
7:
1254:https://doi.org/10.1671/039.029.0226
959:
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652:are likely true sharks belonging to
1350:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
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1632:Cretaceous fish of North America
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562:1822 illustration of the first
827:in Mexico, which suggest that
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1642:Fossil taxa described in 1835
1107:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.014
570:Due to a global distribution
1370:10.1080/02724634.2012.707997
1308:10.1371/journal.pone.0231544
913:, rather than benthic prey.
697:Tooth morphology of several
616:
610:
1647:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz
685:required for verification.
608:comes from the Greek words
508:
495:
40:Temporal range: Early-Late
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632:Size estimates of several
527:period, spanning from the
391:Chiplonkar and Ghare, 1977
1432:Williston, Samuel (1900)
773:(a) head and (b) tail of
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290:
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272:
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141:Scientific classification
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132:sp. (MMSP CPC 3064) from
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34:
1622:Prehistoric shark genera
930:Roberts, George (1839).
885:fed on bottom dwelling (
877:is thought to have been
1393:Journal of Paleontology
1211:Journal of Paleontology
548:Western Interior Seaway
436:Ptychodus paucisulcatus
420:Ptychodus multistriatus
27:Extinct genus of sharks
1061:Cite journal requires
983:10.1098/rspb.2024.0262
702:
640:While the affinity of
637:
567:
388:Ptychodus mahakalensis
348:Ptychodus concentricus
335:Carrillo-Briceno, 2013
1589:Paleobiology Database
1125:Ptychodus mammillaris
696:
631:
561:
396:Ptychodus mammillaris
324:Ptychodus articulatus
128:Complete specimen of
1484:at Wikimedia Commons
1468:Palaeontology portal
1121:Ptychodus latissimus
846:(which includes the
825:Agua Nueva Formation
801:Ptychodus marginalis
740:Vertebral centra of
668:(mackerel sharks).
460:Ptychodus spectabili
404:Ptychodus marginalis
372:Ptychodus gibberulus
275:Ptychodus latissimus
134:Agua Nueva Formation
1405:2010JPal...84..538H
1362:2012JVPal..32.1271S
1299:2020PLoSO..1531544J
1231:10.1017/jpa.2016.64
1223:2016JPal...90..741H
1136:Brignon, A., 2019,
1099:2012CrRes..33..183V
1087:Cretaceous Research
1021:"Ptychodus mortoni"
1009:accessed on 8/23/09
805:Ptychodus polygyrus
744:sp. EMRG-Chond-SK-1
711:(whale sharks) and
444:Ptychodus polygyrus
380:Ptychodus janewayii
356:Ptychodus decurrens
340:Ptychodus belluccii
332:Ptychodus atcoensis
1123:Agassiz, 1835 and
803:teeth differ from
703:
646:cartilaginous fish
638:
568:
468:Ptychodus whipplei
364:Ptychodus elevatus
316:Ptychodus arcuatus
308:Ptychodus anonymus
18:Ptychodus anonymus
1627:Cretaceous sharks
1604:
1603:
1576:Open Tree of Life
1503:Taxon identifiers
1490:Ptychodus mortoni
1480:Media related to
838:great white shark
792:sp. MMSP CPC 3066
777:sp. MMSP CPC 3068
759:sp. MMSP CPC 3067
614:(fold/layer) and
604:The generic name
544:million years ago
516:(shell-crushing)
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46:105–75
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1617:Lamniformes
1535:Wikispecies
940:31 December
899:crustaceans
895:inoceramids
879:durophagous
672:Description
666:Lamniformes
514:durophagous
499:'fold' and
455:Dixon, 1850
439:Dixon, 1850
431:Dixon, 1850
218:Lamniformes
1611:Categories
1176:Paludicola
1048:(7). 1970.
917:References
714:Cetorhinus
525:Cretaceous
383:Cope, 1874
194:Subclass:
42:Cretaceous
1541:Ptychodus
1511:Ptychodus
1482:Ptychodus
1421:130948112
1317:1932-6203
1239:132252846
1207:Ptychodus
991:0962-8452
907:ammonites
883:Ptychodus
875:Ptychodus
864:Ptychodus
848:porbeagle
829:Ptychodus
790:Ptychodus
775:Ptychodus
757:Ptychodus
742:Ptychodus
723:Ptychodus
719:Ptychodus
708:Rhincodon
699:Ptychodus
689:Dentition
682:Ptychodus
658:hybodonts
650:Ptychodus
642:Ptychodus
634:Ptychodus
606:Ptychodus
599:Ptychodus
590:Ptychodus
586:Ptychodus
581:Ptychodus
577:Ptychodus
572:Ptychodus
564:Ptychodus
554:Discovery
537:Ptychodus
533:Campanian
523:from the
518:lamniform
483:Ptychodus
252:Ptychodus
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
130:Ptychodus
36:Ptychodus
1520:Wikidata
1378:85133916
1335:32320430
1287:PLOS ONE
977:(2021).
891:bivalves
833:fusiform
624:Taxonomy
224:Family:
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
1581:4143148
1568:4825164
1555:4655374
1526:Q648806
1401:Bibcode
1358:Bibcode
1326:7176087
1295:Bibcode
1219:Bibcode
1095:Bibcode
903:pelagic
887:benthic
662:batoids
611:ptychos
531:to the
258:Agassiz
244:Genus:
214:Order:
184:Class:
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897:) and
831:had a
566:teeth.
529:Albian
521:sharks
496:ptyche
486:(from
260:, 1835
238:, 1898
236:Jaekel
1594:34513
1417:S2CID
1374:S2CID
1235:S2CID
1042:(PDF)
843:Lamna
509:odoĂşs
505:ὀδούς
501:Greek
492:πτυχή
488:Greek
1563:GBIF
1331:PMID
1313:ISSN
1067:help
987:ISSN
942:2021
909:and
870:Diet
850:and
840:and
819:Body
677:Size
617:odon
294:List
54:Preęž’
1550:EoL
1409:doi
1366:doi
1321:PMC
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