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jaw contains many teeth, up to 550 teeth, 220 of which are on the lower jaw and 260 in the upper jaw. These teeth were very large as well—Paleontologists believe that the largest tooth plate measured 55 centimeters in length and 45 centimeters in width. There are two distinct formations of tooth
673:
was a large shark, previously estimated at 10 meters (33 feet) long based on extrapolation from tooth. The subadult specimen with the largest vertebra showed that it could reach lengths of 4.3–7.07 m (14.1–23.2 ft), so a 10 m (33 ft) length is possible, but more analysis is
572:
teeth have long been identified as palates of diodon, or porcupinefish (Osteichthyes, Diodontidae), well-known for their ability to inflate their bodies in defense. At the beginning of the 19th century, several authors including Swiss paleontologist Louis
Agassiz eventually demonstrated the
1437:
1253:
Shimada, K., Everhart, M. J., Decker, R., & Decker, P. D. (2010). A new skeletal remain of the durophagous shark, Ptychodus mortoni, from the Upper
Cretaceous of North America: an indication of gigantic body size. Cretaceous Research, 31(2), 249–254.
824:
body, with a large and elongate head, the primarily dorsal fin was large and placed forward on the body while the second posterior dorsal fin was much smaller, with a small anal fin being present. The overall body form closely resembles that of the
585:
Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the marine strata of United States, Brazil, Canada, the Czech
Republic, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The fact that so many fossils of
563:
is well represented in the fossil record; many fossils have been uncovered such as isolated teeth, fragments of dentition, calcified vertebral centra, denticles, and associated fragments of calcified cartilage. The very first remains of
1240:
Shimada, K., Rigsby, C. K., & Kim, S. H. (2009). Partial skull of Late
Cretaceous durophagous shark,Ptychodus occidentalis(Elasmobranchii: Ptychodontidae), from Nebraska, U.S.A.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29(2), 336–349.
953:
Vullo, Romain; Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Amadori, Manuel; Kriwet, Jürgen; Frey, Eberhard; González González, Margarito A.; Padilla Gutiérrez, José M.; Ifrim, Christina; Stinnesbeck, Eva S.; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang (2024-04-30).
581:
teeth in Kansas came in 1868 when Leidy reported and described a damaged tooth near Fort Hays, Kansas. After, many more teeth were uncovered in almost perfect conditions and other species within the genus were identified.
1272:"Articulated remains of the extinct shark Ptychodus (Elasmobranchii, Ptychodontidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Spain provide insights into gigantism, growth rate and life history of ptychodontid sharks"
1116:
Agassiz, 1835 (Elasmobranchii) based on teeth from the
Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (the Czech Republic). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B – Historia Naturalis, 71(1–2): 5–14
531:
At least 16 species are considered valid, with the largest members of the genus suggested to have grown up to 10 meters (33 feet) long. The youngest remains date to around 75
1194:
Hoffman, Brian L.; Hageman, Scott A.; Claycomb, Gregory D. (July 2016). "Scanning electron microscope examination of the dental enameloid of the
Cretaceous durophagous shark
1163:
Everhart, Michael; Caggiano, Tom (2004). "An associated dentition and calcified vertebral centra of the Late
Cretaceous elasmobranch, Ptychodus anonymus Williston 1900".
1640:
1620:
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It is believed that the shape coincides with the diet of the species and their geographic locations, but the time it lived has a big part as well.
1074:
Verma, Omkar; et al. (February 1, 2012). "Ptychodus decurrens
Agassiz (Elasmobranchii: Ptychodontidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of India".
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A historical and mechanical description of
Ptychodus (Chondrichthyes) dententions with notes on the distribution and systematics of the genus
1635:
1027:
995:
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have been found in different regions of the world provides evidence of a distribution of species during the Albian-Turonian time.
956:"Exceptionally preserved shark fossils from Mexico elucidate the long-standing enigma of the Cretaceous elasmobranch Ptychodus"
1337:
Shimada, Kenshu (October 31, 2012). "Dentition of Late
Cretaceous shark, Ptychodus mortoni (Elasmobranchii, Ptychodontidae)".
1129:. Published by the author, Bourg-la-Reine, France, 100 pp., ISBN : 978-2-9565479-2-1 (printed), 978-2-9565479-3-8 (ebook)
894:). A 2024 study suggested that based on its body morphology, the species likely primarily consumed pelagic hard prey, like
1423:
University Geological Survey of Kansas, Volume VI: Paleontology part II, (Carboniferous invertebrates and Cretaceous fish)
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plates between the genus; one being juxtaposed, non-overlapping tooth rows, and another being imbricated tooth rows.
1615:
134:
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Hamm, Shawn (May 2010). "The Late Cretaceous shark Ptychodus marginalis in the Western Interior Seaway, USA".
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has long been accepted, the exact position in the group was long uncertain. A 2016 publication found that
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Le diodon devenu requin : l'histoire des premières découvertes du genre Ptychodus (Chondrichthyes)
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lived relatively long lives and were slow growing and produced large offspring and small litters.
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as previously thought. A 2024 study of a complete skeleton concluded that they belong to the
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was in the Middle Cenomanian to Middle Turonian deposits in the English Chalk, while
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An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology
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teeth with those of elasmobranchs (rays and sharks). The first discovery of
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Based on analysis of vertebrae from Spain, it is suggested that species of
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were found in England and Germany in the first half of the 18th century.
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teeth are found in many Late Cretaceous marine sediments worldwide.
925:. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 144
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species compared to an 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tall human
535:. A large number of remains have been found in the former
1028:"THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE SELMA FORMATION OF ALABAMA"
960:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1141:"Ptychodontid Sharks: Late Cretaceous Shell Crushers"
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had a massive arrangement of crushing plate teeth. A
1481:: "Giant predatory shark fossil unearthed in Kansas"
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was in the Late Santonian-Early Campanian deposits.
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1270:Jambura, Patrick L.; Kriwet, JĂĽrgen (2020-04-22).
812:The only known complete body remains are from the
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1256:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2009.11.005
8:
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694:Unlike the colossal nektonic planktivores
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996:The paleobioloy Database Ptychodus entry
1198:supports neoselachian classification".
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1641:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1108:Brignon, A., 2015, Senior synonyms of
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501:'tooth') is a genus of extinct large
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1243:https://doi.org/10.1671/039.029.0226
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641:are likely true sharks belonging to
1339:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
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1621:Cretaceous fish of North America
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551:1822 illustration of the first
816:in Mexico, which suggest that
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1631:Fossil taxa described in 1835
1096:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.014
559:Due to a global distribution
1359:10.1080/02724634.2012.707997
1297:10.1371/journal.pone.0231544
902:, rather than benthic prey.
686:Tooth morphology of several
605:
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1636:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz
674:required for verification.
597:comes from the Greek words
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29:Temporal range: Early-Late
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621:Size estimates of several
516:period, spanning from the
380:Chiplonkar and Ghare, 1977
1421:Williston, Samuel (1900)
762:(a) head and (b) tail of
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130:Scientific classification
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121:sp. (MMSP CPC 3064) from
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1611:Prehistoric shark genera
919:Roberts, George (1839).
874:fed on bottom dwelling (
866:is thought to have been
1382:Journal of Paleontology
1200:Journal of Paleontology
537:Western Interior Seaway
425:Ptychodus paucisulcatus
409:Ptychodus multistriatus
16:Extinct genus of sharks
1050:Cite journal requires
972:10.1098/rspb.2024.0262
691:
629:While the affinity of
626:
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377:Ptychodus mahakalensis
337:Ptychodus concentricus
324:Carrillo-Briceno, 2013
1578:Paleobiology Database
1114:Ptychodus mammillaris
685:
620:
550:
385:Ptychodus mammillaris
313:Ptychodus articulatus
117:Complete specimen of
1473:at Wikimedia Commons
1457:Palaeontology portal
1110:Ptychodus latissimus
835:(which includes the
814:Agua Nueva Formation
790:Ptychodus marginalis
729:Vertebral centra of
657:(mackerel sharks).
449:Ptychodus spectabili
393:Ptychodus marginalis
361:Ptychodus gibberulus
264:Ptychodus latissimus
123:Agua Nueva Formation
1394:2010JPal...84..538H
1351:2012JVPal..32.1271S
1288:2020PLoSO..1531544J
1220:10.1017/jpa.2016.64
1212:2016JPal...90..741H
1125:Brignon, A., 2019,
1088:2012CrRes..33..183V
1076:Cretaceous Research
1010:"Ptychodus mortoni"
998:accessed on 8/23/09
794:Ptychodus polygyrus
733:sp. EMRG-Chond-SK-1
700:(whale sharks) and
433:Ptychodus polygyrus
369:Ptychodus janewayii
345:Ptychodus decurrens
329:Ptychodus belluccii
321:Ptychodus atcoensis
1112:Agassiz, 1835 and
792:teeth differ from
692:
635:cartilaginous fish
627:
557:
457:Ptychodus whipplei
353:Ptychodus elevatus
305:Ptychodus arcuatus
297:Ptychodus anonymus
1616:Cretaceous sharks
1593:
1592:
1565:Open Tree of Life
1492:Taxon identifiers
1479:Ptychodus mortoni
1469:Media related to
827:great white shark
781:sp. MMSP CPC 3066
766:sp. MMSP CPC 3068
748:sp. MMSP CPC 3067
603:(fold/layer) and
593:The generic name
533:million years ago
505:(shell-crushing)
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35:105–75
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1606:Lamniformes
1524:Wikispecies
929:31 December
888:crustaceans
884:inoceramids
868:durophagous
661:Description
655:Lamniformes
503:durophagous
488:'fold' and
444:Dixon, 1850
428:Dixon, 1850
420:Dixon, 1850
207:Lamniformes
1600:Categories
1165:Paludicola
1037:(7). 1970.
906:References
703:Cetorhinus
514:Cretaceous
372:Cope, 1874
183:Subclass:
31:Cretaceous
1530:Ptychodus
1500:Ptychodus
1471:Ptychodus
1410:130948112
1306:1932-6203
1228:132252846
1196:Ptychodus
980:0962-8452
896:ammonites
872:Ptychodus
864:Ptychodus
853:Ptychodus
837:porbeagle
818:Ptychodus
779:Ptychodus
764:Ptychodus
746:Ptychodus
731:Ptychodus
712:Ptychodus
708:Ptychodus
697:Rhincodon
688:Ptychodus
678:Dentition
671:Ptychodus
647:hybodonts
639:Ptychodus
631:Ptychodus
623:Ptychodus
595:Ptychodus
588:Ptychodus
579:Ptychodus
575:Ptychodus
570:Ptychodus
566:Ptychodus
561:Ptychodus
553:Ptychodus
543:Discovery
526:Ptychodus
522:Campanian
512:from the
507:lamniform
472:Ptychodus
241:Ptychodus
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
119:Ptychodus
25:Ptychodus
1509:Wikidata
1367:85133916
1324:32320430
1276:PLOS ONE
966:(2021).
880:bivalves
822:fusiform
613:Taxonomy
213:Family:
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
1570:4143148
1557:4825164
1544:4655374
1515:Q648806
1390:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1315:7176087
1284:Bibcode
1208:Bibcode
1084:Bibcode
892:pelagic
876:benthic
651:batoids
600:ptychos
520:to the
247:Agassiz
233:Genus:
203:Order:
173:Class:
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820:had a
555:teeth.
518:Albian
510:sharks
485:ptyche
475:(from
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227:, 1898
225:Jaekel
1583:34513
1406:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1224:S2CID
1031:(PDF)
832:Lamna
498:odoĂşs
494:ὀδούς
490:Greek
481:πτυχή
477:Greek
1552:GBIF
1320:PMID
1302:ISSN
1056:help
976:ISSN
931:2021
898:and
859:Diet
839:and
829:and
808:Body
666:Size
606:odon
283:List
43:Preęž’
1539:EoL
1398:doi
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