31:
44:
295:
uredeina are also orange and in the shape of pustules, while the telia are a brown-black color, but also in the shape of pustules. The uredinia produce urediniospores, which are dispersed by the wind. Telia occur several weeks later. Then the telia produce thick-walled resting spores called teliospores.
317:
to complete its life cycle. The researchers in this study found dormant teliospores on extremely diseased cladodes and stems around spring/early summer time in the winter/rainfall region. This suggests that the fungus survives the dry summer months on debris, when above-ground biomass of host plants
282:
is a rust fungus with the following characteristics: “Uredospores ellipsoid or sub-globose, pale yellow 30-40 x 26-30 μ; epispore hyaline, about 1.5 μ thick, closely and finely echinulate and with 4-5 scattered germ pores…Teleutospores oblong, cuneate or clavate, apex rounded, acuminate or truncate,
294:
and pycnia stage of the disease cycle. Next, there are aecia, which take the form of cup-shapes and are also orange, but they are on the under side of the leaves. The aecia produce aeciospores, and lead to uredinia. Uredinia and telia are on the under side of the leaves, but also on stems. The
486:
has gone above and beyond expectations, because it did not die and recolonized at specific places in between seasons. The rust is particularly effective in coastal areas, where conditions are ripe for epidemic growth. Those who use, develop, and manage land in
Australia have excitedly used
407:. Specificity information was also gathered because safety is a key criterion for introduction of a biological control agent into a different country. A study showed that it had a limited host range, which supported the introduction of the rust into Australia. In 2000,
283:
usually attenuate at the base, usually gently constricted at the septum, light brown, darker at the apex, 43-70 x 17-28 ÎĽ; epispore smooth, about 1.5 ÎĽ thick, thickened at the apex (up to 7 ÎĽ); germ pores obscure, pedicel short, fragile, hyaline or tinged with brown."
439:. However, the spread was up to 30 m in the first four months after the release, which is relatively slow. A glasshouse experiment was also done. The result was that in the infected plant, the number of tubers, rhizome length, and shoot mass decreased by 60%.
450:
requires 8 hours or more of the leaf being wet in order to infect bridal creeper. Between 16 and 20 degrees
Celsius is the optimal infection temperature. However, infection is totally stopped at 25 degrees Celsius. In tests,
262:
was described further in 1926. Later, in 1932, Doidge made an entry describing each section starting with: “,” “Uredo-sori hypophyllous,” and “Teleuto-sori”. She ends this entry by writing, “I have not seen the aecidia.”
534:
was introduced in
Australia, it was also detected in New Zealand. New Zealand is also trying to find ways to deal with undesirable weeds. Invasive exotic weeds have a negative impact on production and biodiversity.
411:
was approved for introduction into
Australia (Kleinjan et al., 2004). Conservationists see bridal creeper in areas of native vegetation as a threat, and had approved it as a target of biological control.
467:
works is by infecting leaves and stems, which cause heavy defoliation of bridal creeper plants. It limits the nutrients and water available for the host plant's production of vegetation and reproduction.
375:
is a very flexible pathogen, as shown by its ability to distribute widely throughout many different South
African climate regions. It can also survive harsh, dry conditions without its host.
1192:
Hayes, Lynley; Fowler, Simon V.; Paynter, Quentin; Groenteman, Ronny; Peterson, Paul; Dodd, Sarah; Bellgard, Stanley (2013). "BioControl of Weeds: Achievements to Date and Future
Outlook".
519:
on trellises than others due to varying climate and leafhopper factors. Due to the expansive nature of the study, scientists feel confident that the biocontrol agents of leafhopper and
559:
is seen as the most impactful biological control agent in this situation. The
Environmental Risk Management Authority of New Zealand was attempting to “de-new” the classification of
399:, which is also called bridal creeper. Bridal creeper is originally from southern Africa, and has been in Australia since 1871. Surveys were conducted in South Africa to find out if
732:
Morin, Louise; Willis, Anthony J.; Armstrong, Joel; Kriticos, Darren (2002). "Spread, epidemic development and impact of the bridal creeper rust in
Australia: summary of results".
1207:
1076:
838:
301:
is likely macrocyclic because it includes all five spores stages. It is also likely autoecious because field reports show that pycnia, aecia, uredinia, and telia of
1335:
1090:
Turner, Peter J.; Morin, Louise; Williams, David G.; Kriticos, Darren J. (2010-09-01). "Interactions between a leafhopper and rust fungus on the invasive plant
1134:
Morin, Louise; Forrester, Robert I.; Batchelor, Kathryn; Holtkamp, Royce; Hosking, John R.; Lefoe, Greg; Virtue, John G.; Scott, John K. (November 24, 2021).
463:
to be effective, it needs to attack the bridal creeper's root system because 90% of bridal creeper's biomass is below-ground rhizomes and tubers. The way
1425:
1296:
1481:
318:
have stopped growing. It is the thick-walled teliospores that make sure the rust can survive when bridal creeper deteriorates during the summer.
443:
builds up resistance and oversummering inoculum which allows it to survive the harsh, dry summer and to return for the next growing season.
815:
Morin, Louise; Neave, Michael; Batchelor, Kathryn; Reid, Adele (2006). "Biological control: a promising tool for managing bridal creeper,
363:
was present in South Africa in winter regions, aseasonal regions, and summer rainfall regions in all regions where there is widespread
1486:
543:
is seen as a high quality example of effective biological control in New
Zealand's 90-year history of weed biocontrol studies.
547:
is likely effective by itself, but it has also been tested with other fungal pathogens. For example, it has been tested with
217:, and is native to South Africa. It has been tested, introduced, and targeted in Australia and New Zealand as an effective
539:
has spread across bridal creeper's range in northern New
Zealand. It as an effective biocontrol agent in New Zealand.
507:. In addition, a long-term 7-year study has shown decreases in seedling, shoot numbers, and above-ground biomass of
1340:
30:
428:
43:
286:
The rust fungus shows up in early to late autumn with little, orange structures on the top of the leaves of the
1491:
1261:
424:
1496:
392:
1223:
737:
223:
472:
also reduces the photosynthetic surface, which destroys leaf tissue. The rust destroys the capacities of
1201:
1070:
832:
138:
1453:
1417:
1350:
1288:
760:
742:
584:
435:
near Narooma. The monitoring showed that the epidemic could have a heavy and detrimental impact on
243:
239:
947:
Harman, H.M.; Waipara, N.W.; Winks, C.J.; Smith, L.A.; Peterson, P.G.; Wilkie, J.P. (2008-08-01).
1169:
1032:
916:
168:
38:
511:
across all sites that were observed (using the biological control agents of the leafhopper and
503:
sp., acted together to lessen the growth of rhizome length and number and biomass of tubers in
1476:
1399:
1358:
1270:
1161:
1111:
1024:
972:
908:
679:
633:
423:. From July 2000 to November 2001, the rust was monitored at three places in New South Wales:
1363:
1151:
1103:
1014:
964:
900:
669:
625:
592:
432:
371:
was dependent on the existence of living foliage of its host plant and season of rainfall.
85:
419:
has been monitored, and there is reason for optimism that it is affecting the growth of
1412:
1283:
563:, which would allow those who use, develop, and manage land in Australia to manipulate
267:
is in the family Pucciniaceae, and the host-substratum are leaves that are alive from
1470:
1173:
1156:
1140:
within the first seven years after release of biological control agents in Australia"
1135:
1107:
330:
95:
75:
1036:
920:
1404:
1275:
883:
Kleinjan, Catharina A.; Morin, Louise; Edwards, Penelope B.; Wood, Alan R. (2004).
356:
291:
247:
214:
105:
1094:
in Australia: A case of two agents being better than one for biological control".
1390:
1246:
340:
caricis. However, these two enemies do not look like they have a major impact on
1309:
1255:
948:
459:. Every other species tested were unaffected or very resistant to the rust. For
204:
968:
993:
Waipara, N. W.; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Harman, H.M.; Winks, C.J.; Park, D. (2006).
496:
251:
218:
1165:
1115:
1028:
976:
912:
683:
637:
336:
255:
55:
674:
657:
1438:
1384:
1322:
1240:
999:, a classical biocontrol agent of the environmental weed bridal creeper,
209:
159:
155:
115:
1430:
1301:
1314:
613:
1443:
1327:
884:
629:
65:
1217:
1019:
994:
904:
476:
in 20 weeks. Morin believes it will likely take several years for
1057:) in Australia and developments towards its biological control".
1221:
403:
would be able to spread as a possible biological control for
555:
was only mildly effective on its own. This illustrates that
885:"Distribution, host range and phenology of the rust fungus
379:
can be found in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
491:
at more than 2,500 locations around Australia. Combining
1053:
Scott, John and Kleinjan, C.A. (1991). "Bridal creeper (
658:"A Preliminary Study of the South African Rust Fungi"
589:(ThĂĽm.) G. Winter, Flora, Regensburg 67: 261 (1884)"
1374:
1230:
734:Thirteenth Australian Weeds Conference Papers
8:
1206:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1075:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
837:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
567:for even greater biocontrol effectiveness.
515:). Some sites recorded greater declines in
322:recycles each 3–4 weeks during the summer.
1218:
29:
20:
1155:
1018:
741:
673:
495:with another biological control agent, a
367:. In southern Africa, the occurrence of
576:
1199:
1068:
995:"First record of bridal creeper rust,
830:
614:"The Australian war on bridal creeper"
480:to decrease the biomass below ground.
290:, and looking like warts. This is the
1187:
1185:
1183:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1048:
1046:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
7:
1454:44a26236-83e6-4ed4-bf67-480f0ec53861
1351:ab1be253-3f16-4e18-96f8-e039926c3ab4
988:
986:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
755:
753:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
651:
649:
647:
949:"Natural enemies of bridal creeper
309:. No other host plants outside of
14:
1157:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104795
1108:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2010.06.005
1007:Australasian Plant Disease Notes
523:played a role in the decline of
258:as a resource for this species.
227:, also known as bridal creeper.
42:
1136:"Decline of the invasive plant
761:"Index Fungorum - Names Record"
415:In New South Wales, Australia,
1482:Biological pest control agents
549:Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides
455:only develops successfully on
1:
957:New Zealand Plant Protection
893:Australasian Plant Pathology
656:Doidge, Ethel (1932-12-04).
819:(L.) Druce, in Australia".
1513:
1059:Plant Protection Quarterly
969:10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6884
821:Plant Protection Quarterly
1055:Myrsiphyllum asparagoides
429:Eurobodalla National Park
328:has two natural enemies:
174:
167:
144:
137:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
624:(2): 71–72. 2002-05-01.
425:Scheyville National Park
393:biological control agent
383:Biological control agent
348:Distribution and habitat
1487:Fungi described in 1877
585:"GSD Species Synonymy:
269:Myrsiphyllum falciforme
1138:Asparagus asparagoides
1092:Asparagus asparagoides
1001:Asparagus asparagoides
951:Asparagus asparagoides
817:Asparagus asparagoides
224:Asparagus asparagoides
765:www.indexfungorum.org
675:10.4102/abc.v2i1.1787
357:Eastern Cape Province
189:(ThĂĽm.) Kuntze (1898)
1262:Puccinia myrsiphylli
1232:Puccinia myrsiphylli
997:Puccinia myrsiphylli
887:Puccinia myrsiphylli
587:Puccinia myrsiphylli
561:Puccinia myrsiphylli
537:Puccinia myrsiphylli
521:Puccinia myrsiphylli
448:Puccinia myrsiphylli
389:Puccinia myrsiphylli
353:Puccinia myrsiphylli
280:Puccinia myrsiphylli
236:Puccinia myrsiphylli
200:Puccinia myrsiphylli
186:Dicaeoma myrsiphylli
148:Puccinia myrsiphylli
24:Bridal creeper rust
1194:BioControl of Weeds
387:Surveys identified
130:P. myrsiphylli
1144:Biological Control
1096:Biological Control
553:C. Gloeosporioides
1464:
1463:
1376:Uredo myrsiphylli
1359:Open Tree of Life
1224:Taxon identifiers
1003:, in New Zealand"
618:Pesticide Outlook
431:near Moruya, and
359:in South Africa.
313:are required for
196:
195:
178:Uredo myrsiphylli
16:Species of fungus
1504:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1022:
990:
981:
980:
944:
925:
924:
889:in South Africa"
880:
843:
842:
836:
828:
812:
775:
774:
772:
771:
757:
748:
747:
745:
729:
688:
687:
677:
653:
642:
641:
630:10.1039/b203221j
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
593:Species Fungorum
581:
446:The rust fungus
244:Felix von ThĂĽmen
190:
182:
150:
47:
46:
33:
21:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1492:Fungi of Africa
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1020:10.1071/DN06010
992:
991:
984:
953:in New Zealand"
946:
945:
928:
905:10.1071/ap04006
882:
881:
846:
829:
814:
813:
778:
769:
767:
759:
758:
751:
743:10.1.1.673.5974
731:
730:
691:
655:
654:
645:
612:
611:
607:
597:
595:
583:
582:
578:
573:
551:. In that test
525:A. asparagoides
517:A. asparagoides
509:A. asparagoides
505:A. asparagoides
474:A. asparagoides
457:A. asparagoides
437:A. asparagoides
421:A. asparagoides
405:A. asparagoides
397:A. asparagoides
385:
365:A. asparagoides
350:
311:A. asparagoides
307:A. asparagoides
288:A. Asparagoides
277:
248:Ethel M. Doidge
233:
188:
180:
163:
152:
146:
133:
86:Pucciniomycetes
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1497:Fungus species
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1252:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1179:
1121:
1102:(3): 322–330.
1082:
1042:
982:
926:
844:
776:
749:
689:
643:
605:
575:
574:
572:
569:
565:P. myrsiphylli
557:P. myrsiphylli
545:P. myrsiphylli
541:P. myrsiphylli
532:P. myrsiphylli
513:P. myrsiphylli
493:P. myrsiphylli
489:P. myrsiphylli
484:P. myrsiphylli
478:P. myrsiphylli
470:P. myrsiphylli
465:P. myrsiphylli
461:P. myrsiphylli
453:P. myrsiphylli
441:P. myrsiphylli
427:near Windsor,
417:P. myrsiphylli
409:P. myrsiphylli
401:P. myrsiphylli
391:as a possible
384:
381:
377:P. myrsiphylli
373:P. myrsiphylli
369:P. myrsiphylli
361:P. myrsiphylli
349:
346:
342:P. myrsiphylli
326:P. myrsiphylli
320:P. myrsipjylli
315:P. myrsiphylli
305:were found on
303:P. myrsiphylli
299:P. myrsiphylli
276:
273:
265:P. myrsiphylli
260:P. myrsiphylli
238:was initially
232:
229:
194:
193:
192:
191:
183:
172:
171:
165:
164:
153:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
989:
987:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
952:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
845:
840:
834:
826:
822:
818:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
777:
766:
762:
756:
754:
750:
744:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
609:
606:
594:
590:
588:
580:
577:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
347:
345:
343:
339:
338:
333:
332:
331:Cecidomyiidae
327:
323:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
284:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
228:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
211:
207:in the genus
206:
202:
201:
187:
184:
179:
176:
175:
173:
170:
166:
161:
157:
151:
149:
143:
140:
139:Binomial name
136:
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106:Pucciniaceae
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1310:iNaturalist
1256:Wikispecies
963:: 362–367.
736:: 385–388.
292:spermagonia
275:Description
205:rust fungus
96:Pucciniales
1471:Categories
1150:: 104795.
899:(2): 263.
770:2022-05-06
571:References
497:leafhopper
334:larva and
252:Paul Sydow
221:agent for
219:biocontrol
72:Division:
1391:Q59560764
1247:Q10646244
1174:244650108
1166:1049-9644
1116:1049-9644
1029:1833-928X
1013:(1): 23.
977:1179-352X
913:0815-3191
738:CiteSeerX
684:2311-9284
638:0956-1250
433:Bar Beach
337:Eudarluca
256:monograph
246:in 1877.
240:described
213:, family
124:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1477:Puccinia
1439:MycoBank
1413:Fungorum
1385:Wikidata
1323:MycoBank
1284:Fungorum
1241:Wikidata
1037:38951082
921:22350029
662:Bothalia
254:'s 1884
231:Taxonomy
210:Puccinia
169:Synonyms
160:G.Winter
117:Puccinia
102:Family:
52:Domain:
1431:2514544
1302:2514542
112:Genus:
92:Order:
82:Class:
1451:NZOR:
1444:142260
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530:After
501:Zygina
250:noted
162:(1884)
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1276:78NW5
1170:S2CID
1033:S2CID
917:S2CID
598:6 May
203:is a
156:ThĂĽm.
66:Fungi
1426:GBIF
1336:NCBI
1297:GBIF
1208:link
1162:ISSN
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