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966:. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometers in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometers in length (Dittmar, cited in Esau, 1965). Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off. At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same. It is therefore understandable that repotting must be done with care, because the root hairs are being pulled off for the most part. This is why planting out may cause plants to wilt.
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formation in neighboring cells. This system controls the spacing of trichomes on the leaf surface. Once trichome are developed they may divide or branch. In contrast, root hairs only rarely branch. During the formation of trichomes and root hairs, many enzymes are regulated. For example, just prior to the root hair development, there is a point of elevated
1155:, the stinging trichomes induce a painful sensation lasting for hours upon human contact. This sensation has been attributed as a defense mechanism against large animals and small invertebrates, and plays a role in defense supplementation via secretion of metabolites. Studies suggest that this sensation involves a rapid release of toxin (such as
911:
contain acetylated flavonoids, which can absorb UV-B, and non-acetylated flavonoids, which absorb the longer wavelength of UV-A. In non-glandular trichomes, the only known role of flavonoids is to block out the shortest wavelengths to protect the plant; this differs from their role in glandular trichomes.
1009:
Plant phytohormones have an effect on the growth and response of plants to environmental stimuli. Some of these phytohormones are involved in trichome formation, which include gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CK), and jasmonic acids (JA). GA stimulates growth of trichomes by stimulating GLABROUS1
910:
is found in areas of high-light stress and poor soil conditions, along the
Mediterranean coasts. It contains non-glandular, stellate and dendritic trichomes that have the ability to synthesize and store polyphenols that both affect absorbance of radiation and plant desiccation. These trichomes also
1013:
Some other phytohormones that promote growth of trichomes include brassinosteroids, ethylene, and salicylic acid. This was understood by conducting experiments with mutants that has little to no amounts of each of these substances. In every case, there was less trichome formation on both plant
977:
GLABRA1 (TTG1)) are the major regulators of cell fate to produce trichomes or root hairs. When these genes are activated in a leaf epidermal cell, the formation of a trichrome is initiated within that cell. GL1, GL3. and TTG1 also activate negative regulators, which serve to inhibit trichrome
1150:
Stinging trichomes vary in their morphology and distribution between species, however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions. In areas susceptible to herbivory, higher densities of stinging trichomes were observed. In
465:
Plant trichomes have many different features that vary between both species of plants and organs of an individual plant. These features affect the subcategories that trichomes are placed into. Some defining features include the following:
1339:
Tattini, M.; Matteini, P.; Saracini, E.; Traversi, M. L.; Giordano, C.; Agati, G. (2007). "Morphology and
Biochemistry of Non-Glandular Trichomes in Cistus salvifolius L. Leaves Growing in Extreme Habitats of the Mediterranean Basin".
1132:. Studies on trichomes have been focused towards crop protection, which is the result of deterring herbivores (Brookes et al. 2016). However, some organisms have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of trichomes. The larvae of
2354:
Fu, H. Y.; Chen, S. J.; Kuo-Huang, L. L. (2003). "Comparative study on the stinging trichomes and some related epidermal structures in the leaves of
Dendrocnide meyeniana, Girardinia diversifolia, and Urtica thunbergiana".
823:
and even within a species on different plant organs. Several basic functions or advantages of having surface hairs can be listed. It is likely that in many cases, hairs interfere with the feeding of at least some small
1001:. The three groups of TFs form a trimer complex (MBW) and activate the expression of products downstream, which activates trichome formation. However, just MYBs alone act as an inhibitor by forming a negative complex.
902:
Non-glandular trichomes serve as structural protection against a variety of abiotic stressors, including water losses, extreme temperatures and UV radiation, and biotic threats, such as pathogen or herbivore attack.
3451:
2315:"Ecology, Behavior and Binomics: Herbivore Handling of a Plant's Trichome: The Case of Heliconius Charithonia (L.) (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae) and Passiflora Lobata (Kilip) Hutch. (Passifloraceae)"
973:
that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth. Activation of genes that encode specific protein transcription factors (named GLABRA1 (GL1), GLABRA3 (GL3) and TRANSPARENT
864:
Glandular trichomes have been vastly studied, even though they are only found on about 30% of plants. Their function is to secrete metabolites for the plant. Some of these metabolites include:
3456:
1022:
The type, presence and absence and location of trichomes are important diagnostic characters in plant identification and plant taxonomy. In forensic examination, plants such as
3589:
1680:
2286:
Karley, A (2016). "Exploiting physical defence traits for crop protection: leaf trichomes of Rubus idaeus have deterrent effects on spider mites but not aphids".
670:, that has a plate or shield-shaped cluster of cells attached directly to the surface or borne on a stalk of some kind. Common examples are the leaf scales of
3507:
877:, which have a role in many plant pathways, such as secondary metabolites, stress response, and act as the mediators of plant interactions in the environment
275:. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an
852:, protecting the more delicate tissues underneath in hot, dry, open habitats. In addition, in locations where much of the available moisture comes from
423:
2255:"Plant secretions prevent wasp parasitism in nests of wool-carder bees, with implications for the diversification of nesting materials in Megachilidae"
492:, referring to whether trichomes are present, respectively, on the upper surface (adaxial) or lower surface (abaxial) of a leaf or other lateral organ.
3323:
2143:
Hülskamp, M.; Schnittger, A.; Folkers, U. (1999). "Pattern formation and cell differentiation: trichomes in
Arabidopsis as a genetic model system".
1921:
Bhatia, R.Y.P.; Raghavan, S.; Rao, K.V.S.; Prasad, V.N. (1973). "Forensic examination of leaf and leaf fragments in fresh and dried conditions".
1110:). This bee species incorporates trichomes into their nests by scraping them off of plants and using them as a lining for their nest cavities.
989:, because their trichomes are simple, unicellular, and non-glandular. The development pathway is regulated by three transcription factors:
969:
The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms. Both processes involve a core of related
844:
keep the frost away from the living surface cells. In windy locations, hairs break up the flow of air across the plant surface, reducing
410:
1694:
Schellmann, S.; Schnittger, A.; Kirik, V.; Wada, T.; Okada, K.; Beermann, A.; Thumfahrt, J.; Jürgens, G.; Hülskamp, M. (2002-10-01).
3513:
2164:
1965:
1451:
574:
126:
1434:
Tholl, Dorothea (2015), "Biosynthesis and
Biological Functions of Terpenoids in Plants", in Schrader, Jens; Bohlmann, Jörg (eds.),
2408:
1800:
Dosier, Larry W.; Riopel, J. L. (1977). "Differential Enzyme
Activity During Trichoblast Differentiation in Elodea canadensis".
2847:
3328:
970:
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305:
64:
1010:(GL1), however, both SPINDLY and DELLA proteins repress the effects of GA, so less of these proteins create more trichomes.
1138:, for example, are able to physically free themselves from trichomes, are able to bite off trichomes, and are able to form
238:
2778:
1631:
Shui Wang, Jia-Wei Wang, Nan Yu, Chun-Hong Li, Bin Luo, Jin-Ying Gou, Ling-Jian Wang, and Xiao-Ya Chen (September 2004).
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1438:, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol. 148, Springer International Publishing, pp. 63–106,
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444:
427:
107:
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3333:
1592:"Protective and defensive roles of non-glandular trichomes against multiple stresses: structure–function coordination"
1118:
Plants may use trichomes in order to deter herbivore attacks via physical and/or chemical means, e.g. in specialized,
489:
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537:
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produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome. The same term is applied to such structures in some
79:
3313:
1032:, trichome bases are regularly found and, in some cases, their cellular structure is important for identification.
556:
541:
502:, there are more adaxial trichomes present on this plant because this surface suffers from more ultraviolet (UV),
53:
3645:
3463:
2033:
Hahn, Florian; Mantegazza, Otho; Greiner, André; Hegemann, Peter; Eisenhut, Marion; Weber, Andreas P. M. (2017).
1072:
experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as
1028:
can be identified by microscopic examination of the trichomes. Although trichomes are rarely found preserved in
631:, and branched or unbranched. Multicellular hairs may have one or several layers of cells. Branched hairs can be
548:
60:
86:
3601:
3446:
2496:
1958:
Recommended
Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products (Revised and updated)
382:
856:, hairs appear to enhance this process by increasing the surface area on which water droplets can accumulate.
1842:"An overview of the gene regulatory network controlling trichome development in the model plant, Arabidopsis"
604:
refer to outgrowths that involve more than the epidermis. This distinction is not always easily applied (see
938:
derivatives. The ellagitannins have the main purpose of helping adapt in times of nutrient-limiting stress.
449:
1696:"TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE mediate lateral inhibition during trichome and root hair patterning in Arabidopsis"
3431:
3355:
1903:
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Karabourniotis, George; Liakopoulos, Georgios; Nikolopoulos, Dimosthenis; Bresta, Panagiota (2020-02-01).
1134:
994:
628:
231:
93:
791:– having straight hairs all pointing in more or less the same direction as along a margin or midrib
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The size, form, density and location of hairs on plants are extremely variable in their presence across
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2094:"Homology-Directed Repair of a Defective Glabrous Gene in Arabidopsis With Cas9-Based Gene Targeting"
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686:
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624:
432:
75:
1535:"Plant Glandular Trichomes: Natural Cell Factories of High Biotechnological Interest1[OPEN]"
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1103:
498:
1076:. Trichomes also serve as models for cell differentiation as well as pattern formation in plants.
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Straight (upright with little to no branching), spiral (corkscrew-shaped) or hooked (curved apex)
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145:
1982:
336:. The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure.
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2015:
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Trichomes can protect the plant from a large range of detriments, such as UV light, insects,
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2198:"Entrapment of bed bugs by leaf trichomes inspires microfabrication of biomimetic surfaces"
482:
Tortuous, simple (unbranched and unicellular), peltate (scale-like), stellate (star-shaped)
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Hahn, Florian; Eisenhut, Marion; Mantegazza, Otho; Weber, Andreas P. M. (5 April 2018).
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958:, are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer. Root hairs form from
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2156:
2010:
1934:
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trichomes are classified as being aerial, epidermal, unicellular, tubular structures.
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Many of what scientists know about trichome development comes from the model organism
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In Salix and gossypium genus, modified trichomes create the cottony fibers that allow
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1391:
Hülskamp, Martin (June 2004). "Plant
Trichomes: A Model for Cell Differentiation".
833:
680:
671:
641:
636:
311:
158:
1983:"Microtubule Stabilization Leads to Growth Reorientation in Arabidopsis Trichomes"
918:, or wind aided dispersal. These seed trichomes are among the longest plant cells
2253:
Eltz, Thomas; Küttner, Jennifer; Lunau, Klaus; Tollrian, Ralph (6 January 2015).
720:, referring to the presence, form and appearance of trichomes. Examples include:
3365:
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3143:
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2894:
2793:
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Many terms are used to describe the surface appearance of plant organs, such as
526:
376:
42:
1840:
Yuan, Ling; Singh, Sanjay Kumar; Patra, Barunava; Pattanaik, Sitakanta (2014).
1608:
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1095:. The trichomes on the bean leaves capture the insects by impaling their feet (
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2060:
2035:"An Efficient Visual Screen for CRISPR/Cas9 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana"
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31:
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Szyndler, M.W.; Haynes, K.F.; Potter, M.F.; Corn, R.M.; Loudon, C. (2013).
2129:
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2019:
1885:
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1519:
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701:, producing some kind of secretion, such as the essential oils produced by
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1942:
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17:
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2001:
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1159:) upon contact and penetration via the globular tips of said trichomes.
840:, large herbivores as well. Hairs on plants growing in areas subject to
2729:
2724:
2641:
2631:
1821:
1753:"Epidermal differentiation: trichomes in Arabidopsis as a model system"
1312:
1261:
1088:
951:
871:, which have many functions related to defense, growth, and development
820:
333:
326:
272:
2299:
1203:
3182:
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2948:
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2837:
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2417:
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1073:
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886:
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761:– pubescent with long, straight, soft, spreading or erect hairs
702:
330:
268:
244:
1813:
1633:"Control of Plant Trichome Development by a Cotton Fiber MYB GeneW⃞"
1404:
1245:
767:– minutely pubescent; having fine, short, usually erect, hairs
1296:
1283:
Levin, Donald A. (1973). "The Role of
Trichomes in Plant Defense".
1014:
surfaces, as well as incorrect formation of the trichomes present.
3406:
3340:
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3230:
3187:
3079:
3021:
3016:
3011:
2999:
2984:
2953:
2874:
2532:
2523:
1224:
Payne, Willard W. (1978). "A Glossary of Plant Hair
Terminology".
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36:
1533:
Huchelmann, Alexandre; Boutry, Marc; Hachez, Charles (2017).
1128:(Nettle) species that deliver inflammatory chemicals such as
815:– having long, soft hairs, often curved, but not matted
325:. These structures play an important role in preventing soil
1060:, trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein.
216:
189:
183:
315:. The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed, as in
2386:
1476:"The Phenylpropanoid Case – It Is Transport That Matters"
1102:
Trichomes are an essential part of nest building for the
773:– slightly covered with minute soft and erect hairs
755:– having an almost wool-like covering of long hairs
210:
1064:
of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This
612:
epidermal cells that protrude from the surface, such as
1910:. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrandpage. p. 154.
157:
Fossil stellate hair (trichome) probably of an oak, in
962:, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1757:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
930:were found to contain presences of ellagitannins,
731:– lacking hairs or trichomes; surface smooth
1956:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2009).
1751:Schellmann, Swen; Hulskamp, Martin (2004-09-01).
1142:blankets in order to navigate the leaves better.
803:– covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs
1981:Maithur, Jaideep; Chua, Nam-Hai (April 2000).
1334:
1332:
1330:
779:– bearing hairs or trichomes of any type
2402:
2382:, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
749:– simple pluricellular-uniseriate hairs
279:, and the surface bearing them is said to be
8:
3508:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1960:. New York: United Nations. pp. 30–32.
1835:
1833:
1831:
1679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1087:leaves have been used historically to trap
555:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2009:
1875:
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1607:
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1509:
1491:
693:Any of the various types of hairs may be
575:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3452:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1050:Significance for plant molecular biology
439:
1923:Journal of the Forensic Science Society
1474:Jasiński, Michał; Biała, Wanda (2018).
1195:
1099:). The leaves would then be destroyed.
662:Another common type of trichome is the
594:outgrowths of various kinds. The terms
506:light stress than the abaxial surface.
2202:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1672:
461:Red glandular trichomes on a rose stem
926:Non-glandular trichomes in the genus
705:and many other members of the family
7:
2302:– via Academic Search Premier.
553:adding citations to reliable sources
479:Glandular (secretory) vs. eglandular
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2259:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
942:Trichome and root hair development
848:. Dense coatings of hairs reflect
25:
3457:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1908:Principles of angiosperm taxonomy
436:; the structure is a single cell.
3620:
3619:
2145:International Review of Cytology
525:
170:
161:; image is about 1 mm wide.
41:
2332:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000300002
1285:The Quarterly Review of Biology
619:A common type of trichome is a
358:with a trapped insect, contain
52:needs additional citations for
27:Fine hair-like growth on plants
400:Trichomes on the petiole of a
386:Trichomes on the surface of a
291:Certain, usually filamentous,
1:
2157:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61053-0
1935:10.1016/S0015-7368(73)70794-5
906:For example, the model plant
3498:History of plant systematics
3085:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1596:Journal of Forestry Research
1436:Biotechnology of Isoprenoids
1169:Thorns, spines, and prickles
743:– having bristly hairs
470:Unicellular or multicellular
445:Scanning electron micrograph
428:Scanning electron micrograph
430:of a trichome on a leaf of
3662:
3314:Alternation of generations
2313:Cardoso, Márcio Z (2008).
2098:Frontiers in Plant Science
2039:Frontiers in Plant Science
1846:Frontiers in Plant Science
1802:American Journal of Botany
1609:10.1007/s11676-019-01034-4
1480:Frontiers in Plant Science
797:– minutely tomentose
513:, and freeze intolerance.
255:') are fine outgrowths or
237:
149:plant, with many trichomes
29:
3615:
3464:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3427:Biological classification
2424:
2288:Annals of Applied Biology
1068:has already been used in
1018:Significance for taxonomy
785:– minutely strigose
419:buds with glandular hairs
3324:Evolutionary development
1104:European wool carder bee
809:– minutely villous
30:Not to be confused with
2975:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2272:10.3389/fevo.2014.00086
2111:10.3389/fpls.2018.00424
2052:10.3389/fpls.2017.00039
1859:10.3389/fpls.2014.00259
1493:10.3389/fpls.2018.01610
1039:trichome classification
898:Non-glandular trichomes
450:Brachypodium distachyon
369:Glandular trichomes on
329:, particularly in cold
3590:by author abbreviation
3514:Plant taxonomy systems
3432:Botanical nomenclature
2319:Neotropical Entomology
2214:10.1098/rsif.2013.0174
1649:10.1105/tpc.104.024844
1393:Molecular Cell Biology
1135:Heliconius charithonia
995:basic helix-loop-helix
737:– coarsely hairy
462:
454:
437:
420:
407:
393:
379:
362:
348:Sticky trichomes of a
162:
150:
3597:Botanical expeditions
1770:10.1387/ijdb.051983ss
1362:10.1055/s-2006-924662
971:transcription factors
653:(star-shaped), as in
623:. Plant hairs may be
496:In a model organism,
476:Presence of cytoplasm
460:
443:
426:
413:
399:
385:
368:
347:
319:, or sheathed, as in
156:
142:
3329:Evolutionary history
3319:Double fertilization
3171:Cellular respiration
2002:10.1105/tpc.12.4.465
1712:10.1093/emboj/cdf524
1204:"Identify That Alga"
1057:Arabidopsis thaliana
1044:Arabidopsis thaliana
1037:Arabidopsis thaliana
987:Arabidopsis thaliana
828:and, depending upon
687:Hippophae rhamnoides
656:Arabidopsis thaliana
549:improve this section
517:Aerial surface hairs
433:Arabidopsis thaliana
61:improve this article
2548:Non-vascular plants
1551:10.1104/pp.17.00727
1444:10.1007/10_2014_295
1354:2007PlBio...9..411T
1238:1978Britt..30..239P
1108:Anthidium manicatum
1054:In the model plant
946:Both trichomes and
860:Glandular trichomes
684:and sea buckthorn (
608:). Also, there are
499:Cistus salviifolius
360:proteolytic enzymes
3053:Surface structures
2848:Flower development
1423:– via EBSCO.
1146:Stinging trichomes
635:(tree-like) as in
606:Wait-a-minute tree
463:
455:
438:
421:
408:
394:
380:
363:
295:have the terminal
163:
151:
146:Capsicum pubescens
3633:
3632:
3272:Herbaceous plants
3098:
3097:
2300:10.1111/aab.12252
1706:(19): 5036–5046.
1174:Colleter (botany)
585:
584:
577:
447:of leaf hairs on
416:Antirrhinum majus
403:Solanum quitoense
350:carnivorous plant
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3653:
3646:Plant morphology
3623:
3622:
3602:Individual trees
3277:Secondary growth
3248:Succulent plants
3236:Prostrate shrubs
3119:Apical dominance
3104:Plant physiology
3065:Epicuticular wax
2610:
2603:
2594:Plant morphology
2411:
2404:
2397:
2388:
2365:
2364:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2208:(83): 20130174.
2193:
2187:
2186:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1861:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1808:(9): 1049–1056.
1797:
1791:
1790:
1772:
1763:(5–6): 579–584.
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1700:The EMBO Journal
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1660:
1643:(9): 2323–2334.
1628:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1539:Plant Physiology
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1336:
1325:
1324:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1200:
875:phenylpropanoids
699:
698:
580:
573:
569:
566:
560:
529:
521:
504:solar irradiance
355:Drosera capensis
248:
241:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
143:Flower bud of a
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3611:
3580:Botanical terms
3573:
3559:
3523:
3469:Citrus taxonomy
3447:Author citation
3413:
3307:
3286:
3208:
3202:
3198:Turgor pressure
3106:
3094:
3048:
2863:Floral symmetry
2781:
2773:
2703:
2692:Vascular bundle
2687:Vascular tissue
2646:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2582:
2553:Vascular plants
2518:
2514:Plant pathology
2438:
2420:
2415:
2385:
2378:Esau, K. 1965.
2374:
2369:
2368:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2167:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1814:10.2307/2442160
1799:
1798:
1794:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1671:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1454:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1405:10.1038/nrm1404
1390:
1389:
1385:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1246:10.2307/2806659
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1184:Urticating hair
1165:
1148:
1116:
1082:
1052:
1041:
1025:Cannabis sativa
1020:
1007:
956:vascular plants
944:
924:
908:C. salviifolius
900:
862:
696:
695:
610:nontrichomatous
581:
570:
564:
561:
546:
530:
519:
389:Solanum scabrum
342:
340:Plant trichomes
289:
287:Algal trichomes
200:
173:
169:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:Related topics
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3519:Taxonomic rank
3516:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Botanical name
3429:
3423:
3421:
3419:Plant taxonomy
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3395:Megasporangium
3392:
3391:
3390:
3383:Microsporangia
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3221:Cushion plants
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3156:Plant hormones
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3139:Photosynthesis
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Floral formula
2855:
2853:Floral diagram
2850:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2782:(incl. Flower)
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2682:Storage organs
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Spermatophytes
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Archaeplastida
2535:
2529:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2492:Phytogeography
2489:
2487:Phytochemistry
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2444:Subdisciplines
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2346:
2305:
2294:(2): 159–172.
2278:
2245:
2188:
2165:
2135:
2084:
2025:
1996:(4): 465–477.
1973:
1966:
1948:
1929:(3): 183–190.
1913:
1891:
1827:
1792:
1743:
1686:
1637:The Plant Cell
1623:
1582:
1525:
1466:
1452:
1426:
1399:(6): 471–480.
1383:
1348:(3): 411–419.
1326:
1297:10.1086/407484
1275:
1232:(2): 239–255.
1216:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1147:
1144:
1120:stinging hairs
1115:
1112:
1093:Eastern Europe
1081:
1078:
1070:genome editing
1051:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1019:
1016:
1006:
1003:
943:
940:
923:
920:
899:
896:
895:
894:
889:
883:
878:
872:
861:
858:
817:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
590:on plants are
583:
582:
533:
531:
524:
518:
515:
494:
493:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
341:
338:
288:
285:
271:, and certain
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3658:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3555:Phytochemical
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Transpiration
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:Inflorescence
2978:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:Ground tissue
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:Plant anatomy
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Plant ecology
2507:
2505:
2504:Plant anatomy
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Archaeobotany
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2381:
2380:Plant Anatomy
2377:
2376:
2371:
2363:(4): 213–223.
2362:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2325:(3): 247–52.
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:9780123645906
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1967:9789211482423
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1904:Heywood, V.H.
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
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1342:Plant Biology
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1091:in houses in
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1005:Phytohormones
1004:
1002:
1000:
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992:
988:
983:
981:
980:phosphorylase
976:
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846:transpiration
843:
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629:multicellular
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579:
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534:This section
532:
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522:
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512:
511:transpiration
507:
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301:cyanobacteria
298:
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232:Ancient Greek
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3550:Horticulture
3540:Floriculture
3442:Correct name
3292:Reproduction
3282:Woody plants
3207:Plant growth
3166:Gas Exchange
3151:Phytomelanin
3089:
3029:Plant embryo
2779:Reproductive
2627:Phragmoplast
2379:
2372:Bibliography
2360:
2356:
2349:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2291:
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1993:
1989:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1926:
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1907:
1894:
1849:
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1801:
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1689:
1675:cite journal
1640:
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1207:. Retrieved
1198:
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1083:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1042:
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1021:
1012:
1008:
986:
984:
968:
960:trichoblasts
959:
945:
927:
925:
913:
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905:
901:
863:
834:irritability
818:
812:
806:
800:
795:tomentellous
794:
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782:
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770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
724:
711:
694:
692:
685:
681:Rhododendron
679:
674:such as the
668:peltate hair
667:
663:
661:
654:
650:
646:
642:Anigozanthos
640:
637:kangaroo paw
632:
620:
618:
609:
599:
595:
587:
586:
571:
565:October 2022
562:
547:Please help
535:
508:
497:
495:
464:
448:
431:
414:
401:
387:
377:cannabinoids
370:
353:
320:
317:Oscillatoria
316:
312:Oscillatoria
310:
304:
290:
245:
242:
235:
165:
164:
159:Baltic amber
144:
123:
117:October 2022
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3366:Pollen tube
3361:Pollinators
3351:Pollination
3346:Germination
3161:Respiration
3144:Chlorophyll
2990:Pedicellate
2924:Gametophyte
2843:Aestivation
2794:Antheridium
2789:Archegonium
2637:Plasmodesma
2614:Plant cells
2477:Paleobotany
2472:Ethnobotany
2457:Astrobotany
2151:: 147–178.
1900:Davis, P.H.
1602:(1): 1–12.
1545:(1): 6–22.
1291:(1): 3–15.
1074:CRISPR/Cas9
999:WD40 repeat
922:Polyphenols
807:villosulous
783:strigillose
625:unicellular
230:; from
3388:Microspore
3378:Sporangium
3356:Artificial
3044:Sporophyte
3039:Sporophyll
3034:Receptacle
2929:Gynandrium
2799:Androecium
2708:Vegetative
2578:Angiosperm
2573:Gymnosperm
2467:Dendrology
1990:Plant Cell
1190:References
982:activity.
948:root hairs
936:kaempferol
932:glycosides
916:anemochory
892:acylsugars
881:flavonoids
869:terpenoids
826:herbivores
771:puberulous
765:puberulent
747:articulate
672:bromeliads
614:root hairs
596:emergences
375:, rich in
303:, such as
277:indumentum
257:appendages
87:newspapers
76:"Trichome"
18:Puberulent
3585:Botanists
3503:Herbarium
3400:Megaspore
3298:Evolution
3241:Subshrubs
3209:and habit
3134:Nutrition
3129:Cellulose
3124:Bulk flow
3107:Materials
3070:Epidermis
2934:Gynoecium
2915:Endosperm
2910:Dispersal
2826:Staminode
2762:Sessility
2750:Cataphyll
2670:Mesophyll
2622:Cell wall
2563:Lycophyte
2543:Bryophyte
2497:Geobotany
2482:Phycology
2222:1742-5662
2175:0074-7696
2061:1664-462X
1868:1664-462X
1779:0214-6282
1720:0261-4189
1618:1993-0607
1559:0032-0889
1502:1664-462X
1370:1438-8677
1305:0033-5770
1254:0007-196X
1226:Brittonia
1157:histamine
1130:histamine
1066:phenotype
1062:Knockouts
830:stiffness
801:tomentose
777:pubescent
707:Lamiaceae
697:glandular
676:pineapple
633:dendritic
592:epidermal
588:Trichomes
536:does not
322:Calothrix
306:Spirulina
281:pubescent
166:Trichomes
32:Trichrome
3640:Category
3625:Category
3545:Forestry
3535:Agronomy
3528:Practice
3479:Cultivar
3474:Cultigen
3334:timeline
3226:Rosettes
3114:Aleurone
3090:Trichome
3007:Perianth
2819:Filament
2677:Meristem
2600:glossary
2462:Bryology
2357:Taiwania
2341:18641894
2240:23576783
2130:29675030
2079:28174584
2020:10760237
1906:(1963).
1886:25018756
1787:16096966
1738:12356720
1667:15316114
1577:28724619
1520:30443262
1486:: 1610.
1462:25583224
1421:26541461
1413:15173826
1378:17143807
1321:83358711
1270:42417527
1163:See also
991:R2R3 MYB
954:of many
952:rhizoids
854:fog drip
850:sunlight
789:strigose
729:glabrate
725:glabrous
651:stellate
601:prickles
372:Cannabis
334:climates
273:protists
246:tríkhōma
3303:Ecology
3060:Cuticle
2890:Capsule
2880:Anatomy
2831:Tapetum
2755:Petiole
2730:Rhizome
2725:Rhizoid
2652:Tissues
2642:Vacuole
2632:Plastid
2434:Outline
2429:History
2231:3645427
2183:9770299
2121:5895730
2104:: 424.
2070:5258748
1943:4774149
1877:4071814
1852:: 259.
1822:2442160
1568:5580781
1511:6221964
1350:Bibcode
1313:2822621
1262:2806659
1234:Bibcode
1114:Defense
1089:bedbugs
1030:fossils
887:ketones
885:methyl
836:to the
821:species
813:villous
735:hirsute
557:removed
542:sources
490:abaxial
486:Adaxial
327:erosion
269:lichens
251: '
239:τρίχωμα
101:scholar
3607:Plants
3510:(IAPT)
3263:Lianas
3231:Shrubs
3183:Starch
3075:Nectar
2995:Raceme
2961:Stigma
2949:Locule
2939:Carpel
2900:Pyrena
2838:Flower
2814:Anther
2809:Stamen
2804:Pollen
2526:groups
2418:Botany
2339:
2238:
2228:
2220:
2181:
2173:
2163:
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2118:
2077:
2067:
2059:
2045:: 39.
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2011:139846
2008:
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1500:
1460:
1450:
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1268:
1260:
1252:
1153:Urtica
1125:Urtica
997:, and
950:, the
934:, and
928:Cistus
838:palate
759:pilose
741:hispid
718:leaves
647:tufted
453:(250x)
331:desert
261:plants
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3567:Lists
3484:Group
3407:Spore
3341:Flora
3258:Vines
3253:Trees
3216:Habit
3188:Sugar
3080:Stoma
3022:Sepal
3017:Petal
3012:Tepal
3000:Umbel
2985:Bract
2966:Style
2954:Ovule
2944:Ovary
2885:Berry
2875:Fruit
2868:Whorl
2735:Shoot
2533:Algae
2524:Plant
1986:(PDF)
1818:JSTOR
1417:S2CID
1317:S2CID
1309:JSTOR
1266:S2CID
1258:JSTOR
1097:tarsi
975:TESTA
842:frost
753:downy
714:stems
703:mints
664:scale
649:, or
293:algae
265:algae
234:
108:JSTOR
94:books
3489:Grex
3371:Self
2905:Seed
2767:Stem
2745:Leaf
2720:Root
2715:Bulb
2699:Wood
2660:Cork
2558:Fern
2337:PMID
2236:PMID
2218:ISSN
2179:PMID
2171:ISSN
2161:ISBN
2126:PMID
2075:PMID
2057:ISSN
2016:PMID
1962:ISBN
1939:PMID
1882:PMID
1864:ISSN
1783:PMID
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1681:link
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1448:ISBN
1409:PMID
1374:PMID
1366:ISSN
1301:ISSN
1250:ISSN
1211:2013
1179:Seta
1140:silk
1085:Bean
1080:Uses
964:root
832:and
716:and
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540:any
538:cite
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406:leaf
392:leaf
309:and
297:cell
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