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initially was largely an urban phenomenon relying largely on food imports and was used mainly as a price stabilizing tool. The setting up of the
Foodgrains Prices Committee in 1964 strengthened the position of the PDS. The government committed itself to announce a minimum support price (MSP) to promote agriculture and the stocks procured were to be used towards meeting the needs of the PDS. If procurement fell short, the government was to resort to imports and other measures such as monopoly procurement, and levy on farmers. In the subsequent decades, the coverage and reach of the PDS expanded considerably on the back of various state-led schemes and the increased need for foodgrains to implement various regional and poverty programmes. The total number of ration shops increased from around 50,000 in 1960 to around 3,50,000 by 1990-91 and the quantity of foodgrains distributed increased from about 5 million tonnes in 1960–61 to about 16 million tonnes in 1990–91. In June 1992, the 'revamped' PDS scheme was launched with the aim of covering 1750 blocks in hilly, remote, and inaccessible areas with the per kg. issue price to states set to 50 paise below the central issue price. By this time, the urban bias that was a characteristic of the PDS in the early post-independence years had largely disappeared. Nonetheless, the overall coverage of PDS was quite limited and patchy till this point. As per data from the National Sample Surveys (NSS), only 27% of rural and 29% of urban households purchased grains from the PDS in 1993–94. This was despite the fact that all through this while the PDS was in principle a
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government's procurement cost. Till 2000–01, APL households were entitled to purchase 15 kg of grains at 75% of the procurement cost, after which they had to pay the full economic cost. In 2000, the
Antyodaya (AAY) category was added which covered 1 crore (later 2 crore) 'poorest of the poor' households that were entitled to 25 kg (later 35 kg) of grains per month from the PDS irrespective of family size at Rs. 3/kg for rice and Rs. 2/kg for wheat. The targeted approach to the PDS brought with it two implementational challenges: (i) estimating the number of poor to be covered by the BPL category and (ii) identifying the poor in accordance with the coverage targets determined. It was decided that the coverage of BPL households would be based on the state-wise poverty head count ratios estimated from the 1993-94 NSS consumption expenditure survey. This made the highly contentious 'poverty line' extremely salient in welfare policy. In order to identify eligible households, the government initially used results of a survey conducted in 1992–03 to identify beneficiaries of the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Subsequently, the government conducted a BPL Census in 2002 which scored households on 13 different parameters covering assets, occupation, land ownership etc. and identified BPL households as those falling below a certain cut-off.
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population census figures to arrive at state-wise coverage targets and allocations. However, by 2020, the NFSA covered only 59% of the projected population, resulting in an under-coverage of over 100 million people. This under-coverage is mainly because the central government froze the coverage targets based on the now-outdated 2011 census and has not updated them ever since despite sustained population growth in the last decade or so. This remains an important unresolved issue to date. In addition to the 59% population covered under the NFSA, another 11% were covered under state schemes, majority of whom (7 percentage points) receive NFSA equivalent entitlements or more. These come from states that run an "expanded PDS", increasing coverage and/or reducing issue prices beyond NFSA mandates - this includes southern states (Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana) as well as poorer states like
Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal. Including the population covered under state schemes, 950 million persons were covered by the PDS, with 899 million having NFSA equivalent entitlements or more. Besides enhanced coverage, some states also reduced the issue prices at their own costs. In Tamil Nadu, rice is distributed free of cost to all entitled cardholders and Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha provide rice at a lower price than the central government's issue price.
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and Nagar Haveli, the government replaced PDS with cash transfers in
September 2015. A full year into the programme, roughly 20% of beneficiaries did not receive their benefits and for a majority of beneficiaries the costs (in terms of time and money) involved in going to the bank and accessing cash was higher that accessing PDS grains. Similarly, in 2018 the government piloted the 'DBT for Rations' (DBT = Direct Benefit Transfer) scheme in Nagri block of Jharkhand. A study of the pilot found that on an average, households only received two of the four instalments due to them since the start of pilot. Further, on an average, households said that the whole process of withdrawing money and purchasing their monthly entitlement of grains took 12 hours on an average. These results were qualitatively confirmed by another study of the pilot. The public opposition to this reform was so strong that the government was forced to roll it back shortly after. The experience of these pilot experiments suggest that there could be high transition costs associated with switching from a well-established PDS to a system of cash transfers. Further, evidence from cash transfers in NREGA suggest that, even with well established systems in place, the time and costs involved in accessing cash transfers can be very high in rural areas.
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per-capita entitlements and discarding the APL-BPL method of targeting households. The All-India coverage of the PDS was set to 67% of the population, with 75% coverage in rural areas and 50% in urban areas with poorer states getting higher coverage than poorer states (see table below). In several cases, however, states felt the coverage was too low. The price at which rice, wheat and millets were sold from the PDS were almost halved and fixed at Rs. 3, Rs. 2, and Rs. 1 per kg. respectively. While the NFSA did not universalize the PDS and continued with a targeted approach, it did discarded the APL-BPL method of targeting and left the selection of eligible households on state governments. Households were now to be divided into
Priority households (PHH) and Antyodaya (AAY) only with the APL category disbanded. Entitlements of 5 kg per person per month were set for PHH households and 35 kg per household irrespective of family size for AAY households. Various states relied on simple inclusion-exclusion criteria to identify eligible households, often using the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) or other recent data they had.
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study found that households increased consumption of protein and other nutrients relative to households in bordering districts of neighbouring states. Another study found moderate increases in households nutrient intake and diet quality resulting from the universalization of the PDS in the 8 districts in the
Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput (KBK) region in Odisha. At the All-India level, one study finds that increases in the value of PDS transfers resulting from random price shocks at the district-level leads to significant increase in caloric intake of not just cereals (distributed via the PDS) but also other food groups not catered to via the PDS as well. This suggests possible 'crowd-in' effects of the PDS on nutrition. So far, only one study analyzes the effect of the roll-out of NFSA on nutritional outcomes - it finds that increase in PDS subsidy increases dietary diversity and caloric intake and also find evidence for crowd-in of non-staple food groups. Additionally, it finds that increase in PDS transfers led to higher wages and significant reduction of child stunting.
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state-wide heterogeneity, with very low levels of leakages in states like Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and very high leakages in states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Punjab, Rajasthan. This was likely due to a number of factors including lower overall coverage of the PDS, reduced consumer base of fair price shops, low levels of utilization and a shift in the PDS away from the places that it worked well. Two important dimensions of the leakage issue are worth noting. First, leakages were considerably higher for rice than wheat. Estimated leakages for rice were lower than for wheat in almost all states and per-capita wheat purchases remained low and leakages high during this period. Second, leakages from the APL allocation were more than twice as high than the leakages from the BPL allocation, possibly since the APL allocations fluctuated arbitrarily and hence APL households often did not know what they were entitled to. Indeed, there is some evidence to suggest that the APL quota of states was an important predictor of the overall level of leakages.
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of the consumption distribution excluded. On the other hand, among the richest 40% of households, roughly 20%-25% possessed a ration card. A majority of the scheduled caste (SC), scheduled tribe (ST), and other backward class (OBC) households were excluded from the PDS. In total, only 34% of households had a BPL or AAY card. The message from these numbers was clear - the targeting process based on poverty lines and the BPL census led to severe exclusion and inclusion errors. This message was further strengthened by numerous state-specific studies. In most states, the shift to the targeted PDS resulted in decline in per-capita PDS purchases between 1999-2000 and 2004–05. The states worst affected by the reform were Kerala and Tamil Nadu which historically had high PDS coverage and purchases prior to 1997–98. While the issue was partly related to poor design and implementation of the 2002 BPL Census, the very idea of defining the coverage base of PDS based on poverty lines continued to be fraught with various unresolved conceptual issues.
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possible. Nonetheless, evidence from numerous small-scale surveys points to increase in coverage, decline in exclusion errors, reduction in leakages, and improved transportation of grains. A six-state survey covering 3,800 households across Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand Madhya
Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal found that the PDS was "near universal" in rural areas of these states, inclusion and exclusion errors were down, and majority of households in MP, Odisha and West Bengal received their full entitlements from PDS. Even in Jharkhand, one of the states with poorest performing PDS in the early 2000s with leakages as high as 85%, multiple surveys point to clean-up of beneficiary lists, significant reduction in leakages, enhanced coverage, and significant overall improvement in the performance of the PDS post implementation of the NFSA. By 2017, leakages were down to about 15% in aggregate and about 7%-10% conditional on purchasing from the PDS.
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the PDS was higher in states where the PDS worked well (measured in-terms of leakages). A major explanation that households gave was that they felt more food secure with PDS grains as opposed to cash transfers. This is borne out by other by another study - using data from successive rounds of NSS consumption surveys, the authors argue that in-kind transfers via the PDS maybe superior to cash transfers by shielding households against price shocks and inflation and thereby weakening the relationship between prices and caloric intake. Another factor for preferring PDS over cash was the poor development of rural markets – for an average rural household, the nearest PDS outlet was located about 1 to 2 km closer than the closest grain market. Moreover, as of 2011, there were about half a million PDS shops covering about 75% villages, compared to only 8% of villages with a bank branch and 25% of villages with a post-office.
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consumption deciles moved from APL to BPL entitlements. The share of households actually purchasing grains from the PDS also increased significantly from 25% in 2004–05 to 50% in 2011–12. Further, PDS accounted for nearly 46% of total household rice purchases. This improvement in PDS utilization was matched by a reduction in leakages between 2004–05 and 2011–12. At the All-India level, between 2004–05 and 2011–12, leakages fell from 54% to 42% based on NSS estimates and from 49% to 32% based on the India Human
Development Survey (IHDS). While this improvement was modest, it showed that improvements in PDS functioning was certainly possible. The erstwhile poorly performing states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha saw significant improvements and states like Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, where the PDS was already performing well, consolidated their positions further.
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least partly motivated by the high-levels of leakages observed from the PDS. The calls for a switch from in-kind PDS to cash transfers are based on the following key arguments (among others). First, as opposed to the current PDS system which involves running the extensive procurement, storage, and distribution system, cash transfers are viewed as a more efficient way of transferring a given value of transfer with lower transaction costs. The reduced middle-men in the process make cash transfers seem less prone to corruption. Second, cash transfers render greater choice to the beneficiaries by allowing them to choose whether they want to spend the extra income on food or some other commodity. Third, the reliance of the PDS on public procurement of grains necessitates government involvement in the agricultural markets which is frowned upon by many.
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Another study found that about 2.5 million beneficiaries in
Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh were denied their food rations due to ABBA. The reason for these exclusions is because ABBA rests on a fragile technological infrastructure that needs to work simultaneously in order to for authentication to work: Aadhaar 'seeding' (i.e. linking Aadhaar number with PDS ration card), point of sale (Pos) machine, internet connectivity, remote Aadhaar servers, and biometric authentication. Failure at any of these steps, for technical reasons or otherwise, leads to unsuccessful authentication. In fact, official data from the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) itself suggested that in early 2018 about 12% of authentication requests for government services failed.
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supplemented the central subsidy to reduce issue prices and/or expand coverage. Starting 2009–10, Kerala decided to automatically include all SC, ST and fisherperson households as well as destitute persons; subsequently in 2010–11, all agricultural labourer households and traditional industrial worker households were automatically eligible for subsidized grains irrespective of APL/BPL status. Another likely factor contributing to the PDS revival was the significant rise in global food prices around this time which led to a rise in domestic food prices. This led to increase in the value of PDS subsidy for households which evidence suggests led to increases in PDS purchases in most states.
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plug some leakages by improving verification of past records and supply chain management. One of these studies argues that a subsequent 'reconciliation' reform (after ABBA was enforced for some months) in Jharkhand where the government tracked the quantities of grains sold in previous months before making new disbursements led to reduction in leakages from the government's point of view. However, this interpretation has been questioned since the reduced leakages were short-lived, came at the cost of large-scale exclusion and a severe reduction in the quantity of grains disbursed to beneficiaries, and the reform had to be called-off within 3 months due to large-scale opposition.
1092:. Based on this framework, the PDS seems to have had an important effect on poverty-reduction. For instance, in 2009–10, the poverty gap ratio would have been 18%-22% higher in the absence of the PDS, with even larger gains to the tune of 40%-80% in states like Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh that had a well-functioning PDS. If the imputed value of mid-day meals were also taken into account, the effect of PDS on poverty reduction was even stronger. These large national-level effects were seen despite the fact that the PDS still performed rather poorly in some states at this time.
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states run an expanded PDS of some form. Of these, most notably Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal have expanded coverage and provide NFSA equivalent entitlements or more to these added beneficiaries (the rest have expanded coverage but provide lesser entitlements against NFSA). Among these, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal finance their expanded PDS entirely out of state funds while the others receive some financial assistance from the central government in the form of 'tide-over' grains.
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political will. There was evidence of corruption from the PDS as well as lack of progressiveness of benefits. This led to some calls for replacing the PDS with direct income transfers. Further, in the wake of the structural adjustment policies that came with the 1991 economic reforms, 'targeting' (i.e. restricting welfare benefits only to the poor) gained prominence as a way of enhancing coverage among the poor while reducing fiscal expenditures.
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transportation, and bulk allocation of food grains, state governments hold the responsibility for distributing the same to the consumers through the established network of fair price shops (FPSs). State governments are also responsible for operational responsibilities of the NFSA including identification of eligible families in compliance with NFSA coverage targets, issue of ration cards, and monitoring of the distribution system.
214:, which provide 70-90% of wheat & 28-44% of rice of India's Public Distribution System (PDS), which is then redistributed to other net negative producer states which produce less than what they consume. Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country is managed by state governments. As of 2011 there were 505,879 fair price shops (FPS) across India. Under the PDS scheme, each family
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now present their fingerprints to authenticate their identity. The claim was that integrating Aadhaar would help in identifying ghosts, fakes, and duplicate beneficiaries in the PDS lists, enforce stricter identity verification, improve supply-chain management and reduce corruption in the system. These claims have been questioned and observed have argued that they over-sell the
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and state government. The items from these shops are much cheaper but are of average quality. Ration shops are now present in most localities, villages towns and cities. India has more than 5.5 lakh (0.55 million) shops, constituting the largest distribution network in the world (According to 2011 census).
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few fakes or ghosts in the PDS lists of the surveyed states. This stands in contrast to the governments claim in September 2016 that it had deleted 2.33 crore ration cards thanks to Aadhaar. This widely circulated figure was subsequently shown to be misleading since most of the these deletions had happened
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shops and public distribution shops, and chiefly sell wheat, rice and sugar at a price lower than the market price called Issue Price. Other essential commodities may also be sold. To buy items one must have a ration card. These shops are operated throughout the country by joint assistance of central
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While the evidence of Aadhaar helping with corruption is limited, there is credible evidence that enforcing ABBA in the PDS led to exclusion of genuine beneficiaries and increased transaction costs involved in accessing PDS grains. This was reported by both the studies from Jharkhand mentioned above.
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Starting around 2015–16, Aadhaar-based biometric authentication (ABBA) was made mandatory for accessing PDS rations in various states, ostensibly with the aim of reducing leakages and corruption in the PDS. This means that in order to collect their monthly grain entitlements, ration card holders must
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While the shift from universal to targeted PDS was meant to enhance coverage among the poor and reduce corruption, a large body of work found that it effectively did the opposite. In 2004–05, in total only 34% of households possessed a BPL or AAY card with nearly half of households in the poorest 20%
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On the issue of quantity fraud (dealers taking cuts from households), two independent studies from the state of Jharkhand, including a RCT, found that per-se mandating ABBA in the PDS led to no effect on corruption. It is possible that the detailed transaction records that ABBA generates could help
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An important question is what do beneficiaries themselves prefer and why? Using a novel dataset collected from over 1200 households across 9 states in 2011, one study reports that on aggregate about two-thirds of beneficiaries preferred the PDS over cash transfers. Further, the proportion preferring
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Despite these potential benefits, others have opposed the move to a cash transfer in lieu of the PDS on various grounds. Most importantly, it is unclear if the banking sector, especially in rural areas, is ready to seamlessly replace the PDS. In the union territories of Puducherry, Chandigarh, Dadra
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While the NFSA came into effect in September 2013, its roll-out at the state-level happened with a significant lag as state governments struggled to prepare new beneficiary lists, computerize their ration cards, and stream-line various other processes of distribution. The delay in the release of the
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Identification of households to be denoted status and distribution to granted PDS services has been highly irregular and diverse in various states. The recent development of Aadhar UIDAI cards has taken up the challenge of solving the problem of identification and distribution of PDs services along
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found that at most 3% of total ration cards in the state were fake or ghosts. Similarly, in the state of Odisha, the role of Aadhaar in identifying ghosts and fakes was found to very small - only 4% of ration cards deleted were on account of Aadhaar. Another 6-state survey conducted in 2016 reports
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An issue that has often dominated debates surrounding the PDS is the issue of whether the PDS, which involves distribution of in-kind food grains, is an efficient way of welfare delivery. At least since the 1990s, there have been repeated calls to replace the PDS with a cash transfer. These were at
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In addition, as mentioned above, some states run an 'expanded' PDS by increasing coverage beyond NFSA mandates and/or reducing the price at grains and/or providing additional food commodities like pulses and edible oil. Indeed, besides 10 major states (and excluding north-eastern states), all other
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or because they live in unauthorized colonies. Lack of clarity in the planning and structuring of social safety and security programs in India has resulted in the creation of numerous cards for the poor. Limited information about the overall use of cards has discouraged families below the poverty
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As of 2023, 70-90% of wheat & 28-44% of rice of India's total national food Public Distribution System (PDS) is provided by Haryana and Punjab, which is then redistributed to other net negative producer states which produce less than what they consume. Both small states are massive provider to
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Some of the earlier studies which analyzed the PDS during the 1990s and early 2000s found no effect of the PDS on nutritional outcomes. In contrast, recent studies, focussing on the PDS in the more recent period, do find some positive effects. Studying the expansion of the PDS in Chhattisgarh, one
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From 2004-05 onwards, the PDS displayed a steady revival on various dimensions. Between 2004-05 and 2011–12, the share of rural households with a BPL or AAY ration card increased from 30% to 44%, coverage significantly improved among SC, ST, OBC households and many households in the poorest three
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scheme such that every Indian was entitled to a ration card and purchase grains from the PDS. Some observers attributed the limited access to the steadily rising prices at which grains were sold from the PDS (i.e. the issue prices) while others blamed poor administration, corruption, and lack of
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The origins of the PDS go back to the system of food rationing introduced by the British during the Second World War. It was subsequently dismantled but had to be reintroduced at the time of independence owing to severely inflationary pressures. In the initial years after independence, the system
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There used to be lack of clarity as to which families should be included in the below the poverty line list. This resulted in the genuinely poor being excluded whilst the ineligible get several cards. After the implementation of the NFSA, the situation has improved to some extent. As a result of
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The suppression of the 2017-18 NSS consumption expenditure survey round by the central government and the absence of any other reliable nationally representative consumption survey with relevant questions on the PDS has meant that a comprehensive evaluation of the PDS post-NFSA has not yet been
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The table below presents the state-wise population coverage mandated by the NFSA, population coverage in 2020 (latest available year) by NFSA ration cards (PHH + AAY) and state schemes. The NFSA mandated a population coverage of 67% at the All-India level. The central government used the 2011
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These improvements were largely the outcome of various bold initiatives by many state governments. Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh moved towards universalization of their PDS, Chhattisgarh did away with private PDS dealers and implemented a stronger monitoring system, and various other states
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Along with a decline in coverage, the switch to a targeted PDS brought with it large-scale leakages. At the All-India level, the share of total allocated grains not reaching households increased from 24% in 1999–2000 to 39% in 2001–02 to 54% in 2004–05. The All-India figures mask considerable
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In 1997, the PDS was officially converted from a universal to a targeted scheme. Households were to be divided into two categories – below poverty line (BPL) and above poverty line (APL). BPL households were entitled to 10 kg per month, later revised to 35 kg, at 50% of the central
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Under the NFSA, the central government is responsible for financing the subsidy necessary for meeting the state-wise NFSA coverage targets. The central and state governments share the responsibility of regulating the PDS. While the central government is responsible for procurement, storage,
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which brought major reforms to the national food security policy and the PDS. This included converting PDS from a welfare scheme to a legal entitlement, restructuring the process of procurement and distribution, expanded coverage of the PDS, reduction of issue price, shift from household to
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SECC also contributed to this delay. The earliest states to implement the NFSA were Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan between September and December 2013, while Kerala and Tamil Nadu did so only in November 2016 owing to centre-state negotiations over coverage.
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In light of the COVID-19 crisis, as part of its relief package, in March 2020 the government announced an additional 5 kg rice or wheat per person and 1 kg pulses per family free of cost for all NFSA cardholders, over and above the usual NFSA entitlements.
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is eligible for 35 kg of rice or wheat every month, while a household above the poverty line is entitled to 15 kg of foodgrain on a monthly basis, redeemable with a card. However, there are concerns about the efficiency of the distribution process.
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One way to think of the PDS is to think of it as an income transfer programme, with the value of the transfer being equal to the difference between open-market price and PDS price of foodgrains multiplied by the quantity of foodgrains received. Let
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The stock assigned to a single family cannot be bought in installments. This used to be a barrier to the efficient functioning and overall success of PDS in India before PDS prices were reduced as a result of the implementation of the
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and its failure to serve the poorer sections of the population effectively. The Targeted PDS is expensive and until the early 2000s there was a lot of corruption (i.e., people did not get all of what they were entitled to).
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There is no set criteria as to which families are above or below the poverty line. This ambiguity gives massive scope for corruption and fallouts in PDS systems because some who are meant to benefit are not able
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The public distribution system of India is not without its defects. With a coverage of around 40 million below-poverty-line families, a review discovered the following structural shortcomings and disturbances:
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Whatever evidence is available suggests that fake and ghost ration cards are a very small problem. A large-scale survey conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Jharkhand by researchers at
1401:, which came to power in 2004, decided on a common minimum programme (CMP) and on the agenda was food and nutrition security. Under that the government had plans to strengthen the food security program DS.
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in his budget speech went contrary to the idea proposed in the CMP and proposed the idea of the food stamp scheme. He has proposed to try the scheme in few districts of India to see its viability.
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do not produce the surplus food and they are the net consumer of the food. There is a very small number of states that produce the surplus food which provides the food security to all of India.
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network. However, the food grains supplied by the ration shops are enough to meet the consumption needs of the poor. In the 1980s and 1990s, the PDS was criticised for its
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some social activists have suggested that pulse is an importance source of protein so besides rice / wheat pulses like arhar (toor) should also be included in PDS system
885:" - " implies no public information available. State cards includes those with NFSA equivalent entitlements or more & those with lesser entitlements as against NFSA.
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2430:"Finance Minister announces Rs 1.70 Lakh Crore relief package under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana for the poor to help them fight the battle against Corona Virus"
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In aggregate, only about 42% of subsidised grains issued by the central pool reach the target group, according to a Planning Commission study released in March 2008.
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news channel on 14 October 2013 performed a sting operation on PDS named Operation Black. It showed how the distribution reaches mills instead of fair price shops.
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benefits of Aadhaar in PDS. Even in-principle, Aadhaar can only help with certain types of leakages and not others - it can help with identifying fakes and ghosts (
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F.C.I. and other prominent agencies should provide quality food grains for distribution, which is a tall order for an agency that has no real incentive to do so.
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were able to siphon off a good proportion of the stock meant for the poor. Since the early 2000s, one state after another has been able to reform its PDS.
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Working Paper Presented at the 12th Annual Conference on Economic Growth and Development at the Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi on 19–21 December 2016
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1441:'s food department managed to fix its broken system so that the diversion of grain came down from about 50% in 2004–05 to about 10% in 2009–10.
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line from registering for new cards and increased illegal creation of cards by such families to ensure maximum benefit for the family members.
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Regional allocation and coverage of FPS are unsatisfactory and the core objective of price stabilization of essential commodities has not met.
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Frequent checks and raids should be conducted to eliminate bogus and duplicate cards, which is again an added expenditure and not foolproof.
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Tarozzi, A. (2005). "The Indian Public Distribution System as provider of food security: Evidence from child nutrition in Andhra Pradesh".
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The fair price dealers seldom display rate chart and quantity available in the block-boards in front of the shop. This should be enforced.
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Aadhaar was even introduced for various reasons like death, migration, ineligibility, and marriage in which Aadhaar had no role to play.
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Numerous malpractices make safe and nutritious food inaccessible and un-affordable to many poor thus resulting in their food insecurity.
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Dutta, B.; Ramaswami, B. (2001). "Targeting and Efficiency in the Public Distribution System Case of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra".
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fraud). Moreover, there are no reliable estimates of the size of identity and quantity fraud in recent years at the All-India level.
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Kochar, A. (2005). "Can Targeted Food Programs Improve Nutrition? An Empirical Analysis of India's Public Distribution System".
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Issac, TMT; Ramakumar, R. (2010). "Expanding Welfare Entitlements in the Neo-Liberal Era: The Case of Food Security in Kerala".
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these improvements, it is estimated that in 2009–10, the PDS reduced the poverty gap index by 18-22% at the all India level.
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Illicit fair price shop owners have been found to create large number of bogus cards to sell food grains in the open market.
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fraud) but is of no help is stopping leakages that come from PDS dealers giving beneficiaries less than their entitlements (
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A public distribution shop, also known as fair price shop (FPS), is a part of India's public system established by the
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Research on the PDS suggests (as these two programmes show) that the situation varies quite a lot across the country.
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1416:
2649:"Universal food security programme and nutritional intake: Evidence from the hunger prone KBK districts in Odisha"
1257:
35:
4568:
4558:
4537:
4288:
4149:
3599:
2951:
1294:
176:
2925:
4351:
4336:
4275:
4212:
4159:
4083:
2877:
1021:
82:
3036:
1375:
Margin of profit should be increased for honest business, in which case the market system is more apt anyway.
4583:
4459:
4134:
3949:
3917:
3362:
1465:
1307:, illegal diversions of commodities, holding and black marketing due to the minimum salary received by them.
3801:
3512:
3329:
Planning Commission 11th FYP document: Nutrition and Social Safety Net, on PDS and Defects and shortcomings
4578:
4573:
4505:
3944:
3871:
2833:
1196:
are the net surplus producer of the food, while most of the states in India are net consumer of the food.
1369:
Vigilance squad should be strengthened to detect corruption, which is an added expenditure for taxpayers.
4527:
4517:
4419:
4404:
4346:
4242:
4217:
4129:
4078:
4068:
4027:
3981:
3976:
3912:
3166:
1475:
2813:
Kapur, D.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Subramanian, A. (2009). "The Case for Direct Cash Transfers to the Poor".
2610:"Food Price Subsidies and Nutrition: Evidence from State Reforms to India's Public Distribution System"
1898:
Khera, Reetika (2008). "Access to the Targeted Public Distribution System: A Case Study in Rajasthan".
1325:
Several schemes have augmented the number of people aided by PDS. Poor supervision of FPS and lack of
4500:
4265:
3939:
3907:
3574:
3420:
2184:
2856:"Direct Benefit Transfers in Food: Results from One Year of Process Monitoring in Union Territories"
2429:
4532:
4437:
4376:
4321:
4298:
1217:
148:
3406:
2039:
4510:
4495:
4464:
4356:
4139:
4103:
3996:
3966:
3927:
3747:
3705:
3487:
2713:
2629:
2563:
2494:
2266:
2138:
2103:
1569:
1470:
1193:
223:
215:
3835:
3217:
Abraham, R.; Bennett, E. S.; Bhusal, R.; Dubey, S.; Li, Q.; Pattanayak, A.; Shah, N. B. (2018).
1841:
Rahman, Andaleeb (2014). "Revival of Rural Public Distribution System: Expansion and Outreach".
3553:
2158:"Entitlement Fetching or Snatching? Effects of Arbitrage on India's Public Distribution System"
1920:
Khera, Reetika (2011). "Revival of the Public Distribution System: Evidence and Explanations".
4490:
4394:
4384:
4207:
4124:
4108:
4037:
4004:
3248:
3114:
2788:
2678:
2609:
2247:
1778:
Parikh, Kirit (1994). "Who Gets How Much from PDS: How Effectively Does It Reach the Poor?".
1714:
George, P. S. (1996). "Public Distribution System, Food Subsidy, and Production Incentives".
988:
955:
4485:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4326:
3922:
3879:
3830:
3826:, by Arvind Virmani and P.V. Rajeev, Planning Commission, Government of India, December 2001
3479:
2991:
2705:
2668:
2660:
2621:
2590:
2555:
2528:
2486:
2130:
2095:
1757:
1675:
1667:
1656:"Food policy and politics: The political economy of the public distribution system in India"
1412:
925:
156:
1976:
Khera, Reetika (2011). "Trends in Diversion of Grain from the Public Distribution System".
4366:
4227:
3902:
3892:
3805:
3332:
3167:"Did Modi Mislead Parliament on the Number of Fake Ration Cards that Aadhaar Had Exposed?"
2278:
1550:
1521:
1290:
Growing instances of the consumers receiving inferior quality food grains in ration shops.
2019:
Drèze, jean; Khera, Reetika. "Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System".
2878:"Why People Are Protesting Against Jharkhand's Experiment With Direct Benefit Transfers"
2454:
Drèze, Jean; Khera, Reetika (2013). "Rural Poverty and the Public Distribution System".
1220:
which distributes rations at a subsidised price to the poor. Locally these are known as
4429:
4313:
4250:
4169:
4098:
3961:
2904:"Experimenting with cash transfers in food subsidies – Lessons from the pilot in Nagri"
2673:
2648:
2334:"Identity verification standards in welfare programs: experimental evidence from India"
1761:
1353:
1326:
159:
at subsidised rates. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as
3345:
2733:"Food Transfers and Child Nutrition :Evidence from India's Public Distribution System"
4552:
4222:
4182:
3789:
3491:
2594:
2567:
2498:
2107:
1297:(FCI) with inferior stock and sell the good quality FCI stock to private shopkeepers.
1211:
1189:
1185:
1169:
1018:
the total quantity purchased from the PDS. The value of the PDS transfer is given by
227:
211:
144:
2717:
2633:
2142:
4088:
2532:
1405:
1365:
To improve the current system of the PDS, the following suggestions are furnished:
195:
131:
meets representatives of the All India Fair Price Shop Dealer's Federation in 2004.
128:
3140:"Aadhaar effect: Govt weeds out 2.33 cr bogus ration cards, saves Rs 10,000 crore"
2995:
2664:
3107:"Aadhaar seeding responsible for only 4% of the cancelled ration cards in Odisha"
2490:
2185:"Casting the Net: India's Public Distribution System after the Food Security Act"
1817:
Drèze, Jean; Khera, Reetika (2010). "The BPL Census and a Possible Alternative".
1639:
Nawani, NP (1994). "Indian experience on household food and nutrition security".
1620:
George, PS (1984). "Some Aspects of Public Distribution of Foodgrains in India".
1525:
4361:
4197:
4192:
4177:
4093:
2976:
2000:
Himanshu; Sen, Abhijit (2013). "In-kind food transfers - I: Impact on Poverty".
1939:
Swaminathan, M. (2008). "Programmes to Protect the Hungry: Lessons from India".
1384:
The Civil Supplies Corporation should open more fair price shops in rural areas.
1349:
1304:
198:
750 billion. Food is procured from the net food surplus states, mainly from the
24:
3483:
2696:
Kaul, T. (2018). "Household Responses to Food Subsidies: Evidence from India".
2475:"Is the PDS already a cash transfer? Rethinking India's food subsidy policies"
2121:
Kaul, T (2018). "Household Responses to Food Subsidies: Evidence from India".
1671:
1460:
1177:
231:
3393:"Excluded from Public Distribution System: Enrolment issues in the last mile"
3252:
3118:
2792:
2251:
2099:
2382:"'More than 100mn excluded from PDS as govt uses outdated Census 2011 data'"
2682:
1695:
Dev, M.; Suryanarayana, M. H. (1991). "Is PDS Urban Biased and Pro Rich?".
3824:
Excess Food Stocks, PDS and Procurement Policy Working Paper No. 5/2002-PC
4187:
3840:
3722:
3375:"Public Distribution System: Evidence from Secondary Data and the Field*"
1330:
172:
3751:
3735:
3709:
3693:
2513:
1806:. New Delhi: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
4009:
1748:
Jha, S (1992). "Consumer Subsidies in India: Is Targeting Effective?".
1428:
1181:
207:
1680:
3625:"Delhi HC says Fair price shop can't be allotted to BPL card holders"
2356:"Food and Social Security at the Margins: The Parhaiyas of Jharkhand"
2183:
Drèze, Jean; Gupta, Prankur; Khera, Reetika; Pimenta, Isabel (2019).
1221:
2952:"Length of the Last Mile: Delays and Hurdles in NREGA Wage Payments"
2297:
Drèze, Jean; Khalid, Nazar; Khera, Reetika; Somanchi, Anmol (2017).
3275:"Aadhaar Authentication for Govt Services Fails 12% of Time: UIDAI"
2709:
2625:
2559:
2134:
4260:
3798:
3768:
PDS - Department of Food and Public Distribution, Official website
3304:
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)
3086:
Khera, Reetika (2017). "Impact of Aadhaar on Welfare Programmes".
3063:"Envisioning a role for Aadhaar in the Public Distribution System"
1592:"Trends in Diversion of Grain from the Public Distribution System"
1173:
191:
187:
168:
160:
122:
3241:"Aadhaar-based biometric authentication—Dark clouds over the PDS"
2332:
Muralidharan, Karthik; Neihaus, Paul; Sukhtankar, Sandip (2022).
1655:
3519:
1434:
164:
3844:
1372:
Personnel-in-charge of the department should be chosen locally.
3513:"National Common Minimum Programme of the Government of India"
2902:
Giri, A; Rautela, R.; Singh, V.P.; Sampath, S. (August 2019).
2214:"India's National Food Security Act (NFSA): Early Experiences"
2040:"Leakage and Corruption in India's Public Distribution System"
1451:, the main source of leakages from the PDS was the opaque APL
1232:
18:
3009:
Gadenne, L.; Norris, S.; Singhal, M.; Sukhtankar, S. (2017).
2299:"Aadhaar and Food Security in Jharkhand: Pain without Gain?"
2781:"Opinion | Transforming the Fight Against Poverty in India"
4564:
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
3773:
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
3736:"Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System"
3037:"Ten Facts That Set the Record Straight on Cash Transfers"
2062:"Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System"
358:
Estimated population share (%) in 2020 in possession of a:
153:
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
1860:
Swaminathan, M; Misra, N (2001). "Errors of Targeting".
1415:
has ruled that fair price shops cannot be allotted to a
2779:
George, Siddharth; Subramanian, Arvind (22 July 2015).
2380:
Mungikar, Meghana; Drèze, Jean; Khera, Reetika (2020).
3478:(2). Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad: 27–33.
3072:. New Delhi: Planning Commission, Government of India.
2977:"Cash vs. in-kind transfers: Indian data meets theory"
2854:
Muralidharan, K.; Niehuas, P.; Sukhtankar, S. (2017).
3191:
Drèze, Jean; Khera, Reetika; Somanchi, Anmol (2020).
2950:
Narayanan, R; Dhorajiwala, S.; Kambhatla, S. (2020).
1024:
991:
958:
928:
2608:
Krishnamurthy, P.; Pathania, V.; Tandon, S. (2017).
1565:"UP foodgrain scam trail leads to Nepal, Bangladesh"
190:
has the largest stock of grain in the world besides
4473:
4428:
4375:
4312:
4274:
4241:
4168:
4117:
4061:
4018:
3995:
3878:
3363:
Planning Commission 9th FYP on FPS and malpractices
2240:"Government puts household spending report on hold"
1802:Department of Food and Public Distribution (2016).
1293:Rogue dealers swap good supplies received from the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3694:"Rural Poverty and the Public Distribution System"
3435:"Rural Poverty and the Public Distribution System"
1084:
1010:
977:
944:
3193:"Balancing corruption and exclusion: A rejoinder"
3061:Unique Identification Authority of India (2016).
2755:"Universal basic income: The best way to welfare"
1502:How Punjab and Haryana may de-risk Indian economy
1515:"5.17 The Public Distribution System is -------"
1168:Food surplus states are the provider of India's
890:Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)
3734:Drèze, Jean; Khera, Reetika (7 December 2023).
3692:Drèze, Jean; Khera, Reetika (7 December 2023).
3449:"Government in a fix over illegal ration cards"
2959:Azim Premji University and LibTech India Report
2514:"How Consumer Price Subsidies Affect Nutrition"
3779:Public Distribution System (PDS), in 10th Plan
2156:Chakrabarti, S.; Kishore, A.; Roy, D. (2016).
3856:
2731:Shrinivas, A.; Baylis, K.; Crost, B. (2023).
8:
226:, it is considered to be the most important
2341:NBER Working Paper 26744 (Revised Nov 2022)
1954:Deaton, Angus; Drèze, Jean (25 July 2014).
1641:Regional Expert Consultation FAO-UN Bangkok
1348:Many poor families are not able to acquire
3863:
3849:
3841:
3573:. Centre for Civil Society. Archived from
2238:Correspondent Special (15 November 2019).
302:In 2013, the Indian parliament passed the
3651:"Operation Black by AAJ TAK News Channel"
2834:"Price Distortions in Indian Agriculture"
2672:
1679:
1497:
1495:
1437:produced a show which documented how the
1070:
1048:
1032:
1023:
996:
990:
963:
957:
933:
927:
155:to distribute food and non-food items to
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4460:Social impact of Indian television drama
3790:Public Distribution System: Introduction
3600:"Allow alternatives to PDS, say experts"
2698:Economic Development and Cultural Change
2614:Economic Development and Cultural Change
2548:Economic Development and Cultural Change
2410:Khera, Reetika; Somanchi, Anmol (2020).
2123:Economic Development and Cultural Change
1586:
1584:
1252:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
1085:{\displaystyle (P_{OM}-P_{PDS})*Q_{PDS}}
952:denote the open-market price of grains,
336:
298:2013-current: National Food Security Act
1551:"Number of Ration Shops in the Country"
1491:
58:"Public Distribution System" India
3723:https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24477758
3544:Swaminathan, Madhura (3 August 2004).
3226:IDinsight & Omidyar Network Report
3081:
3079:
2970:
2968:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2274:
2264:
1122:Aadhaar-based biometric authentication
3468:"Public Distribution System in India"
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2375:
2373:
2207:
2205:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1971:
1969:
1915:
1913:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1773:
1771:
7:
2060:Drèze, Jean; Khera, Reetika (2015).
47:adding citations to reliable sources
3105:Mohanty, Meera (14 November 2017).
2088:Indian Journal of Human Development
147:system that was established by the
127:The Indian minister of agriculture
3273:Sachdev, Vakasha (27 March 2018).
2512:Kaushal, N.; Muchomba, F. (2015).
1762:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00471.x
1573:. 11 December 2010. Archived from
183:, procures and maintains the PDS.
14:
3674:Truth vs Hype: The Hunger Project
3219:"State of Aadhaar Report 2017-18"
2412:"A review of coverage of the PDS"
1524:(2000-2001). 2000. Archived from
1352:either because they are seasonal
304:National Food Security Act (NFSA)
3568:"Food Stamps: A Model for India"
3239:Drèze, Jean (9 September 2016).
3165:Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (2017).
2595:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.08.015
2473:Balasubramanian, Sujata (2015).
1481:National Food Security Act, 2013
1449:National Food Security Act, 2013
1343:National Food Security Act, 2013
1237:
912:Evidence on effectiveness of PDS
23:
4284:Proposed states and territories
34:needs additional citations for
3472:Teaching Public Administration
2533:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.006
2479:Journal of Development Studies
1609:. Oxford & IBH Publishing.
1060:
1025:
390:Andaman & Nicobar Islands
1:
3740:Economic and Political Weekly
3698:Economic and Political Weekly
3379:talkative-shambhu.blogspot.in
3088:Economic and Political Weekly
2996:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.03.009
2832:Saini, S; Gulati, A. (2017).
2815:Economic and Political Weekly
2665:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.07.003
2456:Economic and Political Weekly
2360:Economic and Political Weekly
2306:Economic and Political Weekly
2192:Economic and Political Weekly
2069:Economic and Political Weekly
2021:Economic and Political Weekly
2002:Economic and Political Weekly
1978:Economic and Political Weekly
1956:"Squaring the poverty circle"
1922:Economic and Political Weekly
1900:Economic and Political Weekly
1881:Economic and Political Weekly
1862:Economic and Political Weekly
1843:Economic and Political Weekly
1819:Economic and Political Weekly
1737:. New Delhi: Left Word Books.
1733:Swaminathan, Madhura (2000).
1716:Economic and Political Weekly
1697:Economic and Political Weekly
1622:Economic and Political Weekly
985:the PDS price of grains, and
899:Center state responsibilities
3784:Planning Commission of India
3300:"Public Distribution System"
2491:10.1080/00220388.2014.997221
2165:IFPRI Discussion Paper 01588
1447:Before the enactment of the
1200:the food security of India.
1188:are the biggest provider of
244:1950-1997: Gradual expansion
181:government-owned corporation
4048:Water supply and sanitation
2911:Microsave Consulting Report
1607:Food Security in South Asia
1399:United Progressive Alliance
1314:with Direct Cash Transfers.
1303:Many FPS dealers resort to
16:Indian food security system
4605:
3935:Public distribution system
3818:Operation Black by Aaj Tak
3653:. AAJ TAK. 14 October 2013
3484:10.1177/014473940002000203
3346:"Press Information Bureau"
2926:"State stops DBT in Nagri"
2753:Banerjee, Abhijit (2016).
2221:LANSA Working Paper Series
1660:Journal of Peasant Studies
1439:Government of Chhattisgarh
1404:However, finance minister
1264:Such statements should be
1209:
365:NFSA (PHH/AAY) ration card
137:Public Distribution System
4450:Films about social issues
3810:Delhi FoodBanking Network
3804:28 September 2019 at the
3011:"Price risk and poverty?"
2038:Overbeck, Daniel (2016).
1672:10.1080/03066159808438667
1295:Food Corporation of India
488:Dadra & Nagar Haveli
356:
346:
341:
329:Latest coverage estimates
177:Food Corporation of India
171:and essential fuels like
3466:Chakraborty, M. (2000).
2583:European Economic Review
2354:Somanchi, Anmol (2023).
2100:10.1177/0973703020100106
370:State scheme ration card
194:, the government spends
4589:Food and drink in India
3918:National Pension System
2975:Khera, Reetika (2014).
1466:Direct Benefit Transfer
1011:{\displaystyle Q_{PDS}}
978:{\displaystyle P_{PDS}}
258:1997-2013: Targeted PDS
4256:Caste-related violence
3972:Universal basic income
3872:Social issues in India
3794:Right to Food Campaign
3631:. news.biharprabha.com
3546:"Targeted food stamps"
2930:www.telegraphindia.com
1750:Development and Change
1605:Bhatia, B. M. (1985).
1423:Corruption and reforms
1105:PDS vs. cash transfers
1086:
1012:
979:
946:
945:{\displaystyle P_{OM}}
316:Implementation of NFSA
216:below the poverty line
132:
4455:Freedom of expression
2924:Mukesh, ASRP (2018).
2876:Sen, Jahnavi (2018).
2212:Puri, Raghav (2017).
1804:Annual Report 2015-16
1476:Malnutrition in India
1204:Fair price shop (FPS)
1087:
1013:
980:
947:
267:Issues with targeting
126:
4304:Separatist movements
1411:In a 2014 judgment,
1266:clarified or removed
1096:Nutritional outcomes
1022:
989:
956:
926:
572:Jammu & Kashmir
352:mandated by NFSA (%)
276:Large-scale leakages
239:Evolution of the PDS
43:improve this article
4342:Illegal immigration
3987:Widening income gap
3455:. 30 December 2012.
3310:on 17 December 2010
3146:. 17 September 2016
3035:Narayan, S (2015).
2647:Rahman, A. (2016).
1577:on 4 November 2012.
1531:on 24 December 2010
1218:Government of India
1180:-farmers dominated
1164:Food surplus states
348:Population coverage
338:
149:Government of India
4294:Religious violence
4155:Female infanticide
4140:Child prostitution
3957:Standard of living
3799:Food Banking India
3604:The Indian Express
3556:on 17 August 2004.
3437:. 8 November 2013.
3409:. 8 February 2019.
3111:The Economic Times
2785:The New York Times
2277:has generic name (
1941:DESA Working Paper
1654:Mooji, J. (2018).
1570:The Times of India
1471:Subsidies in India
1417:below poverty line
1194:Haryana and Punjab
1082:
1008:
975:
942:
418:Arunachal Pradesh
337:
224:public expenditure
133:
4546:
4545:
4332:Human trafficking
4145:Child trafficking
4074:Domestic violence
4043:Natural disasters
4038:Manual scavenging
3898:Farmers' suicides
3580:on 9 October 2006
3423:. 19 August 2015.
3407:"Casting the Net"
3381:. September 2011.
3331:(archived at the
2863:Monitoring Report
2521:World Development
1735:Weakening Welfare
1283:
1282:
1172:. Most states in
917:Poverty reduction
886:
879:
878:
558:Himachal Pradesh
186:As of June 2022,
119:
118:
111:
93:
4596:
4569:Welfare in India
4559:Poverty in India
4538:Police brutality
4327:Groom kidnapping
4289:Ethnic relations
4150:Female foeticide
3865:
3858:
3851:
3842:
3756:
3755:
3731:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3704:(45/46): 55–60.
3689:
3683:
3682:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3552:. Archived from
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3525:on 18 April 2013
3524:
3518:. Archived from
3517:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3453:deccanherald.com
3445:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3306:. Archived from
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3144:Financialexpress
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2589:(5): 1305–1330.
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1887:(18): 1524–1532.
1876:
1870:
1869:
1868:(26): 2447–2454.
1857:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1722:(39): A140–A144.
1711:
1705:
1704:
1703:(41): 2357–2366.
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:(12): A106–A110.
1617:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1413:Delhi High Court
1278:
1275:
1269:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1039:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1006:
984:
982:
981:
976:
974:
973:
951:
949:
948:
943:
941:
940:
881:
339:
222:In coverage and
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4469:
4424:
4371:
4352:Organised crime
4337:Illegal housing
4308:
4270:
4237:
4213:Menstrual taboo
4164:
4160:Street children
4113:
4084:Family planning
4057:
4014:
3991:
3874:
3869:
3832:at "EPDS Bihar"
3806:Wayback Machine
3764:
3759:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3717:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3421:"Food Security"
3419:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3333:Wayback Machine
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3197:Ideas For India
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3015:Ideas For India
3008:
3007:
3003:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2759:Ideas For India
2752:
2751:
2747:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2462:(45–46): 55–60.
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2416:Ideas for India
2409:
2408:
2393:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2317:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2273:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2008:(45–46): 46–54.
1999:
1998:
1989:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1928:(44–45): 36–50.
1919:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:Budget of India
1517:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1504:, 27 June 2023.
1500:
1493:
1489:
1457:
1425:
1363:
1354:migrant workers
1279:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1214:
1206:
1166:
1124:
1107:
1098:
1066:
1044:
1028:
1020:
1019:
992:
987:
986:
959:
954:
953:
929:
924:
923:
919:
914:
901:
892:
642:Madhya Pradesh
404:Andhra Pradesh
331:
318:
313:
300:
287:
278:
269:
260:
246:
241:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4602:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4584:Civil Supplies
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:Illegal mining
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Caste politics
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:Women's health
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Child marriage
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Nuclear family
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4053:Water disputes
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4033:Climate change
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Street vendors
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Communications
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3796:
3787:
3776:
3763:
3762:External links
3760:
3758:
3757:
3726:
3715:
3684:
3681:. 1 June 2013.
3664:
3642:
3616:
3591:
3559:
3536:
3504:
3458:
3440:
3426:
3412:
3398:
3384:
3366:
3355:
3337:
3321:
3291:
3265:
3231:
3209:
3183:
3157:
3131:
3097:
3075:
3053:
3027:
3001:
2964:
2942:
2916:
2894:
2868:
2846:
2824:
2805:
2771:
2745:
2723:
2710:10.1086/697553
2688:
2639:
2626:10.1086/694033
2600:
2573:
2560:10.1086/431260
2554:(1): 203–235.
2538:
2504:
2485:(6): 642–659.
2465:
2446:
2421:
2391:
2369:
2346:
2315:
2284:
2230:
2201:
2170:
2148:
2135:10.1086/697553
2113:
2078:
2052:
2030:
2011:
1987:
1984:(21): 106–114.
1965:
1946:
1931:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1852:
1828:
1809:
1789:
1767:
1756:(4): 101–128.
1740:
1725:
1706:
1687:
1646:
1631:
1612:
1597:
1594:. 21 May 2011.
1580:
1556:
1542:
1506:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1424:
1421:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1327:accountability
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1205:
1202:
1165:
1162:
1123:
1120:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
972:
969:
966:
962:
939:
936:
932:
918:
915:
913:
910:
900:
897:
891:
888:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:Uttar Pradesh
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
713:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
639:
638:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
355:
345:
330:
327:
317:
314:
312:
311:Current status
309:
299:
296:
286:
285:Steady revival
283:
277:
274:
268:
265:
259:
256:
245:
242:
240:
237:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4601:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Food security
4577:
4575:
4574:Food politics
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Superstitions
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Homosexuality
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Bride burning
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3576:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2841:Working Paper
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2740:Working Paper
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:(1): 95–129.
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2268:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:(1): 95–129.
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:(1): 99–119.
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:(2): 77–101.
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1419:card holder.
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:This article
1244:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1212:BIMARU states
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:food security
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:food security
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
970:
967:
964:
960:
937:
934:
930:
916:
911:
909:
905:
898:
896:
889:
887:
884:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
474:Chhattisgarh
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
434:
431:
430:
426:
423:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
354:
353:
349:
344:
340:
335:
328:
326:
322:
315:
310:
308:
305:
297:
295:
291:
284:
282:
275:
273:
266:
264:
257:
255:
252:
243:
238:
236:
233:
229:
228:food security
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:richer states
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:food security
142:
138:
130:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4518:Human rights
4474:Other issues
4420:Tuberculosis
4405:Malnutrition
4243:Caste system
4218:Prostitution
4130:Child labour
4089:Joint family
4079:Dowry system
4069:Cohabitation
4028:Conservation
3982:Unemployment
3977:Urbanisation
3913:Debt bondage
3908:Land reforms
3823:
3817:
3809:
3793:
3782:
3771:
3746:(7): 39–42.
3743:
3739:
3729:
3718:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3628:
3619:
3609:27 September
3607:. Retrieved
3603:
3594:
3584:27 September
3582:. Retrieved
3575:the original
3562:
3554:the original
3549:
3539:
3529:27 September
3527:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3475:
3471:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3429:
3415:
3401:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3308:the original
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3244:
3234:
3225:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3196:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3170:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3143:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3110:
3100:
3094:(50): 61–70.
3091:
3087:
3069:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3040:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
3004:
2987:
2983:
2958:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2910:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2871:
2862:
2849:
2840:
2827:
2821:(15): 37–41.
2818:
2814:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2784:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:
2748:
2739:
2726:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2620:(1): 55–90.
2617:
2613:
2603:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2524:
2520:
2507:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2415:
2385:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2340:
2312:(50): 50–60.
2309:
2305:
2255:. Retrieved
2243:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2195:
2191:
2164:
2151:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2046:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1981:
1977:
1959:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1906:(44): 51–56.
1903:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1849:(20): 62–68.
1846:
1842:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1783:
1779:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1575:the original
1568:
1559:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1509:
1446:
1443:
1433:
1426:
1410:
1406:Arun Jaitley
1403:
1396:
1393:
1364:
1350:ration cards
1347:
1339:
1335:
1324:
1284:
1271:
1258:unverifiable
1250:weasel words
1247:
1229:Shortcomings
1215:
1207:
1198:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1099:
920:
906:
902:
893:
882:
880:
866:West Bengal
852:Uttarakhand
656:Maharashtra
628:Lakshadweep
369:
364:
357:
351:
350:
347:
342:
332:
323:
319:
301:
292:
288:
279:
270:
261:
250:
247:
221:
185:
157:India's poor
140:
136:
134:
129:Sharad Pawar
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4523:Prohibition
4362:Vigilantism
4276:Communalism
4266:Reservation
4198:Eve teasing
4193:Dowry death
4178:Acid attack
4094:Infertility
4020:Environment
3940:Remittances
3836:Ration Card
3314:27 February
3284:14 February
3258:14 February
3202:14 February
3176:13 February
3150:13 February
3124:13 February
3046:11 February
3020:11 February
2990:: 116–128.
2984:Food Policy
2935:11 February
2887:11 February
2798:11 February
2764:11 February
2653:Food Policy
2366:(4): 47–54.
2275:|last=
2075:(7): 39–42.
2027:(7): 39–42.
1825:(9): 54–63.
1780:Sarvekshana
1535:27 February
1361:Suggestions
1329:meant that
1305:malpractice
1260:information
796:Tamil Nadu
740:Puducherry
460:Chandigarh
4553:Categories
4533:Disability
4438:Censorship
4367:Cybercrime
4322:Corruption
4299:Secularism
3657:14 October
3350:pib.nic.in
2439:7 February
2434:pib.gov.in
2386:IndiaSpend
2257:7 February
1786:(3): 1–34.
1681:1765/26782
1461:Amar Dukan
1210:See also:
1192:to India.
810:Telangana
768:Rajasthan
684:Meghalaya
600:Karnataka
586:Jharkhand
376:All-India
232:urban bias
151:under the
69:newspapers
4496:Sexuality
4486:Feudalism
4481:Colourism
4465:Fake news
4390:Epidemics
4357:Terrorism
4104:Polyandry
3997:Education
3967:Transport
3950:Clearance
3550:The Hindu
3497:5 October
3492:147632533
3253:0971-751X
3245:The Hindu
3119:0013-0389
2793:0362-4331
2659:: 73–86.
2568:154915771
2527:: 25–42.
2499:154562520
2267:cite news
2252:0971-751X
2244:The Hindu
2108:157926303
1960:The Hindu
1331:middlemen
1274:June 2022
1248:contains
1129:potential
1064:∗
1042:−
712:Nagaland
251:universal
99:June 2020
4491:Gambling
4443:Internet
4395:HIV/AIDS
4385:Diabetes
4208:Feminism
4188:Devadasi
4125:Abortion
4118:Children
4109:Polygyny
4005:Literacy
3802:Archived
3752:24481393
3710:23528609
3635:12 March
3279:TheQuint
3171:The Wire
3041:The Wire
2882:The Wire
2718:42013626
2683:27610001
2634:16659098
2143:42013626
1455:See also
1397:But the
1137:quantity
1133:identity
824:Tripura
698:Mizoram
670:Manipur
544:Haryana
530:Gujarat
173:kerosene
4415:Suicide
4410:Obesity
4400:Leprosy
4010:Ragging
3923:Poverty
3880:Economy
2674:5009630
1429:Aaj Tak
1182:Haryana
782:Sikkim
754:Punjab
726:Odisha
614:Kerala
208:Haryana
200:smaller
143:) is a
83:scholar
4377:Health
4233:Sexism
4062:Family
3903:Labour
3893:Famine
3750:
3708:
3490:
3251:
3117:
3070:Report
2791:
2716:
2681:
2671:
2632:
2566:
2497:
2250:
2141:
2106:
1254:biased
1222:ration
1186:Punjab
1150:before
883:Notes:
502:Delhi
446:Bihar
432:Assam
343:States
212:Punjab
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4511:Hijra
4430:Media
4314:Crime
4261:Dalit
4170:Women
3945:Slums
3748:JSTOR
3706:JSTOR
3578:(PDF)
3571:(PDF)
3523:(PDF)
3516:(PDF)
3488:S2CID
3222:(PDF)
3066:(PDF)
2980:(PDF)
2955:(PDF)
2907:(PDF)
2859:(PDF)
2837:(PDF)
2736:(PDF)
2714:S2CID
2630:S2CID
2564:S2CID
2517:(PDF)
2495:S2CID
2337:(PDF)
2302:(PDF)
2227:(14).
2217:(PDF)
2188:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
2139:S2CID
2104:S2CID
2065:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
1529:(PDF)
1518:(PDF)
1487:Notes
1174:India
1145:J-PAL
192:China
188:India
169:sugar
161:wheat
90:JSTOR
76:books
4501:LGBT
4228:Sati
4223:Rape
3679:NDTV
3659:2013
3637:2014
3629:IANS
3611:2011
3586:2011
3531:2011
3499:2011
3316:2011
3286:2024
3260:2024
3249:ISSN
3204:2024
3178:2024
3152:2024
3126:2024
3115:ISSN
3048:2024
3022:2024
2937:2024
2889:2024
2800:2024
2789:ISSN
2766:2024
2679:PMID
2441:2024
2279:help
2259:2024
2248:ISSN
2225:2017
2198:(6).
1537:2011
1435:NDTV
1427:The
1184:and
516:Goa
210:and
202:but
179:, a
165:rice
135:The
62:news
3928:BPL
3816:at
3808:at
3792:at
3781:at
3770:at
3480:doi
2992:doi
2706:doi
2669:PMC
2661:doi
2622:doi
2591:doi
2556:doi
2529:doi
2487:doi
2131:doi
2096:doi
1758:doi
1676:hdl
1668:doi
1321:to.
1256:or
1178:Jat
875:33
872:61
869:66
861:42
858:56
855:61
844:63
841:76
833:32
830:62
827:68
819:23
816:49
813:54
805:38
802:47
799:51
791:18
788:55
785:67
774:62
771:65
760:45
757:51
746:48
743:51
732:72
729:78
718:58
715:75
704:57
701:65
690:62
687:72
676:81
673:88
662:56
659:62
648:64
645:75
634:32
631:34
623:56
620:44
617:46
609:11
606:64
603:66
592:68
589:80
581:33
578:52
575:59
567:61
564:38
561:54
550:42
547:50
536:49
533:63
525:51
522:35
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