463:
516:. "Good faith" protection under a Good Samaritan law means that a volunteer responder (not acting as a part of one's occupation) cannot be held civilly liable for the harm or death of a victim by providing improper or inadequate care, given that the harm or death was not intentional and the responder was acting within the limits of their training and in good faith. In the United States, Good Samaritan laws provide some protection for the use of AEDs by trained and untrained responders. AEDs create little liability if used correctly; NREMT-B and many state
40:
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shock moving in an opposite polarity between the pads. Others may give a stepped approach to energy delivery, usually in a 200J, a second 200J, then 300J, and finally 360J shock, with any further shocks also being 360 Joules. This lower-energy waveform has proven more effective in clinical tests, as well as offering a reduced rate of complications and reduced recovery time.
233:, the heart is electrically active, but in a dysfunctional pattern that does not allow it to pump and circulate blood. In ventricular tachycardia, the heart beats too fast to effectively pump blood. Ultimately, ventricular tachycardia leads to ventricular fibrillation. In ventricular fibrillation, the electrical activity of the heart becomes chaotic, preventing the
402:
635:
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these had any impact on the survival outcome. All this recorded data can be either downloaded to a computer or printed out so that the providing organisation or responsible body is able to see the effectiveness of both CPR and defibrillation. Some AED units even provide feedback on the quality of the compressions provided by the rescuer.
609:
time that ranged from 52 to 144 seconds. This met the three minute goal. In some cases, the use of the AED required the continuous presence of building personnel. Future improvements include more obvious signage and public-access AEDs which do not require a staff member of the building to either retrieve or use the device.
608:
In a study published in 2017, researchers in Poland selected the main entrances of buildings which had AEDs, although the researchers themselves did not know the exact locations of the devices. In drills of pretend heart attack, the average time to bring the AED to the patient was 96 seconds, with a
880:
We got a short lesson in using an AED, which is an
Automated External Defibrillator. We had the thrill of yelling, "Clear!" Unfortunately this also brought on a little anxiety when Sean mentioned if the patient were a woman with a metal underwire in her bra or with metal piercings on her torso, we'd
532:
Act (Heart
Defibrillator Civil Liability), 2007 (Bill 171 – Subsection N)", passed in June, 2007, which protects individuals from liability for damages that may occur from their use of an AED to save someone's life at the immediate scene of an emergency unless damages are caused by gross negligence.
261:
and death, once cardiac arrest takes place. After approximately three to five minutes in cardiac arrest, irreversible brain/tissue damage may begin to occur. For every minute that a person in cardiac arrest goes without being successfully treated (by defibrillation), the chance of survival decreases
436:
When charged, the device instructs the user to ensure no one is touching the patient and then to press a button to deliver the shock; human intervention is usually required to deliver the shock to the patient in order to avoid the possibility of accidental injury to another person (which can result
360:
A trend that is developing is the purchase of AEDs to be used in the home, particularly by those with known existing heart conditions. The number of devices in the community has grown as prices have fallen to affordable levels. There has been some concern among medical professionals that these home
599:
In the late 1970s the Heart-Aid was developed as the first truly automated external defibrillator that was designed for the public. The principles of ABC assessment and a human voice relaying instructions helped bystanders respond to a sudden cardiac event while waiting for the first responders to
485:
An AED automatically diagnoses the heart rhythm and determines if a shock is needed. Automatic models will administer the shock without the user's command. Semi-automatic models will tell the user that a shock is needed, but the user must tell the machine to do so, usually by pressing a button. In
1058:, p. 65 (" safety surgical razor should be included in the AED kit.") The other items not directly mentioned in this text but are used in AED preparation, such as the gloves (used throughout patron assessment) and the towel, as the chest should be dried prior to AED pad attachment (id, at p. 64).
448:
depending on the model. This caused increased cardiac injury and in some cases second and third-degree burns around the shock pad sites. Newer AEDs (manufactured after late 2003) have tended to utilise biphasic algorithms which give two sequential lower-energy shocks of 120–200 joules, with each
440:
Many AED units have an 'event memory' which store the ECG of the patient along with details of the time the unit was activated and the number and strength of any shocks delivered. Some units also have voice recording abilities to monitor the actions taken by the personnel in order to ascertain if
392:
It is also important to ensure that the AED unit's batteries have not expired. The AED manufacturer will specify how often the batteries should be replaced. Each AED has a different recommended maintenance schedule outlined in the user manual. Common checkpoints on every checklist, however, also
388:
All manufacturers mark their electrode pads with an expiration date, and it is important to ensure that the pads are in date. The typical life expectancy of AED pads are between 18 and 30 months. This is usually marked on the outside of the pads. Some models are designed to make this date visible
352:
In order to make them highly visible, public access AEDs are often brightly coloured and are mounted in protective cases near the entrance of a building. When these protective cases are opened or the defibrillator is removed, some will sound a buzzer to alert nearby staff to their removal, though
332:
Automated external defibrillators are generally either kept where health professionals and first responders can use them (health facilities and ambulances) as well as public access units which can be found in public places including corporate and government offices, shopping centres, restaurants,
307:
In a study analyzing the effects of having AEDs immediately present during
Chicago's Heart Start program over a two-year period, of 22 individuals, 18 were in a cardiac arrhythmia which AEDs can treat. Of these 18, 11 survived. Of these 11 patients, 6 were treated by bystanders with absolutely no
541:
Legislation in
Australia varies by state, with separate liability issues relating to providing and using AED equipment. Each state and territory has enacted "Good Samaritan" laws that offer legal protection to a person who gives assistance in a medical emergency - the standard of care expected
278:
AEDs are designed to be used by laypersons who ideally should have received AED training. However, sixth-grade students have been reported to begin defibrillation within 90 seconds, as opposed to a trained operator beginning within 67 seconds. This is in contrast to more sophisticated manual and
558:
devices. Technical malfunctions likely contributed to more than 750 deaths in the 5-year period between 2004 and 2009, in most cases by component failures or design errors. During the same period, up to 70 types of AEDs were recalled, including recalls from every AED manufacturer in the world.
428:
When turned on or opened, the AED will instruct the user to connect the electrodes (pads) to the patient. Once the pads are attached, everyone should avoid touching the patient so as to avoid false readings by the unit. The pads allow the AED to examine the electrical output from the heart and
542:
corresponds to their training (or lack of training). In New South Wales, the Work Health and Safety
Regulation (2011) requires an employer to use a risk assessment to ensure that there is adequate provision for first aid; when there is a sufficient risk it warrants providing a defibrillator.
562:
In
January and February 2015, the FDA issued this news release: "The FDA issued a final order that will require AED manufacturers to submit premarket approval applications (PMAs), which undergo a more rigorous review than what was required to market these devices in the past. The agency's
686:
Kerber, Richard E; Becker, Lance B; Bourland, Joseph D; Cummins, Richard O; Hallstrom, Alfred P; Michos, Mary B; Nichol, Graham; Ornato, Joseph P; Thies, William H; White, Roger D; Zuckerman, Bram D (March 18, 1997). "Automatic
External Defibrillators for Public Access Defibrillation".
437:
from a responder or bystander touching the patient at the time of the shock). Depending on the manufacturer and particular model, after the shock is delivered most devices will analyze the patient and either instruct CPR to be performed, or prepare to administer another shock.
498:
Observational studies have shown that in out of hospital cardiac arrest, public access defibrillators when used were associated with 40% median survival. When operated by non-dispatched lay first responders they have the highest likelihood of leading to survival.
384:
Most manufacturers recommend checking the AED before every period of duty or on a regular basis for fixed units. Some units need to be switched on in order to perform a self check; other models have a self check system built in with a visible indicator.
486:
most circumstances, the user cannot override a "no shock" advisory by an AED. Some AEDs may be used on children – those under 55 lbs (25 kg) in weight or under age 8. If a particular model of AED is approved for pediatric use,
563:
strengthened review will focus on the critical requirements needed to ensure the safety and reliability of AEDs and their necessary accessories, including batteries, pad electrodes, adapters and hardware keys for pediatric use."
244:
AEDs, like all defibrillators, are not designed to shock asystole ('flat line' patterns) as this will not have a positive clinical outcome. The asystolic patient only has a chance of survival if, through a combination of CPR and
409:
An AED is "automatic" because of the unit's ability to autonomously analyse the patient's condition. To assist this, the vast majority of units have spoken prompts, and some may also have visual displays to instruct the user.
429:
determine if the patient is in a shockable rhythm (either ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia). If the device determines that a shock is warranted, it will use the battery to charge its internal
596:, a pioneer in emergency medical treatment. Pantridge's defibrillator required a trained operator to perform the shock procedure and charted a course for many new innovations in external defibrillation.
1427:
600:
get to scene. Many of the early innovations in the Heart-Aid model are still part of the current generation of AEDs, although some innovations, like the airway electrode have fallen from use.
393:
include a monthly check of the battery power by checking the green indicator light when powered on, condition and cleanliness of all cables and the unit, and check for the adequate supplies.
376:
for cutting through a patient's clothing to expose the chest; a small towel for wiping away any moisture on the chest, and a razor for shaving those with very hairy chests.
353:
this does not necessarily summon emergency services; trained AED operators should know to phone for an ambulance when sending for or using an AED. In
September 2008, the
1628:
433:
in preparation to deliver the shock. The device system is not only safer - charging only when required, but also allows for a faster delivery of the electric current.
354:
341:
175:
and the first automatic, public-use defibrillator was produced by the
Cardiac Resuscitation Company in the late 1970s. The unit was launched under the name Heart-Aid.
361:
users do not necessarily have appropriate training, and many advocate the more widespread use of community responders, who can be appropriately trained and managed.
1949:
1587:
Telec W, Baszko A, Dąbrowski M, Dąbrowska A, Sip M, Puslecki M, Kłosiewicz T, Potyrała P, Jurczyk W, Maciejewski A, Zalewski R, Witt M, Ladny JR, Szarpak L (2018).
1953:
474:, an automated external defibrillator (AED) requires minimal training to be used (or even no training). That is possible because all AEDs approved for use in the
948:
512:
Automated external defibrillators are now easy enough to use that most states in the United States include the "good faith" use of an AED by any person under
1969:
1713:
1387:
1006:
584:
The first use of an external defibrillator on a human was in 1947 by Claude Beck. The portable version of the external defibrillator was invented in 1957 by
2075:
1964:
1456:
304:
found evidence that use of a defibrillator on a woman wearing an underwire bra can lead to arcing or fire but only in unusual and unlikely circumstances.
1300:
868:
1941:
482:
user. Most units are designed for use by non-medical operators. Their ease of use has given rise to the notion of public access defibrillation (PAD).
249:
drugs, one of the shockable rhythms can be established, which makes it imperative for CPR to be carried out prior to the arrival of a defibrillator.
1959:
2320:
1979:
1989:
1829:
418:
1216:"The Effects of Public Access Defibrillation on Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies"
812:
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2001). "Cardiac arrest a automated external defibrillators (AEDs)".
2377:
1984:
1801:
1138:
835:
726:
778:
893:
2162:
2069:
1999:
1974:
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and many other countries use an electronic voice to prompt users through each step. Many AEDs now include visual prompts in case of a
144:
With simple audio and visual commands, AEDs are designed to be simple to use for the layperson, and the use of AEDs is taught in many
357:
issued a 'universal AED sign' to be adopted throughout the world to indicate the presence of an AED, and this is shown on the right.
134:
262:
by 7 percent per minute in the first three minutes, and decreases by 10 percent per minute as time advances beyond ~three minutes.
1766:
1706:
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and the surrounding area were at risk of failing, either because of low battery power or because adhesive pads had deteriorated.
257:
Uncorrected, these cardiac conditions (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole) rapidly lead to irreversible
973:
2063:
2003:
1776:
298:
and piercings on the torso must be removed before using the AED on someone to avoid interference. The American television show
1174:
2051:
2045:
977:
1275:
1262:
2207:
2128:
2033:
2016:
658:
648:
157:
1395:
2315:
2057:
2039:
2022:
1771:
551:
517:
1114:
462:
2116:
1699:
444:
The first commercially available AEDs were all of a monophasic type, which gave a high-energy shock, up to 360 to 400
141:, the application of electricity which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm.
952:
2212:
2200:
1741:
1460:
1428:"Effective Date of Requirement for Premarket Approval for Automated External Defibrillator Systems; Republication"
1002:
2310:
149:
1324:
222:
130:
566:
In the United Kingdom there is concern that poor maintenance may make public defibrillators unreliable. The
237:
from effectively pumping blood. The fibrillation in the heart decreases over time, and will eventually reach
2195:
2155:
1362:
216:
1409:
2341:
1756:
211:, which is not the same as a heart attack. The rhythms that the device will treat are usually limited to:
2253:
2097:
1868:
1841:
1622:
1068:
1413:
1337:
750:
44:
An opened and charged AED. This model is semi-automatic, due to the presence of a manual shock button.
2351:
2258:
1874:
1751:
1736:
280:
70:
2243:
1853:
1847:
1835:
520:(EMT) training and many CPR classes incorporate or offer AED education as a part of their program.
2346:
2148:
2027:
1931:
1722:
1666:
1245:
626:
555:
513:
479:
389:
through a 'window', although others will require the opening of the case to find the date stamp.
288:
230:
153:
1142:
827:
722:
774:
2190:
2185:
1926:
1761:
1746:
1610:
1504:
1294:
1237:
930:
704:
405:
The use of easily visible status indicator and pad expiration date on a Cardiac Science G3 AED
246:
234:
188:
1600:
1543:
1535:
1494:
1431:
1227:
920:
696:
593:
573:
270:
204:
172:
126:
17:
368:
for providing a barrier between patient and first aider during rescue breathing; a pair of
2284:
1028:
640:
585:
568:
529:
164:
85:
2289:
2274:
2233:
1858:
1820:
1809:
1162:
1093:
653:
413:"External" refers to the fact that the operator applies the electrode pads to the bare
369:
208:
138:
95:
1548:
1523:
1499:
1482:
1232:
1215:
321:
2366:
2248:
1786:
1391:
663:
475:
471:
373:
295:
200:
122:) is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening
1589:"Automated external defibrillator use in public places: a study of acquisition time"
1563:
1249:
981:
1781:
1178:
550:
In 2012, AED's (automated external defibrillators) were under scrutiny by the U.S.
258:
858:
1916:
1880:
1338:"Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Resuscitation - Section 10: Guideline 10.5"
365:
300:
284:
183:
1313:
620:
279:
semi-automatic defibrillators used by health professionals, which can act as a
2092:
1901:
1815:
1279:
1214:
Bækgaard, Josefine S.; Viereck, Søren; Møller, Thea Palsgaard; Ersbøl (2017).
616:
75:
39:
1539:
1410:"FDA takes steps to improve reliability of automated external defibrillators"
700:
2294:
2171:
2011:
1896:
1863:
430:
422:
287:) and perform other functions which require a skilled operator able to read
145:
1614:
1508:
1241:
934:
336:
163:
The portable version of the defibrillator was invented in the mid-1960s by
1605:
1588:
708:
401:
2336:
1921:
1911:
1906:
925:
908:
863:
345:
238:
1445:
White, David (21 July 2017). "Life-savers out of date". Henley Standard.
2238:
589:
168:
123:
60:
50:
1163:
HeartSine AED CPR Advisor detects Compressions depth and rate feedback
333:
public transport, and any other location where people may congregate.
116:
automated external defibrillator or automatic electronic defibrillator
104:
2279:
1791:
1691:
1265:
National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved on 2013-03-18.
445:
572:
reported on 21 July 2017 that more than half the defibrillators in
1667:
American Red Cross: Learn About Automated External Defibrillators
1483:"Pioneers in cardiology: Frank Pantridge, CBE, MC, MD, FRCP, FACC"
528:
In addition to Good Samaritan laws, Ontario, Canada also has the "
461:
414:
400:
326:
320:
269:
182:
1661:
2144:
1695:
1199:
1394:, March 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-28. 2012-02-27. Archived from
907:
Caffrey SL, Willoughby PJ, Pepe PE, Becker LB (October 2002).
2140:
1681:
1641:
1656:
802:(participant's manual). Yardley, PA: StayWell, 2006. p. 63.
1671:
1686:
745:
743:
488:
all that is required is the use of more appropriate pads
1263:
Laws on Cardiac Arrest and Defibrillators, 2013 update.
554:(FDA) which considered reclassifying AEDs as class III
1434:, February 3, 2015. Retrieved 2017-07-15. 2015-02-03.
1094:"AED Universe: A Northwest Health and Safety Company"
1676:
425:
surgically implanted inside the body of a patient).
2329:
2303:
2267:
2221:
2178:
2085:
1998:
1940:
1889:
1800:
1729:
91:
81:
69:
59:
49:
32:
695:(1677–1682). American Heart Association: 1677–82.
1459:. Case Western Reserve University. Archived from
909:"Public use of automated external defibrillators"
828:"How To Use an Automated External Defibrillator"
775:"Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Statistics"
355:International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
342:International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
1950:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
1954:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
1029:"Do It Yourself: The Home Heart Defibrillator"
2156:
1707:
1139:"Zoll AED Plus Provides Compression Feedback"
203:is used in cases of life-threatening cardiac
8:
1970:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
1662:American Heart Association: Learn & Live
1627:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2076:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
1965:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
1115:"ZOLL® AED Plus® Package w/Voice Recording"
894:"Underwire Bra Can Mess with Defibrillator"
2163:
2149:
2141:
1714:
1700:
1692:
1177:. ZOLL Medical Corporation. Archived from
38:
1604:
1547:
1498:
1388:"The Shocking Truth About Defibrillators"
1314:Laws on Cardiac Arrest and Defibrillators
1231:
924:
340:The universal AED sign, developed by the
1960:American College of Emergency Physicians
1343:. Australian Resuscitation Council. 2015
335:
229:In each of these two types of shockable
2321:Wilderness emergency medical technician
1980:European Society for Emergency Medicine
1363:"Work Health and Safety Act 2011 No 10"
949:"Look for me in airports/Hockey arenas"
832:National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
675:
1990:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
1620:
1299:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1292:
1069:"Why Do AED Defibrillator Pads Expire"
681:
679:
29:
1677:Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation (AU)
1457:"Claude Beck, defibrillation and CPR"
1416:, January 2015. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
974:"ILCOR presents a universal AED sign"
781:from the original on 19 November 2008
364:Typically, an AED kit will contain a
7:
1985:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
1052:CPR/AED for the Professional Rescuer
800:CPR/AED for the Professional Rescuer
137:, and is able to treat them through
2070:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
1975:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
1325:Health System Improvement Act, 2007
871:from the original on 29 April 2009
27:Portable electronic medical device
25:
1500:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187677
1233:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029067
1027:Barnaby, Barnaby J (2005-05-03).
1009:from the original on 13 June 2007
838:from the original on 23 June 2011
814:OSHA Publication No. TIB 01-12-17
195:Conditions that the device treats
135:pulseless ventricular tachycardia
2229:Automated external defibrillator
2123:
2112:
2111:
1767:International emergency medicine
1657:Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation
1481:Shurlock, B (18 December 2007).
729:from the original on 3 July 2007
633:
619:
466:Usual placement of pads on chest
33:Automated external defibrillator
2124:
2064:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
1777:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
1003:"Heartstart Home Defibrillator"
325:An AED at a railway station in
283:if the heart rate is too slow (
2052:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
2046:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
1092:Northwest Health; Safety Inc.
978:European Resuscitation Council
857:de Vries, Lloyd (2006-03-22).
308:previous training in AED use.
1:
2208:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2034:Advanced cardiac life support
2017:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1522:Evans, Alun (April 2, 2005).
659:Advanced cardiac life support
649:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
417:of the victim (as opposed to
158:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2316:Emergency medical technician
2058:Pediatric basic life support
2040:Advanced trauma life support
2023:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
1772:Pediatric emergency medicine
1175:"AED Plus Biphasic Waveform"
951:. 2010-02-10. Archived from
552:Food and Drug Administration
518:Emergency Medical Technician
18:Public access defibrillation
2378:Emergency medical equipment
253:Effect of delayed treatment
219:(shortened to VT or V-Tach)
2394:
2213:Emergency bleeding control
1742:Emergency medical services
1672:Resuscitation Council (UK)
317:Placement and availability
274:Defibrillator training kit
225:(shortened to VF or V-Fib)
2373:Cardiac electrophysiology
2311:Certified first responder
2106:
1327:Retrieved on 26 June 2007
751:"Heart-Aid Defibrillator"
380:Preparation for operation
150:certified first responder
101:
37:
1917:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
1540:10.1136/bmj.330.7494.793
701:10.1161/01.cir.95.6.1677
223:Ventricular fibrillation
131:ventricular fibrillation
1682:The National EMS Museum
1005:. Philips Electronics.
419:internal defibrillators
217:Ventricular tachycardia
1367:legislation.nsw.gov.au
1204:Monday, March 16, 2020
777:. American Red Cross.
725:. American Red Cross.
467:
406:
397:Mechanism of operation
349:
329:
275:
199:An automated external
191:
187:A diagram showing the
2254:Nasopharyngeal airway
2098:Injury Severity Score
1869:Nasopharyngeal airway
1842:Intraosseous infusion
1606:10.5603/KP.a2017.0199
798:American Red Cross.
465:
404:
339:
324:
273:
207:which lead to sudden
186:
2259:Oropharyngeal airway
1875:Oropharyngeal airway
1752:Emergency psychiatry
1737:Emergency department
926:10.1056/NEJMoa020932
881:have to remove them.
266:Requirements for use
96:Manual defibrillator
65:defibrillator, defib
2352:Wilderness medicine
1854:Tracheal intubation
1848:Intravenous therapy
723:"CPR Adult Courses"
514:Good Samaritan laws
2347:Good Samaritan law
2028:Basic life support
1932:Sodium bicarbonate
1730:Emergency medicine
1723:Emergency medicine
1398:on April 15, 2013.
859:"Breathing Easier"
627:Electronics portal
556:premarket approval
468:
407:
372:gloves; a pair of
350:
330:
294:Bras with a metal
289:electrocardiograms
276:
231:cardiac arrhythmia
192:
154:basic life support
2360:
2359:
2191:Airway management
2186:Abdominal thrusts
2138:
2137:
1927:Magnesium sulfate
1836:Electrocardiogram
1762:Medical emergency
1747:Emergency nursing
1524:"Frank Pantridge"
458:Simplicity of use
247:cardiac stimulant
189:chain of survival
112:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2385:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2114:
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1564:"EMS Innovators"
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1432:Federal Register
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1418:
1417:
1414:FDA News Release
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92:Related items
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68:
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62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
41:
36:
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2004:Life support
1824:
1782:Major trauma
1637:
1623:cite journal
1596:
1592:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1558:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1451:
1440:
1422:
1404:
1396:the original
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1332:
1320:
1309:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1270:
1258:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1200:"AEDS Guide"
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:the original
1169:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:the original
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1087:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
997:
986:. Retrieved
982:the original
968:
957:. Retrieved
953:the original
943:
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873:. Retrieved
862:
852:
840:. Retrieved
831:
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783:. Retrieved
769:
758:. Retrieved
754:
731:. Retrieved
717:
692:
688:
607:
604:Case studies
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259:brain damage
256:
243:
228:
198:
162:
156:(BLS) level
143:
119:
115:
113:
2342:Golden hour
1881:Pocket mask
1757:Golden hour
1593:Kardiol Pol
1487:Circulation
1220:Circulation
689:Circulation
546:Reliability
366:face shield
301:MythBusters
285:bradycardia
205:arrhythmias
179:Indications
127:arrhythmias
82:Inventor(s)
2367:Categories
2179:Techniques
2093:NACA score
1902:Amiodarone
1816:Chest tube
1687:OpenAEDMap
1642:AED master
1573:2021-07-13
1568:EMS Museum
1467:2007-06-15
1372:16 October
1347:16 October
1286:2007-07-22
1185:2008-10-27
1149:2018-08-21
1124:2016-05-12
1099:21 January
1078:2021-07-28
1073:AED Brands
1038:2007-06-15
1013:2007-06-15
988:2019-10-07
959:2010-03-27
875:2009-04-22
785:2008-10-27
760:2021-07-13
755:EMS Museum
733:2007-06-28
670:References
423:electrodes
215:Pulseless
76:Cardiology
2268:Mnemonics
2222:Equipment
2172:First aid
2012:First aid
1897:Adenosine
1864:Combitube
1838:(ECG/EKG)
1802:Equipment
537:Australia
503:Liability
431:capacitor
296:underwire
281:pacemaker
235:ventricle
146:first aid
133:(VF) and
71:Specialty
2337:Bleeding
2244:Dressing
2201:Advanced
2117:Category
2078:(CCrISP)
1922:Naloxone
1912:Dopamine
1907:Atropine
1615:29168550
1509:18086933
1295:cite web
1250:21249432
1242:28687709
1007:Archived
935:12393821
869:Archived
864:CBS News
836:Archived
779:Archived
727:Archived
613:See also
346:ISO 7010
239:asystole
61:Synonyms
2239:Bandage
2129:Outline
2054:(ACoRN)
2000:Courses
709:9118556
590:Belfast
580:History
494:Benefit
169:Belfast
124:cardiac
51:Acronym
2330:Topics
2290:SAMPLE
2280:OPQRST
2072:(ALSO)
2066:(PALS)
2060:(PBLS)
2042:(ATLS)
2036:(ACLS)
1792:Triage
1613:
1549:555899
1546:
1507:
1248:
1240:
933:
842:24 May
707:
524:Canada
446:joules
152:, and
2196:Basic
2048:(NRP)
2030:(BLS)
2019:(CPR)
1890:Drugs
1877:(OPA)
1871:(NPA)
1812:(BVM)
1341:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
1056:supra
453:Usage
415:chest
327:Japan
103:[
2295:SOAP
2285:RICE
1850:(IV)
1844:(IO)
1629:link
1611:PMID
1505:PMID
1374:2020
1349:2020
1301:link
1238:PMID
1101:2013
931:PMID
844:2011
705:PMID
348:E010
2275:ABC
1830:ICD
1825:AED
1601:doi
1544:PMC
1536:doi
1532:330
1528:BMJ
1495:doi
1491:116
1228:doi
1224:136
921:doi
917:347
697:doi
588:in
167:in
129:of
120:AED
114:An
55:AED
2369::
2002:/
1625:}}
1621:{{
1609:.
1597:76
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1297:}}
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