1469:
1470:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Sk_HfqQMXxEJ:foreign.senate.gov/download/%3Fid%3D208AEC06-D0CF-4EBD-9FCB-BB3CF4AA9181+another+u.s.+deficit+china+and+america+public+diplomacy+in+the+age+of+the+internet&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShRIPfYcaGL-FVKm-d_mwrhrEFWEwgXWonzcwHm2E1BFRbnWzXVDckhtkCzlAHt7zA0iusQR7pDBBn6KpU_N6aY3gEnfdCI5Nh6UD32AkY4wV2WV6DtHZ9mw_g_nQDcBEUX--O_&sig=AHIEtbQ2k472yV3z3xsfu8tF9aud8Zd0fg
408:"to reduce the degree to which misperceptions and misunderstandings complicate relations between the United States and other nations. It is also in our interest—and in the interest of other nations—that Americans have the opportunity to understand the histories, cultures, and problems of others, so that we can come to understand their hopes, perceptions, and aspirations."
843:
the many images and bits of information citizens around the world receive every day. Moreover, they are only one part of the many ways
America – through its culture, products, services, philanthropy, people, and media – reaches foreign publics. That does not reduce public diplomacy's importance; perhaps it increases it. But we need to maintain our perspective."
903:. The report addressed the method of measuring the effectiveness of U.S. Public Diplomacy. Its contents may be summed up as follows: the thermometer is broken, it doesn't work. Moreover, the concluding remarks of the introductory letter from the Commission members offers more insight as to the state of public diplomacy than the actual contents of the report:
364:) – "consolidated various U.S. international educational and cultural exchange activities. It expanded other cultural and athletic exchanges, translation of books and periodicals, and U.S. representation in international fairs and expositions. The Act also established government operation of cultural and education centers abroad."
986:
China that is, perhaps, out of touch with modern realities. Nonetheless, we are being overtaken in this area of foreign policy by China, which is able to take advantage of
America's open system to spread its message in many different ways, while using its fundamentally closed system to stymie U.S. efforts.
985:
In the same way that our trade with China is out of balance, it is clear to even the casual observer that when it comes to interacting directly with the other nation's public we are in another lop-sided contest. China has a vigorous public diplomacy program, based on a portrayal of an ancient, benign
946:
The enemy is not Islam, the great world faith, but a perversion of Islam. The enemy goes beyond al Qaeda to include the radical ideological movement, inspired in part by al Qaeda, that has spawned other terrorist groups and violence. thus our strategy must match our means to two ends: dismantling the
842:
The drawback to modern technology is that there is an oversaturation of information which make it hard to reach and/or move your audience. As
Kristin Lord writes,"Despite the extraordinary power of the U.S. government, its public diplomacy activities are, and increasingly will be, only a fraction of
790:
On the other hand, the
Consolidation Act also established the BBG as an "independent entity within the executive branch." U.S. International Broadcasting continues to play a vital role in American public diplomacy. As former president of the BBG and 2008 undersecretary of state for public diplomacy,
1149:
To be most influential, American public diplomacy should tap into and mobilize these private actors as much as possible – as advocated by countless recent reports. This should happen within current official structures. In addition, the United States should find new ways to engage private actors and
757:
In a 2008 survey of USIA alumni, Kathy
Fitzpatrick surmised, "Notwithstanding increased funding for public diplomacy in the Middle East after 9/11 and despite dozens of reports by government and private organizations calling for substantial improvements in public diplomacy capabilities, American
1128:
plays a significant role in public diplomacy because of its a-political humanitarian bent. As
Nakamura writes, "the Agency creates long-standing relationships between the United states and the people of other countries, relationships that are capable of influencing foreign publics to view U.S.
614:
authorizes the
Secretary of state to "Prepare and disseminate 'information about the United States, its people, and its policies, through press, publications, radio, motion pictures, and other information media, and through information centers and instructors
622:
of the Smith-Mundt Act, pertains to
Section 501 which, "unlike previous government public information efforts, prohibits materials developed under the authorities of this Act from being disseminated within the United States, its territories, or possessions"
19:
is that "form of international political advocacy in which the civilians of one country use legitimate means to reach out to the civilians of another country in order to gain popular support for negotiations occurring through diplomatic channels."
852:
Established under section 604 of the United States
Information and Exchange Act of 1948, the Commission "appraises U.S. Government activities intended to understand, inform, and influence foreign publics." The charter is available online.
999:. The key means of communication which remains open to the U.S., i.e. individual interaction, is an opportunity which the U.S. has failed to promote. The report cites two significant failures on the part of U.S. public diplomacy:
462:– amendment to U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act – authorized USIA director to "make certain products available to the Archivist of the United States for domestic distribution". But only 12 years after the fact.
1361:
Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. The
Collapse of American Public Diplomacy: what diplomatic experts say about rebuilding America's image in the world - a view from the trenches. (Hameden: Quinnipiac School of Communications,
1584:
1019:
was a brilliant opportunity for the U.S., however, while "more than 7,000,000" Chinese visited the U.S. Pavilion, the U.S. was criticized for its "hastily organized presentations and lack of a cogent message."
1023:
In a survey of Arab youth conducted by a Dubai-based public relations firm in 2023, 80 percent of respondents considered China an ally of their country, while 72 percent considered the United States an ally.
698:"Charges the Secretary of State and the BBG with respecting the professional independence and integrity of the international Broadcasting Bureau, its broadcasting services, and the grantees of the board."
784:
591:
492:
1146:
The potency of U.S. public diplomacy is integrally connected to the American people. The role of the private sector in American public diplomacy is indispensable. As Kristin Lord writes,
1115:
The Global Maritime Partnership – "deployment of Navy warships and hospital ships to conduct civil-military operations in foreign countries as well as deliver humanitarian assistance."
795:
says, "U.S. international broadcasting is America's largest civilian public diplomacy program, and one that "provides a lifeline to people seeking the truth" in many closed societies."
1033:
Aside from the State Department, two other government entities have clear foreign policy roles and, accordingly, engage foreign publics through public diplomacy. These are the
976:
1125:
1038:
484:
States that – USIA will be integrated with the Department of State as of October 1, 1999, moving public diplomacy closer to the center of U.S. foreign policymaking.
148:
1350:
268:, the Central Intelligence Agency was a successor to the OSS and it proceeded to lend intellectual, legal, and material support to American Public Diplomacy
896:
399:
50:
1614:
197:
1579:
1445:
522:
297:– Congress creates the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy – to advise and make recommendations on the conduct of public diplomacy.
822:
On pg. 25 of that same report by CRS, there is an organizational chart of U.S. International Broadcasting under the BBG. Also Available at:
1289:
Dizard Jr., Wilson P. Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency, (Boulder: Lyne Rienner Publishers, Inc.,) 2004.
966:, assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs, asserted, "if we do not define ourselves, others will do it for us."
719:
languages. The agency was operating a global library network in 150 countries, teaching English to thousands of foreign citizens, hosting
1396:
Lord, Kristin M. The USA- World Trust: Bringing the Power of Networks to U.S. Public Diplomacy. Public Diplomacy Magazine. (Winter 2009)
1034:
635:
The law imposes a geographic segregation of audiences between those inside the U.S. and those outside it, based on the fear that content
1482:
957:) states that the U.S. must “engage the narrative in the new media. … We should be able to do that better than any terrorist group.”
716:
countries. The Voice of America was broadcasting to 100 million people weekly. USIA was producing books and magazines in more than 100
644:
existent borders with incredible speed and ease, to both create and empower dynamic diasporas...No other country, except perhaps North
725:
administering cultural and euducational exchange programs in which millions of world citizens participated. According to USIA veteran
641:
diplomacy and international broadcasting, it also ignores the ways in which information and people now move across porous, often non-
728:
Wilson P. Dizard Jr., "it was the biggest information and cultural effort ever mounted by one society to influence the attitudes and
722:
exhibits depicting American ideals that drew billions of visitors, producing films and programs widely popular in other nations, and
638:
aimed at audiences abroad might "spill over" into the U.S. This not only shows a lack of confidence and understanding of U.S. public
587:
344:
235:
776:
334:
162:
140:
571:
The following four acts provide the foundational legislative authority for public diplomacy as practiced by the U.S. government:
713:
USIA's presence was felt in all corners of the world. Thousands of public diplomacy specialists were stationed in more than 175
692:
499:
451:
241:
82:
962:
The conflict between the U.S. and Extremist Islamic groups is fundamentally a conflict of ideas. It is a battle for truth. As
803:
802:
An organizational chart of Public Diplomacy within the Department of State is available on pg. 19 of the 2009 report by CRS (
780:
680:
471:
1385:
1384:
Babb, MacKenzie C. (Staff Writer America.gov) New U.S. Public Diplomacy Head Cites "Arsenal of Persuasion". (09 June 2008)
953:
Steven Corman, professor at Arizona State University and director of that school's Consortium for Strategic Communication (
1351:
http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/6175/reforming-smith-mundt-making-american-public-diplomacy-safe-for-americans
900:
996:
207:
1619:
1213:
Waller, J. Michael (ed.) The Public Diplomacy Reader. (Washington, D.C.: The Institute of World Politics Press), 40.
662:
361:
1599:
1624:
1091:
895:, was a report based on work done at the direction of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy by the
1544:
1409:
947:
al Qaeda network and, in the long term, prevailing over the ideology that contributes to Islamist terrorism."
139:– The Division of Cultural Relations (State Dept.) – Interdeparmental Committee for Scientific Cooperation (
1554:
1518:
1468:
A minority staff report. Committee on Foreign Relations. 112th Congress. first session. (February 15, 2011)
1397:
742:
which folded USIA into the State Department and put all International Broadcasting in the hands of the BBG.
775:, abolished USIA and transferred its functions (information, cultural, and educational operations) to the
177:
1446:
http://www.america.gov/st/elections08-english/2008/August/200808261256351xeneerg0.679516.html?CP.rss=true
1444:
Green, Eric. (staff writer america.gov) U.S. Election Helping America's Image Worldwide. (26 Aug. 2008).
920:
attacks on our nation and the imperative of conducting thoughtful, effective public diplomacy in support
877:
training them more intensively in the core PD skill-set of persuasive communication; and evaluating them
738:
Therefore, a piece of legislation which had serious ramifications for American Public Diplomacy was the
542:
201:
871:
outreach to foreign publics by: recruiting for the public diplomacy career track in a more focused way;
868:
The Commission believes that we can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of our nation's
708:
USIA supported a coordinated and extensive approach to public diplomacy. As Kathy Fitzpatrick sums up:
1057:
focused United States Government efforts to understand and engage key audiences to create, strengthen,
923:
of our policy objectives. We have been frustrated at times by limitations related to re-authorization,
911:“We offer an observation about the Commission and its work. We fully appreciate that the Commission is
1062:
or preserve conditions favorable for the advancement of United States Government interests, policies,
874:
testing our recruitees more thoroughly and methodically for their PD instincts, knowledge and skills;
518:
428:
384:
131:
1016:
992:
917:
connection with public diplomacy; this work has been made all the more important following the 9/11
1278:
Getting the People Part Right: a report on the human resources dimension of U.S. public diplomacy
1181:
158:
1569:
1513:
Lord, Kristin M. The USA- World Trust: Bringing the Power of Networks to U.S. Public Diplomacy.
1423:
1277:
914:
charged by the President and the Congress to undertake important advisory and oversight work in
1053:
is the D.O.D. version of "public diplomacy." The D.O.D. defines "strategic communication" as:
963:
792:
318:
257:
46:
38:
34:
1067:
and objectives through the use of coordinated programs, plans, themes, messages, and products
1483:"China surpasses US in popularity among Arab youth as Beijing expands Middle East footprint"
432:
371:
190:
16:
1564:
941:
647:
Korea and China, prevents its own people from knowing what is said and done in their name.
607:
305:
285:
276:
1466:
Another U.S. Deficit - China and America - Public Diplomacy in the Age of the Internet.
1386:
http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/June/20080609153917cmbbab0.5993921.html
1311:
1608:
1533:
1363:
1129:
policies and actions as beneficial and to cooperate with U.S. government initiatives.
980:
860:, addressed the effect of human resources on public diplomacy. The report concluded:
250:– The Fulbright Act of 1946 – "Mandated a peacetime international exchange program"
144:
116:
86:
42:
1594:
67:
49:. The most notable use of Public Diplomacy by American Founding Fathers was the
1165:
1161:
1160:
In the end, America must communicate a sense of herself. As Harvard professor
288:, it is a charter addressing America's peacetime overseas information program.
1347:
Reforming Smith-Mundt: Making American Public Diplomacy Safe for Americans
995:
of freedom of speech and freedom of information within their country esp.
1549:
1227:
823:
811:
221:
1519:
http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/winter_public_diplomacy_lord.aspx
1398:
http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/winter_public_diplomacy_lord.aspx
669:
This act "authorizes U.S. exchange programs as a public Diplomacy tool"
1566:- Current charter for the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public diplomacy
45:
all exercised public diplomacy in arguing the case of justice for the
1574:
1112:
Human Terrain Teams – providing expert knowledge on foreign societies
991:
In the arena of public diplomacy, the report cites China's continued
534:– Strategic communication Policy coordinating Committee established.
436:
491:– USIA abolished and full authority given to the State Department's
374:
appointed USIA director. He states, "Truth is the best propaganda."
275:– U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act signed by President
1072:
synchronized with the actions of all instruments of national power.
975:
On February 15, 2011, a minority staff report was submitted to the
604:
The United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948
1559:
783:. Specifically, these functions fall under the leadership of the
1581:- U.S. Election Helping America's Image Worldwide by Eric Green
785:
Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
695:(BBG)under which it places all U.S. international broadcasting.
592:
Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
493:
Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
265:
1535:
1045:
United States Department of Defense – strategic communication
1571:- 2008 Report - U.S. Advisory Commission on Public diplomacy
1120:
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
321:
advised the creation of an independent information agency
1426:. United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy.
1410:"Charter - U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy"
1133:
688:
Reorganizes U.S. non-military international broadcasting
659:
The Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961
180:, U.S. enters into WWII → U.S. broadcasting goes global
1586:- Glassman's briefing on Public diplomacy, War of Ideas
1012:
some Confucius Institutes throughout the United States.
1008:
American centers in all of China. This compared to the
480:– Foreign Affairs Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998
1204:(Washington: National Defense University Press, 1989).
926:
funding, staffing and access to department officials.”
1589:
1280:. U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, 2008.
1028:
Other government agencies exercising public diplomacy
954:
406:(USICA) Carter issues second mandate for USIA/USICA:
1312:
http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/usiahome/overview.pdf
1224:
U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues
808:
U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues
769:
Foreign Affairs Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998
740:
Foreign Affairs Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998
586:- Authorizes six Under Secretaries of State for the
581:
The State Department's basic authorities Act of 1956
977:
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
1364:http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/Fitzpatrick2008.pdf
1039:United States Agency for International Development
1424:Assessing U.S. Public Diplomacy: a notional model
893:Assessing U.S. Public Diplomacy: A Notional Model
498:VOA is put under the direction of the bipartisan
1226:(Dec. 18, 2009) Congressional Research Service.
1153:technology, media, and private sector expertise.
881:more on communication and less on administration
404:United States International Communication Agency
1576:America.gov (now archived as of March 31, 2011)
1276:Hybl, William J. , Bagley, Elizabeth F. et al.
979:. In the letter of transmittal, ranking member
1272:
1270:
731:actions of men and women beyond its borders."
8:
848:U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy
358:Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act
1422:Hybl, William J. , Olson, Lyndon L. et al.
1170:"inspire the dreams and desires of others."
1102:Strategic Communications Activities include
760:underfunded, undervalued, and underutilized
897:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
400:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
1591:- Consortium for Strategic Communications
1540:The Collapse of American Public Diplomacy
626:- Matt Armstrong articulates the dilemma:
51:United States Declaration of Independence
1323:
1321:
1319:
1141:Public diplomacy and the American people
1297:
1295:
1193:
347:directed educational exchange programs.
198:United States Office of War Information
1556:- Brookings article by Kristin M. Lord
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1228:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40989.pdf
1222:Nakamura, Kennon H., Weed, Matthew C.
824:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40989.pdf
812:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40989.pdf
556:Counter-Terrorism Communication Center
521:against the United States. Subsequent
333:– Eisenhower founded the Independent
7:
1132:Up-to-date information available at
1109:Internet – as a battlefield of ideas
402:is combined with USIA to create the
1096:Defense Support to Public Diplomacy
1035:United States Department of Defense
421:– Reagan restored the name to USIA
151:propaganda aimed at Latin America.
14:
1164:states, the strength of American
590:and requires the existence of an
588:United States Department of State
345:United States Department of State
777:United States Secretary of State
560:Global Strategic Engagement Cent
335:United States Information Agency
163:Office of Inter-American Affairs
1615:Propaganda in the United States
944:makes the following assessment:
935:V. extremist Islamic propaganda
693:Broadcasting Board of Governors
500:Broadcasting Board of Governors
452:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
242:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
83:Committee on Public Information
81:– President Wilson created the
804:Congressional Research Service
781:United States State Department
703:U.S. Information Agency (USIA)
681:International Broadcasting Act
472:International Broadcasting Act
210:(OSS) – predecessor to the CIA
1:
901:University of Texas at Austin
858:Getting the People Part Right
415:– VOA folded into USIA/USICA
327:– Campaign of Truth (Truman)
1481:Abdelbary, Mohammed (2023).
208:Office of Strategic Services
1088:Information Operations (IO)
200:(OWI) created by President
1641:
1168:comes from its ability to
1081:Related activities include
1051:"Strategic Communications"
891:The 2010 report, entitled
856:The 2008 report, entitled
663:Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961
558:established – replaced by
362:Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961
1515:Public Diplomacy Magazine
1092:Public affairs (military)
758:public diplomacy remains
398:– the State Department's
234:VOA – transferred to the
170:– U.S. broadcasting 24/7
1546:- USIA's website in 1999
1310:USIA Overview Brochure.
143:pamphlet) – response to
523:invasion of Afghanistan
304:June 1948 – May 1949 –
1596:- USC Public diplomacy
1538:Fitzpatrick, Kathy R.
1336:USIA overview brochure
1327:USIA Overview Brochure
178:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1134:http://www.usaid.gov/
810:available online at:
773:The Consolidation Act
566:Important legislation
264:Establishment of the
1349:. (02 August, 2010)
691:Creates nine-member
445:– Year of Miracles:
429:tear down this wall!
385:Cuban Missile Crisis
132:Good Neighbor Policy
1536:publicdiplomacy.org
1200:Smith Jr., Paul A.
1017:Shanghai World Expo
747:In the 21st century
1620:Types of diplomacy
1561:- State Department
1182:Cultural diplomacy
955:http://comops.org/
679:The United States
284:Also known as the
202:Franklin Roosevelt
193:'s first broadcast
159:Nelson Rockefeller
97:1920s – Advent of
85:led by advertiser
1345:Armstrong, Matt.
964:Patricia Harrison
793:James K. Glassman
519:Terrorist attacks
319:Hoover Commission
258:Fulbright Program
47:American colonies
39:Benjamin Franklin
35:George Washington
1632:
1625:Public diplomacy
1521:
1517:. (Winter 2009)
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:On Political War
1198:
997:via the internet
771:, also known as
767:Since 1999, the
543:Invasion of Iraq
433:Brandenburg Gate
372:Edward R. Murrow
236:State Department
17:Public diplomacy
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1605:
1604:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1233:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1178:
1143:
1122:
1047:
1030:
973:
942:9/11 Commission
937:
850:
839:
834:
754:
749:
705:
608:Smith-Mundt Act
568:
306:Berlin Blockade
286:Smith-Mundt Act
149:Fascist Italian
31:
26:
12:
11:
5:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1529:
1528:External links
1526:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1473:
1458:
1449:
1437:
1428:
1415:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1354:
1338:
1329:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1282:
1266:
1257:
1231:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1001:
1000:
972:
969:
968:
967:
959:
958:
950:
949:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
889:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:
878:
875:
872:
869:
849:
846:
845:
844:
838:
837:Oversaturation
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
827:
826:
817:
816:
815:
814:
797:
796:
788:
764:
763:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
689:
671:
670:
651:
650:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
630:
629:
628:
627:
616:
596:
595:
573:
572:
567:
564:
549:
548:
547:
546:
529:
528:
527:
526:
503:
502:
486:
485:
470:United States
457:
456:
455:
454:
431:speech at the
393:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
351:
350:
349:
348:
312:
311:
310:
309:
292:
291:
290:
289:
270:
269:
245:
244:
238:
232:
231:OWI terminated
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
212:
211:
204:
194:
130:– Roosevelt's
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
58:
57:
30:
27:
25:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1375:Fitzpatrick,5
1372:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:The U.S. has
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:
988:
987:
982:
981:Richard Lugar
978:
971:U.S. v. China
970:
965:
961:
960:
956:
952:
951:
948:
943:
939:
938:
934:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
905:
904:
902:
898:
894:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
863:
862:
861:
859:
854:
847:
841:
840:
836:
831:
825:
821:
820:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
799:
798:
794:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:
761:
756:
755:
751:
746:
741:
737:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
707:
706:
702:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
684:
682:
677:
676:
668:
667:
666:
664:
660:
657:
656:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
632:
631:
625:
624:
621:
617:
613:
612:
611:
609:
605:
602:
601:
593:
589:
585:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
569:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
545:
544:
539:
538:
537:
536:
535:
533:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
501:
497:
496:
495:
494:
490:
483:
482:
481:
479:
475:
474:
473:
467:
463:
461:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
414:
410:
409:
405:
401:
397:
387:
386:
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
376:
375:
373:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
346:
342:
341:
340:
339:
338:
336:
332:
328:
326:
322:
320:
316:
308:
307:
302:
301:
300:
299:
298:
296:
287:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
274:
267:
263:
262:
261:
259:
255:
251:
249:
243:
239:
237:
233:
230:
224:
223:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:
129:
119:
118:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
101:
100:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
84:
80:
70:
69:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
32:
28:
23:
21:
18:
1551:- CRS report
1539:
1514:
1509:
1504:Nakamura, 29
1500:
1495:Nakamura, 28
1491:
1476:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1440:
1431:
1418:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1371:
1357:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1306:
1285:
1260:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1169:
1101:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1022:
1009:
1005:
984:
974:
945:
892:
890:
880:
857:
855:
851:
807:
772:
768:
759:
739:
678:
674:
673:
672:
658:
654:
653:
652:
619:
603:
599:
598:
597:
580:
576:
575:
574:
559:
555:
551:
550:
540:
531:
530:
514:September 11
513:
512:
508:
488:
487:
477:
476:
469:
465:
464:
459:
458:
442:
441:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
411:
407:
403:
395:
394:
382:
367:
366:
357:
353:
352:
331:Aug. 1, 1953
330:
329:
324:
323:
314:
313:
303:
294:
293:
277:Harry Truman
272:
271:
253:
252:
247:
246:
240:Founding of
219:
183:
182:
173:
172:
167:
166:
154:
153:
136:
135:
127:
126:
117:World War II
114:
98:
96:
87:George Creel
78:
77:
65:
54:
43:Samuel Adams
15:
1456:Waller, 379
1435:Waller, 377
993:suppression
806:) entitled
620:controversy
439:, Germany.
427:– Reagan's
189:February –
176:– Japanese
145:Nazi German
68:World War I
1609:Categories
1188:References
1166:soft power
1162:Joseph Nye
115:1939–1945
66:1914–1918
752:Structure
615:abroad.'"
552:2007–2008
396:1977–1978
368:1961–1964
260:founded.
79:1917–1919
1255:Nakamura
1176:See also
1037:and the
983:stated:
779:and the
222:Cold War
24:Examples
1010:seventy
899:at The
683:of 1994
675:Fourth:
600:Second:
541:2003 –
383:1962 –
337:(USIA)
220:1945 –
196:June –
29:America
1485:. CNN.
1264:Waller
1150:employ
832:Issues
655:Third:
618:~ the
577:First:
437:Berlin
317:– the
41:, and
1601:- VOA
1362:2008)
1126:USAID
99:Radio
1366:, 4.
1015:The
1006:five
940:The
562:er.
532:2002
509:2001
489:1999
478:1998
466:1994
460:1990
443:1989
425:1987
419:1982
413:1978
354:1961
343:the
325:1950
315:1949
295:1948
273:1948
254:1947
248:1946
206:The
184:1942
174:1941
168:1941
155:1940
147:and
141:USIA
137:1938
128:1936
55:1776
1301:Nye
435:in
266:CIA
191:VOA
161:'s
53:in
1611::
1318:^
1294:^
1269:^
1234:^
883:.”
762:."
665:)
610:)
554:–
517:–
511:–
468:–
370:–
356:–
256:–
157:–
37:,
1412:.
1136:.
1104::
1083::
787:.
661:(
606:(
594:.
525:.
360:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.