254:. It was ideally suited to literary candidates. Thus, toward the end of the Ming Dynasty, the system attracted the candidature of Tang Xianzu (1550–1616). Tang at 14 passed the imperial examination at the county level; and at 21, he did so at the provincial level; but not until he was 34 did he pass at the national level. However, he had already become a well-known poet at age 12, and among other things he went on to such distinction as a profound literati and dramatist that it would not be far-fetched to regard him as China's answer to William Shakespeare. In the late 19th century, however, the system increasingly engendered internal dissatisfaction, and was criticized as not reflecting candidates' ability to govern well, and for giving undue weight to style over content and originality of thought. Indeed, long before its abandonment, the notion of the imperial system as a route to social mobility was somewhat mythical. In Tang's magnum opus, The Peony Pavilion, sc 13, Leaving Home, the male lead, Liu Mengmei, laments: "After twenty years of studies, I still have no hope of getting into office", and on this point Tang may be speaking through Liu as his alter ego. The system was finally abolished by the
1451:. There are three main categories of Spanish public positions: temporary political posts ("personal eventual"), which require a simple procedure for hiring and dismissal and is associated to top level executives and advisors, statutory permanent posts ("funcionarios de carrera"), which require a formal procedure for access that usually involves a competition among candidates and whose tenants are subject to a special statutory relationship of work with their employers, and non statutory permanent posts ("personal laboral"), which also require a formal procedure for entry similar to the procedure required for the "funcionarios de carrera", but whose tenants are subject to normal working conditions and laws. Competitions differ notably among the state, the 17 autonomous communities and the city councils, and the "funcionarios de carrera" and "personal laboral" examinations vary in difficulty from one location to another.
117:
314:, published in 1847, that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only", and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic. On the other hand, John Browne, in the 1854 debate mentioned above, 'argued that elegant writing had become an end in itself, and the stultifying effect of this on the Chinese civil service had contributed in no small measure to China's failure to develop its early lead over Western civilisations': Coolican, p. 107.
677:) of Brunei. The role of the civil service is as the government's administrative machinery to uphold the supreme authority of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, uphold the National Philosophy – MIB, Melayu Islam Beraja, ensure the development of the country and ensure the welfare of the people as well as its traditional role as the peacekeeper, law enforcer, regulator and service providers. However, the adjudication system is separate from the civil service to maintain its independence and impartiality.
318:
141:
1398:, and the Public Appointments Service. The organisation of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organization of the British Home Civil Service, and indeed the grading system in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British counterpart. In Ireland, public sector employees such as teachers or members of the country's
153:
750:(907–960), the Song emperors were eager to implement a system where civil officials would owe their social prestige to the central court and gain their salaries strictly from the central government. This ideal was not fully achieved since many scholar officials were affluent landowners and were engaged in many anonymous business affairs in an age of
295:, near London to train and examine administrators of the company's territories in India. "The proposal for establishing this college came, significantly, from members of the East India Company's trading post in Canton, China." Examinations for the Indian "civil service"—a term coined by the Company—were introduced in 1829.
389:
The
Northcote–Trevelyan model remained essentially stable for a hundred years. This was a tribute to its success in removing corruption, delivering public services (even under the stress of two world wars), and responding effectively to political change. It also had a great international influence
351:
of 1854 made four principal recommendations: that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, that candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, that recruits should be graded into a hierarchy and that promotion
905:
Pakistan has federal civil servants serving in federal government offices, with staff selected through the
Federal Public Service Commission. Similarly, Pakistani provinces select their own public servants through provincial Public Service Commissions. The federal services have some quota against
640:
As of
January 2007, the federal government, excluding the Postal Service, employed about 1.8 million civilian workers. The federal government is the nation's single largest employer, although it employs only about 12% of all government employees, compared to 24% at the state level and 63% at the
206:
system of recommendation by superiors for appointments to office. In the areas of administration, especially the military, appointments were based solely on merit. This was an early form of the imperial examinations, transitioning from inheritance and patronage to merit, in which local officials
761:
This class of state bureaucrats in the Song period were far less aristocratic than their Tang predecessors. The examinations were carefully structured in order to ensure that people of lesser means than what was available to candidates born into wealthy, landowning families were given a greater
286:
greatly expanded. Each had its own system, but in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase. By the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. "The origins of the
British civil service are better known. During the eighteenth
245:
In theory, the
Chinese civil service system provided one of the main avenues for social mobility in Chinese society, although in practice, due to the time-consuming nature of the study, the examination was generally only taken by sons of the landed gentry. The examination tested the candidate's
754:. Nonetheless, gaining a degree through three levels of examination—prefectural exams, provincial exams, and the prestigious palace exams—was a far more desirable goal in society than becoming a merchant. This was because the mercantile class was traditionally regarded with some disdain by the
649:
In the early 20th century, most cities in the US had a spoils system. Over the next few decades, the spoils system was replaced with a civil service system. U.S. state and local government entities often have competitive civil service systems that are modeled on the national system, in varying
265:
The
Chinese system was often admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward. However, the Chinese imperial examination system was hardly universally admired by all Europeans who knew of it. In a debate in the unelected chamber of the UK parliament on March 13, 1854, John Browne
1256:
are not Beamte but have similar rights. Judges are not Beamte but have similar rights too. Public attorneys are all Beamte, whereas most (but not all) professors are Beamte. The group of Beamte have the most secure employment, and the amount they are paid is set by national pay regulations
86:") may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. Collectively a state's civil servants form its civil service or public service. The concept arose in China and modern civil service developed in Britain in the 18th century.
75:(counties, cities and similar administrations) are generally referred to as "local government civil service officers", who are considered public servants but not civil servants. Thus, in the UK, a civil servant is a public servant but a public servant is not necessarily a civil servant.
609:
of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two-thirds of the U.S. federal work force was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies, are filled by
287:
century a number of
Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system, some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806." In that year, the
238:(618–907) adopted the same measures for drafting officials, and decreasingly relied on aristocratic recommendations and more and more on promotion based on the results of written examinations. The structure of the examination system was extensively expanded during the reign of
592:
In the United States, the federal civil service was established in 1871. The Civil
Service is defined as "all appointive positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, except positions in the uniformed services."
352:
should be through achievement, rather than "preferment, patronage or purchase". It also recommended a clear division between staff responsible for routine ("mechanical") work, and those engaged in policy formulation and implementation in an "administrative" class.
183:. The imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the state's bureaucracy. This system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of
509:). It usually consists of a written test; some posts may require physical tests (such as policemen), or oral tests (such as professors, judges, prosecutors and attorneys). The rank according to the examination score is used for filling the vacancies.
3418:
97:) but are governed by internal staff regulations. All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the
422:
Brazil started to move away from a patronage based public service starting in the second half of the 19th century, but written tests and merit only became the norm towards the end of the 1930s, as a result from reforms introduced during
3030:
3309:
3262:
1973:(or equivalent) whose functions include maintaining the work and rights of civil servants at arm's length from potential politicisation or political interference. Compare the governance-administrative integration of
766:
who would rewrite all of the candidates' exams in order to mask their handwriting and thus prevent favoritism by graders of the exams who might otherwise recognize a candidate's handwriting. The advent of widespread
3487:, necessarily had more of an opportunity to influence the emperor, yet men of lower social status, for instance freedmen or slaves, could also make their mark on account of their constant proximity to the emperor.
3410:
918:
645:
region, only about 16% (or about 284,000) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region. As of 2014, there are currently 15 federal executive branch agencies and hundreds of subagencies.
3355:
978:
Public sector employment is classified into three services; State service, Local service and
Hospital service. According to government statistics there were 5.5 million public sector employees in 2011.
113:. Its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service.
562:, with each of the ten provincial governments as well as the three territorial governments also having their own separate civil services. The federal civil service consists of all employees of the
1713:
are not considered to be civil servants. Police officers and staff are also not civil servants. Total employment in the public sector in the UK was 6.04 million in 2012 according to the UK's
527:
The labor laws and social insurance for civil servants are different from private workers; even between government branches (like different states or cities), the law and insurance differ.
2412:
3236:
3320:
3266:
2194:
64:
by a government department or agency for public sector undertakings. Civil servants work for central and state governments, and answer to the government, not a political party.
359:
was causing a clamour for the change. The report's conclusions were immediately implemented, and a permanent, unified and politically neutral civil service was introduced as
2079:
798:
784:
1679:
In
December 2011, the government of Rajoy announced that civil servants have to serve a minimum 37.5 working hours per week regardless of their place or kind of service.
851:. The state civil servants are selected through an examination conducted by state public service commissions. State civil servants serve at the pleasure of the Governor.
3104:
3439:
2473:
367:
was also set up in 1855 to oversee open recruitment and end patronage, and most of the other Northcote–Trevelyan recommendations were implemented over some years.
2734:
2325:
48:
composed mainly of career civil service personnel hired rather than elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership. A
574:
are not civil servants. There are approximately 357,000 federal civil servants (2023), and more than 350,000 employees at the provincial and territorial levels.
3344:
2900:
398:
established a modern civil service in the United States, and by the turn of the 20th century almost all Western governments had implemented similar reforms...
3388:
2383:
4016:
2035:
2930:
3990:
1958:
as a basis for civil-service recruitment and promotion, and in the 19th century administrations in France and Britain followed suit. Agitation against the
738:(221–207 BC). However, the civil service examinations were practiced on a much smaller scale in comparison to the stronger, centralized bureaucracy of the
611:
2441:
3927:
1432:
340:
3136:
2165:
1409:
583:
364:
67:
The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the "civil service" varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom (UK), for instance, only
2561:
3907:
2315:
2271:
2206:
2155:
1374:
3942:
3767:
1421:
3219:
2404:
921:
specifies that public servant cannot be employed without examination. The employment is usually lifelong (that is, until age about retirement).
2170:
2128:
1252:
has been a title for government employees for several centuries in German states, but became a standardized group in 1794. Soldiers other than
747:
541:
The law does not allow servants to upgrade or downgrade posts internally; they need to be selected in separate external entrance examinations.
102:
3288:
2850:
2650:
3164:
2766:
2320:
2067:
891:
877:
3240:
899:
521:
1454:
As of 2013, there were 2.6 million public employees in Spain, of which 571,000 were civil servants and 2 million were non-civil servants.
3969:
3539:
in his frequent publications on the issue is the need to clearly enshrine the principle of an independent civil service in legislation .
2145:
2053:
1862:
1692:
1391:
587:
4057:
3563:
3510:
3465:
3196:
2958:
2684:
2353:
2201:
1851:
871:
606:
498:
395:
344:
321:
82:(and in some countries there is no distinction between the two). Staff members in "non-departmental public bodies" (sometimes called "
3310:"Portales SEAT y SEFP:: Secretaría de Estado para las Administraciones Territoriales :: Secretaría de Estado de Función Pública"
4047:
4000:
2709:
2607:
2537:
2512:
883:
594:
98:
1160:, etc. In addition to employees directly employed by the state another 1.6 million persons are employed by state owned enterprises
116:
2469:
601:). In the early 19th century, government jobs were held at the pleasure of the president—a person could be fired at any time. The
3952:
2276:
2223:
840:
1701:
The civil service in the United Kingdom only includes Crown (i.e. central government) employees, not parliamentary employees or
3995:
2300:
1829:
1444:
844:
634:
110:
3707:
3499:
Verheijen, Tony (2008). "Independent Civil Service Systems: a Contested Value?". In Grotz, Florian; Toonen, Th. A. J. (eds.).
3097:
348:
4062:
4052:
3962:
3957:
3737:
2160:
1825:
1821:
1714:
1696:
1688:
94:
90:
3569:
3516:
3471:
2772:
538:
for undergraduates. There's also higher post ranks like auditor, fiscal, chief of police, prosecutor, judge, attorney, etc.
360:
325:
266:'pointed out that the only precedent for appointing civil servants by literary exams was that of the Chinese government'.
512:
Entrance examinations are conducted by several institutions with a government mandate, such as CESPE (which belongs to the
2177:
1882:
1380:
971:) is often incorrectly considered to include all government employees including employees of public corporations, such as
567:
288:
2726:
3912:
2106:
2101:
698:
491:
247:
347:
to look into the operation and organisation of the Civil Service. Influenced by the Chinese imperial examinations, the
3760:
1946:, with officials feeling secure in the protection of their political masters and possibly immune from prosecution for
751:
333:
2896:
1365:
both require a university education or equivalent, at the very least a bachelor's or master's degree, respectively.
3380:
2375:
2240:
2133:
2123:
2058:
2011:
1439:) is usually considered to include all the employees at the different levels of the Spanish public administration:
946:
836:
292:
2983:
3937:
3922:
3855:
3001:
2922:
2235:
2213:
2118:
2006:
1878:
935:
513:
459:
3528:
The importance of a professional and impartial civil service has been a virtually uncontested notion ever since
3870:
3860:
3075:
2434:
2218:
2189:
2150:
2091:
2001:
1970:
1315:
559:
550:
463:
383:
3502:
Crossing Borders: Constitutional Development and Internationalisation: Essays in Honour of Joachim Jens Hesse
1966:
resulted in increasing the independence of the civil service—seen as an important principle in modern times.
211:. After the fall of the Han dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the
4042:
4037:
3947:
3902:
3880:
3865:
3128:
2503:
2266:
2252:
2096:
2084:
1919:
1710:
1448:
1390:
and a small number of paid political advisors) as well as a small number of core state agencies such as the
1253:
887:
848:
814:
793:
664:
417:
391:
336:
3974:
3932:
3917:
3875:
3753:
2553:
2113:
2048:
1845:
1395:
1337:
860:
832:
439:
371:
89:
An international civil servant or international staff member is a civilian employee who is employed by an
629:. The majority of civil service appointments in the U.S. are made under the competitive service, but the
517:
3829:
1886:
1861:
Civil servants are recruited directly into the institutions after being selected by competitions set by
1833:
1387:
1384:
1130:) employed 4.6 million persons as of 2011. Public servants are organized into hired salaried employees (
820:
571:
479:
93:. These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation (from which they have
31:
497:
Career civil servants (not temporary workers or politicians) are hired only externally on the basis of
3216:
835:(Group A and B). The recruits are university graduates selected through three phase exams such as the
3887:
1955:
1943:
1408:
are not considered to be civil servants, but are rather described as "public servants" (and form the
1404:
1329:
1145:
962:
630:
299:
223:
176:
160:
1126:
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chance to pass the exams and obtain an official degree. This included the employment of a bureau of
3897:
3731:
3700:
3280:
2842:
2646:
1907:
1866:
1855:
1440:
1275:
are appointed, employed, and removed in accordance with the Public Sector Service and Loyalty law (
1157:
622:
605:
meant that jobs were used to support the political parties. This was changed in slow stages by the
502:
483:
431:
231:
191:
184:
164:
3157:
618:, civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties.
234:
established a new category of recommended candidates for the mandarinate in AD 605. The following
2824:
828:
824:
637:, and other National Security positions are made under the excepted service. (U.S. Code Title V)
379:
227:
208:
156:
2345:
3795:
3647:
The Civil Service of India, 1731–1894: a study of the history, evolution and demand for reform
3559:
3535:
seminal work on the topic at the end of the 19th century. An additional point highlighted by
3506:
3461:
3433:
3048:
2816:
2762:
2705:
2680:
2603:
2533:
2508:
2288:
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713:) is obligated to act according to the law and is guided by public policy pronouncements. The
615:
424:
199:
121:
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3621:
Coolican, Michael, No Tradesmen and No Women: The Origins of the British Civil Service (2018)
3659:
3038:
2806:
2504:
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China
1996:
1702:
772:
755:
642:
626:
471:
455:
212:
3188:
2951:
3607:
3223:
1350:(Councillor) and above as well as academic employees such as Professors, corresponding to
317:
279:
255:
3653:
2470:"Confucianism and the Chinese Scholastic System: The Chinese Imperial Examination System"
71:(national government) employees are referred to as "civil servants" whereas employees of
3839:
3555:
The Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective: A Quest for Control
2673:
2526:
2477:
2021:
1935:
1931:
1305:
702:
686:
670:
275:
180:
106:
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3666:
The Politics of Efficiency: Municipal Administration and Reform in America, 1880–1920.
4031:
3834:
3819:
3790:
2828:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1915:
1706:
1262:
602:
375:
61:
3381:"Los funcionarios trabajarán 37,5 horas y su sueldo sigue congelado | Política"
3815:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1927:
1351:
739:
259:
235:
2795:"A institucionalização do concurso público no Brasil: uma análise sócio-histórica"
1820:
Civil servants in the devolved government in Northern Ireland are not part of the
226:
and recommendation. The first civil service examination system was established by
3553:
3500:
3455:
2756:
906:
provincial posts, while provincial services have some quota in federal services.
598:
3810:
3800:
3640:
Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–1883.
2498:
2281:
895:
735:
731:
467:
443:
356:
303:
251:
219:
195:
2880:
Pioneer Public Service: An Administrative History of United Canada, 1841–1867.
1287:, however some specific tasks of official nature are supposed to be handled by
140:
120:
2017 share of government employee compensation in public spending according to
17:
3805:
3043:
3031:"Civil Service Adoption in America: The Political Influence of City Employees"
1938:. But the political appointment of bureaucrats can run the risk of tolerating
1895:
283:
45:
3052:
2820:
2811:
2794:
1865:, the official selection office. They are allocated to departments, known as
734:
is the Imperial bureaucracy of China, which can be traced as far back as the
555:
Historians have explored the powerful role of civil service since the 1840s.
2405:"China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China"
2309:
2305:
1903:
1891:
563:
307:
239:
168:
152:
145:
68:
274:
In the 18th century, in response to economic changes and the growth of the
3730:
771:
in the Song period allowed many more examination candidates access to the
190:
Originally appointments to the bureaucracy were based on the patronage of
175:
The origin of the modern meritocratic civil service can be traced back to
3824:
2758:
In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke
1923:
1911:
1899:
768:
743:
487:
447:
222:(581–618), which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through
203:
3558:. Routledge Studies in Governance and Public Policy. London: Routledge.
717:
is the primary legislative framework for the Civil Service in Cambodia.
250:
and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms and
3892:
2987:
1978:
1247:
1136:
894:
and other civil-service posts; Pakistan inherited this system from the
763:
3460:. Vol. 11 (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 195.
3005:
1898:) can favour appointments to administrative positions on the basis of
1399:
915:
475:
451:
83:
3189:"L'emploi dans la fonction publique en 2012 – Insee Première – 1496"
3067:
827:. The civil services of India can be classified into two types—the
3719:
3239:. Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat. Archived from
1346:: higher civil service, including civil servant positions such as
1324:: senior civil service, including civil servant positions such as
802:
558:
In Canada, the civil service at the federal level is known as the
316:
151:
139:
115:
3616:
Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management.
355:
The report was well-timed, because bureaucratic chaos during the
3745:
3281:"Beihilfe für Richter gilt wie für Beamte – beihilferatgeber.de"
1912:
close relationships between political and administrative figures
1836:, which is associated with but separate from the Civil Service.
972:
746:
and the loss of civil authority during the late Tang period and
3749:
2675:
The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform
3724:
3409:
Statistics, David Matthews, Office for National (2011-09-14).
207:
would select candidates to take part in an examination of the
3002:"Louisiana State University Libraries – Federal Agency Index"
2380:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1140:), judges, and soldiers. They are employed by public bodies (
641:
local level. Although most federal agencies are based in the
3705:
Civil Service Abroad, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany
3217:
Index Gute Arbeit: Sonderauswertung Öffentlicher Dienst 2011
2986:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 12, 2008. Archived from
2376:"Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Service - OECD"
530:
The posts usually are ranked by titles, the most common are
3457:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192
2346:"UK Civil Service – Definitions – What is a Civil Servant?"
1379:
The civil service of Ireland includes the employees of the
144:
Imperial Civil Service Examination hall with 7500 cells in
3699:
White, Leonard D., Charles H. Bland, Walter R. Sharp, and
386:
which came close to toppling British rule in the country.
3660:
http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/civil-service-reform
2464:
2462:
789:
Hong Kong and Macau have separate civil service systems:
742:(960–1279). In response to the regional military rule of
242:. The system reached its apogee during the Song dynasty.
78:
The study of the civil service is a part of the field of
3614:
Brownlow, Louis, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick,
2702:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History
1291:
since they are subject to a special loyalty obligation.
701:. In executing this important role, each civil servant (
2952:"2012 Census of Governments: Employment Summary Report"
1869:(DGs), each covering one or more related policy areas.
730:
One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on
2923:"ENAP – Canadian governments compared > Provincial"
2876:
The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935–1957
3673:
Literature in the Public Service: Sublime Bureaucracy
3626:
In Praise of Bureaucracy: Weber, Organisation, Ethics
3483:
Members of higher social groups, such as senators or
312:
Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China
306:
of China. Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in
697:) of Cambodia is the policy implementing arm of the
3983:
3848:
3783:
3694:
Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.
3658:. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
2984:"Federal Government, Excluding the Postal Service"
2672:
2525:
1277:öffentlich-rechtliches Dienst- und Treueverhältnis
775:whose mastery was required for passing the exams.
3682:(Institute of Contemporary British History, 1995)
819:In India, civil servants are selected as per the
298:British efforts at reform were influenced by the
218:This system was reversed during the short-lived
109:, an independent expert body established by the
2474:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
2080:Civil Service of the People's Republic of China
1314:: medium-level civil service, corresponding to
886:(Federal Public Service Commission) conducts a
785:Civil Service of the People's Republic of China
823:. Civil servants serve at the pleasure of the
278:, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the
3761:
3029:Anzia, Sarah F.; Trounstine, Jessica (2024).
2957:. United States Census Bureau. 6 March 2014.
2671:Mark W. Huddleston, William W. Boyer (1996).
1709:employees such as those in education and the
566:. Ministers' exempt staff and members of the
328:, established in 1855 on his recommendations.
8:
4017:Civil service reform in developing countries
3438:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2899:. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.
2435:"Imperial China: Civil Service Examinations"
2036:Civil service reform in developing countries
3068:"Origins of Modern Civil Service in Brunei"
2704:. Princeton University Press. p. 142.
2532:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2326:2014 Veterans Health Administration scandal
1850:The European Civil Service administers the
1304:: ordinary civil service, corresponding to
3768:
3754:
3746:
3687:History of the United States Civil Service
3552:Peters, B. Guy; Pierre, Jon, eds. (2004).
3505:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 249.
2927:etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca
2897:"Population of the Federal Public Service"
1719:
1676:More recent figures can be found at SEAT.
1456:
1162:
981:
799:Secretariat for Administration and Justice
27:Non-elected branch of governmental service
3725:Brazilian Civil Servants official website
3042:
3004:. Lib.lsu.edu. 2009-09-15. Archived from
2810:
2625:Chapter 5: The Northcote–Trevelyan Report
1410:public service of the Republic of Ireland
584:Government employees in the United States
3158:"Local Government employment statistics"
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2602:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2316:Pay-for-Performance (Federal Government)
2272:Pay-for-Performance (Federal Government)
2156:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland
1375:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland
801:is responsible for the civil service in
159:(r. 581–604), who established the first
2761:. Indiana University Press. p. 6.
2337:
1969:Some governmental structures include a
1854:, of which the largest employer is the
1422:Civil Service of the Russian Federation
187:irrespective of their family pedigree.
101:. Specific referral can be made to the
3431:
2890:
2888:
2700:Kazin; Edwards; Rothman, eds. (2010).
2564:from the original on December 16, 2011
2241:New Zealand Public Service Departments
2171:Civil Service Commission (Isle of Man)
2129:Civil Service Commission (Philippines)
1926:much of the task of administering the
1142:Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts
427:first term as the nation's President.
103:International Civil Service Commission
3720:The UK Civil Service official website
3237:"Beschäftigte im öffentlichen Dienst"
3024:
3022:
2321:Pay for performance (human resources)
2068:Civil Service Commission (Somaliland)
1308:in the military, now largely obsolete
892:Central Superior Services of Pakistan
878:Central Superior Services of Pakistan
847:(UPSC). Additionally, there are also
843:(ESE) among others, conducted by the
44:is a collective term for a sector of
7:
3379:Calvo, Vera Gutiérrez (2011-12-30).
2356:from the original on 11 October 2019
1934:who continued the traditions of the
1279:). Most tasks can be either done by
621:The U.S. civil service includes the
522:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
3411:"Public Sector Employment, Q2 2011"
3078:from the original on 1 October 2022
2895:Government of Canada (2011-04-18).
2415:from the original on March 19, 2012
2161:Civil Service of the United Kingdom
2146:Civil Service of the European Union
2054:Civil Service Commission of Nigeria
1392:Office of the Revenue Commissioners
588:United States federal civil service
378:from 1858, after the demise of the
3991:National civil service commissions
2964:from the original on 28 March 2015
2878:(Oxford UP, 1982); J.E. Hodgetts,
2679:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
2447:from the original on April 1, 2011
2202:Civil service in the United States
1852:institutions of the European Union
607:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
396:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
390:and was adapted by members of the
25:
3655:Civil service reform: Topic guide
3601:The European Administrative Elite
3263:"State employees as of June 2013"
3035:American Political Science Review
2585:The Complete Works of Tang Xianzu
520:Foundation (which is part of the
2277:Pay for performance (healthcare)
2224:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
1693:His Majesty's Diplomatic Service
841:Engineering Services Examination
715:Common Statute of Civil Servants
161:civil service examination system
3572:from the original on 2020-07-29
3519:from the original on 2020-07-29
3474:from the original on 2020-02-28
3421:from the original on 2015-04-09
3391:from the original on 2014-08-23
3361:from the original on 2020-02-25
3291:from the original on 2015-11-22
3199:from the original on 2015-09-24
3170:from the original on 2015-09-23
3139:from the original on 2015-04-26
3110:from the original on 2020-02-20
2933:from the original on 2011-09-13
2903:from the original on 2016-06-22
2853:from the original on 2021-09-12
2775:from the original on 2016-05-12
2737:from the original on 2013-12-28
2653:from the original on 2012-01-04
2600:China and Historical Capitalism
2507:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
2386:from the original on 2019-08-05
2301:Civil Service Retirement System
2195:Minister responsible (Manitoba)
1894:systems of government (such as
1830:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
845:Union Public Service Commission
111:United Nations General Assembly
3738:New International Encyclopedia
2793:Maia, B. (30 September 2021).
1954:China (960–1279) standardised
1826:Northern Ireland Civil Service
1824:, but constitute the separate
1715:Office for National Statistics
1697:Northern Ireland Civil Service
1689:Civil Service (United Kingdom)
1297:are divided into four levels:
1261:). Beamte are prohibited from
534:for high school literates and
91:intergovernmental organization
60:, is a person employed in the
1:
3345:"El empleo público en España"
3098:"Handbook For Civil Servants"
3066:Yunos, Rozan (January 2010).
2178:Civil Service Restoration Act
1883:Civil control of the military
1271:have work contracts, whereas
1134:), appointed civil servants (
967:The civil service in France (
568:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
492:government-owned corporations
382:'s rule in India through the
289:Honourable East India Company
248:Nine Classics of Confucianism
3680:The Civil Service Since 1945
2843:"Concurso Público In Brazil"
2725:Walker, David (2003-07-09).
2647:"China: A Teaching Workbook"
2310:Federal Government Merit Pay
2107:Civil Services of Tamil Nadu
2102:Civil Service in early India
1328:and above, corresponding to
1206:government owned enterprises
752:economic revolution in China
699:Royal Government of Cambodia
163:in China; a painting by the
3129:"Résultats de la recherche"
2882:(U of Toronto Press, 1955).
2872:The Civil Service of Canada
438:) are those working in the
361:Her Majesty's Civil Service
334:Chancellor of the Exchequer
326:Her Majesty's Civil Service
291:established a college, the
4079:
2874:(1929); Jack Granatstein,
2799:Revista do Serviço Público
2755:Naithani, Sadhana (2006).
2528:A Concise History of China
2524:Roberts, J. A. G. (1999).
2134:Civil Service of Singapore
2124:Civil Services of Pakistan
2085:Civil Service of Hong Kong
2059:Rivers State Civil Service
2012:Civil service organisation
1876:
1873:Civil service independence
1843:
1686:
1419:
1372:
960:
947:New Zealand public service
944:
933:
875:
869:
858:
837:Civil Services Examination
812:
782:
662:
581:
548:
430:Civil servants in Brazil (
415:
349:Northcote–Trevelyan Report
293:East India Company College
29:
4058:Bureaucratic organization
4009:
3633:The Values of Bureaucracy
3609:Chinese Ideas in the West
3044:10.1017/S0003055424000431
2236:Australian Public Service
2119:Civil service in Malaysia
2038:e.g. Nigeria, Congo, etc.
2007:Civil service examination
1918:, for example, set their
1879:Central bank independence
1354:and above in the military
1316:non-commissioned officers
1122:Public Service in Germany
936:Australian Public Service
872:Civil service of Pakistan
706:
690:
4048:Civil service by country
4001:Civil service by country
2812:10.21874/rsp.v72.i3.4639
2440:. Princeton University.
2219:Civil service reform act
2207:Civil Service Commission
2190:Public Service of Canada
2166:Civil Service Commission
2151:Civil Service of Germany
2092:Bangladesh Civil Service
2002:Civil service commission
1971:civil service commission
1956:competitive examinations
1828:. Some employees of the
560:Public Service of Canada
551:Public Service of Canada
384:Indian Rebellion of 1857
365:Civil Service Commission
95:immunity of jurisdiction
3454:Boardman, John (2000).
3387:. Politica.elpais.com.
3285:www.beihilferatgeber.de
2649:. Columbia University.
2598:Brook, Timothy (1999).
2558:Encyclopædia Britannica
2554:"Chinese civil service"
2267:Performance-related pay
2253:Civil service in Brazil
2097:Civil Services of India
888:competitive examination
815:Civil Services of India
794:Hong Kong Civil Service
466:governments, including
418:Brazilian Civil Service
258:in 1905 as part of the
3996:Government occupations
3317:www.seap.minhap.gob.es
2870:R. MacGregor Dawson,
2114:Civil service of Japan
2049:Nigerian Civil Service
2029:By continent or region
1846:European Civil Service
1633:other public employees
1588:other public employees
1546:other public employees
1445:autonomous communities
1396:Office of Public Works
861:Civil service of Japan
833:Central Civil Services
674:
665:Civil Service (Brunei)
514:University of Brasília
506:
435:
372:Imperial Civil Service
329:
310:, China argued in his
172:
149:
124:
50:civil service official
4063:Justices of the peace
4053:Public administration
3830:Public administration
3732:"Civil Service"
2583:Xianzu, Tang (2018).
1887:Judicial independence
1834:HM Diplomatic Service
1330:commissioned officers
821:Constitution of India
572:Canadian Armed Forces
499:entrance examinations
374:, was implemented in
320:
300:imperial examinations
155:
143:
119:
3849:By country/territory
3243:on 11 September 2019
2214:Civil service reform
1867:Directorates-General
1381:Departments of State
1254:conscripted soldiers
1175:Municipal Government
963:French Civil Service
900:Indian Civil Service
612:political appointees
370:The same model, the
270:Modern civil service
246:memorization of the
224:written examinations
177:imperial examination
3701:Fritz Morstein Marx
3692:White, Leonard D.,
3352:www.seat.mpr.gob.es
2847:The Brazil Business
2627:. pp. 106–107.
2350:civilservant.org.uk
1856:European Commission
1770:Health & Social
1524:Health & Social
1469:Regional Government
1259:Besoldungsordnungen
1172:Regional Government
1127:Öffentlicher Dienst
1048:Health & Social
685:The Civil Service (
669:The Civil Service (
623:competitive service
436:servidores públicos
339:, commissioned Sir
304:meritocratic system
232:Emperor Yang of Sui
185:scholar-bureaucrats
30:For the album, see
3678:Theakston, Kevin,
3599:Armstrong, J. A.,
3537:Joachim Jens Hesse
3222:2017-12-06 at the
1822:Home Civil Service
1726:Central government
1466:Central Government
1441:central government
1169:Federal Government
1158:federal government
988:Central Government
829:All India Services
825:President of India
380:East India Company
341:Stafford Northcote
330:
324:, an architect of
228:Emperor Wen of Sui
209:Confucian classics
173:
157:Emperor Wen of Sui
150:
125:
52:, also known as a
4025:
4024:
3796:Government agency
3685:Van Riper, Paul.
3664:Schiesl, Martin,
3638:Hoogenboom, Ari,
3631:du Gay, P., ed.,
3226:DGB (PDF, German)
2768:978-0-253-34544-8
2623:Coolican (2018).
2480:on April 18, 2000
2289:Incentive program
2017:Community service
1932:elected officials
1930:, sidelining the
1818:
1817:
1674:
1673:
1245:
1244:
1113:
1112:
969:fonction publique
675:Perkhidmatan Awam
616:Hatch Act of 1939
490:, and workers in
345:Charles Trevelyan
337:William Gladstone
322:Charles Trevelyan
200:Emperor Wu of Han
122:Our World in Data
73:local authorities
16:(Redirected from
4070:
3963:Northern Ireland
3770:
3763:
3756:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3671:Sullivan, Ceri,
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3319:. Archived from
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3265:. Archived from
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3072:The Brunei Times
3063:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2892:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2849:. 24 July 2014.
2839:
2833:
2832:
2814:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2476:. Archived from
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2342:
2260:Pay and benefits
1997:Civic technology
1920:household slaves
1729:Local government
1720:
1703:local government
1457:
1359:Gehobener Dienst
1322:Gehobener Dienst
1312:Mittlerer Dienst
1302:Einfacher Dienst
1163:
1097:% Civil servants
991:Local Government
982:
882:In Pakistan the
756:scholar-official
711:Montrey Reachkar
708:
692:
643:Washington, D.C.
627:excepted service
507:concurso público
460:Federal District
450:branches of the
262:reform package.
213:nine-rank system
202:established the
21:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4005:
3979:
3844:
3779:
3774:
3729:
3716:
3589:
3587:Further reading
3584:
3575:
3573:
3566:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3513:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3224:Wayback Machine
3215:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3126:
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3107:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2921:
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2906:
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2894:
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2856:
2854:
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2836:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2724:
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2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
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2670:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2644:
2643:
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2622:
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2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2523:
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2518:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
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2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
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2374:
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2369:
2359:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2297:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2232:
2186:
2142:
2076:
2045:
2031:
2026:
1992:
1987:
1889:
1875:
1848:
1842:
1832:are members of
1699:
1687:Main articles:
1685:
1437:función pública
1429:
1424:
1418:
1377:
1371:
1340:in the military
1318:in the military
1186:State employees
1178:Social Security
1118:
965:
959:
954:
949:
943:
938:
932:
927:
912:
880:
874:
870:Main category:
868:
863:
857:
817:
811:
787:
781:
773:Confucian texts
728:
723:
683:
667:
661:
656:
631:Foreign Service
590:
582:Main articles:
580:
553:
547:
420:
414:
409:
404:
280:Office of Works
272:
256:Qing government
138:
133:
127:
58:public employee
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Public employee
15:
12:
11:
5:
4076:
4074:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4043:Civil services
4040:
4038:Civil servants
4030:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3975:European Union
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3958:United Kingdom
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3840:Public service
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3727:
3722:
3715:
3714:External links
3712:
3711:
3710:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3652:Rao, S. 2013.
3650:
3645:Mathur, P.N.,
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3565:978-1135996260
3564:
3543:
3530:Woodrow Wilson
3512:978-3899495874
3511:
3491:
3467:978-0521228046
3466:
3445:
3415:www.ons.gov.uk
3401:
3371:
3354:(in Spanish).
3336:
3301:
3272:
3269:on 2015-02-21.
3254:
3228:
3209:
3180:
3149:
3120:
3089:
3058:
3018:
2993:
2990:on 2009-01-14.
2975:
2943:
2914:
2884:
2863:
2834:
2805:(3): 663–684.
2785:
2767:
2747:
2717:
2710:
2692:
2686:978-0822974734
2685:
2663:
2645:Bodde, Derke.
2630:
2615:
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2027:
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2022:Public service
2019:
2014:
2009:
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1999:
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1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1936:Roman Republic
1916:Roman emperors
1874:
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1844:Main article:
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1449:municipalities
1428:
1425:
1420:Main article:
1417:
1414:
1405:Garda Síochána
1383:(excluded are
1373:Main article:
1370:
1367:
1363:Höherer Dienst
1356:
1355:
1344:Höherer Dienst
1341:
1319:
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1306:enlisted ranks
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748:Five Dynasties
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691:សេវាកម្មស៊ីវិល
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105:(ICSC) of the
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54:public servant
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3708:(1935) online
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3326:on 2015-06-21
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3008:on 2014-09-24
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2409:History Today
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1964:United States
1961:
1960:spoils system
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
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1707:Public sector
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1463:Employee type
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
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1447:, as well as
1446:
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1433:civil service
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842:
839:(CSE) or the
838:
834:
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797:
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792:
791:
790:
786:
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749:
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741:
737:
733:
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718:
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712:
707:មន្រ្តីរាជការ
704:
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647:
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638:
636:
632:
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624:
619:
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604:
603:spoils system
600:
596:
595:5 U.S.C.
589:
585:
578:United States
577:
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569:
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387:
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376:British India
373:
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353:
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335:
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197:
194:; During the
193:
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62:public sector
59:
55:
51:
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43:
42:civil service
36:
34:
33:Civil Service
19:
4013:
3816:Merit system
3776:
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3704:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3654:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3624:du Gay, P.,
3615:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3592:Albrow, M.,
3574:. Retrieved
3554:
3546:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3521:. Retrieved
3501:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3476:. Retrieved
3456:
3448:
3423:. Retrieved
3414:
3404:
3393:. Retrieved
3384:
3374:
3363:. Retrieved
3351:
3339:
3328:. Retrieved
3321:the original
3316:
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3267:the original
3257:
3247:11 September
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3231:
3212:
3201:. Retrieved
3193:www.insee.fr
3192:
3183:
3172:. Retrieved
3152:
3141:. Retrieved
3133:www.insee.fr
3132:
3123:
3112:. Retrieved
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3074:. Academia.
3071:
3061:
3034:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2996:
2988:the original
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2879:
2875:
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2855:. Retrieved
2846:
2837:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2777:. Retrieved
2757:
2750:
2739:. Retrieved
2731:The Guardian
2730:
2720:
2701:
2695:
2674:
2666:
2655:. Retrieved
2624:
2618:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2557:
2548:
2527:
2519:
2502:
2499:Paludan, Ann
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:the original
2449:. Retrieved
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2388:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
1968:
1952:Song-dynasty
1948:bribe-taking
1940:inefficiency
1890:
1860:
1849:
1819:
1700:
1678:
1675:
1453:
1436:
1430:
1403:
1400:police force
1378:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1281:Arbeitnehmer
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:Arbeitnehmer
1268:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1132:Arbeitnehmer
1131:
1125:
1121:
1119:
977:
968:
966:
919:constitution
913:
904:
881:
818:
788:
760:
740:Song dynasty
729:
714:
710:
694:
684:
668:
648:
639:
620:
614:. Under the
591:
557:
554:
540:
535:
531:
529:
526:
511:
496:
429:
421:
392:Commonwealth
388:
369:
354:
332:In 1853 the
331:
311:
297:
273:
264:
260:New Policies
244:
236:Tang dynasty
217:
189:
174:
126:
88:
77:
66:
57:
53:
49:
41:
39:
32:
3928:New Zealand
3811:Technocracy
3801:Bureaucracy
3606:Bodde, D.,
3594:Bureaucracy
2727:"Fair game"
2568:December 7,
2484:December 7,
2451:October 25,
2419:October 25,
2282:Pay to play
1705:employees.
1144:), such as
941:New Zealand
925:Australasia
896:British Raj
736:Qin dynasty
732:meritocracy
599:§ 2101
468:congressmen
444:legislative
357:Crimean War
302:system and
252:calligraphy
220:Sui dynasty
196:Han dynasty
192:aristocrats
179:founded in
167:and artist
4032:Categories
3984:Categories
3861:Bangladesh
3806:Bureaucrat
3576:2018-05-01
3523:2018-04-30
3478:2018-05-01
3425:2015-04-03
3395:2014-02-18
3365:2020-02-25
3330:2015-06-20
3295:2015-11-21
3203:2015-06-20
3174:2015-04-03
3143:2015-04-03
3114:2020-02-20
3012:2014-02-18
2968:8 December
2937:2011-07-27
2857:2021-09-12
2779:2015-10-14
2741:2003-07-09
2733:. London.
2657:2012-08-05
2390:2018-12-09
2360:5 November
2333:References
1944:corruption
1908:favoritism
1896:monarchies
1892:Autocratic
1877:See also:
1814:6,037,000
1797:2,031,000
1781:1,929,000
1475:University
1435:in Spain (
1385:government
1334:lieutenant
1146:counties (
532:technician
518:Cesgranrio
516:) and the
503:Portuguese
432:Portuguese
402:By country
284:Navy Board
171:(600–673).
165:chancellor
46:government
4014:See also:
3953:Sri Lanka
3948:Singapore
3881:Hong Kong
3856:Australia
3550:Compare:
3452:Compare:
3053:0003-0554
2829:247648128
2821:2357-8017
2306:Merit pay
1904:patronage
1811:1,565,000
1808:2,290,000
1805:2,182,000
1789:1,989,000
1778:1,565,000
1472:Municipal
1388:ministers
1326:Inspektor
1002:Education
930:Australia
650:degrees.
484:president
480:ministers
464:municipal
440:executive
308:Guangzhou
240:Wu Zetian
169:Yan Liben
146:Guangdong
3938:Pakistan
3923:Malaysia
3825:Diplomat
3784:Concepts
3570:Archived
3517:Archived
3472:Archived
3434:cite web
3419:Archived
3389:Archived
3356:Archived
3289:Archived
3220:Archived
3197:Archived
3165:Archived
3137:Archived
3105:Archived
3076:Archived
3037:: 1–17.
2959:Archived
2931:Archived
2901:Archived
2851:Archived
2773:Archived
2735:Archived
2651:Archived
2562:Archived
2501:(1998).
2442:Archived
2413:Archived
2384:Archived
2382:. 2005.
2354:Archived
1985:See also
1924:freedmen
1914:. Early
1900:nepotism
1765:193,000
1750:278,000
1723:Category
1460:Category
1263:striking
1241:5,733.8
1221:1,602.1
1201:4,171.7
1166:Category
1092:5,506.8
1075:2,147.1
1059:1,394.0
1012:1,360.6
985:Category
890:for the
866:Pakistan
831:and the
769:printing
764:copyists
744:jiedushi
681:Cambodia
625:and the
488:republic
472:senators
448:judicial
407:Americas
282:and the
204:xiaolian
136:In China
3933:Nigeria
3908:Ireland
3893:Germany
3741:. 1905.
3689:(1958).
3485:equites
3385:El País
3082:11 July
2907:25 June
2308: (
2230:Oceania
1990:General
1979:Orgburo
1962:in the
1910:, with
1775:364,000
1758:193,000
1755:Defence
1745:278,000
1504:Defence
1369:Ireland
1338:captain
1235:2,170.9
1232:2,501.5
1195:1,220.7
1192:2,114.4
1116:Germany
1083:2,441.8
1033:Defence
1005:1,360.6
779:Current
758:class.
726:History
536:analyst
486:of the
452:Federal
131:History
84:QUANGOs
35:(album)
3943:Russia
3898:Greece
3888:France
3871:Canada
3866:Brazil
3696:(1955)
3675:(2013)
3668:(1977)
3649:(1977)
3642:(1961)
3635:(2005)
3628:(2000)
3618:(1937)
3603:(1973)
3596:(1970)
3562:
3533:'s
3509:
3464:
3051:
2827:
2819:
2765:
2708:
2683:
2606:
2536:
2511:
2140:Europe
2043:Africa
1975:Stalin
1928:Empire
1885:, and
1792:42,000
1740:Police
1735:Total
1695:, and
1483:Police
1478:Total
1416:Russia
1402:, the
1394:, the
1295:Beamte
1289:Beamte
1285:Beamte
1273:Beamte
1249:Beamte
1181:Total
1156:, the
1154:states
1148:Kreise
1137:Beamte
1043:280.7
1028:324.4
1017:Police
997:Total
957:France
952:Europe
910:Taiwan
659:Brunei
633:, the
597:
545:Canada
482:, the
476:mayors
446:, and
412:Brazil
394:. The
148:, 1873
3918:Japan
3913:Italy
3903:India
3876:China
3359:(PDF)
3348:(PDF)
3324:(PDF)
3313:(PDF)
3168:(PDF)
3161:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3101:(PDF)
2962:(PDF)
2955:(PDF)
2825:S2CID
2445:(PDF)
2438:(PDF)
1802:Total
1786:Other
1670:2574
1655:Total
1626:1651
1608:Total
1581:1034
1563:Other
1427:Spain
1352:major
1332:from
1238:403.1
1229:698.4
1226:Total
1215:950.2
1212:387.1
1209:240.4
1198:378.6
1089:1,153
1086:1,912
1080:Total
1070:1,631
1067:516.1
1064:Other
1056:1,153
1036:280.7
1020:284.4
898:-era
855:Japan
809:India
803:Macau
721:China
703:Khmer
687:Khmer
671:Malay
564:crown
456:state
69:Crown
3560:ISBN
3507:ISBN
3462:ISBN
3440:link
3249:2019
3084:2022
3049:ISSN
2970:2014
2909:2016
2817:ISSN
2763:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2570:2011
2534:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2486:2011
2453:2011
2421:2011
2362:2019
2074:Asia
1942:and
1922:and
1906:and
1863:EPSO
1661:1307
1648:923
1603:753
1558:170
1539:321
1519:124
1499:172
1431:The
1361:and
1218:24.5
1120:The
973:SNCF
914:The
884:FPSC
654:Asia
586:and
363:. A
343:and
40:The
3039:doi
2807:doi
1977:'s
1711:NHS
1667:149
1664:548
1658:570
1642:330
1639:399
1636:119
1620:218
1617:908
1614:451
1597:330
1594:229
1591:119
1575:218
1572:562
1569:180
1551:170
1532:321
1510:124
1489:147
1412:).
1348:Rat
1336:to
1283:or
1189:458
1106:72%
1103:75%
1100:62%
1053:241
916:ROC
635:FBI
570:or
524:).
462:or
99:ILO
56:or
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