361:'s hermeneutical view of medicine, he focuses on medicine's common traits, regardless of empirical differences in both time and space. Medicalization and social control are viewed as distinct analytical dimensions that in practice may or may not overlap. Correia contends that the idea of "making things medical" needs to include all forms of medical knowledge in a global society, not simply those forms linked to the established (bio)medical professions. Looking at "knowledge", beyond the confines of professional boundaries, may help us understand the multiplicity of ways in which medicalization can exist in different times and societies, and allow contemporary societies to avoid such pitfalls as "demedicalization" (through a turn towards
615:, and masturbation ("self-abuse"), were originally considered as moral, then legal, and now medical problems. Innumerable other conditions such as obesity, smoking cigarettes, draft malingering, bachelorhood, divorce, unwanted pregnancy, kleptomania, and grief, have been declared diseases by medical and psychiatric authorities. Due to these perceptions, peculiar deviants were subjected to moral, then legal, and now medical modes of social control. Similarly, Conrad and Schneider concluded their review of the medicalization of deviance by identifying three major paradigms that have reigned over deviance designations in different historical periods: deviance as sin; deviance as crime; and deviance as sickness.
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275:(2004), the expansion of medical social control is being justified as a means of explaining deviance. These sociologists viewed medicalization as a form of social control in which medical authority expanded into domains of everyday existence, and they rejected medicalization in the name of liberation. This critique was embodied in works such as Conrad's article "The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on medicalization of deviance", published in 1973 (
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243:". Since medicalization is the social process through which a condition becomes a medical disease in need of treatment, medicalization may be viewed as a benefit to human society. According to this view, the identification of a condition as a disease will lead to the treatment of certain symptoms and conditions, which will improve overall quality of life.
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also help many people live their lives. Even scholars who critique the societal implications of brand-name drugs generally remain open to these drugs' curative effects – a far cry from earlier calls for a revolution against the biomedical establishment. The emphasis in many quarters has come to be on
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campaign. These publications exposed abuse of epidemiology and statistics by public health authorities and organizations to support lifestyle interventions and screening programs. Inculcating a fear of ill-health and a strong notion of individual responsibility has been derided as "health fascism" by
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Inappropriate medicalisation carries the dangers of unnecessary labelling, poor treatment decisions, iatrogenic illness, and economic waste, as well as the opportunity costs that result when resources are diverted away from treating or preventing more serious disease. At a deeper level it may help to
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direct to doctors and other healthcare professionals. Examples of this direct marketing are visits by salespeople, funding of journals, training courses or conferences, incentives for prescribing, and the routine provision of "information" written by the pharmaceutical company. The role of patients
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Scholars argue that in the late 20th century transformation within the health sector in the US altered the relationship between people in the healthcare sector. This has been attributed to the commodification of healthcare and the role of parties other than doctors such as insurance companies, the
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Medicalization has brought health issues to the fore, so people think more and more about things in terms of health and act to promote health. When it comes to health issues, medicine is not the only provider of answers, but there have always been alternatives and competitors. At the same time as
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of the 1970s, but now there is "virtually no resistance to the advance of government intrusion in lifestyle if it is deemed to be justified in terms of public health." Moreover, the pressure for medicalization now comes from society itself as well as from the government and medical professionals.
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and his followers, whose approach pointed out the role of psychiatric institutions in the control and medicalization of deviant behaviors and social problems, psychiatry is used as the provider of scientific support for social control to the existing establishment, and the ensuing standards of
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These sociologists did not believe medicalization to be a new phenomenon, arguing that medical authorities had always been concerned with social behavior and traditionally functioned as agents of social control (Foucault, 1965; Szasz,1970; Rosen). However, these authors took the view that
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swallows up everything human on the seemingly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of health and medicine, just as the theological state had swallowed up everything human on the perfectly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of God and religion".
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campaigns have been criticized as a form of "healthism", which is moralistic in nature rather than primarily focused on health. Medical doctors Petr
Shkrabanek and James McCormick wrote a series of publications on this topic in the late 1980s and early 1990s criticizing the UK's
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warned of inappropriate medicalization leading to disease mongering, where the boundaries of the definition of illnesses are expanded to include personal problems as medical problems or risks of diseases are emphasized to broaden the market for medications. The authors noted:
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Tiago
Correia (2017) offers an alternative perspective on medicalization. He argues that medicalization needs to be detached from biomedicine to overcome much of the criticism it has faced, and to protect its value in contemporary sociological debates. Building on
365:) on the one hand, or the over-rapid and unregulated adoption of biomedical medicine in non-western societies on the other. The challenge is to determine what medical knowledge is present, and how it is being used to medicalize behaviors and symptoms.
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encourages patients to ask for particular drugs by name, thereby creating a conversation between consumer and drug company that threatens to cut the doctor out of the loop. Additionally, there is a widespread concern regarding the extent of the
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rather than other interventions. Other components are computerization of parts of healthcare such as public health, the creation of a "biopolitical economy" of private research outside of state, the perception of health as a moral obligation.
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Several decades on the definition of medicalization is complicated, if for no other reason than because the term is so widely used. Many contemporary critics position pharmaceutical companies in the space once held by doctors as the supposed
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and poverty, and instead presented health as an individual issue. Others examined the power and prestige of the medical profession, including the use of terminology to mystify and of professional rules to exclude or subordinate others.
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deviance and normality brought about repressive views of discrete social groups. As scholars have long argued, governmental and medical institutions code menaces to authority as mental diseases during political disturbances.
225:, patients, and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of health and illness. Once a condition is classified as medical, a
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and
English (1978) argued that women's bodies were being medicalized by the predominantly male medical profession. Menstruation and pregnancy had come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such as
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feed unhealthy obsessions with health, obscure or mystify sociological or political explanations for health problems, and focus undue attention on pharmacological, individualised, or privatised solutions.
214:, or treatment. Medicalization can be driven by new evidence or hypotheses about conditions; by changing social attitudes or economic considerations; or by the development of new medications or treatments.
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Others, however, argue that in practice the process of medicalization tends to strip subjects of their social context, so they come to be understood in terms of the prevailing biomedical
566:) have "been accusing psychiatry of engaging in the systematic medicalization of normality". More recently these concerns have come from insiders who have worked for and promoted the
322:, whereby the idea of aging and dying as medical illnesses effectively "medicalized" human life and left individuals and societies less able to deal with these "natural" processes.
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increasingly sophisticated technology had extended the potential reach of medicalization as a form of social control, especially in terms of "psychotechnology" (Chorover,1973).
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The concept of medicalization was devised by sociologists to explain how medical knowledge is applied to behaviors which are not self-evidently medical or biological. The term
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medicalization, "paramedicalization" has strengthened: also many treatments for which there is no medical basis, at least for now, are popular and commercially successful.
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433:. This includes masturbation, homosexuality, erectile dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction. Medicalization has also been used to justify sexualisation of
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has also faced medicalization, being deemed damaging to health and requiring regulation or enhancement through drugs, technologies or therapy. Specifically,
1054:"Still resisting after all these years: an update on sexuo-medicalization and on the New View Campaign to challenge the medicalization of women's sexuality"
2393:
584:, the father of American psychiatry, claimed that Black people had black skin because they were ill with hereditary leprosy. Consequently, he considered
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1317:
Godderis, Rebecca (2011-09-01). "Iterative
Generation of Diagnostic Categories Through Production and Practice: The Case of Postpartum Depression".
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put forth one of the earliest uses of the term "medicalization". Illich, a philosopher, argued that the medical profession harms people through
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and human physiology. The practice of medicalizing sexuality has been widely criticized, with one of the most common criticisms being that the
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306:, a process in which illness and social problems increase due to medical intervention. Illich saw iatrogenesis occurring on three levels: the
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pharmaceutical industry, and the government, referred to collectively as countervailing powers. The doctor remains an authority figure who
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720:, resulting in a disregard for overarching social causes such as unequal distribution of power and resources. A series of publications by
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In response to theory based on medicalisation being insufficient to explain social processes, some scholars have developed a concept of
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in this economy has also changed. Once regarded as passive victims of medicalization, patients can now occupy active positions as
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has criticized the diagnosis as the medicalization of normal human behavior. Other medicalized aspects of women's health include
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2034:"Medicine as a corporate enterprise, patient welfare centered profession, or patient welfare centered professional enterprise?"
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318:, whereby the general public is made docile and reliant on the medical profession to cope with life in their society; and the
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Carole S. Vance "Anthropology
Rediscovers Sexuality: A Theoretical Comment." Social Science and Medicine 33 (8) 875-884 1991
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Offman A, Kleinplatz PJ (2004). Does PMDD Belong in the DSM? Challenging the
Medicalization of Women's Bodies.
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was once considered a natural part of the aging process in men, but has since been medicalized as a problem,
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1208:"The Medicalization of Infant Feeding in the United States and New Zealand: Two Countries, One Experience"
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of medicalization. Titles such as "The making of a disease" or "Sex, drugs, and marketing" critique the
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Many aspects of human sexuality have been medicalized and pathologised by psychiatry, psychology and the
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and other tenets of medicalisation, individualism and naturalism, generally fail to take into account
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909:(October 1975). "The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on the medicalization of deviant behavior".
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which argues that technical and scientific interventions are transforming medicine. One aspect is
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The
Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders
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some scholars as it objectifies the individual without considering emotional or social factors.
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2015:
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Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing
Populism: Pedagogies for the Renewal of Democratic Education
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981:"Revisiting Medicalization: A Critique of the Assumptions of What Counts As Medical Knowledge"
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The Loss of
Sadness: How Psychiatry Has Transformed Normal Sadness into Depressive Disorder.
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2364:(2003). "The evolution of the concept of medicalization in the late twentieth century".
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is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as
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society. They argued that medicine disguised the underlying causes of disease, such as
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1155:"The margins of medicalization: Diversity and context through the case of infertility"
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According to Mike
Fitzpatrick, resistance to medicalization was a common theme of the
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or drug companies and highlight that the same drugs that are allegedly used to treat
700:. At the same time, others reject as implausible any suggestion that society rejects
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2011:
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491:(also known as Prozac) was being repackaged as a PMDD therapy under the trade named
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Filc D (September 2004). "The medical text: between biomedicine and hegemony".
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American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
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We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
2587:
2285:"Quaternary prevention, an answer of family doctors to overmedicalization"
2133:
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According to Kittrie, a number of phenomena considered "deviant", such as
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Aggleton, Peter; Parker, Richard Bordeaux; Barbosa, Regina Maria (2000).
755:
717:
585:
454:
442:
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326:
1970:
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Framing the sexual subject: the politics of gender, sexuality, and power
325:
The concept of medicalization dovetailed with some aspects of the 1970s
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Surhone, Lambert M; Tennoe, Mariam T; Henssonow, Susan F, eds. (2010).
1938:
737:
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341:
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such as Vicente Navarro (1980) linked medicalization to an oppressive
1728:"Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering"
2371:
922:
2820:
2131:, in Cockerham, William C; Dingwall, Robert; Quah, Stella (eds.),
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284:
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allegedly caused from the 1980s a "profound re-medicalization of
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453:, surveillance, and increased funding in some research areas of
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2824:
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2375:
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for shunting everyday problems into the domain of professional
1780:
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1732:
1585:
The therapeutic community movement: charisma and routinization
372:
255:
entered the sociology literature in the 1970s in the works of
713:"overmedicalization" rather than "medicalization" in itself.
287:
was used to pacify children in ancient Egypt before 2000 BC.
514:
Although it has received less attention, it is claimed that
445:. The medicalization of sexuality has resulted in increased
210:, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis,
1726:
Moynihan, Ray; Heath, Iona; Henry, David (13 April 2002).
1403:"The New Virility: Viagra, Male Aging and Sexual Function"
279:
was the term then used to describe what we might now call
1262:"The Medicalization of Birth and Midwifery as Resistance"
740:. However, in some countries, such as the US, ubiquitous
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1890:"The making of a disease: female sexual dysfunction"
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For many years, marginalized psychiatrists (such as
3334:
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2108:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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487:(PMDD) has caused some controversy when
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314:worse than the original condition; the
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101:
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1939:"Editorial: Sex, Drugs, and Marketing"
1802:
1800:
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363:complementary and alternative medicine
2070:
2068:
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1401:Marshall, Barbara L. (July 1, 2006).
7:
3009:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
1015:Štulhofer, Aleksandar (2015-04-20).
233:. Medicalization may also be termed
3014:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
2780:Works about unnecessary health care
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1861:Zembylas, Michalinos (2021-05-06).
1777:Fitzpatrick, Michael (2002-01-04).
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221:in terms of the role and power of
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568:American Psychiatric Association
441:people and those diagnosed with
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1943:The American Journal of Nursing
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562:) and outside critics (such as
485:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
229:tends to be used in place of a
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2871:Controversies about psychiatry
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769:, the influence of the use of
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1:
3044:Learning Disability Coalition
2938:Political abuse of psychiatry
2688:Political abuse of psychiatry
2337:University of Minnesota Press
1159:Social Science & Medicine
1017:"Medicalization of sexuality"
267:, among others. According to
3069:Rehabilitation International
3004:Autism Network International
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2240:"The medicalization of life"
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1224:10.1177/089033449401000125
804:Interventionism (medicine)
634:
422:
329:movement. Critics such as
94:Social model of disability
3357:
3054:MindFreedom International
2866:Biopsychiatry controversy
2245:Journal of Medical Ethics
1370:Medicalized masculinities
1331:10.1007/s11013-011-9232-0
1070:10.1080/14681991003649495
588:as a "spontaneous cure".
3314:Madness and Civilization
3304:Liberation by Oppression
2227:Oxford University Press.
1937:Mason, Diana J. (2003).
1746:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.886
1640:The Theology of Medicine
1550:Metzl, Jonathan (2010).
1419:10.1177/1363460706065057
747:pharmaceutical marketing
641:A 2002 editorial in the
465:factors contributing to
2943:Positive disintegration
2881:Hearing Voices Movement
2619:Unnecessary health care
1906:10.1136/bmj.326.7379.45
1810:Issues In Public Health
1617:. Johns Hopkins Press.
1001:10.3389/fsoc.2017.00014
979:Correia, Tiago (2017).
728:capitalist enterprise.
694:pharmaceutical industry
644:British Medical Journal
524:late-onset hypogonadism
459:biological reductionism
431:pharmaceutical industry
3389:Social constructionism
3274:Anatomy of an Epidemic
3029:Hearing Voices Network
2901:Martha Mitchell effect
2891:Involuntary commitment
2460:Shared decision making
2339:. pp. 184 pages.
2304:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.24
2234:Yale University Press.
1693:The Independent Review
1582:Manning, Nick (1989).
952:Helman, Cecil (2007).
684:
655:
219:sociologic perspective
74:Shared decision making
3384:Medical controversies
3344:The Radical Therapist
3339:The Protest Psychosis
2978:Therapeutic community
2953:Psychoanalytic theory
2896:Involuntary treatment
2729:Proton-pump inhibitor
2678:Quaternary prevention
2658:Unwarranted variation
2112:) CS1 maint: others (
1638:Thomas Szasz (1977),
1508:Thomas Szasz (1970),
843:White, Kevin (2002).
767:pharmaceuticalization
682:
635:Further information:
509:postpartum depression
2928:Nouthetic counseling
2749:Tools and situations
2697:Overused health care
2673:Prescription cascade
2535:Medical Anthropology
2480:Health professionals
1023:. pp. 721–817.
849:. SAGE. p. 42.
771:pharmaceutical drugs
722:Mens Sana Monographs
668:Health of The Nation
520:erectile dysfunction
310:, involving serious
2968:Rosenhan experiment
2963:Rhetoric of therapy
2876:Critical psychiatry
2771:Withdrawal syndrome
2719:Opioid use disorder
2434:Medical paternalism
2129:"Biomedicalization"
736:pharmaceuticals to
495:. The psychologist
239:or (pejoratively) "
3319:Radical Psychology
3294:Doctoring the Mind
2999:Aspies For Freedom
2795:The Treatment Trap
2668:Overmedicalization
2653:Defensive medicine
2258:10.1136/jme.1.2.73
2171:Paramedicalization
1094:– via EBSCO.
958:. London: Arnold.
685:
539:feminist movements
208:medical conditions
3379:Medical sociology
3366:
3365:
3360:Psychiatry portal
3324:The Gene Illusion
3228:Elizabeth Packard
3188:Peter C. Gøtzsche
3173:Leonard Roy Frank
3113:Giorgio Antonucci
2818:
2817:
2809:Overdosed America
2724:Psychoactive drug
2709:Antibiotic misuse
2683:Disease mongering
2585:
2584:
2488:Hidden curriculum
2403:Medical sociology
2180:978-613-3-08893-1
2150:978-1-118-41086-8
2087:978-1-119-63380-8
1874:978-1-108-83840-5
1847:978-1-135-07214-8
1820:978-0-335-24422-5
1790:978-1-134-56346-3
1740:(7342): 886–891.
1563:978-0-8070-8592-9
763:biomedicalization
624:therapeutic state
483:The diagnosis of
474:HIV/AIDS pandemic
451:disease mongering
416:
415:
394:. Please help to
386:This section may
350:social inequality
294:In the 1975 book
283:). Nevertheless,
241:disease mongering
201:
200:
43:Medical sociology
16:(Redirected from
3401:
3218:Joanna Moncrieff
3078:Paranoia Network
2845:
2838:
2831:
2822:
2802:Selling Sickness
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2577:Patient advocacy
2509:Labelling theory
2465:Informed consent
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2366:J Hist Behav Sci
2358:
2325:
2315:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2220:
2208:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2099:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1689:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1464:(54(505)): 645.
1447:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1281:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
985:
976:
970:
969:
949:
943:
942:
903:
897:
896:
871:Cassell, Eric J.
867:
861:
860:
840:
798:
793:
792:
497:Peggy Kleinplatz
411:
408:
381:
380:
373:
193:
186:
179:
165:
164:
84:Labelling theory
30:
21:
18:Public healthism
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3353:
3289:Crazy Therapies
3269:Against Therapy
3257:
3253:Robert Whitaker
3248:Stephen Ticktin
3183:James Gottstein
3168:Michel Foucault
3153:Judi Chamberlin
3148:Ted Chabasinski
3133:Richard Bentall
3128:Lauretta Bender
3118:Franco Basaglia
3096:
2982:
2854:
2852:Anti-psychiatry
2849:
2819:
2814:
2775:
2761:Choosing Wisely
2744:
2692:
2648:Fee-for-service
2621:
2616:
2586:
2581:
2560:
2551:Talcott Parsons
2539:
2530:Social medicine
2513:
2492:
2474:
2443:
2405:
2400:
2347:
2328:
2287:
2282:
2237:
2217:
2197:
2194:
2192:Further reading
2189:
2188:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2100:
2088:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1900:(7379): 45–47.
1887:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1687:
1683:(Spring 2001).
1679:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1014:
1013:
1009:
983:
978:
977:
973:
966:
951:
950:
946:
905:
904:
900:
885:
869:
868:
864:
857:
842:
841:
837:
832:
794:
787:
784:
677:
660:
639:
637:Labeling theory
633:
631:Labeling theory
593:Franco Basaglia
548:
535:anti-psychiatry
467:human sexuality
427:
421:
412:
406:
403:
382:
378:
371:
249:
236:pathologization
197:
148:Social medicine
112:Talcott Parsons
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Mad in America
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Sascha Scatter
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:Erving Goffman
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Icarus Project
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Recovery model
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2911:Medicalization
2908:
2906:Medical ethics
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Overmedication
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2556:Eliot Freidson
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2518:Related fields
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2417:Medicalization
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2346:978-1517907433
2345:
2326:
2280:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2161:
2149:
2119:
2086:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2006:(6): 1275–85.
1990:
1929:
1880:
1873:
1853:
1846:
1826:
1819:
1796:
1789:
1769:
1718:
1700:(4): 485–521.
1672:
1665:
1645:
1630:
1623:
1601:
1594:
1569:
1562:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1500:
1485:
1439:
1413:(3): 345–362.
1393:
1378:
1360:
1309:
1252:
1198:
1145:
1132:
1123:
1115:
1097:
1064:(2): 189–196.
1044:
1037:
1007:
971:
964:
944:
923:10.2307/799624
898:
883:
862:
855:
834:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
799:
796:Society portal
783:
780:
710:societal norms
676:
673:
659:
656:
632:
629:
605:drug addiction
572:Robert Spitzer
564:Stuart A. Kirk
547:
544:
531:gay liberation
447:social control
423:Main article:
420:
417:
414:
413:
398:. Discuss and
385:
383:
376:
370:
367:
336:hysterectomies
253:medicalization
248:
245:
204:Medicalization
199:
198:
196:
195:
188:
181:
173:
170:
169:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
137:
136:
135:Related topics
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
117:Eliot Freidson
114:
106:
105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
65:
64:
57:Medicalization
51:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3406:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Peter Lehmann
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Jacques Lacan
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Peter Breggin
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Ernest Becker
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:Organizations
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2921:medical model
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Deprescribing
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2740:incidentaloma
2738:treatment of
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Overdiagnosis
2641:
2639:
2638:Overscreening
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Mental health
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2362:Robert A. Nye
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2335:. Minnesota:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:9780801892349
2212:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2199:Conrad, Peter
2196:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
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