350:'s hermeneutical view of medicine, he focuses on medicine's common traits, regardless of empirical differences in both time and space. Medicalization and social control are viewed as distinct analytical dimensions that in practice may or may not overlap. Correia contends that the idea of "making things medical" needs to include all forms of medical knowledge in a global society, not simply those forms linked to the established (bio)medical professions. Looking at "knowledge", beyond the confines of professional boundaries, may help us understand the multiplicity of ways in which medicalization can exist in different times and societies, and allow contemporary societies to avoid such pitfalls as "demedicalization" (through a turn towards
604:, and masturbation ("self-abuse"), were originally considered as moral, then legal, and now medical problems. Innumerable other conditions such as obesity, smoking cigarettes, draft malingering, bachelorhood, divorce, unwanted pregnancy, kleptomania, and grief, have been declared diseases by medical and psychiatric authorities. Due to these perceptions, peculiar deviants were subjected to moral, then legal, and now medical modes of social control. Similarly, Conrad and Schneider concluded their review of the medicalization of deviance by identifying three major paradigms that have reigned over deviance designations in different historical periods: deviance as sin; deviance as crime; and deviance as sickness.
669:
264:(2004), the expansion of medical social control is being justified as a means of explaining deviance. These sociologists viewed medicalization as a form of social control in which medical authority expanded into domains of everyday existence, and they rejected medicalization in the name of liberation. This critique was embodied in works such as Conrad's article "The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on medicalization of deviance", published in 1973 (
152:
368:
779:
232:". Since medicalization is the social process through which a condition becomes a medical disease in need of treatment, medicalization may be viewed as a benefit to human society. According to this view, the identification of a condition as a disease will lead to the treatment of certain symptoms and conditions, which will improve overall quality of life.
701:
also help many people live their lives. Even scholars who critique the societal implications of brand-name drugs generally remain open to these drugs' curative effects – a far cry from earlier calls for a revolution against the biomedical establishment. The emphasis in many quarters has come to be on
659:
campaign. These publications exposed abuse of epidemiology and statistics by public health authorities and organizations to support lifestyle interventions and screening programs. Inculcating a fear of ill-health and a strong notion of individual responsibility has been derided as "health fascism" by
641:
Inappropriate medicalisation carries the dangers of unnecessary labelling, poor treatment decisions, iatrogenic illness, and economic waste, as well as the opportunity costs that result when resources are diverted away from treating or preventing more serious disease. At a deeper level it may help to
738:
direct to doctors and other healthcare professionals. Examples of this direct marketing are visits by salespeople, funding of journals, training courses or conferences, incentives for prescribing, and the routine provision of "information" written by the pharmaceutical company. The role of patients
720:
Scholars argue that in the late 20th century transformation within the health sector in the US altered the relationship between people in the healthcare sector. This has been attributed to the commodification of healthcare and the role of parties other than doctors such as insurance companies, the
766:
Medicalization has brought health issues to the fore, so people think more and more about things in terms of health and act to promote health. When it comes to health issues, medicine is not the only provider of answers, but there have always been alternatives and competitors. At the same time as
530:
of the 1970s, but now there is "virtually no resistance to the advance of government intrusion in lifestyle if it is deemed to be justified in terms of public health." Moreover, the pressure for medicalization now comes from society itself as well as from the government and medical professionals.
584:
and his followers, whose approach pointed out the role of psychiatric institutions in the control and medicalization of deviant behaviors and social problems, psychiatry is used as the provider of scientific support for social control to the existing establishment, and the ensuing standards of
279:
These sociologists did not believe medicalization to be a new phenomenon, arguing that medical authorities had always been concerned with social behavior and traditionally functioned as agents of social control (Foucault, 1965; Szasz,1970; Rosen). However, these authors took the view that
615:
swallows up everything human on the seemingly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of health and medicine, just as the theological state had swallowed up everything human on the perfectly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of God and religion".
654:
campaigns have been criticized as a form of "healthism", which is moralistic in nature rather than primarily focused on health. Medical doctors Petr
Shkrabanek and James McCormick wrote a series of publications on this topic in the late 1980s and early 1990s criticizing the UK's
636:
warned of inappropriate medicalization leading to disease mongering, where the boundaries of the definition of illnesses are expanded to include personal problems as medical problems or risks of diseases are emphasized to broaden the market for medications. The authors noted:
345:
Tiago
Correia (2017) offers an alternative perspective on medicalization. He argues that medicalization needs to be detached from biomedicine to overcome much of the criticism it has faced, and to protect its value in contemporary sociological debates. Building on
354:) on the one hand, or the over-rapid and unregulated adoption of biomedical medicine in non-western societies on the other. The challenge is to determine what medical knowledge is present, and how it is being used to medicalize behaviors and symptoms.
3337:
733:
encourages patients to ask for particular drugs by name, thereby creating a conversation between consumer and drug company that threatens to cut the doctor out of the loop. Additionally, there is a widespread concern regarding the extent of the
762:
rather than other interventions. Other components are computerization of parts of healthcare such as public health, the creation of a "biopolitical economy" of private research outside of state, the perception of health as a moral obligation.
676:
Several decades on the definition of medicalization is complicated, if for no other reason than because the term is so widely used. Many contemporary critics position pharmaceutical companies in the space once held by doctors as the supposed
341:
and poverty, and instead presented health as an individual issue. Others examined the power and prestige of the medical profession, including the use of terminology to mystify and of professional rules to exclude or subordinate others.
2982:
585:
deviance and normality brought about repressive views of discrete social groups. As scholars have long argued, governmental and medical institutions code menaces to authority as mental diseases during political disturbances.
214:, patients, and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of health and illness. Once a condition is classified as medical, a
322:
and
English (1978) argued that women's bodies were being medicalized by the predominantly male medical profession. Menstruation and pregnancy had come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such as
642:
feed unhealthy obsessions with health, obscure or mystify sociological or political explanations for health problems, and focus undue attention on pharmacological, individualised, or privatised solutions.
203:, or treatment. Medicalization can be driven by new evidence or hypotheses about conditions; by changing social attitudes or economic considerations; or by the development of new medications or treatments.
705:
Others, however, argue that in practice the process of medicalization tends to strip subjects of their social context, so they come to be understood in terms of the prevailing biomedical
555:) have "been accusing psychiatry of engaging in the systematic medicalization of normality". More recently these concerns have come from insiders who have worked for and promoted the
311:, whereby the idea of aging and dying as medical illnesses effectively "medicalized" human life and left individuals and societies less able to deal with these "natural" processes.
1196:
280:
increasingly sophisticated technology had extended the potential reach of medicalization as a form of social control, especially in terms of "psychotechnology" (Chorover,1973).
240:
The concept of medicalization was devised by sociologists to explain how medical knowledge is applied to behaviors which are not self-evidently medical or biological. The term
3322:
179:
767:
medicalization, "paramedicalization" has strengthened: also many treatments for which there is no medical basis, at least for now, are popular and commercially successful.
3080:
2598:
2098:
2921:
422:. This includes masturbation, homosexuality, erectile dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction. Medicalization has also been used to justify sexualisation of
507:
has also faced medicalization, being deemed damaging to health and requiring regulation or enhancement through drugs, technologies or therapy. Specifically,
1043:"Still resisting after all these years: an update on sexuo-medicalization and on the New View Campaign to challenge the medicalization of women's sexuality"
2382:
573:, the father of American psychiatry, claimed that Black people had black skin because they were ill with hereditary leprosy. Consequently, he considered
2831:
1306:
Godderis, Rebecca (2011-09-01). "Iterative
Generation of Diagnostic Categories Through Production and Practice: The Case of Postpartum Depression".
2048:
2022:
2035:
1445:
172:
291:
put forth one of the earliest uses of the term "medicalization". Illich, a philosopher, argued that the medical profession harms people through
2692:
797:
446:
and human physiology. The practice of medicalizing sexuality has been widely criticized, with one of the most common criticisms being that the
351:
295:, a process in which illness and social problems increase due to medical intervention. Illich saw iatrogenesis occurring on three levels: the
2591:
2167:
2137:
2074:
1861:
1834:
1807:
1777:
1550:
3382:
2997:
721:
pharmaceutical industry, and the government, referred to collectively as countervailing powers. The doctor remains an authority figure who
2320:
709:, resulting in a disregard for overarching social causes such as unequal distribution of power and resources. A series of publications by
3002:
750:
In response to theory based on medicalisation being insufficient to explain social processes, some scholars have developed a concept of
2961:
2333:
165:
62:
378:
3027:
2203:
1653:
1611:
1582:
1523:
1103:
1025:
952:
871:
843:
3075:
739:
in this economy has also changed. Once regarded as passive victims of medicalization, patients can now occupy active positions as
2584:
556:
488:
has criticized the diagnosis as the medicalization of normal human behavior. Other medicalized aspects of women's health include
3377:
3287:
3070:
3012:
2023:"Medicine as a corporate enterprise, patient welfare centered profession, or patient welfare centered professional enterprise?"
807:
473:
388:
307:, whereby the general public is made docile and reliant on the medical profession to cope with life in their society; and the
3372:
2936:
2859:
2621:
1366:
730:
1119:
Carole S. Vance "Anthropology
Rediscovers Sexuality: A Theoretical Comment." Social Science and Medicine 33 (8) 875-884 1991
3032:
2926:
2824:
2676:
2325:
560:
3057:
2992:
2894:
3146:
3047:
3007:
2904:
2874:
2864:
2702:
2443:
2410:
413:
215:
57:
50:
2375:
3367:
3317:
3307:
3226:
3052:
2754:
2368:
2187:
2102:
895:
792:
249:
219:
155:
110:
82:
23:
3042:
2854:
2233:
451:
3302:
3292:
3241:
2817:
1128:
Offman A, Kleinplatz PJ (2004). Does PMDD Belong in the DSM? Challenging the
Medicalization of Women's Bodies.
735:
969:
511:
was once considered a natural part of the aging process in men, but has since been medicalized as a problem,
2931:
2869:
2607:
1143:
682:
632:
512:
447:
419:
3262:
3191:
3017:
2889:
2879:
2448:
1681:
1197:"The Medicalization of Infant Feeding in the United States and New Zealand: Two Countries, One Experience"
681:
of medicalization. Titles such as "The making of a disease" or "Sex, drugs, and marketing" critique the
418:
Many aspects of human sexuality have been medicalized and pathologised by psychiatry, psychology and the
384:
3332:
3327:
2966:
2941:
2884:
2717:
2666:
2646:
2273:
497:
265:
2117:
668:
450:
and other tenets of medicalisation, individualism and naturalism, generally fail to take into account
3221:
3176:
3062:
2916:
2661:
2523:
2427:
710:
694:
508:
77:
2956:
2951:
2759:
2707:
2468:
2422:
2350:
759:
200:
898:(October 1975). "The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on the medicalization of deviant behavior".
754:
which argues that technical and scientific interventions are transforming medicine. One aspect is
3282:
2987:
2783:
2656:
2641:
2194:
The
Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders
2092:
1955:
1411:
1339:
1288:
1224:
1070:
915:
347:
319:
196:
1391:
660:
some scholars as it objectifies the individual without considering emotional or social factors.
1042:
3348:
3312:
3216:
3161:
3101:
2797:
2712:
2697:
2671:
2476:
2391:
2339:
2329:
2306:
2260:
2199:
2163:
2133:
2080:
2070:
2004:
1963:
1947:
1908:
1857:
1853:
Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing
Populism: Pedagogies for the Renewal of Democratic Education
1830:
1803:
1773:
1748:
1690:
1649:
1607:
1578:
1546:
1519:
1464:
1372:
1362:
1331:
1323:
1280:
1272:
1216:
1171:
1163:
1099:
1062:
1021:
970:"Revisiting Medicalization: A Critique of the Assumptions of What Counts As Medical Knowledge"
948:
923:
877:
867:
839:
612:
527:
462:
439:
338:
229:
207:
31:
1851:
1767:
1643:
1540:
1513:
833:
3206:
2790:
2565:
2497:
2453:
2296:
2288:
2250:
2242:
2214:
The Loss of
Sadness: How Psychiatry Has Transformed Normal Sadness into Depressive Disorder.
2125:
1996:
1939:
1898:
1890:
1824:
1797:
1738:
1730:
1572:
1454:
1403:
1315:
1262:
1208:
1155:
1054:
1013:
984:
907:
485:
72:
3277:
3257:
3236:
3171:
3156:
3141:
3136:
3121:
3116:
3106:
2840:
2749:
2636:
2539:
2518:
625:
581:
523:
466:
455:
136:
100:
2353:(2003). "The evolution of the concept of medicalization in the late twentieth century".
1673:
195:
is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as
3297:
3272:
3166:
3022:
2946:
2651:
2544:
2301:
2255:
2228:
2192:
1903:
1878:
1743:
1716:
1459:
1440:
784:
698:
593:
552:
519:
435:
337:
society. They argued that medicine disguised the underlying causes of disease, such as
324:
105:
1144:"The margins of medicalization: Diversity and context through the case of infertility"
518:
According to Mike
Fitzpatrick, resistance to medicalization was a common theme of the
3361:
3181:
3126:
3111:
2909:
2744:
2728:
2631:
2626:
2560:
2129:
1943:
1600:
1415:
1074:
1005:
812:
802:
693:
or drug companies and highlight that the same drugs that are allegedly used to treat
689:. At the same time, others reject as implausible any suggestion that society rejects
651:
570:
564:
540:
493:
141:
2000:
1343:
1292:
1228:
1159:
1017:
480:(also known as Prozac) was being repackaged as a PMDD therapy under the trade named
3267:
3231:
3201:
3196:
3131:
2722:
2417:
1669:
859:
608:
597:
548:
544:
300:
292:
257:
253:
91:
1267:
1250:
942:
3186:
3096:
2776:
686:
504:
489:
423:
288:
245:
115:
1987:
Filc D (September 2004). "The medical text: between biomedicine and hegemony".
1212:
3211:
2343:
2084:
1319:
1058:
778:
774:
722:
601:
589:
477:
334:
211:
1951:
1734:
1694:
1407:
1327:
1276:
1167:
1066:
881:
3037:
2983:
American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
2513:
2492:
2458:
1894:
1376:
989:
740:
714:
678:
131:
67:
2310:
2292:
2064:
2008:
1967:
1912:
1752:
1468:
1335:
1284:
1175:
927:
3338:
We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
2576:
2274:"Quaternary prevention, an answer of family doctors to overmedicalization"
2122:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society
1220:
588:
According to Kittrie, a number of phenomena considered "deviant", such as
3151:
2264:
1094:
Aggleton, Peter; Parker, Richard Bordeaux; Barbosa, Regina Maria (2000).
744:
706:
574:
443:
431:
427:
315:
1959:
1096:
Framing the sexual subject: the politics of gender, sexuality, and power
314:
The concept of medicalization dovetailed with some aspects of the 1970s
2246:
2158:
Surhone, Lambert M; Tennoe, Mariam T; Henssonow, Susan F, eds. (2010).
1927:
726:
481:
330:
919:
333:
such as Vicente Navarro (1980) linked medicalization to an oppressive
1717:"Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering"
2360:
911:
2809:
2120:, in Cockerham, William C; Dingwall, Robert; Quah, Stella (eds.),
690:
667:
273:
465:
allegedly caused from the 1980s a "profound re-medicalization of
2124:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 137–142,
442:, surveillance, and increased funding in some research areas of
269:
2813:
2580:
2364:
1542:
The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease
685:
for shunting everyday problems into the domain of professional
1769:
The Tyranny of Health: Doctors and the Regulation of Lifestyle
1721:
1574:
The therapeutic community movement: charisma and routinization
361:
244:
entered the sociology literature in the 1970s in the works of
702:"overmedicalization" rather than "medicalization" in itself.
276:
was used to pacify children in ancient Egypt before 2000 BC.
503:
Although it has received less attention, it is claimed that
434:. The medicalization of sexuality has resulted in increased
199:, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis,
1715:
Moynihan, Ray; Heath, Iona; Henry, David (13 April 2002).
1392:"The New Virility: Viagra, Male Aging and Sexual Function"
268:
was the term then used to describe what we might now call
1251:"The Medicalization of Birth and Midwifery as Resistance"
729:. However, in some countries, such as the US, ubiquitous
1602:
The right to be different: deviance and enforced therapy
1484:
Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs
1314:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 484–500.
835:
An introduction to the sociology of health and illness
2281:
International Journal of Health Policy and Management
2049:"Public welfare agenda or corporate research agenda?"
1645:
Deviance and medicalization: from badness to sickness
2321:
Silent Cells: The Secret Drugging of Captive America
1879:"The making of a disease: female sexual dysfunction"
539:
For many years, marginalized psychiatrists (such as
3323:
The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
3250:
3089:
2975:
2847:
2768:
2737:
2685:
2614:
2553:
2532:
2506:
2485:
2467:
2436:
2398:
1823:Fitzpatrick, Katie; Tinning, Richard (2014-02-05).
1674:"The Therapeutic State: The Tyranny of Pharmacracy"
1357:Rosenfeld, Dana; Faircloth, Christopher A. (2006).
866:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3081:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
2191:
2066:The Wiley Blackwell companion to medical sociology
1599:
1515:Knowledge in Mental Health: Reclaiming the Social
1010:The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality
864:The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine
664:Professionals, patients, corporations and society
262:The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine
2221:Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness.
639:
2036:"The connection between academia and industry"
1434:
1432:
2922:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
2825:
2592:
2376:
2212:Horwitz, Allan, and Wakefield, Jerome (2007).
1501:, Syracuse University Press, pp. 153–170
381:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
173:
8:
1098:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2069:. William C. Cockerham. Hoboken, NJ. 2021.
1938:(6). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 7.
1482:Kirk, S. A.; Gomory, T.; Cohen, D. (2013).
1441:"From 'nanny state' to 'therapeutic state'"
16:Categorization of human problems as medical
2832:
2818:
2810:
2599:
2585:
2577:
2383:
2369:
2361:
2097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1566:
1564:
1562:
1518:. Hauppauge: Nova Publishers. p. 70.
391:this issue before removing this message.
180:
166:
18:
2300:
2254:
1902:
1742:
1642:Conrad, Peter; Schneider, Joseph (1992).
1458:
1361:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1266:
988:
2357:, 39(2), 115–129. doi:10.1002/jhbs.10108
2047:Ajai R Singh, Shakuntala A Singh, 2005,
2034:Ajai R Singh, Shakuntala A Singh, 2005,
2021:Ajai R Singh, Shakuntala A Singh, 2005,
1796:Fiona, Sim; Martin, McKee (2011-09-01).
1512:Sapouna, Lydia; Herrmann, Peter (2006).
476:(PMDD) has caused some controversy when
3063:Royal Association for Disability Rights
1826:Health Education: Critical perspectives
1648:. Temple University Press. p. 36.
1446:The British Journal of General Practice
1130:The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality
824:
672:Conversation between doctor and patient
303:worse than the original condition; the
123:
90:
37:
30:
2693:Caesarean delivery on maternal request
2090:
1928:"Editorial: Sex, Drugs, and Marketing"
1791:
1789:
1486:. Transaction Publishers. p. 185.
798:Gothenburg Study of Children with DAMP
352:complementary and alternative medicine
2059:
2057:
2051:, Mens Sana Monographs, 3(1), p41-80.
1390:Marshall, Barbara L. (July 1, 2006).
7:
2998:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
1004:Štulhofer, Aleksandar (2015-04-20).
222:. Medicalization may also be termed
3003:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
2769:Works about unnecessary health care
2038:, Mens Sana Monographs, 3(1), p5-35
1850:Zembylas, Michalinos (2021-05-06).
1766:Fitzpatrick, Michael (2002-01-04).
1255:Health Care for Women International
385:create a more balanced presentation
285:Limits to medicine: Medical nemesis
2962:Self-help groups for mental health
2198:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2025:Mens Sana Monographs, 3(2), p19-51
1261:(6). Informa UK Limited: 522–536.
210:in terms of the role and power of
14:
3028:International Disability Alliance
1439:Fitzpatrick, Mike (August 2004).
1308:Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry
206:Medicalization is studied from a
2272:Jamoulle, Marc (February 2015).
2130:10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs083
1944:10.1097/00000446-200306000-00001
1577:. London: Routledge. p. 1.
777:
557:American Psychiatric Association
430:people and those diagnosed with
366:
151:
150:
3288:Interpretation of Schizophrenia
3013:Disability Rights International
2116:Clarke, Adele E. (2014-02-21),
2001:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.003
1932:The American Journal of Nursing
1631:, Harper & Row, p. 109
1160:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.005
1047:Sexual and Relationship Therapy
1018:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs297
808:Sociology of health and illness
551:) and outside critics (such as
474:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
218:tends to be used in place of a
3076:Socialist Patients' Collective
2937:Psychiatric survivors movement
2860:Controversies about psychiatry
2622:Direct-to-consumer advertising
1856:. Cambridge University Press.
1802:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
1201:The Journal of Human Lactation
1195:Apple, R. D. (March 1, 1994).
758:, the influence of the use of
731:direct-to-consumer advertising
713:have focused on medicine as a
496:, the childbirth process, and
1:
3033:Learning Disability Coalition
2927:Political abuse of psychiatry
2677:Political abuse of psychiatry
2326:University of Minnesota Press
1148:Social Science & Medicine
1006:"Medicalization of sexuality"
256:, among others. According to
3058:Rehabilitation International
2993:Autism Network International
2318:Hatch, Anthony Ryan (2019).
2229:"The medicalization of life"
1883:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1877:Moynihan, Ray (2003-01-04).
1545:. Beacon Press. p. 14.
1268:10.1080/07399332.2012.736569
1249:Shaw, Jessica C. A. (2013).
1041:Tiefer, Leonore (May 2010).
747:, or even agents of change.
3383:Social problems in medicine
3048:National Empowerment Center
3008:Critical Psychiatry Network
2875:History of mental disorders
2703:Benzodiazepine use disorder
2444:Doctor-patient relationship
2162:. Tallinn: VLC Publishing.
1142:Bell, Ann V. (2016-05-01).
944:Culture, Health and Illness
414:Medicalization of sexuality
216:medical model of disability
58:Doctor-patient relationship
3399:
3318:The Myth of Mental Illness
3053:Radical Psychology Network
2755:Medication discontinuation
2227:Illich, Ivan (July 1975).
2219:Lane, Christopher (2007).
1598:Kittrie, Nicholas (1971).
1499:The Manufacture of Madness
1213:10.1177/089033449401000125
793:Interventionism (medicine)
623:
411:
318:movement. Critics such as
83:Social model of disability
3346:
3043:MindFreedom International
2855:Biopsychiatry controversy
2234:Journal of Medical Ethics
1359:Medicalized masculinities
1320:10.1007/s11013-011-9232-0
1059:10.1080/14681991003649495
577:as a "spontaneous cure".
3303:Madness and Civilization
3293:Liberation by Oppression
2216:Oxford University Press.
1926:Mason, Diana J. (2003).
1735:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.886
1629:The Theology of Medicine
1539:Metzl, Jonathan (2010).
1408:10.1177/1363460706065057
736:pharmaceutical marketing
630:A 2002 editorial in the
454:factors contributing to
2932:Positive disintegration
2870:Hearing Voices Movement
2608:Unnecessary health care
1895:10.1136/bmj.326.7379.45
1799:Issues In Public Health
1606:. Johns Hopkins Press.
990:10.3389/fsoc.2017.00014
968:Correia, Tiago (2017).
717:capitalist enterprise.
683:pharmaceutical industry
633:British Medical Journal
513:late-onset hypogonadism
448:biological reductionism
420:pharmaceutical industry
3378:Social constructionism
3263:Anatomy of an Epidemic
3018:Hearing Voices Network
2890:Martha Mitchell effect
2880:Involuntary commitment
2449:Shared decision making
2328:. pp. 184 pages.
2293:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.24
2223:Yale University Press.
1682:The Independent Review
1571:Manning, Nick (1989).
941:Helman, Cecil (2007).
673:
644:
208:sociologic perspective
63:Shared decision making
3373:Medical controversies
3333:The Radical Therapist
3328:The Protest Psychosis
2967:Therapeutic community
2942:Psychoanalytic theory
2885:Involuntary treatment
2718:Proton-pump inhibitor
2667:Quaternary prevention
2647:Unwarranted variation
2101:) CS1 maint: others (
1627:Thomas Szasz (1977),
1497:Thomas Szasz (1970),
832:White, Kevin (2002).
756:pharmaceuticalization
671:
624:Further information:
498:postpartum depression
2917:Nouthetic counseling
2738:Tools and situations
2686:Overused health care
2662:Prescription cascade
2524:Medical Anthropology
2469:Health professionals
1012:. pp. 721–817.
838:. SAGE. p. 42.
760:pharmaceutical drugs
711:Mens Sana Monographs
657:Health of The Nation
509:erectile dysfunction
299:, involving serious
2957:Rosenhan experiment
2952:Rhetoric of therapy
2865:Critical psychiatry
2760:Withdrawal syndrome
2708:Opioid use disorder
2423:Medical paternalism
2118:"Biomedicalization"
725:pharmaceuticals to
484:. The psychologist
228:or (pejoratively) "
3308:Radical Psychology
3283:Doctoring the Mind
2988:Aspies For Freedom
2784:The Treatment Trap
2657:Overmedicalization
2642:Defensive medicine
2247:10.1136/jme.1.2.73
2160:Paramedicalization
1083:– via EBSCO.
947:. London: Arnold.
674:
528:feminist movements
197:medical conditions
3368:Medical sociology
3355:
3354:
3349:Psychiatry portal
3313:The Gene Illusion
3217:Elizabeth Packard
3177:Peter C. Gøtzsche
3162:Leonard Roy Frank
3102:Giorgio Antonucci
2807:
2806:
2798:Overdosed America
2713:Psychoactive drug
2698:Antibiotic misuse
2672:Disease mongering
2574:
2573:
2477:Hidden curriculum
2392:Medical sociology
2169:978-613-3-08893-1
2139:978-1-118-41086-8
2076:978-1-119-63380-8
1863:978-1-108-83840-5
1836:978-1-135-07214-8
1809:978-0-335-24422-5
1779:978-1-134-56346-3
1729:(7342): 886–891.
1552:978-0-8070-8592-9
752:biomedicalization
613:therapeutic state
472:The diagnosis of
463:HIV/AIDS pandemic
440:disease mongering
405:
404:
383:. Please help to
375:This section may
339:social inequality
283:In the 1975 book
272:). Nevertheless,
230:disease mongering
190:
189:
32:Medical sociology
3390:
3207:Joanna Moncrieff
3067:Paranoia Network
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2791:Selling Sickness
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2566:Patient advocacy
2498:Labelling theory
2454:Informed consent
2385:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2355:J Hist Behav Sci
2347:
2314:
2304:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2209:
2197:
2174:
2173:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2088:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1678:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1453:(54(505)): 645.
1436:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1270:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
974:
965:
959:
958:
938:
932:
931:
892:
886:
885:
860:Cassell, Eric J.
856:
850:
849:
829:
787:
782:
781:
486:Peggy Kleinplatz
400:
397:
370:
369:
362:
182:
175:
168:
154:
153:
73:Labelling theory
19:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3342:
3278:Crazy Therapies
3258:Against Therapy
3246:
3242:Robert Whitaker
3237:Stephen Ticktin
3172:James Gottstein
3157:Michel Foucault
3142:Judi Chamberlin
3137:Ted Chabasinski
3122:Richard Bentall
3117:Lauretta Bender
3107:Franco Basaglia
3085:
2971:
2843:
2841:Anti-psychiatry
2838:
2808:
2803:
2764:
2750:Choosing Wisely
2733:
2681:
2637:Fee-for-service
2610:
2605:
2575:
2570:
2549:
2540:Talcott Parsons
2528:
2519:Social medicine
2502:
2481:
2463:
2432:
2394:
2389:
2336:
2317:
2276:
2271:
2226:
2206:
2186:
2183:
2181:Further reading
2178:
2177:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2089:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1889:(7379): 45–47.
1876:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1676:
1672:(Spring 2001).
1668:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1003:
1002:
998:
972:
967:
966:
962:
955:
940:
939:
935:
894:
893:
889:
874:
858:
857:
853:
846:
831:
830:
826:
821:
783:
776:
773:
666:
649:
628:
626:Labeling theory
622:
620:Labeling theory
582:Franco Basaglia
537:
524:anti-psychiatry
456:human sexuality
416:
410:
401:
395:
392:
371:
367:
360:
238:
225:pathologization
186:
137:Social medicine
101:Talcott Parsons
17:
12:
11:
5:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Mad in America
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:Sascha Scatter
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Erving Goffman
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Icarus Project
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Recovery model
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2900:Medicalization
2897:
2895:Medical ethics
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Overmedication
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2545:Eliot Freidson
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2507:Related fields
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2406:Medicalization
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2335:978-1517907433
2334:
2315:
2269:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2150:
2138:
2108:
2075:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
1995:(6): 1275–85.
1979:
1918:
1869:
1862:
1842:
1835:
1815:
1808:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1707:
1689:(4): 485–521.
1661:
1654:
1634:
1619:
1612:
1590:
1583:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1524:
1504:
1489:
1474:
1428:
1402:(3): 345–362.
1382:
1367:
1349:
1298:
1241:
1187:
1134:
1121:
1112:
1104:
1086:
1053:(2): 189–196.
1033:
1026:
996:
960:
953:
933:
912:10.2307/799624
887:
872:
851:
844:
823:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
789:
788:
785:Society portal
772:
769:
699:societal norms
665:
662:
648:
645:
621:
618:
594:drug addiction
561:Robert Spitzer
553:Stuart A. Kirk
536:
533:
520:gay liberation
436:social control
412:Main article:
409:
406:
403:
402:
387:. Discuss and
374:
372:
365:
359:
356:
325:hysterectomies
242:medicalization
237:
234:
193:Medicalization
188:
187:
185:
184:
177:
170:
162:
159:
158:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
134:
126:
125:
124:Related topics
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
106:Eliot Freidson
103:
95:
94:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
53:
46:Medicalization
40:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3395:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Peter Lehmann
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Jacques Lacan
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Peter Breggin
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Ernest Becker
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:Organizations
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:medical model
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Deprescribing
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2729:incidentaloma
2727:treatment of
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Overdiagnosis
2630:
2628:
2627:Overscreening
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Mental health
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2351:Robert A. Nye
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2324:. Minnesota:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2205:9780801892349
2201:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2188:Conrad, Peter
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1829:. Routledge.
1828:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1772:. Routledge.
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1670:Szasz, Thomas
1665:
1662:
1657:
1655:0-87722-999-6
1651:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1613:0-8018-1319-0
1609:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1584:0-415-02913-9
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1525:1-59454-812-9
1521:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1105:0-520-21838-8
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:9781405190060
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
991:
986:
982:
978:
977:Front. Sociol
971:
964:
961:
956:
954:9780340914502
950:
946:
945:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
888:
883:
879:
875:
873:9780195156164
869:
865:
861:
855:
852:
847:
845:0-7619-6400-2
841:
837:
836:
828:
825:
818:
814:
813:Social stigma
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:Medical model
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
780:
775:
770:
768:
764:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
670:
663:
661:
658:
653:
652:Public health
646:
643:
638:
635:
634:
627:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:According to
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
583:
580:According to
578:
576:
572:
571:Benjamin Rush
568:
566:
565:Allen Frances
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Peter Breggin
534:
532:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
494:breastfeeding
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
452:sociocultural
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
415:
407:
399:
390:
386:
382:
380:
373:
364:
363:
357:
355:
353:
349:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
326:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
212:professionals
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
183:
178:
176:
171:
169:
164:
163:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
143:
142:Public health
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:
93:
89:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
52:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3268:Anti-Oedipus
3251:Publications
3232:Thomas Szasz
3202:Loren Mosher
3197:Kate Millett
3147:David Cooper
3132:Paula Caplan
2905:of sexuality
2899:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2723:Polypharmacy
2533:Sociologists
2437:Medical care
2418:Iatrogenesis
2411:of sexuality
2405:
2354:
2319:
2287:(2): 61–64.
2284:
2280:
2241:(2): 73–77.
2238:
2232:
2220:
2213:
2193:
2159:
2153:
2143:, retrieved
2121:
2111:
2065:
2043:
2030:
2017:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1935:
1931:
1921:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1852:
1845:
1825:
1818:
1798:
1768:
1761:
1726:
1720:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1686:
1680:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1601:
1593:
1573:
1541:
1534:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1450:
1444:
1419:. Retrieved
1399:
1395:
1385:
1358:
1352:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1207:(1): 31–37.
1204:
1200:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1151:
1147:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1095:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1050:
1046:
1036:
1009:
999:
980:
976:
963:
943:
936:
906:(1): 12–21.
903:
899:
890:
863:
854:
834:
827:
765:
755:
751:
749:
719:
704:
675:
656:
650:
640:
631:
629:
609:Thomas Szasz
606:
598:prostitution
587:
579:
569:
549:Thomas Szasz
545:Paula Caplan
538:
517:
502:
471:
460:
417:
393:
379:undue weight
376:
344:
329:
313:
308:
304:
301:side effects
296:
293:iatrogenesis
284:
282:
278:
266:hyperkinesis
261:
258:Eric Cassell
254:Thomas Szasz
250:Peter Conrad
241:
239:
224:
223:
220:social model
205:
192:
191:
111:Peter Conrad
92:Sociologists
51:of sexuality
45:
3227:David Smail
3187:R. D. Laing
3097:Linda Andre
2777:Overtreated
1989:Soc Sci Med
1396:Sexualities
687:biomedicine
505:masculinity
490:infertility
424:transgender
289:Ivan Illich
246:Irving Zola
116:Ivan Illich
3362:Categories
3212:David Oaks
2344:1097608624
2145:2022-09-23
2085:1198989810
1973:2022-03-10
1700:20 January
1421:16 January
1368:1592130976
1234:16 January
1181:2022-01-16
1080:2023-12-12
819:References
723:prescribes
602:pedophilia
590:alcoholism
535:Psychiatry
478:fluoxetine
335:capitalist
320:Ehrenreich
309:structural
201:prevention
3038:Mad Pride
2514:Sociology
2493:Sick role
2459:Bioethics
2093:cite book
1952:1538-7488
1695:1086-1653
1416:145132541
1328:0165-005X
1277:0739-9332
1168:0277-9536
1154:: 39–46.
1132:, Vol. 13
1075:145389996
1067:1468-1994
900:Soc Probl
882:173843216
745:consumers
741:advocates
715:corporate
695:deviances
679:catalysts
647:Healthism
467:sexuality
408:Sexuality
396:July 2021
260:'s book,
132:Sociology
78:Adherence
68:Sick role
3152:Lyn Duff
2554:See also
2486:Patients
2428:Deviance
2311:25674569
2190:(2007).
2009:15210098
1968:12802146
1960:29745103
1913:12511464
1753:11950740
1469:15517694
1377:60603319
1344:21432019
1336:21882061
1293:30949127
1285:23514572
1229:19873049
1176:27017089
928:11662312
896:Conrad P
862:(2004).
771:See also
727:patients
707:ideology
575:vitiligo
444:sexology
432:HIV/AIDS
428:intersex
426:people,
331:Marxists
316:feminist
297:clinical
287:(1975),
156:Category
38:Concepts
24:a series
22:Part of
3273:Asylums
3071:Soteria
2399:Society
2302:4322627
2256:1154458
1904:1124933
1744:1122833
1460:1324868
1221:7619244
611:, "the
559:(e.g.,
482:Sarafem
389:resolve
348:Gadamer
236:History
3090:People
2848:Topics
2615:Causes
2342:
2332:
2309:
2299:
2265:809583
2263:
2253:
2202:
2166:
2136:
2083:
2073:
2007:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1911:
1901:
1860:
1833:
1806:
1776:
1751:
1741:
1693:
1652:
1610:
1581:
1549:
1522:
1467:
1457:
1414:
1375:
1365:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1227:
1219:
1174:
1166:
1102:
1073:
1065:
1024:
983:(14).
951:
926:
920:799624
918:
880:
870:
842:
526:, and
305:social
2277:(PDF)
1956:JSTOR
1677:(PDF)
1412:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1289:S2CID
1225:S2CID
1071:S2CID
973:(PDF)
916:JSTOR
697:from
691:drugs
377:lend
358:Areas
274:opium
2340:OCLC
2330:ISBN
2307:PMID
2261:PMID
2200:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2103:link
2099:link
2081:OCLC
2071:ISBN
2005:PMID
1964:PMID
1948:ISSN
1909:PMID
1858:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1749:PMID
1702:2012
1691:ISSN
1650:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1465:PMID
1423:2022
1373:OCLC
1363:ISBN
1332:PMID
1324:ISSN
1281:PMID
1273:ISSN
1236:2022
1217:PMID
1172:PMID
1164:ISSN
1100:ISBN
1063:ISSN
1022:ISBN
949:ISBN
924:PMID
878:OCLC
868:ISBN
840:ISBN
461:The
270:ADHD
252:and
2297:PMC
2289:doi
2251:PMC
2243:doi
2126:doi
1997:doi
1940:doi
1936:103
1899:PMC
1891:doi
1887:326
1739:PMC
1731:doi
1727:324
1722:BMJ
1455:PMC
1404:doi
1316:doi
1263:doi
1209:doi
1156:doi
1152:156
1110:p.3
1055:doi
1014:doi
985:doi
908:doi
567:).
469:".
3364::
2338:.
2305:.
2295:.
2283:.
2279:.
2259:.
2249:.
2237:.
2231:.
2132:,
2095:}}
2091:{{
2079:.
2056:^
2003:.
1993:59
1991:.
1962:.
1954:.
1946:.
1934:.
1930:.
1907:.
1897:.
1885:.
1881:.
1788:^
1747:.
1737:.
1725:.
1719:.
1685:.
1679:.
1561:^
1463:.
1449:.
1443:.
1431:^
1410:.
1398:.
1394:.
1371:.
1338:.
1330:.
1322:.
1312:35
1310:.
1287:.
1279:.
1271:.
1259:34
1257:.
1253:.
1223:.
1215:.
1205:10
1203:.
1199:.
1170:.
1162:.
1150:.
1146:.
1069:.
1061:.
1051:25
1049:.
1045:.
1020:.
1008:.
979:.
975:.
922:.
914:.
904:23
902:.
876:.
743:,
600:,
596:,
592:,
563:,
547:,
543:,
522:,
515:.
500:.
492:,
458:.
438:,
327:.
248:,
26:on
2833:e
2826:t
2819:v
2600:e
2593:t
2586:v
2384:e
2377:t
2370:v
2346:.
2313:.
2291::
2285:4
2267:.
2245::
2239:1
2208:.
2172:.
2128::
2105:)
2087:.
2011:.
1999::
1976:.
1942::
1915:.
1893::
1866:.
1839:.
1812:.
1782:.
1755:.
1733::
1704:.
1687:V
1658:.
1616:.
1587:.
1555:.
1528:.
1471:.
1451:1
1425:.
1406::
1400:9
1379:.
1346:.
1318::
1295:.
1265::
1238:.
1211::
1184:.
1158::
1108:.
1057::
1030:.
1016::
993:.
987::
981:2
957:.
930:.
910::
884:.
848:.
398:)
394:(
181:e
174:t
167:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.