598:
423:
1250:
1126:
1201:
1227:
934:, in Cologne in 258. Postumus, a general in command of troops on the banks of the Rhine, defeated some raiders and took possession of their spoils. Instead of returning it to the original owners, he preferred to distribute it amongst his soldiers. When news of this reached Silvanus, he demanded the spoils be sent to him. Postumus made a show of submission, but his soldiers mutinied and proclaimed him emperor. Under his command, they besieged Cologne, and after some weeks the defenders of the city opened the gates and handed Saloninus and Silvanus to Postumus, who had them killed. The dating of these events was long uncertain, but an
955:
49:
1273:
1004:
710:) by Gallienus's army, which had advanced from Gaul, or from the Balkans after dealing with the Franks. The battle of Mediolanum was decisive, and the Alemanni did not bother the empire for the next ten years. The Juthungi managed to cross the Alps with their valuables and captives from Italy. A historian in the 19th century suggested that the initiative of the Senate gave rise to jealousy and suspicion by Gallienus, thus contributing to his exclusion of senators from military commands.
1638:
1543:
597:
947:
Aureolus, having defeated the
Macriani, rejoined him, and Postumus was expelled. Aureolus was entrusted with the pursuit and deliberately allowed Postumus to escape and gather new forces. Gallienus returned in 263 or 265 and surrounded Postumus in an unnamed Gallic city. During the siege, Gallienus was severely wounded by an arrow and had to flee. The standstill persisted until his later death, and the
911:
1295:
771:
878:(sometimes misspelled Macrinus) as emperors. Coins struck for them in major cities of the East indicate acknowledgement of the usurpation. The two Macriani left Quietus, Ballista, and, presumably, Odenathus to deal with the Persians while they invaded Europe with an army of 30,000 men, according to the
1093:
Cecropius, commander of the
Dalmatians, spread the word that the forces of Aureolus were leaving the city, and Gallienus left his tent without his bodyguard, only to be struck down by Cecropius. One version has Claudius selected as emperor by the conspirators, another chosen by Gallienus on his death
1019:
and other barbarians invaded the empire in great numbers. Sources are extremely confused on the dating of these invasions, the participants, and their targets. Modern historians are not even able to discern with certainty whether there were two or more of these invasions or a single prolonged one. It
893:
In the aftermath of the battle, the rebellion of
Postumus had already started, so Gallienus had no time to deal with the rest of the usurpers, namely Balista and Quietus. He came to an agreement with Odenathus, who had just returned from his victorious Persian expedition. Odenathus received the title
1356:
The capture of
Valerian in the year 259 forced Gallienus to issue the first official declaration of tolerance with regard to the Christians, restoring their places of worship and cemeteries, therefore implying a recognition of the property of the Church. However, the edict did not turn Christianity
1117:
According to
Aurelius Victor and Zonaras, on hearing the news that Gallienus was dead, the Senate in Rome ordered the execution of his family (including his brother Valerianus and son Marinianus) and their supporters, just before receiving a message from Claudius to spare their lives and deify his
946:
Upon receiving news of the murder of his son, Gallienus began gathering forces to face
Postumus. The invasion of the Macriani forced him to dispatch Aureolus with a large force to oppose them, however, leaving him with insufficient troops to battle Postumus. After some initial defeats, the army of
701:
500 years before. When invaders reached the outskirts of Rome, they were repelled by an improvised army assembled by the Senate, consisting of local troops (probably praetorian guards) and the strongest of the civilian population. On their retreat through northern Italy, they were intercepted and
1076:
near Milan; Aureolus was clearly defeated and driven back to Milan. Gallienus laid siege to the city but was murdered during the siege. There are differing accounts of the murder, but the sources agree that most of
Gallienus's officials wanted him dead. According to the Historia Augusta, an
616:, governor of at least one of the Pannonian provinces, took advantage and declared himself emperor. Valerian II had apparently died on the Danube, most likely in 258. Ingenuus may have been responsible for Valerian II's death. Alternatively, the defeat and capture of Valerian at the
978:
started to again issue coins for
Gallienus, demonstrating that Egypt had returned to his control after suppressing the revolt of the Macriani. In spring of 262, the city was wrenched by civil unrest as a result of a new revolt. The rebel this time was the prefect of Egypt,
885:
The
Pannonian legions joined the invaders, being resentful of the absence of Gallienus. He sent his successful commander Aureolus against the rebels, however, and the decisive battle was fought in the spring or early summer of 261, most likely in Illyricum, although
577:
Caesar and thus official heir to himself and
Valerian I; the boy probably joined Gallienus on campaign at that time, and when Gallienus moved west to the Rhine provinces in 257, he remained behind on the Danube as the personification of Imperial authority.
560:
in the years from 253 to 258. According to Eutropius and Aurelius Victor, he was particularly energetic and successful in preventing invaders from attacking the German provinces and Gaul, despite the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy against
1249:
422:
1339:
commanders rose to prominence. In Southern's view, these reforms and the decline in senatorial influence not only helped Aurelian to salvage the Empire, but they also make Gallienus one of the emperors most responsible for the creation of the
739:(almost the sole resource for these events) does not provide a credible story. It is possible the seizure can be attributed to the discontent of the civilian and military provincials, who felt the defense of the province was being neglected.
1200:
942:
indicates that Postumus had been proclaimed emperor by September 260. Postumus claimed the consulship for himself and one of his associates, Honoratianus, but according to D.S. Potter, he never tried to unseat Gallienus or invade Italy.
1226:
1177:
several years later that the breakaway provinces were truly brought back into the Roman fold. According to modern scholar Pat Southern, some historians now see Gallienus in a more positive light. Gallienus produced some useful reforms.
719:
572:
In 255 or 257, Gallienus was made consul again, suggesting that he briefly visited Rome on those occasions, although no record survives. During his Danube sojourn (Drinkwater suggests in 255 or 256), he proclaimed his elder son
668:
and other Germanic tribes occurred between 258 and 260 (it is hard to fix the precise date of these events), probably due to the vacuum left by the withdrawal of troops supporting Gallienus in the campaign against Ingenuus.
1272:
1844:
Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century : Catalogue of the Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, November 19, 1977, Through February 12, 1978 /edited by Kurt
523:
had done a century earlier, Gallienus and his father divided the Empire. Valerian left for the East to stem the Persian threat, and Gallienus remained in Italy to repel the Germanic tribes on the Rhine and Danube.
990:
Knowing he could not afford to lose control of the vital Egyptian granaries, Gallienus sent his general Theodotus against Aemilianus, probably by a naval expedition. The decisive battle probably took place near
758:. There is a suggestion that Gallienus invited the Roxolani to attack Regalianus, but other historians dismiss the accusation. It is also suggested that the invasion was finally checked by Gallienus near
409:
in 268 but was defeated outside the city by Gallienus and besieged inside. While the siege was ongoing, Gallienus was assassinated, stabbed to death by the officer Cecropius, as part of a conspiracy.
1874:, "Emperor Caesar Publius Licinus Egnatius Gallienus Pious Lucky Unconquered Augustus Germanic Maxim Persic Tribunicial Power 16 times Emperor 1 time Consul 7 times Father of the Fatherland".
1871:
IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS PERSICVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS TRIBUNICIAE POTESTATIS XVI IMPERATOR I CONSVL VII PATER PATRIAE
1036:). Then another, even more numerous army of invaders started a second naval invasion of the empire. The Romans defeated the barbarians on sea first. Gallienus's army then won a battle in
1072:. Instead, he acted as deputy to Postumus until the very last days of his revolt, when he seems to have claimed the throne for himself. The decisive battle took place at what is now
1157:
presents Gallienus "with the dress and languishing gait of a woman", which is possibly connected with coins portraying the emperor with unusual iconography and bearing the legend
528:
had become necessary due to its sheer size and the numerous threats it faced, and it facilitated negotiations with enemies who demanded to communicate directly with the emperor.
8007:
1472:
918:
After the defeat at Edessa, Gallienus lost control over the provinces of Britain, Spain, parts of Germania, and a large part of Gaul when another general,
2946:
8022:
8017:
3164:
7997:
7992:
3689:
8096:
8002:
1165:
and his inability to win them back; at the time of Gallienus's death, Palmyra was still nominally loyal to Rome, but, under the leadership of
7982:
4483:
4351:
2763:
1853:
2663:
1125:
7987:
3696:
2982:
2970:
2378:
J. Bray (1997), pp. 279–288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 266, Herwig Wolfram,
818:, this army was infected by a plague that gravely weakened it. In that condition, this army had to repel a new invasion of the province of
362:. Valerian divided the empire between him and his son, with Valerian ruling the east and his son the west. Gallienus defeated the usurper
341:
and Germanic tribes, but was unable to prevent the secession of important provinces. His 15-year reign was the longest in half a century.
8101:
7977:
5757:
5545:
4319:
1169:, was independent in nearly every other respect. Palmyra would formally secede after Odaenathus's death and the ascension of his widow
8126:
7966:
6727:
6443:
5311:
4571:
4545:
3042:
385:
threw the Roman Empire into the chaos of civil war. Control of the whole empire passed to Gallienus. He defeated the eastern usurpers
2860:
2846:
2808:
2786:
2750:
2730:
2715:
2626:
2581:
2468:
2387:
1987:
1948:
995:, and the result was a clear defeat of Aemilianus. In the aftermath, Gallienus became Consul three more times in 262, 264, and 266.
1319:, that could be dispatched anywhere in the Empire in short order. This reform arguably created a precedent for the future emperors
8136:
8141:
8111:
7219:
4285:
4268:
4095:
4083:
890:
locates it in Pannonia. In any case, the army of the usurpers was defeated and surrendered, and their two leaders were killed.
8012:
7269:
6996:
6852:
4256:
4048:
4010:
3970:
3937:
4516:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
954:
7565:
7355:
7287:
7152:
7019:
6929:
6742:
4860:
4471:
4297:
4124:
4090:
4054:
3943:
931:
441:
report that he was about 50 years old at the time of his death, meaning he was born around 218. He was the son of Emperor
2685:
2672:
1150:
describes him as a lover of luxury, who dressed in purple, sprinkled gold dust in his hair, and built castles of apples.
1146:
Gallienus was not treated favorably by ancient historians. The biased and largely fictional account of that reign in the
656:. Ingenuus was killed by his own guards or committed suicide by drowning himself after the fall of his capital, Sirmium.
7137:
7074:
6357:
4112:
3157:
3022:
1429:
984:
697:), they entered Italy, the first invasion of the Italian peninsula, aside from its most remote northern regions, since
7498:
6607:
6519:
6004:
5781:
5772:
4193:
3872:
3338:
1405:
1040:, and the emperor pursued the invaders. According to some historians, he was the leader of the army who won the great
811:
636:, under the supervision of Albanus (or Silvanus) and the military leadership of Postumus. He then hastily crossed the
334:
48:
608:
Sometime between 258 and 260 (the exact date is unclear), while Valerian was distracted with the ongoing invasion of
8151:
8121:
8032:
7327:
6660:
6397:
6224:
6156:
4738:
4503:
4459:
4437:
4388:
4275:
4066:
3835:
3177:
2017:
For a presentation of the contrasting views, see J. Bray (1997), pp. 72–73; also, A. Watson (1999), p. 230, note 34
1816:
1524:
557:
450:
1102:
from Claudius, and this may explain its accounts, which do not involve Claudius in the murder. The other sources (
1077:
unreliable source compiled long after the events it describes, a conspiracy was led by the commander of the guard
902:. Eventually, the people of Emesa killed Quietus, and Odenathus arrested and executed Balista about November 261.
8106:
7848:
5619:
4410:
4378:
4203:
3383:
1376:
1082:
390:
987:
provides a commentary on the background of invasion, civil war, plague, and famine that characterized this age.
870:
horsemen to turn the tide against Shapur. The Sassanids were driven back, but Macrianus proclaimed his two sons
5693:
5464:
5326:
4420:
4373:
3920:
3567:
1883:
It is generally accepted that he was 35 years old when ascended to the throne in 253, see J. Bray (1997), p. 16
2326:
Andreas Älfoldi, "The Numbering of the Victories of the Emperor Gallienus and of the Loyalty of his Legions",
2289:
2275:
Andreas Älfoldi, "The Numbering of the Victories of the Emperor Gallienus and of the Loyalty of his Legions",
1056:
In 268, at some time before or soon after the battle of Naissus, the authority of Gallienus was challenged by
1003:
742:
Regalianus held power for some six months and issued coins bearing his image. After some success against the
569:
might also be dated to that period. Even the hostile Latin tradition attributes success to him at this time.
8146:
7533:
7448:
7425:
5742:
5604:
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5330:
5130:
4946:
4228:
4208:
3982:
3862:
3150:
2743:
The Gallic Empire. Separatism and Continuity in the North-Western Provinces of the Roman Empire A.D. 260–274
1798:
465:, which may have been his birthplace; it has yielded many inscriptions relating to his mother's family, the
8037:
8027:
7575:
7554:
7473:
6387:
6247:
5857:
5491:
5451:
5245:
5187:
5071:
4875:
4538:
4498:
4477:
4383:
3173:
3066:
3054:
2905:
1821:
1481:
1118:
predecessor. The tomb of Gallienus is thought to be located to the south of Rome, at the IXth mile of the
1008:
935:
733:, who held some command in the Balkans, was proclaimed emperor. The reasons for this are unclear, and the
59:
8047:
7523:
7488:
7468:
7458:
7420:
5924:
5278:
4432:
4427:
4403:
4398:
4314:
4151:
4139:
3910:
3535:
3008:
2953:
2659:
1099:
6020:
1371:
565:
in 253. According to numismatic evidence, he seems to have won many victories there, and a victory in
8086:
7548:
7503:
6876:
6504:
6439:
6292:
6287:
5994:
5989:
5842:
5268:
5056:
4935:
4415:
4363:
4223:
4198:
4163:
4078:
3992:
3842:
3673:
3142:
3026:
1336:
1078:
703:
371:
3012:
8091:
7538:
7513:
7478:
7415:
6790:
6765:
5969:
5964:
5388:
4819:
4346:
4331:
4309:
4244:
4233:
4188:
4134:
3624:
3562:
3525:
3134:
2755:
2690:
2290:
Raetien unter Postumus. Das Siegesdenkmal einer Juthungenschlacht im Jahre 260 n. Chr. aus Augsburg
1103:
815:
17:
8081:
7828:
7815:
7392:
6402:
5974:
5949:
5016:
4791:
4393:
4336:
4280:
4262:
4251:
4213:
4183:
4061:
3779:
3683:
3433:
3402:
3395:
3046:
3000:
2962:
2914:
2898:
2883:
Download an Excel list of all Gallienus bronze and billon coins incl. hoard coins not in RIC etc.
2796:
2739:
1547:
1299:
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980:
587:
498:
442:
345:
338:
330:
256:
118:
1637:
1542:
830:. The invasion occurred probably in the early spring of 260. The Roman army was defeated at the
1999:
J. Bray (1997), p. 57; Drinkwater (1987), p. 22 suggests he also had responsibility for Moesia.
7883:
7862:
7756:
7723:
7435:
6770:
6392:
6272:
5894:
5822:
5480:
5283:
5273:
5205:
4531:
4358:
4304:
4145:
4043:
4018:
3867:
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3465:
3450:
3328:
3296:
3109:
3094:
2927:
2856:
2842:
2804:
2782:
2759:
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2726:
2711:
2622:
2577:
2464:
2383:
1983:
1944:
1849:
1668:
1650:
1345:
1283:
1237:
1129:
1041:
814:. A Roman army from Antioch, under Valerian, tried to intercept them but failed. According to
541:
537:
470:
427:
266:
177:
170:
106:
1335:
from becoming military commanders. This policy undermined senatorial power, as more reliable
8131:
8116:
8062:
7889:
7717:
7483:
7237:
6820:
6117:
6013:
5954:
5378:
5358:
4488:
4465:
4368:
4341:
4326:
4292:
4218:
4178:
4168:
3893:
3820:
3790:
3653:
3608:
3603:
3475:
3130:
3104:
3089:
2668:
1659:
1390:
1214:
1162:
1151:
1147:
983:, who had already given support to the revolt of the Macriani. The correspondence of bishop
831:
735:
617:
506:
454:
378:
357:
280:
7834:
7804:
7763:
7699:
7443:
7373:
7243:
6582:
6237:
5959:
5353:
4991:
4959:
4798:
4129:
4119:
4028:
3815:
3723:
3711:
3705:
3557:
3378:
3348:
3291:
3271:
2677:
2650:
2330:, 1959, reprinted New York, Attic Books, 1977, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 359, note 27
1328:
1107:
1073:
927:
875:
859:
827:
807:
795:
516:
386:
382:
337:
that nearly caused the collapse of the empire. He won numerous military victories against
54:
2279:, 1959, reprinted New York, Attic Books, 1977, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 359, note 5
1937:
The Numbering of the Victories of the Emperor Gallienus and of the Loyalty of his Legions
810:, in the northern part of Asia Minor. After ravaging the province, they moved south into
473:
about ten years before his accession to the throne. She was the mother of three princes:
2694:
481:, who was named co-emperor but was murdered in 260 by the army of general Postumus; and
8042:
7930:
7728:
7689:
7407:
7363:
7232:
6316:
6242:
6072:
5944:
5904:
5652:
5504:
5469:
5459:
5393:
5348:
5230:
5225:
4805:
4784:
4750:
4023:
3987:
3932:
3825:
3748:
3646:
3640:
3572:
3552:
3306:
3266:
2758:"The Biblical World: An Illustrated Atlas" copyright 2007 National Geographic Society.
1702:
783:
682:
910:
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6841:
6698:
6567:
6407:
6382:
6332:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5726:
5657:
5647:
5509:
5263:
5011:
4954:
4907:
4744:
4703:
4493:
4453:
3997:
3805:
3613:
1324:
1187:
992:
948:
923:
394:
326:
75:
1044:, while the majority believes that the victory must be attributed to his successor,
7694:
7528:
7518:
7493:
7345:
7295:
7254:
6980:
6892:
6780:
6693:
6673:
6592:
6557:
6552:
6377:
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5899:
5862:
5817:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5627:
5343:
5220:
5029:
4970:
4830:
4777:
4682:
4238:
4033:
3965:
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3950:
3773:
3635:
3276:
3116:
3075:
3033:
2991:
2817:
2768:
1332:
1316:
1206:
1085:. Marcianus's role in the conspiracy is not confirmed by any other ancient source.
722:
520:
512:
502:
466:
434:
353:
160:
140:
2882:
2776:
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2532:
1842:
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7227:
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6825:
6760:
6713:
6703:
6688:
6678:
6625:
6587:
6562:
6542:
6532:
6298:
6282:
6257:
6252:
6052:
5979:
5889:
5872:
5827:
5802:
5736:
5716:
5701:
5683:
5413:
5408:
5215:
5042:
5022:
4836:
4770:
4761:
4645:
4102:
3977:
3927:
3852:
3426:
3373:
3316:
2827:
2771:. "Power and Folly; The Story of the Caesars". Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1958.
2519:
2190:, Latomus, vol. 148, Brussels, 1976, pp. 5–81, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 83
1780:
1400:
1161:. This animosity within the sources was partly due to the secession of Gaul and
1045:
819:
694:
574:
566:
474:
344:
Born into a wealthy and traditional senatorial family, Gallienus was the son of
227:
193:
156:
1110:
xii.25) report that the conspiracy was organized by Heraclianus, Claudius, and
685:(an area between the upper Rhine and the upper Danube), likely followed by the
433:
The exact birth date of Gallienus is unknown. The 6th-century Greek chronicler
7915:
7869:
7822:
7777:
7749:
7570:
7453:
7378:
7305:
7194:
7009:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6919:
6907:
6887:
6860:
6830:
6810:
6755:
6708:
6683:
6615:
6577:
6547:
6537:
6277:
6077:
6067:
5837:
5832:
5797:
5706:
5678:
5499:
5403:
5398:
5383:
5368:
5176:
5170:
5084:
4812:
4630:
4567:
4158:
4073:
4038:
4003:
3915:
3830:
3590:
3583:
3530:
3510:
3455:
3420:
3413:
3358:
3323:
3186:
2942:
2566:
1679:
1617:
1320:
1166:
1061:
975:
962:
863:
839:
775:
743:
730:
621:
562:
482:
203:
152:
96:
7770:
7733:
7659:
7653:
7580:
7560:
7277:
7259:
7204:
7184:
7047:
6882:
6865:
6815:
6668:
6635:
6630:
6572:
6371:
6192:
6145:
6057:
6034:
5807:
5673:
5642:
5210:
5036:
4917:
4654:
3905:
3857:
3767:
3754:
3541:
3470:
3443:
3407:
3353:
3301:
3236:
3231:
2918:
2872:
2654:
1789:
1534:
1294:
1119:
1025:
770:
678:
629:
525:
478:
446:
349:
198:
123:
6097:
1186:
About 40 rare gold coins of Gallienus have been discovered as part of the
762:
and that he directed the restoration of the province, probably in person.
612:
in the East, and Gallienus was preoccupied with his problems in the West,
7925:
7920:
7909:
7876:
7791:
7784:
7738:
7710:
7704:
7669:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7249:
7189:
7032:
7004:
6597:
6527:
6339:
6325:
6305:
6267:
6179:
6124:
6082:
5914:
5884:
5847:
5792:
5637:
5514:
5419:
5363:
5258:
5165:
5159:
5148:
5114:
4998:
4984:
4977:
4964:
4928:
4668:
4173:
3955:
3847:
3800:
3760:
3742:
3662:
3597:
3577:
3547:
3520:
3515:
3500:
3490:
3460:
3368:
3363:
3311:
3286:
3281:
3246:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
1692:
1341:
1174:
1111:
1069:
1057:
939:
930:
in the East. Gallienus had installed his son Saloninus and his guardian,
919:
823:
779:
751:
747:
698:
686:
665:
645:
625:
613:
609:
402:
398:
367:
363:
1311:
He contributed to military history as the first to commission primarily
7902:
7841:
7684:
7368:
7179:
7173:
7161:
7042:
7037:
6974:
6953:
6798:
6750:
6650:
6640:
6365:
6262:
6232:
6214:
6203:
6186:
6138:
6131:
6062:
5984:
5632:
5440:
5426:
5338:
5289:
5195:
5138:
5089:
4922:
4912:
4892:
4825:
4675:
4554:
4107:
3810:
3717:
3630:
3485:
3261:
2461:
From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views: A Source History
1312:
1191:
1170:
887:
871:
867:
855:
835:
803:
755:
718:
653:
637:
633:
549:
462:
458:
243:
31:
2615:
Piétri, Charles (2002). "Prosecutions". In Levillain, Philippe (ed.).
802:
In the East, Valerian was confronted with serious troubles. Bands of "
7809:
7679:
7316:
7199:
6804:
6775:
6645:
6620:
6412:
6346:
6172:
6165:
6092:
6047:
6041:
5867:
5787:
5373:
5200:
5153:
5107:
5079:
5005:
4883:
4842:
4724:
4689:
4661:
3879:
3736:
3618:
3390:
3256:
2382:(transl. by Thomas J. Dunlap), University of California Press, 1988.
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
958:
843:
787:
759:
690:
670:
601:
553:
545:
536:
Gallienus spent most of his time in the provinces of the Rhine area (
689:. After devastating Germania Superior and Raetia (parts of southern
485:, who was killed in 268, shortly after his father was assassinated.
778:
of Emperor Valerian standing at the background and held captive by
628:. In any case, Gallienus reacted with great speed. He left his son
7895:
7674:
7664:
7642:
7300:
6209:
6197:
6110:
6027:
5878:
5812:
5474:
5296:
5143:
5101:
5095:
4887:
4846:
4717:
4710:
4696:
3480:
3251:
3241:
3221:
1124:
1065:
1028:
and leading to the ravaging of many cities of Greece (among them,
1016:
1002:
953:
909:
899:
769:
717:
707:
677:, some reaching as far as southern Spain, sacking Tarraco (modern
649:
620:
may have been the trigger for the subsequent revolts of Ingenuus,
596:
406:
449:, who may have been of senatorial rank, possibly the daughter of
7647:
7637:
7027:
6902:
6103:
5433:
5253:
5235:
5120:
4902:
4897:
4731:
3226:
3216:
791:
674:
7955:
7072:
6437:
5539:
4565:
4527:
3146:
333:
from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the
5852:
1020:
seems that, at first, a major naval expedition was led by the
393:
in 261–262 but failed to stop the formation of the breakaway
234:
Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus
914:
Antoninianus of Postumus. Legend:IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG.
4523:
307:
301:
295:
2686:
extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
2723:
Gallienus : A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics
2177:, p. 50 for the latter, as cited in J. Bray (1997), p. 83
289:
286:
2450:
J. Bray (1997), pp. 307–309. A. Watson (1999), pp. 41–42
2113:
2111:
834:, and Valerian was taken prisoner. Shapur's army raided
846:), sacking, as Shapur's inscriptions claim, 36 cities.
352:. Valerian became Emperor in September 253 and had the
2778:
Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284
1132:
in Rome dedicated to, rather than built by, Gallienus.
501:
was proclaimed emperor in September 253, he asked the
922:, declared his own realm (usually known today as the
310:
304:
283:
1841:
N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1979).
292:
7608:
7593:
7434:
7406:
7391:
7354:
7326:
7286:
7268:
7218:
7151:
7136:
7103:
7094:
7018:
6995:
6928:
6851:
6789:
6741:
6726:
6659:
6606:
6518:
6503:
6468:
6459:
6356:
6315:
6223:
6155:
6003:
5771:
5756:
5692:
5666:
5618:
5603:
5570:
5561:
5490:
5450:
5325:
5310:
5244:
5186:
5129:
5070:
5055:
4945:
4874:
4859:
4760:
4644:
4629:
4596:
4587:
4446:
3892:
3789:
3672:
3499:
3337:
3185:
298:
262:
252:
242:
226:
216:
176:
166:
146:
134:
130:
112:
102:
92:
81:
74:
41:
862:, the remnants of the Roman army in the east, and
725:of Regalianus: IMP. C. P. C. REGALIANVS P. F. AVG.
1098:was concerned to substantiate the descent of the
405:, another usurper, proclaimed himself emperor in
2533:"A lustrous and exceptional aureus of Gallienus"
2459:Samuel N. C. Lieu, Domikic Montserat (editors).
183:
1943:, 1959, reprinted New York, Attic Books, 1977,
926:). The revolt partially coincided with that of
4539:
3158:
2484:, Routledge, London and New York, 2001, p. 2.
898:and besieged the usurpers, who were based at
8:
2822:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
2482:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
2173:, vol.II, 1962, for the former and J. Fitz,
754:and killed Regalianus in taking the city of
2080:
2078:
2076:
7952:
7605:
7403:
7148:
7100:
7091:
7069:
6738:
6515:
6465:
6456:
6434:
5768:
5615:
5567:
5558:
5536:
5322:
5067:
4871:
4641:
4593:
4584:
4562:
4546:
4532:
4524:
3669:
3165:
3151:
3143:
2887:
681:). The Alemanni invaded, probably through
552:), though he almost certainly visited the
47:
38:
2745:. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1987.
2101:
2099:
1848:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 9.
640:, taking with him the new cavalry corps (
457:. Inscriptions on coins connect him with
1982:(Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1987,
1868:Gallienus's full title at his death was
1293:
1060:, commander of the cavalry stationed in
673:broke through the lower Rhine, invading
505:to ratify the elevation of Gallienus to
421:
2824:, Routledge, London and New York, 2001.
2133:, vol VI, part II, p. 418, London, 1886
1833:
1196:
2417:
2339:
2305:
2211:
2199:
2117:
1068:), who was supposed to keep an eye on
377:The defeat and capture of Valerian at
213:
2841:, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1983.
1797:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1505:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1439:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1409:takes place during Gallienus's reign.
7:
2834:, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1968.
2493:
854:It took a rally by an officer named
2801:The Roman Empire at bay: AD 180-395
2708:The policy of the emperor Gallienus
2669:Historia Augusta (Augustan History)
2171:Les moments historiques de Budapest
1914:
1393:'s historical fiction novel series
882:. At first they met no opposition.
858:(Balista), a fiscal official named
604:of Gallienus marked: GALLIENVS AVG.
275:Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus
222:Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus
18:Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus
3043:Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus
2621:. Psychology Press. p. 1156.
2439:Historia Augusta, The two Gallieni
25:
2832:Ammianus and the Historia Augusta
1935:Andreas Alfoldi mentions five in
1348:, Diocletian, and Constantine I.
1278:Antoninianus issued to celebrate
1255:Antoninianus issued to celebrate
1232:Antoninianus issued to celebrate
356:elevate Gallienus to the rank of
2057:J. Bray (1997), p. 76. J. Fitz,
2035:Aurelius Victor, 33,2, Orosius,
1636:
1541:
1271:
1248:
1225:
1220:seven times faithful and loyal."
1199:
1173:. It was not until the reign of
951:remained independent until 274.
279:
2574:Trésors monétaires, volume XXIV
2568:The Lava Treasure of Roman Gold
1331:reports that Gallienus forbade
794:. The kneeling man is probably
2853:Aurelian and the Third Century
2725:. Kent Town: Wakefield Press.
1289:six times faithful and loyal."
1266:six times faithful and loyal."
1243:six times faithful and loyal."
1:
8097:3rd-century murdered monarchs
7566:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
319:
64:
27:Roman emperor from 253 to 268
3023:Publius Cornelius Saecularis
1430:Aulus Egnatius Priscillianus
746:, his revolt ended when the
7499:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
3105:Publius Licinius Valerianus
3090:Publius Licinius Valerianus
2797:Potter, D. S. (David Stone)
2618:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
2399:J. Bray (1997), pp. 290–291
2317:J. Bray (1997), pp. 136–137
2257:J. Bray (1997), pp. 144–145
2248:J. Bray (1997), pp. 143–144
2131:History of the Roman Empire
1357:into an official religion.
1024:starting from north of the
335:Crisis of the Third Century
8168:
8102:3rd-century Roman emperors
6398:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
5782:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
5546:Second Intermediate Period
4438:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4389:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4276:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2664:Breviarium ab urbe condita
2037:Historiae adversus Paganos
1817:Little Peace of the Church
1525:Egnatius Victor Marinianus
585:
451:Egnatius Victor Marinianus
29:
8127:3rd-century Roman consuls
8060:
7962:
7951:
7849:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
7539:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
7090:
7068:
6455:
6444:Third Intermediate Period
6433:
5557:
5535:
4583:
4572:First Intermediate Period
4561:
4514:
4411:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4379:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4204:Constantine IX Monomachos
3127:
3114:
3101:
3086:
3073:
3063:
3051:
3031:
3019:
3005:
2989:
2979:
2967:
2951:
2947:Lucius Valerius Poplicola
2939:
2934:
2924:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2855:, Routledge, Oxon, 1999.
2775:Peachin, Michael (1990).
2151:J. Bray (1997), pp. 82–83
2026:J. Bray (1997), pp. 74–75
2008:Drinkwater (1987), p. 22.
1960:J. Bray (1997), pp. 56–58
1905:J. Bray (1997), pp. 49–51
1765:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1538:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1473:Quintus Egnatius Proculus
1465:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1377:The Magnificent Gladiator
1298:Bust of Gallienus in the
1083:Lucius Aurelius Marcianus
981:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
648:and defeated Ingenuus at
511:. He was also designated
391:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
233:
221:
212:
46:
7561:Cleopatra VII Philopator
5818:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
4576: (<3150–2040 BC)
4374:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2877:De Imperatoribus Romanis
2873:"Valerian and Gallienus"
2520:available at Attalus.org
2188:LA PANNONIE SOUS GALLIEN
1370:Gallienus was played by
1194:, France, in the 1980s.
961:of Gallienus, minted in
806:" began a naval raid of
664:A major invasion by the
519:and his adopted brother
366:in 258 and destroyed an
30:Not to be confused with
8137:Murdered Roman emperors
7534:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
7449:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
5743:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
4229:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3863:Tiberius II Constantine
2983:Lucius Valerius Maximus
2971:Lucius Valerius Maximus
2839:Historia Augusta Papers
2710:, Brill, Leiden, 1976,
2084:A. Watson (1999), p. 34
1926:A. Watson (1999), p. 33
1896:(Oxford, 1983), p. 197.
1894:Historia Augusta Papers
1211:LEG II ITAL VII P VII F
985:Dionysius of Alexandria
644:) under the command of
150:September 268 (aged 50)
8142:Sons of Roman emperors
8112:Deified Roman emperors
7576:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
7555:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
7549:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
7504:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
7474:Arsinoe III Philopator
6388:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
5858:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
5798:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
5389:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
4384:Michael IX Palaiologos
3067:Marcus Nummius Albinus
3055:Marcus Nummius Albinus
2605:Southern, pp. 2–3, 83.
2471:, note 38 on pp. 54–55
2408:J. Bray (1997), p. 292
2369:J. Bray (1997), p. 147
2360:J. Bray (1997), p. 146
2351:J. Bray (1997), p. 138
2296:71, 1993, pp. 369–386.
2266:J. Bray (1997), p. 133
2223:J. Bray (1997), p. 142
1822:Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
1482:Lucius Egnatius Victor
1303:
1234:LEG III ITAL VI P VI F
1133:
1015:In the years 267–269,
1012:
1009:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
966:
938:discovered in 1992 at
915:
799:
729:Around the same time,
726:
713:
605:
526:Division of the empire
453:, and his brother was
430:
60:Museo Nazionale Romano
7524:Ptolemy X Alexander I
7489:Ptolemy VI Philometor
7469:Ptolemy IV Philopator
7464:Berenice II Euergetes
7459:Ptolemy III Euergetes
7421:Philip III Arrhidaeus
5930:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
5925:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
5279:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
4478:Thessalonian emperors
4472:Trapezuntine emperors
4433:John VIII Palaiologos
4428:Manuel II Palaiologos
4399:John VI Kantakouzenos
4315:Andronikos I Komnenos
4152:Constantine Lekapenos
3180:and empresses regnant
3009:Marcus Nummius Tuscus
2803:. London: Routledge.
2781:. Amsterdam: Gieben.
2655:Epitome de Caesaribus
2160:J. Bray (1997), p. 83
2142:J. Bray (1997), p. 82
2105:J. Bray (1997), p. 79
2093:J. Bray (1997), p. 78
2070:J. Bray (1997), p. 47
1969:J. Bray (1997), p. 56
1297:
1280:LEG VII CLA VI P VI F
1257:LEG VII MAC VI P VI F
1128:
1100:Constantinian dynasty
1006:
957:
913:
773:
721:
600:
586:Further information:
439:Epitome de Caesaribus
425:
325:– September 268) was
7957:Dynastic genealogies
7581:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
6877:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
6791:High Priests of Amun
6293:Merankhre Mentuhotep
5995:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
5990:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
5843:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
5550: (2040–1550 BC)
5269:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
4416:John VII Palaiologos
4364:Theodore II Laskaris
4224:Constantine X Doukas
4164:Nikephoros II Phokas
3027:Gaius Iunius Donatus
2756:Isbouts, Jean-Pierre
2380:History of the Goths
2328:Numismatic Chronicle
2277:Numismatic Chronicle
2175:Ingenuus at Regalien
2059:Ingenuus et Regalien
1941:Numismatic Chronicle
1352:Decree of Toleration
1209:issued to celebrate
1079:Aurelius Heraclianus
974:In 262, the mint in
704:battle of Mediolanum
582:Revolts and usurpers
469:. Gallienus married
7479:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
7416:Alexander the Great
6448: (1550–664 BC)
5970:Mershepsesre Ini II
5965:Merkawre Sobekhotep
5359:Neferkare IV Khendu
4347:Theodore I Laskaris
4332:Alexios III Angelos
4310:Alexios II Komnenos
4234:Romanos IV Diogenes
4189:Romanos III Argyros
4135:Romanos I Lekapenos
2740:Drinkwater, John F.
2721:Bray, John (1997).
2682:Epitome Historiarum
2214:, pp. 255–256.
2039:7.10, Eutropius 9.8
1558:2.Cornelia Gallonia
1007:Bust of Gallienus,
766:Capture of Valerian
714:Regalianus's revolt
477:, who died in 258;
7816:Trebonianus Gallus
6403:Senakhtenre Ahmose
6021:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
5975:Sewahenre Senebmiu
5950:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
5379:Neferkare V Tereru
5349:Neferkare III Neby
5017:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
4466:Britannic emperors
4460:Palmyrene emperors
4394:John V Palaiologos
4337:Alexios IV Angelos
4286:Constantine Doukas
4281:Alexios I Komnenos
4269:Constantine Doukas
4252:Michael VII Doukas
4214:Michael VI Bringas
3780:Romulus Augustulus
3403:Trebonianus Gallus
3396:Herennius Etruscus
3178:Byzantine emperors
3047:Nummius Faustianus
2986:M. Acilius Glabrio
2974:M. Acilius Glabrio
2935:Political offices
2565:Sylvianne Estiot,
2505:Historia Augusta,
1917:, pp. 37, 39.
1361:In popular culture
1304:
1300:Capitoline Museums
1159:Gallienae Augustae
1134:
1013:
999:Herulian invasions
967:
965:(Milan), dated 262
916:
800:
727:
706:(near present-day
606:
588:Gallienus usurpers
431:
8152:Damnatio memoriae
8122:Eponymous archons
8069:
8068:
8056:
8055:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7863:Claudius Gothicus
7757:Severus Alexander
7724:Septimius Severus
7589:
7588:
7387:
7386:
7132:
7131:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7055:
6771:Osorkon the Elder
6722:
6721:
6499:
6498:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6393:Nubkheperre Intef
6273:Sekhemre Shedwast
5895:Sehetepkare Intef
5823:Semenkare Nebnuni
5752:
5751:
5599:
5598:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5306:
5305:
5284:Netjerkare Siptah
5206:Neferirkare Kakai
5051:
5050:
4855:
4854:
4625:
4624:
4521:
4520:
4359:John III Vatatzes
4305:Manuel I Komnenos
4044:Michael I Rangabe
3888:
3887:
3730:Petronius Maximus
3329:Severus Alexander
3297:Septimius Severus
3141:
3140:
3128:Succeeded by
3087:Succeeded by
3052:Succeeded by
3006:Succeeded by
2968:Succeeded by
2928:Claudius Gothicus
2925:Succeeded by
2764:978-1-4262-0138-7
2701:Secondary sources
2592:Aurelius Victor,
2237:The two Gallienii
1980:The Gallic Empire
1855:978-0-87099-179-0
1808:
1807:
1705:
1669:Claudius Gothicus
1653:
1651:Cornelia Salonina
1374:in the 1964 film
1346:Septimius Severus
1327:. The biographer
1281:
1258:
1235:
1212:
1130:Arch of Gallienus
1042:Battle of Naissus
970:Aemilianus revolt
860:Fulvius Macrianus
660:Alemanni invasion
542:Germania Superior
538:Germania Inferior
513:consul ordinarius
471:Cornelia Salonina
428:Cornelia Salonina
272:
271:
267:Egnatia Mariniana
238:
237:
171:Cornelia Salonina
107:Claudius Gothicus
57:(formerly in the
16:(Redirected from
8159:
8107:Valerian dynasty
8063:List of pharaohs
7953:
7718:Pescennius Niger
7606:
7602:
7601:
7514:Ptolemy IX Soter
7484:Cleopatra I Syra
7404:
7400:
7399:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7101:
7092:
7085:
7084:
7070:
6821:Djedkhonsuefankh
6739:
6735:
6734:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6486:
6481:
6466:
6457:
6450:
6449:
6435:
6028:Qareh Khawoserre
6014:Yakbim Sekhaenre
5955:Mersekhemre Ined
5769:
5765:
5764:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5568:
5559:
5552:
5551:
5537:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5068:
5064:
5063:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4594:
4585:
4578:
4577:
4563:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4525:
4369:John IV Laskaris
4342:Alexios V Doukas
4327:Isaac II Angelos
4293:John II Komnenos
4219:Isaac I Komnenos
4179:Constantine VIII
4169:John I Tzimiskes
3896:Byzantine Empire
3670:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3131:Ovinius Paternus
3102:Preceded by
3064:Preceded by
3020:Preceded by
2980:Preceded by
2940:Preceded by
2896:Preceded by
2888:
2851:Watson, Alaric.
2814:
2792:
2736:
2706:Lukas de Blois.
2673:The Two Gallieni
2633:
2632:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2510:
2507:The two Gallieni
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2288:Lothar Bakker. "
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2233:Historia Augusta
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1838:
1700:
1663:consul suffectus
1660:Valerianus Minor
1648:
1640:
1545:
1528:consul suffectus
1476:consul suffectus
1418:
1417:
1391:Harry Sidebottom
1372:Franco Cobianchi
1307:Military reforms
1279:
1275:
1256:
1252:
1233:
1229:
1210:
1203:
1152:Emperor Julian's
1148:Historia Augusta
1096:Historia Augusta
880:Historia Augusta
850:Macrianus revolt
842:(in present-day
832:Battle of Edessa
736:Historia Augusta
702:defeated in the
618:battle of Edessa
455:Valerianus Minor
418:Youth and family
329:with his father
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
248:Valerian dynasty
214:
187:
115:
88:
85:September 253 –
69:
66:
51:
39:
21:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8052:
7958:
7935:
7835:Macrianus Minor
7764:Maximinus Thrax
7700:Marcus Aurelius
7599:
7598:
7597:
7585:
7444:Ptolemy I Soter
7430:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7383:
7350:
7322:
7282:
7264:
7244:Psammetichus IV
7214:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7128:
7106:
7097:
7086:
7083:(664 BC–313 AD)
7082:
7081:
7052:
7014:
6991:
6987:Menkheperre Ini
6924:
6847:
6785:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6718:
6655:
6602:
6583:Neferneferuaten
6509:
6508:
6507:
6495:
6494:
6484:
6479:
6478:Pharaohs
6471:
6462:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6417:
6352:
6311:
6238:Sobekhotep VIII
6219:
6151:
5999:
5960:Sewadjkare Hori
5762:
5761:
5760:
5748:
5688:
5662:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5595:
5573:
5564:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5519:
5486:
5446:
5354:Djedkare Shemai
5316:
5315:
5314:
5302:
5240:
5182:
5125:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5047:
4941:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4851:
4756:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4599:
4590:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4557:
4552:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4454:Gallic emperors
4442:
4130:Constantine VII
3911:Constantine III
3898:
3895:
3884:
3793:
3785:
3724:Valentinian III
3712:Constantius III
3706:Priscus Attalus
3690:Constantine III
3676:
3668:
3558:Valerius Valens
3503:
3495:
3341:
3333:
3292:Didius Julianus
3272:Marcus Aurelius
3189:
3181:
3171:
3137:
3133:
3124:with Sabinillus
3122:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3083:with Saturninus
3081:
3079:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3011:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2930:
2911:
2910:253–268
2909:
2901:
2869:
2811:
2795:
2789:
2774:
2733:
2720:
2703:
2678:Joannes Zonaras
2651:Aurelius Victor
2647:
2645:Primary sources
2642:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2564:
2560:
2556:Southern, p. 3.
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2496:, pp. 3–4.
2492:
2488:
2480:Southern, Pat.
2479:
2475:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1978:J. Drinkwater,
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1813:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1527:
1475:
1432:
1416:
1395:Warrior of Rome
1386:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1329:Aurelius Victor
1309:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1253:
1244:
1230:
1221:
1204:
1184:
1144:
1139:
1091:
1074:Pontirolo Nuovo
1054:
1052:Aureolus revolt
1001:
972:
908:
906:Postumus revolt
852:
828:Sassanid Empire
826:, ruler of the
796:Philip the Arab
768:
716:
662:
595:
593:Ingenuus revolt
590:
584:
534:
517:Marcus Aurelius
491:
420:
415:
387:Macrianus Major
383:Sasanian Empire
322:
282:
278:
208:
181:
180:
151:
139:
122:
113:
86:
70:
67:
55:Palatine Museum
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8165:
8163:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8147:Roman pharaohs
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8074:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7931:Maximinus Daza
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7831:
7826:
7819:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7690:Antoninus Pius
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7603:
7600:(30 BC–313 AD)
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7440:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7401:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7364:Artaxerxes III
7360:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7292:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7240:
7235:
7233:Petubastis III
7230:
7224:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7170:
7165:
7157:
7155:
7146:
7134:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7088:
7087:
7073:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7001:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6934:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6736:
6728:3 Intermediate
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6513:
6510:(1550–1070 BC)
6501:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6453:
6452:
6438:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6321:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6243:Neferhotep III
6240:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6073:Sewadjkare III
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6042:Maaibre Sheshi
6038:
6035:'Ammu Ahotepre
6031:
6024:
6017:
6009:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5945:Merhotepre Ini
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:Sobekhotep III
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5777:
5775:
5766:
5763:(1802–1550 BC)
5758:2 Intermediate
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5653:Mentuhotep III
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5613:
5610:(2040–1802 BC)
5605:Middle Kingdom
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5555:
5554:
5542:Middle Kingdom
5540:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5505:Neferkare VIII
5502:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5472:
5470:Nebkaure Khety
5467:
5462:
5460:Meryibre Khety
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Neferkamin Anu
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5320:
5317:(2181–2040 BC)
5312:1 Intermediate
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5231:Djedkare Isesi
5228:
5226:Menkauhor Kaiu
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5065:
5062:(2686–2181 BC)
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4866:(3150–2686 BC)
4861:Early Dynastic
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4581:
4580:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4413:
4408:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4273:
4249:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Theodora (III)
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4105:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4071:
4059:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:Constantine VI
4021:
4016:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Theodosius III
3985:
3980:
3975:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3933:Constantine IV
3930:
3925:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3791:Eastern Empire
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:Western Empire
3667:
3666:
3659:
3647:Magnus Maximus
3643:
3641:Valentinian II
3638:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3573:Constantius II
3570:
3568:Constantine II
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Antoninus Pius
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3190:27 BC – AD 235
3183:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3126:
3113:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3085:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:Mummius Bassus
3007:
3004:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2917:(253–260) and
2902:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:Regnal titles
2886:
2885:
2880:
2868:
2867:External links
2865:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2837:Syme, Ronald.
2835:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2793:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2718:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2607:
2598:
2585:
2558:
2549:
2537:Leu Numismatik
2524:
2518:Caes. 313b–c (
2511:
2498:
2486:
2473:
2452:
2443:
2431:
2429:R. Syme (1968)
2422:
2420:, p. 264.
2410:
2401:
2392:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2342:, p. 263.
2332:
2319:
2310:
2308:, p. 260.
2298:
2281:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2225:
2216:
2204:
2202:, p. 255.
2192:
2179:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2129:Victor Duruy,
2122:
2120:, p. 256.
2107:
2095:
2086:
2072:
2063:
2050:
2048:Zonaras, 12.24
2041:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1928:
1919:
1907:
1898:
1885:
1876:
1861:
1854:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1703:Ulpia Severina
1688:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1389:He appears in
1385:
1382:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1180:
1143:
1142:Historiography
1140:
1138:
1135:
1090:
1087:
1053:
1050:
1000:
997:
971:
968:
907:
904:
851:
848:
784:Naqsh-e Rustam
767:
764:
715:
712:
683:Agri Decumates
661:
658:
594:
591:
583:
580:
533:
530:
490:
487:
419:
416:
414:
411:
397:under general
381:in 260 by the
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
236:
235:
231:
230:
224:
223:
219:
218:
210:
209:
207:
206:
201:
196:
190:
188:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
148:
144:
143:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
116:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
72:
71:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8164:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8064:
8059:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7954:
7950:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7509:Cleopatra III
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7311:Nepherites II
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7125:
7122:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7067:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6842:Psusennes III
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6733:(1069–664 BC)
6729:
6725:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6699:Ramesses VIII
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6568:Amenhotep III
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6491:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6458:
6454:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6408:Seqenenre Tao
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6383:Sobekemsaf II
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:Wepwawetemsaf
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Merneferre Ay
5938:
5936:
5935:Wahibre Ibiau
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:Sobekhotep IV
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Amenemhat III
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5658:Mentuhotep IV
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Mentuhotep II
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5589:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:Wahkare Khety
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Neferkare VII
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:Seth-Peribsen
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Hotepsekhemwy
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:Double Falcon
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:(pre-3150 BC)
4632:
4631:Protodynastic
4628:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4573:
4569:
4568:Protodynastic
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4513:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4091:Theodora (II)
4089:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:Constantine V
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Anastasius II
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Theodosius II
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Valentinian I
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:Constantine I
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Constantius I
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2906:Roman emperor
2900:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:0-415-30187-4
2858:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:0-19-814853-4
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:Southern, Pat
2816:
2812:
2810:0-415-10058-5
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:90-5063-034-0
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:Lissner, Ivar
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:3-515-04806-5
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2732:1-86254-337-2
2728:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2716:90-04-04508-2
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:Historia Nova
2692:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2630:
2628:9780415922302
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2594:De Caesaribus
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:9782717724929
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:0-203-73029-1
2466:
2463:, Routledge,
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:Potter (2004)
2414:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:0-520-06983-8
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:Potter (2004)
2336:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:Potter (2004)
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:Potter (2004)
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:Potter (2004)
2196:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:Potter (2004)
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1990:), pp. 21–22.
1989:
1988:3-515-04806-5
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:0-915018-28-4
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1770:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1696:Roman Emperor
1694:
1683:Roman Emperor
1681:
1672:Roman Emperor
1670:
1661:
1652:
1644:Roman Emperor
1642:(1) Gallienus
1639:
1621:Roman Emperor
1619:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1567:
1561:
1551:Roman Emperor
1549:
1544:
1536:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:Birds of Prey
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1344:, along with
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Constantine I
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:Lava Treasure
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:Assassination
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
988:
986:
982:
977:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
950:
949:Gallic Empire
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Gallic Empire
921:
912:
905:
903:
901:
897:
896:dux Romanorum
891:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:was found at
781:
777:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
737:
732:
724:
720:
711:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:as Caesar at
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
599:
592:
589:
581:
579:
576:
570:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
529:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
429:
424:
417:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:Gallic Empire
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Roman emperor
315:
276:
268:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
247:
245:
241:
232:
229:
225:
220:
215:
211:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
189:
186:
185:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
117:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:September 268
84:
80:
77:
76:Roman emperor
73:
62:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7882:
7875:
7868:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7833:
7821:
7814:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7716:
7709:
7695:Lucius Verus
7652:
7553:
7529:Berenice III
7519:Cleopatra IV
7494:Cleopatra II
7426:Alexander IV
7346:Nectanebo II
7315:
7296:Nepherites I
7255:Artaxerxes I
7242:
7172:
7160:
7143:(664–332 BC)
7123:
7079:Roman Period
6981:Shoshenq VII
6979:
6952:
6912:
6893:Shoshenq III
6875:
6840:
6803:
6781:Psusennes II
6694:Ramesses VII
6674:Ramesses III
6558:Amenhotep II
6553:Thutmose III
6489:
6378:Sobekemsaf I
6370:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6304:
6297:
6202:
6185:
6180:'Aper-'Anati
6178:
6171:
6164:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6088:Sekheperenre
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
5910:Neferhotep I
5900:Seth Meribre
5877:
5863:Djedkheperew
5780:
5741:
5732:Amenemhat IV
5722:Senusret III
5712:Amenemhat II
5628:Mentuhotep I
5590:
5479:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5344:Neferkare II
5295:
5288:
5221:Nyuserre Ini
5175:
5158:
5113:
5106:
5094:
5035:
5030:Neferkasokar
5028:
5021:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4934:
4927:
4835:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4778:Finger Snail
4776:
4769:
4749:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4616:
4421:Andronikos V
4419:
4402:
4350:
4318:
4296:
4284:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4243:
4237:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4111:
4094:
4082:
4065:
4053:
4047:
4034:Nikephoros I
4009:
4008:
4002:
3969:
3966:Justinian II
3961:Tiberius III
3951:Justinian II
3942:
3936:
3919:
3871:
3843:Anastasius I
3834:
3778:
3774:Julius Nepos
3766:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3636:Theodosius I
3623:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3553:Maximinus II
3540:
3442:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3315:
3277:Lucius Verus
3123:
3117:Roman consul
3115:
3082:
3076:Roman consul
3074:
3040:
3034:Roman consul
3032:
2998:
2992:Roman consul
2990:
2960:
2954:Roman consul
2952:
2913:
2904:
2876:
2852:
2838:
2831:
2828:Syme, Ronald
2821:
2800:
2777:
2742:
2722:
2707:
2681:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2576:, BNF, 2011
2573:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2089:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1922:
1910:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1864:
1843:
1836:
1404:
1394:
1375:
1369:
1355:
1317:Comitatenses
1310:
1285:
1262:
1239:
1216:
1207:Antoninianus
1185:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1116:
1095:
1092:
1055:
1014:
989:
973:
945:
917:
895:
892:
884:
879:
853:
801:
741:
734:
728:
723:Antoninianus
663:
641:
607:
571:
535:
521:Lucius Verus
515:for 254. As
507:
496:
494:
492:
438:
435:John Malalas
432:
376:
358:
354:Roman Senate
343:
274:
273:
182:
161:Roman Empire
141:Roman Empire
58:
53:Bust in the
36:
8087:210s births
7799:Gordian III
7744:Diadumenian
7544:Cleopatra V
7398:(332–30 BC)
7393:Hellenistic
7336:Nectanebo I
7228:Cambyses II
7210:Psamtik III
7168:Tefnakht II
6970:Takelot III
6965:Osorkon III
6960:Shoshenq VI
6914:Pedubast II
6898:Shoshenq IV
6871:Shoshenq II
6836:Pinedjem II
6826:Menkheperre
6761:Psusennes I
6714:Ramesses XI
6704:Ramesses IX
6689:Ramesses VI
6679:Ramesses IV
6626:Ramesses II
6588:Tutankhamun
6563:Thutmose IV
6543:Thutmose II
6533:Amenhotep I
6505:New Kingdom
6440:New Kingdom
6299:Senusret IV
6283:Dedumose II
6258:Nebiriau II
6253:Nebiryraw I
6248:Mentuhotepi
6053:Khakherewre
5980:Merkheperre
5890:Imyremeshaw
5873:Sedjefakare
5828:Sehetepibre
5803:Ameny Qemau
5737:Sobekneferu
5717:Senusret II
5702:Amenemhat I
5684:Iyibkhentre
5414:Neferirkare
5409:Neferkauhor
5216:Shepseskare
5057:Old Kingdom
5043:Khasekhemwy
5023:Neferkara I
4992:Weneg-Nebty
4837:Scorpion II
4480:(1224–1242)
4474:(1204–1461)
4263:Konstantios
4140:Christopher
4113:Constantine
4103:Michael III
4084:Constantine
4067:Constantine
4049:Theophylact
3978:Philippicus
3928:Constans II
3853:Justinian I
3749:Severus III
3697:Constans II
3451:Claudius II
3427:Silbannacus
3374:Gordian III
3349:Maximinus I
3317:Diadumenian
1781:Valerian II
1433:philosopher
1414:Family tree
1401:David Drake
1315:units, the
1155:The Caesars
1046:Claudius II
936:inscription
820:Mesopotamia
695:Switzerland
575:Valerian II
567:Roman Dacia
532:Early reign
475:Valerian II
228:Regnal name
93:Predecessor
8092:268 deaths
8076:Categories
7916:Diocletian
7870:Quintillus
7823:Aemilianus
7778:Gordian II
7750:Elagabalus
7571:Arsinoe IV
7454:Arsinoe II
7379:Darius III
7306:Psammuthes
7195:Psamtik II
7010:Bakenranef
6948:Pedubast I
6943:Takelot II
6938:Harsiese A
6920:Osorkon IV
6908:Shoshenq V
6888:Osorkon II
6861:Shoshenq I
6831:Smendes II
6811:Pinedjem I
6756:Amenemnisu
6709:Ramesses X
6684:Ramesses V
6636:Amenmesses
6616:Ramesses I
6578:Smenkhkare
6548:Hatshepsut
6538:Thutmose I
6288:Montuemsaf
6278:Dedumose I
6078:Nebdjefare
6068:Merdjefare
5838:Nedjemibre
5833:Sewadjkare
5707:Senusret I
5679:Qakare Ini
5500:Meryhathor
5404:Neferkaure
5399:Qakare Iby
5384:Neferkahor
5369:Neferkamin
5177:Thamphthis
5171:Shepseskaf
5085:Sekhemkhet
4936:Horus Bird
4813:Scorpion I
4257:Andronikos
4245:Nikephoros
4194:Michael IV
4159:Romanos II
4079:Theophilos
4074:Michael II
4055:Staurakios
4039:Staurakios
4011:Nikephoros
4004:Artabasdos
3916:Heraclonas
3873:Theodosius
3831:Basiliscus
3591:Nepotianus
3584:Magnentius
3578:Constans I
3531:Severus II
3511:Diocletian
3456:Quintillus
3421:Aemilianus
3414:Volusianus
3359:Gordian II
3324:Elagabalus
3187:Principate
3135:Arcesilaus
2943:Volusianus
2640:References
2441:, XIV.4–11
1802:consul 268
1799:Marinianus
1793:co-emperor
1680:Quintillus
1618:Aemilianus
1337:equestrian
1321:Diocletian
1284:Legio VII
1263:Macedonica
1261:Legio VII
1238:Legio III
1167:Odaenathus
1062:Mediolanum
976:Alexandria
963:Mediolanum
840:Cappadocia
812:Cappadocia
776:bas relief
744:Sarmatians
731:Regalianus
622:Regalianus
563:Aemilianus
483:Marinianus
413:Early life
407:Mediolanum
372:Mediolanum
323: 218
204:Marinianus
194:Valerianus
153:Mediolanum
126:(July 260)
114:Co-emperor
97:Aemilianus
68: 262
8082:Gallienus
8048:Ptolemaic
7856:Gallienus
7771:Gordian I
7734:Caracalla
7660:Vespasian
7654:Vitellius
7436:Ptolemaic
7278:Amyrtaeus
7260:Darius II
7205:Ahmose II
7185:Psamtik I
7124:uncertain
7112:Pharaohs
7048:Tanutamun
6883:Takelot I
6866:Osorkon I
6816:Masaharta
6766:Amenemope
6669:Setnakhte
6631:Merneptah
6573:Akhenaten
6490:uncertain
6372:Nebmaatre
6193:Sakir-Har
6146:Yaqub-Har
6058:Nebefawre
5808:Hotepibre
5674:Segerseni
5643:Intef III
5591:uncertain
5579:Pharaohs
5211:Neferefre
5037:Hudjefa I
4918:Semerkhet
4655:Hedju Hor
4617:uncertain
4605:Pharaohs
4499:Classical
4484:Empresses
4468:(286–296)
4462:(267–273)
4456:(260–274)
4199:Michael V
4125:Alexander
3938:Heraclius
3906:Heraclius
3858:Justin II
3768:Glycerius
3755:Anthemius
3625:Procopius
3563:Martinian
3542:Maxentius
3471:Florianus
3444:Saloninus
3439:Gallienus
3408:Hostilian
3384:Philip II
3354:Gordian I
3302:Caracalla
3237:Vespasian
3232:Vitellius
2919:Saloninus
2660:Eutropius
2494:Bray 1997
2186:J. Fitz,
2169:T. Nagy,
1892:R. Syme,
1845:Weitzmann
1828:Citations
1790:Saloninus
1535:Mariniana
1403:'s novel
1215:Legio II
1120:Via Appia
1106:i.40 and
1094:bed; the
1026:Black Sea
928:Macrianus
876:Macrianus
868:Palmyrene
864:Odenathus
856:Callistus
679:Tarragona
642:comitatus
630:Saloninus
558:Illyricum
556:area and
479:Saloninus
447:Mariniana
350:Mariniana
199:Saloninus
124:Saloninus
121:(253–260)
103:Successor
42:Gallienus
8008:21 to 23
7926:Galerius
7921:Maximian
7910:Numerian
7877:Aurelian
7829:Valerian
7792:Balbinus
7785:Pupienus
7739:Macrinus
7711:Pertinax
7705:Commodus
7670:Domitian
7633:Claudius
7628:Caligula
7623:Tiberius
7618:Augustus
7238:Darius I
7190:Necho II
7033:Shebitku
7005:Tefnakht
6598:Horemheb
6528:Ahmose I
6340:Pantjeny
6326:Senebkay
6306:Pepi III
6268:Bebiankh
6125:Shenshek
6083:Nebsenre
5915:Sihathor
5885:Khendjer
5848:Renseneb
5793:Nerikare
5638:Intef II
5515:Merykare
5420:Wadjkare
5364:Merenhor
5259:Userkare
5166:Menkaure
5160:Bikheris
5149:Djedefre
5115:Qahedjet
4999:Wadjenes
4985:Horus Sa
4978:Nubnefer
4965:Nynetjer
4929:Sneferka
4669:Ni-Neith
4555:Pharaohs
4494:Usurpers
4489:Augustae
4447:See also
4352:Nicholas
4174:Basil II
3971:Tiberius
3956:Leontius
3944:Tiberius
3921:Tiberius
3899:610–1453
3894:Eastern/
3848:Justin I
3801:Arcadius
3761:Olybrius
3743:Majorian
3684:Honorius
3663:Eugenius
3598:Vetranio
3548:Licinius
3521:Galerius
3516:Maximian
3501:Dominate
3491:Numerian
3461:Aurelian
3434:Valerian
3379:Philip I
3369:Balbinus
3364:Pupienus
3312:Macrinus
3287:Pertinax
3282:Commodus
3247:Domitian
3212:Claudius
3207:Caligula
3202:Tiberius
3197:Augustus
3110:Lucillus
3095:Lucillus
3001:Valerian
2963:Valerian
2915:Valerian
2899:Valerian
2799:(2004).
2572:Also in
2542:23 March
2294:Germania
2061:, p. 44.
1811:See also
1693:Aurelian
1615:previous
1548:Valerian
1342:Dominate
1333:senators
1175:Aurelian
1112:Aurelian
1070:Postumus
1058:Aureolus
940:Augsburg
932:Silvanus
920:Postumus
866:and his
824:Shapur I
780:Shapur I
752:Pannonia
750:invaded
748:Roxolani
699:Hannibal
687:Juthungi
666:Alemanni
646:Aureolus
626:Postumus
614:Ingenuus
610:Shapur I
508:Augustus
499:Valerian
443:Valerian
437:and the
426:Bust of
403:Aureolus
399:Postumus
374:in 259.
370:army at
368:Alemanni
364:Ingenuus
359:Augustus
346:Valerian
339:usurpers
331:Valerian
257:Valerian
119:Valerian
8132:Licinii
8117:Egnatii
7903:Carinus
7884:Tacitus
7842:Quietus
7685:Hadrian
7369:Khabash
7200:Wahibre
7180:Necho I
7174:Nekauba
7162:Ammeris
7105:Dynasty
7043:Taharqa
7038:Shabaka
6975:Rudamun
6954:Iuput I
6799:Herihor
6751:Smendes
6651:Twosret
6641:Seti II
6485:female)
6470:Dynasty
6366:Rahotep
6263:Semenre
6233:Djehuti
6215:Khamudi
6204:Yanassi
6187:Salitis
6139:Yakareb
6132:Khamure
6063:Sehebre
5985:Merkare
5633:Intef I
5572:Dynasty
5481:Imhotep
5441:Iytjenu
5427:Khuiqer
5339:Menkare
5290:Neferka
5274:Pepi II
5196:Userkaf
5090:Sanakht
4913:Anedjib
4893:Hor-Aha
4826:Iry-Hor
4820:Shendjw
4792:Pen-Abu
4676:Hat-Hor
4598:Dynasty
4504:Eastern
4404:Matthew
4298:Alexios
4146:Stephen
4108:Basil I
3993:Leo III
3868:Maurice
3811:Marcian
3794:395–610
3718:Joannes
3677:395–480
3631:Gratian
3504:284–610
3486:Carinus
3466:Tacitus
3342:235–285
3262:Hadrian
3038:261–262
2958:254–255
2691:Zosimus
2596:, 33–34
2390:, p. 54
1915:Peachin
1698:270–275
1674:268–270
1646:253–268
1553:253–260
1313:cavalry
1286:Claudia
1240:Italica
1217:Italica
1192:Corsica
1171:Zenobia
1163:Palmyra
1108:Zonaras
1104:Zosimus
888:Zonaras
872:Quietus
836:Cilicia
816:Zosimus
804:Scythai
756:Sirmium
654:Sirmium
638:Balkans
634:Cologne
550:Noricum
467:Egnatii
463:Etruria
459:Falerii
244:Dynasty
32:Galenus
8043:Argead
7890:Probus
7810:Decius
7805:Philip
7680:Trajan
7408:Argead
7317:Muthis
7270:XXVIII
7250:Xerxes
7118:female
7096:Period
6805:Piankh
6776:Siamun
6646:Siptah
6621:Seti I
6461:Period
6413:Kamose
6347:Snaaib
6317:Abydos
6173:Semqen
6166:Sharek
6118:Sheneh
6098:'Apepi
6093:Bebnum
6048:Nehesy
5868:Sebkay
5788:Sonbef
5585:female
5563:Period
5374:Nikare
5264:Pepi I
5201:Sahure
5154:Khafre
5139:Snefru
5108:Sedjes
5080:Djoser
5006:Senedj
4884:Narmer
4843:Narmer
4725:Wazner
4690:Hsekiu
4662:Ny-Hor
4611:female
4589:Period
4266:&
4242:&
4149:&
4120:Leo VI
4096:Thekla
4052:&
4019:Leo IV
3941:&
3880:Phocas
3836:Marcus
3821:Leo II
3737:Avitus
3654:Victor
3619:Valens
3609:Jovian
3604:Julian
3476:Probus
3411:&
3391:Decius
3339:Crisis
3257:Trajan
3070:Dexter
3058:Dexter
2921:(260)
2912:With:
2859:
2845:
2807:
2785:
2762:
2749:
2729:
2714:
2625:
2580:
2467:
2386:
2239:, II.6
1986:
1947:
1852:
1784:caesar
1384:Novels
1302:, Rome
1137:Legacy
1038:Thrace
1034:Sparta
1030:Athens
1022:Heruli
993:Thebes
959:Aureus
844:Turkey
808:Pontus
788:Shiraz
760:Verona
691:France
671:Franks
624:, and
602:Aureus
554:Danube
548:, and
546:Raetia
503:Senate
379:Edessa
263:Mother
253:Father
184:Detail
167:Spouse
157:Italia
138:c. 218
7896:Carus
7675:Nerva
7665:Titus
7643:Galba
7610:XXXIV
7595:Roman
7374:Arses
7301:Hakor
7220:XXVII
6930:XXIII
6520:XVIII
6480:(male
6210:Apepi
6198:Khyan
6111:Wazad
5879:Wegaf
5813:Iufni
5667:Nubia
5475:Setut
5297:Nefer
5144:Khufu
5102:Khaba
5096:Nebka
4960:Nebra
4888:Menes
4847:Menes
4799:Stork
4762:Upper
4718:Neheb
4711:Thesh
4697:Khayu
4646:Lower
4062:Leo V
4029:Irene
3816:Leo I
3481:Carus
3252:Nerva
3242:Titus
3222:Galba
3174:Roman
3041:with
2999:with
2961:with
2875:, at
2509:, XVI
1366:Films
1182:Coins
1066:Milan
1017:Goths
900:Emesa
708:Milan
650:Mursa
497:When
217:Names
178:Issue
82:Reign
7729:Geta
7648:Otho
7638:Nero
7356:XXXI
7341:Teos
7288:XXIX
7153:XXVI
7138:Late
7115:male
7075:Late
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6997:XXIV
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6853:XXII
6442:and
6358:XVII
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5582:male
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3227:Otho
3217:Nero
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2465:ISBN
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489:Rule
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389:and
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135:Born
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6225:XVI
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5694:XII
5327:VII
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