Acoma Pueblo - Knowledge (XXG)

1568: 1250: 1623: 718:, Oñate's nephew, reached Acoma with 20–30 men and peacefully traded with them and had to wait some days for their order of ground corn. On December 4, Zaldívar went with 16 armored men to Acoma to find out about the corn. Zutacapan met them and directed them to the homes with the corn. Zaldívar's people then divided into groups to collect the corn. The traditional oral Acoma narrative tells that a group attacked some Acoma women, leading Acoma warriors to retaliate. The Spanish documents do not report an attack on the women and say that the division of the men was a reaction to Zutacapan's plan to kill Zaldívar's party. The Acoma killed 12 of the Spaniards, including Zaldívar. Five men escaped, although one died from jumping over the citadel, leaving four to escape with the remaining camp. 1671: 1611: 567:, and other ancient peoples. These influences are seen in the architecture, farming style, and artistry of the Acoma. In the 13th century, the Ancestral Puebloans abandoned their canyon homelands due to climate change and social upheaval. For more than two centuries, there were migrations in the area. The Acoma Pueblo emerged by the 13th century. However, the Acoma themselves say the Sky City Pueblo was established in the 11th century, with brick buildings as early as 1144 on the mesa. Evidence for their antiquity is the unique lack of adobe in their construction. This early founding date makes Acoma Pueblo one of the earliest continuously inhabited communities in the United States. 3494: 1553: 1592: 1635: 876: 755: 997: 1659: 1580: 1647: 3387: 1714: 87: 629:

of about 100 narrower steps and at the top they had to go up about three times as high as a man by means of holes in the rock, in which they put the points of their feet, holding on at the same time by their hands. There was a wall of large and small stones at the top, which they could roll down without showing themselves, so that no army could possibly be strong enough to capture the village. On the top they had room to sow and store a large amount of corn, and cisterns to collect snow and water.

767: 1499: 1541: 123: 1072:, with beams across the roof that were covered with poles, brush, and then plaster. The roof for one level would serve as the floor for another. Each level is connected to others by ladders, serving as a unique defensive aid; the ladders are the only way to enter the buildings, as the traditional design has no windows or doors. The lower levels of the buildings were used for storage. Baking ovens are outside the buildings, with water being collected from two natural 1013: 539: 1695: 1683: 1314: 920: 661:, and 13 others, including Indian servants. The Acoma at this time were reported to be somewhat defensive and fearful. This response may have been due to the knowledge of the Spanish enslavement of other Indians to work in silver mines in the area. However, eventually the Rodríguez and Chamuscado party convinced them to trade goods for food. The Spaniard reports say the pueblo had about 500 houses of either three or four stories high. 70: 1529: 2730: 1370: 1005: 547: 3398: 1025: 1517: 1354: 699:(Zutacapan's son) mentioning of the widespread belief that the Spaniards were immortal. Thus, when Oñate visited on October 27, 1598, Acoma met him peacefully, with no resistance to Oñate's demand of surrender and obedience reported. Oñate demonstrated his military power by firing a gun salute. Zutacapan offered to meet Oñate formally in the religious 130: 94: 856:, over 40 miles (64 km) away. The 6,000 square feet (560 m) church has an altar flanked by 60 feet (18 m)-high wood pillars. These are hand carved in red and white designs, representing Christian and Indigenous beliefs. The Acoma know their ancestors' hands built this structure, and they consider it a cultural treasure. 747:

sent back to their respective Pueblos as a warning of the consequences for resisting the Spanish. On the north side of the mesa, a row of houses still retains marks from the fire started by a cannon during this Acoma War. (Oñate was later exiled from New Mexico for mismanagement, false reporting, and cruelty by

703:, which is traditionally used as the place to make sacred oaths and pledges. However, Oñate was scared of death and in suspicious ignorance of Acoma customs refused to enter via ladder from the roof into the dark kiva chambers. Purguapo was another Acoma man out of four chosen for Spaniard negotiations. 927:

About 300 two- and three-story adobe buildings stand on the mesa, with exterior ladders used to access the upper levels where residents live. Access to the mesa is by a road blasted into the rock face during the 1950s, navigable by car and bus. Footpaths down the mesa can still be used. Approximately

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Acoma Pueblo is open to the public by guided tour from March until October, though June and July have periods of closure for cultural activities. Photography of the Pueblo and surrounding land is restricted. Tours and camera permits are purchased at the Sky City Cultural Center. While photography is

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These people were robbers, feared by the whole country round about. The village was very strong, because it was up on a rock out of reach, having steep sides in every direction... There was only one entrance by a stairway built by hand... There was a broad stairway of about 200 steps, then a stretch

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of Acoma governance. The Spanish imposed a group to oversee the Pueblo, but their power was not taken seriously by the Acoma. The Spanish group would work with external situations and comprised a governor, two lieutenant governors, and a council. The Acoma also participated in the All Indian Pueblo

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for 20 years. They also took males aged 12–25 and females over 12 away from their parents, putting most of them in slavery for 20 years. The enslaved Acoma were given to government officials and various missions. Two other Indian men visiting Acoma at the time had their right hands cut off and were

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visited Acoma by himself with a dog and a horse and asked for other supplies. Villagrá refused to get off his horse and left to follow Oñate's party. However, Zutacapan convinced him to return to receive supplies. In questioning by Zutacapan, Villagrá said that 103 armed men were two days away from

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started the next day and lasted for three days. On January 23, men were able to climb the southern mesa unnoticed by Acoma guards and breach the pueblo. The Spanish dragged a cannon through the streets, toppling adobe walls and burning most of the village, killing 800 people (decimating 20% of the

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dot the landscape that averages about 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in altitude, with about 10 inches (250 mm) of rain each year. Since 1977, the Acoma have increased their domain through several land purchases. On the reservation, only tribal members may own land and almost all enrolled members

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Acoma Pueblo has no electricity, running water, or sewage disposal. Reservation lands surround the mesa, totaling 600 square miles (1,600 km). Tribal members live both on the reservation and outside it. Contemporary Acoma culture remains relatively closed. According to the 2000 United States

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for forces under Spain and Mexico, fighting against raids and protecting merchants on the Santa Fe Trail. After the 19th century, raiding tribes were less of a threat and Acoma military culture began to decline. The war captain position eventually would change to a civil and religious function.

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It is believed Coronado's expedition were the first Europeans to encounter the Acoma (Estevan was a native Moroccan). Alvarado reported that first the Acoma refused entry even after persuasions, but after Alvarado showed threats of an attack, the Acoma guards welcomed the Spaniards peacefully,

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and Haak'u Museum at the base of the mesa, replacing the original, which was destroyed by fire in 2000. The center and museum seek to sustain and preserve Acoma culture. Films about Acoma history are shown and a café serves traditional foods. The architecture was inspired by pueblo design and

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intended to colonize New Mexico starting from 1595 (he formally held the area by April 1598). The Acoma warrior Zutacapan heard of this plan and warned the mesa and organized a defense. However, a pueblo elder, Chumpo, dissuaded war, partly to prevent deaths and partly based on Zutancalpo's

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rebuilt their community between 1599 and 1620. The town remained uninhabited for several months, out of fear of more attacks, until it began to be rebuilt in December 1599. Oñate forced the Acoma and other local Indians to pay taxes in crops, cotton, and labor. Spanish rule also brought

1330:, a mineral which is used to create mesa windows. The complex is also fire resistant, unlike traditional pueblos, and is painted in light pinks and purples to match the landscape surrounding it. Traditional Acoma artwork is exhibited and demonstrated at the center, including ceramic 946: 1108:

and leather sandals. Rabbit and deer skin was also used for clothing and robes. In the 17th century, horses were introduced to the Pueblo by the Spanish. Education was overseen by kiva headmen, who taught about human behavior, spirit and body, astrology, ethics, child psychology,

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hospitals and native healers cooperate to battle health problems. Alcohol is banned on the Pueblo. The community is served by the Acoma-Canoncito-Laguna (ACL) Hospital run by the Indian Health Services and located in Acoma. Today, 19 clans still remain active.

3864: 911:. By 1922, most children from the community were in boarding schools, where they were forced to use English and practice Christianity. Several generations became cut off from their culture and language, with harsh effects on their families and societies. 436:, 'preparedness, place of preparedness', and suggest that this might be the origin of the name. The name does not mean 'sky city'. Other tribal elders assert that it means 'place that always was', while outsiders say it means 'people of the white rock'. 3889: 818:. On occasion, the Acoma would side with the Spanish to fight against these nomadic tribes. Forced to formally adopt Catholicism, the Acoma proceeded to practice their traditional religion in secrecy, and combined elements of both in a syncretic blend. 883:

During the 19th century, the Acoma people, while trying to uphold traditional life, also adopted aspects of the once-rejected Spanish culture and religion. By the 1880s, railroads brought increased numbers of settlers and ended the pueblos' isolation.

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or communal. Labor was shared and produce was distributed equally. Trading networks were extensive, spreading thousands of miles throughout the region. During fixed times in the summer and fall, trading fairs were held. The largest fair was held in

3371: 3307: 1137:. Mountains surrounding the community, the Sun above, and the Earth below help to balance and define the Acoma world. Traditional religious ceremonies may revolve around the weather, including seeking to ensure healthy rainfall. The Acoma also use 725:, planned an attack in revenge, as well to teach a lesson to other pueblos. Acomas requested help from other tribes to defend against the Spanish. Among the leaders were Gicombo, Popempol, Chumpo, Calpo, Buzcoico, Ezmicaio, and Bempol (a recruited 1240:

In 1932, George R. Swank published a Master's thesis titled "The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians," containing short sections on the Puebloans' history, culture and mythology as well as an extensive treatment of plant uses and names.

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According to the 2010 United States Census, 4,989 people identified as Acoma. The Acoma have continuously occupied the area for over 2,000 years, making this one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States (along with

3281: 1196:. They also raised turkeys, tobacco, and sunflowers. The Acoma hunted antelope, deer, and rabbits. Wild seeds, berries, nuts, and other foods were gathered. After 1700, new foods were noted in the historical record. Staples included 1397:. A potter lightly strikes the side of the pot upon completion and holds it to his or her ear; if the pot does not ring, it will crack during firing. If this is found, the piece is destroyed and ground into shards for future use. 3884: 3879: 1747: 738:

4,000 population) and imprisoning approximately 500 others. Almost all of the remaining inhabitants were enslaved or left the town. The pueblo surrendered at noon on January 24. Zaldívar lost only one of his men. The Spanish

624:) in 1540 as "a very strange place built upon solid rock" and "one of the strongest places we have seen." Upon visiting the Pueblo, the expedition "repented having gone up to the place." Further from Alvarado's report: 574:, about 60 miles (97 km) west of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The isolation and location of the Pueblo has sheltered the community for more than 1,200 years as they sought protection from the raids of the neighboring 3366: 3312: 1670: 351:. The Acoma Pueblo tribe is a federally recognized tribal entity, whose historic land of Acoma Pueblo totaled roughly 5,000,000 acres (2,000,000 ha). Today, much of the Acoma community is primarily within the 2953: 3333: 3235: 1591: 1249: 3266: 3200: 3165: 783:

into the area. The Spanish renamed the pueblos with the names of saints and started to construct churches in them. They introduced new crops to the Acoma, including peaches, peppers, and wheat. A 1620

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in the area provided work for the Acoma until their closings in the 1980s. After that, the tribe provided most employment. However, high unemployment rates trouble the Pueblo. The uranium mines left

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lined with woven blankets and guarded by two Acoma men. A celebration follows with dancing and feasting. During the festival, vendors sell goods, such as traditional pottery and cuisine.

1168:, the mesa is opened to the public for the celebration. More than 2,000 pilgrims attend the San Esteban Festival. The celebration begins at San Esteban Del Rey Mission, and a carved pine 3250: 3225: 3130: 3070: 3050: 3045: 3015: 3005: 1622: 3185: 3140: 3080: 3055: 3010: 1116:

Since the 1970s, Acoma Pueblo has retained control over education services, which have been keys in maintaining traditional and contemporary lifestyles. They share a high school with

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30 or so people live permanently on the mesa, with the population increasing on the weekends, as family members come to visit, and tourists, some 55,000 annually, visit for the day.

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is the Spanish word for 'village' or 'small town' and 'people'. In general usage, it is applied both to the people and to the unique architecture of the southwestern native tribes.

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indigenous architectural traditions, with wide doorways in the middle, which in traditional homes make the bringing of supplies easier. The windowpanes contain flecks of

2999: 1767: 1752: 957:, or head of the Pueblo, and a war captain, who would serve until their deaths. Both individuals maintained strong religious connections to their work, representing the 598:, who related the information to the viceroy of New Spain after the end of his expedition. Acoma was called the independent Kingdom of Hacus. He called the Acoma people 1345:

and hotel - the Sky City Casino Hotel. The casino and hotel are alcohol-free and are maintained by the Acoma Business Enterprise, which oversees most Acoma businesses.

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noting that they and their horses were tired. The encounter shows that the Acoma had clothing made of deerskin, buffalo hide, and woven cotton, as well as

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techniques such as dams and terraces were used for agriculture. Farming tools were made of wood and stone. Harvested corn would be ground with hands and

1282:. The arrival of railroads in the 1880s made the Acoma dependent on American-made goods, which suppressed traditional arts such as weaving and pottery. 2734: 2291: 1646: 3619: 1176:

bells. The procession then proceeds past the cemetery, down narrow streets, and to the plaza. Upon arriving at the plaza, the effigy is placed in a

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Acoma Pueblo has three rows of three-story, apartment-style buildings, which face south on top of the mesa. The buildings are constructed from

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A buttressed three-story building, and a relic of the ancient 11th century brick architecture that still remain in small numbers on the Pueblo

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took place, with Acoma participating. The revolt brought refugees from other pueblos. Those who eventually left Acoma moved elsewhere to form

2435: 2343: 1970: 1913: 1872: 1156:, but blend aspects of Catholicism and their traditional religion. Many old rituals are still performed. In September, the Acoma honor their 715: 3549: 2939: 1792: 594:, a slave and was the first person of African descent to explore North America, was the first non-Indian to visit Acoma and reported it to 47: 2125: 899:

in 1924. Despite successes in retaining their land, the Acoma had difficulty in preserving their cultural traditions in the 20th century.

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the right feet of men over 25 years old, and by some accounts one or more toes of such enslaved men's right feet, and forced them into

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U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Census 2000 American Indian and Alaska Native Summary File (AIANSF) - Sample Data, Acoma alone, H38

526:. In contemporary Acoma Pueblo culture, most people speak both Acoma and English, elders speak an endangered indigenous variant of 1516: 2867: 908: 617: 3755: 2772: 2767: 2677: 1338:

allowed with permit, video recordings, drawings, and sketching are prohibited. All photography is forbidden within the church.

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Acoma pottery dates back more than 1,000 years. Dense local clay, dug up at a nearby site, is essential to Acoma pottery. The

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of Saint Stephen is removed from the altar and carried into the main plaza with people chanting, shooting rifles, and ringing

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gathered for the first time in more than 300 years. Responding to congressional interest in appropriating Pueblo lands, the

707: 430:). The name does not have any meaning in the modern Acoma language. Some tribal authorities connect it to the similar word 3544: 2862: 2777: 444:ákuma, ákomage, Acus, Acux, Aacus, Hacús, Vacus, Vsacus, Yacco, Acco, Acuca, Acogiya, Acuco, Coco, Suco, Akome, Acuo, Ako, 344: 1694: 3824: 3599: 1602: 1357:

Acoma seed pot by B. Aragon - traditionally, seeds were stored inside this type of pottery and the pots broken as needed

1293:, wheat, chilies, corn, melon, squash, vegetables, and fruit, and they raise cattle. They have natural reserves of gas, 685: 340: 985:. New Mexico supplied more than $ 1 million to fund emergency preparedness and damage repair for victims, and governor 970:

live on the property. The cacique is still active in the community and is from the Antelope clan. The cacique appoints

684:. Acoma oral history does not confirm this trade but only tells of common messengers to and from the mesa and Acomita, 3564: 1092:

clans were recognized by the Acoma. Traditional child rearing involved very little discipline. Couples were generally

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The Acoma control approximately 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of their traditional land. Mesas, valleys, hills, and

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pueblos). Acoma tribal traditions estimate that they have lived in the village for more than two thousand years.

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At Acoma, pottery remains one of the most notable artforms. Men create weavings and silver jewelry, as well.

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On December 20, 1598, Oñate learned of Zaldívar's death and, after receiving encouraging advice from the

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pollution, causing the tribal fishing lake to be drained and some health problems within the community.

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Traditional Acoma religion stresses harmony between life and nature. The Sun is a representative of the

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Historically, engagements in warfare were common for Acoma, like other Pueblos. Weapons used included

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Four communities make up the village of Acoma Pueblo: Sky City (Old Acoma), Acomita, Anzac, and

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fruit. After contact with the Spanish, goats, horses, sheep and donkeys were raised.

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Before contact with the Spanish, Acoma people primarily ate corn, beans, and squash.

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A view from 2009 of the same building, where architectural modifications are apparent

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Tourism is a major source of income for the tribe. In 2008, Pueblo Acoma opened the

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villages. These communities would intermingle in a kind of creolization to form the

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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places

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In contemporary Acoma, other foods are also popular, such as apple pastries, corn

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by the Comanche. Nomadic traders would exchange slaves, buckskins, buffalo hide,

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created Spanish civil offices in each pueblo, including Acoma, with an appointed

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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

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14th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1892–1893

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Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

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Polychrome olla from Acoma Pueblo, c. 1889–1903, made for the tourist trade.

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and a village plaza, which serves as the spiritual center for the village.

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National Register of Historic Places listings in Cibola County, New Mexico

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has been spelled in various other ways in historical documents, including

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Conquistadors and pueblos: The story of the American southwest, 1540–1848

1390: 1331: 1153: 1138: 1101: 1073: 982: 823: 811: 788: 643: 480: 2681: 1270:, and horses. Pueblo people would trade for copper and shell ornaments, 2688:Ácoma, the sky city: A study in Pueblo-Indian history and civilization 1286: 1209: 1201: 819: 743: 347:, which includes several large cities and towns, including neighboring 2682:

Pueblo of Acoma, Casa Blanca vicinity, Acoma Pueblo, Cibola County, NM

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Between 1629 and 1641 Father Juan Ramirez oversaw construction of the

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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places

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A traditional wooden ladder leads to the second story entrance of a

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Council, which started in 1598 and arose again in the 20th century.

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A list of Acoma Pueblo ethnobotany shows 68 documented plant uses.

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and interaction became common among the Acoma, other pueblos, and

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Pueblos on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

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National Register of Historic Places in Cibola County, New Mexico

2460:"Gov. Susana Martinez requests federal funding for flood victims" 1787: 733:(Juan de Zaldívar's brother) reached Acoma with 70 soldiers. The 2624: 2221:

Winship, George F. 1896. The Coronado expedition, 1540–1542. In

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is dried and strengthened by the addition of pulverized pottery

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Acoma was next visited by the Spanish 40 years later in 1581 by

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The Acoma language is classified in the western division of the

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are traditional designs, which are applied with the spike of a

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The Sky City Cultural Center, which includes the Haak'u Museum

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A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples

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A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples

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A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples

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A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples

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The Legend of Pueblo de Acoma, the Cloud City of New Mexico.

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A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and People

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Official Sky City Cultural Center and Haak'u Museum website

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crafted on the rooftop. Arts and crafts also bring income.

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Corral between the rock walls near the Acoma Pueblo, 1886

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Mission San Esteban Rey was built c.1641, photograph by

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for three months. The Acoma were reported to be wearing

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Today, the Acoma produce a variety of goods. They grow

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Fray Agustín Rodríguez and Francisco Sánchez Chamuscado

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https://archive.org/details/coronadoexpediti00winsrich

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Handbook of North American Indian, Volume 9: Southwest

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Acoma government was maintained by two individuals: a

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missionaries established schools in the area, and the

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Pueblo people are believed to have descended from the

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Buildings and structures in Cibola County, New Mexico

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Photograph of Enchanted Mesa taken from Acoma in 1899

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Historical Acoma economic practices are described as

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List of Native American peoples in the United States

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Acoma. Zutacapan then told Villagrá to leave Acoma.

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History of the National Register of Historic Places

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Accompanying photos, exterior and interior, from 19

2187:(transl. G Espinosa). Los Angeles: Quivira Society. 1601:by Lucy M. Lewis, c. 1960–1970s, collection of the 932:census, 4,989 people identify themselves as Acoma. 470: 431: 425: 419: 409: 403: 343:. These communities are located near the expansive 298: 286: 267: 259: 254: 241: 227: 209: 201: 164: 154: 2419: 2327: 1954: 1856: 1546:Acoma Pueblo and its reflection in a pool of water 570:The Pueblo is situated on a 365-foot (111 m) 550:A view of the Acoma Pueblo mesa from the northwest 3000:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state 2241:(pp. 182–183). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1768:List of the oldest buildings in the United States 1753:List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico 3875:Tourist attractions in Cibola County, New Mexico 3870:Historic American Buildings Survey in New Mexico 3835:Federally recognized tribes in the United States 2413: 2411: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 1812:"National Historic Landmarks Survey, New Mexico" 1758:List of Indian reservations in the United States 1486:, traditional pottery artist known for seed pots 1100:. Women wore cotton dresses and sandals or high 3392:National Register of Historic Places portal 2540:The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians 2239:Spanish exploration in the southwest, 1542–1706 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 863:. In 2007, the mission church was designated a 676:, the farming village in the north valley near 650:. The village seemed to contain about 200 men. 626: 398:(1598). The Spanish name was borrowed from the 2666:, Vol. II, Nr. 3, July 1899, p. 109 - 116, in 2161:Wagner, Henry R. 1934. Father Marcos de Niza. 810:. They also suffered raiding from the Apache, 3850:Populated places in Cibola County, New Mexico 3428: 2924: 2712: 2520:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database" 1141:in rituals. The Pueblos also had one or more 459: 451: 393: 387: 8: 3497:Map of New Mexico highlighting Cibola County 2298:. Holmes Anthropology Museum. Archived from 2261:Handbook of North American Indian: Southwest 2259:Garcia-Mason, Velma. 1979. Acoma Pueblo. In 2080:"Lucy M. Lewis Dies; Self-Taught Potter, 93" 2003:U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes 1573:Fiesta de San Esteban, Acoma Pueblo, c. 1900 499: 332:approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of 2562:"Acoma and Laguna Pueblos: Planning a Trip" 2199:Encyclopedia of Exploration - The Explorers 1720:National Register of Historic Places portal 806:, as they had no immunity to such Eurasian 3435: 3421: 3413: 2931: 2917: 2909: 2719: 2705: 2697: 2543:(Masters thesis). University of New Mexico 2487: 2485: 1652:Old trail (entrance) to Acoma Pueblo, 1904 618:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's expedition 489: 68: 3860:National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico 2940:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 2587:. Sunstone Press, 2009, chap.4- p. 30.36. 2286: 2284: 2282: 852:was brought in by community members from 48:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 1534:Illustration of the Acoma mesa from 1846 1023: 1011: 1003: 995: 918: 874: 765: 753: 620:described the Pueblo (which they called 590:The first mention of Acoma was in 1539. 57:U.S. National Historic Landmark District 2119: 2117: 1779: 1494: 1278:. Since 1821, the Acoma traded via the 802:The Acoma suffered high mortality from 2387: 2376: 2201:. New York: Facts on File. p. 3. 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 1908:. Oxford University Press. p. 6. 1788:"National Register Information System" 1480:, "The Padre of Isleta", French priest 989:requested additional funding from the 479: 31: 2038:(1979). "Acoma Pueblo: Synonymy". In 1993: 1991: 1989: 74:Dwellings on the mesa at Acoma Pueblo 7: 3855:History of Cibola County, New Mexico 3830:Native American tribes in New Mexico 2426:. Oxford University Press. pp. 2197:Waldman, Carl; Wexler, Alan (2004). 1863:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1793:National Register of Historic Places 861:National Register of Historic Places 664:In 1582, Acoma was visited again by 408:meaning 'person from Acoma Pueblo'. 2366:Charles W. Snell (April 30, 1968). 2334:. Oxford University Press. p. 2225:(Part 1, pp. 490–491). Washington. 1961:. Oxford University Press. p. 1467:New Mexico House of Representatives 1076:. Acoma also has seven rectangular 1020:, a religious contemplation chamber 991:Federal Emergency Management Agency 606:hanging from their ears and noses. 3443:Municipalities and communities of 3355:National Historic Preservation Act 2678:Historic American Buildings Survey 2600:Minge, Ward Alan and Simon Ortiz. 1728:San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church 1664:View of Acoma from the south, 1904 974:members, staff, and the governor. 879:The pueblo 1933–1942 (Ansel Adams) 846:San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church 840:San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church 729:war leader). On January 21, 1599, 672:. Espejo also noted irrigation in 25: 2183:Villagrá, Gaspar Pérez de. 1933. 542:Acoma Pueblo Sky City aerial view 3397: 3396: 3385: 2728: 2496:. Offbeat Travel. Archived from 1712: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1621: 1616:Acoma dress made by men, c. 1898 1609: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1551: 1539: 1527: 1515: 1497: 1008:A house with a decorated doorway 282: 128: 121: 92: 85: 3756:Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation 2735:Indian reservations and Pueblos 2673:AcomaZuni.com: Acoma "Sky City" 2237:Bolton, Herbert E (ed.). 1916. 2163:New Mexico Historical Review, 9 1373:Pottery inside a house, c. 1900 3308:Federated States of Micronesia 2954:Architectural style categories 977:In 2011, Acoma Pueblo and the 859:In 1970, it was placed on the 791:to take command. In 1680, the 706:Soon after Oñate's departure, 243: 1: 2625:Official Acoma Pueblo website 2276:(p. 84). New York. EP Dutton. 2005:. U*X*L. 2008. Archived from 1505: 1465:, attorney and member of the 1113:, history, dance, and music. 450:The Spanish mission name was 345:Albuquerque metropolitan area 145:Show map of the United States 129: 93: 1603:Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art 1585:The Sky City Cultural Center 1474:, poet, author, and educator 1459:, traditional pottery artist 1453:, traditional pottery artist 1447:, traditional pottery artist 1341:The Acoma Pueblo also has a 923:A street in the pueblo, 2012 865:National Trust Historic Site 657:, with 12 soldiers, 3 other 215:; 924 years ago 29:United States historic place 2648:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2492:Neala Schwartzberg (2006). 1628:Acoma, Mesa Encantada, 1898 949:Flag of the Pueblo of Acoma 907:forced Acoma children into 834:San Esteban Del Rey Mission 18:Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico 3906: 3360:Historic Preservation Fund 3339:American Legation, Morocco 2644:Acoma Polychrome Water Jar 1061: 941:Governance and reservation 837: 602:which meant that they had 515: 357:National Historic Landmark 3840:12th-century architecture 3780: 3490: 3457: 3446:Cibola County, New Mexico 3380: 3301:Lists by associated state 2537:Swank, George R. (1932). 2124:Zax, David (April 2008). 889:All Indian Pueblo Council 336:, in the United States. 242:NRHP reference 142:Location in United States 79: 67: 63: 54: 45: 38: 34: 3282:Northern Mariana Islands 2602:Acoma: Pueblo in the Sky 2373:. National Park Service. 2272:Hall-Quest, Olga. 1969. 1733:Acoma Indian Reservation 1700:View of Acoma mesa, 1899 1597:Fineline black-on-white 1323:Sky City Cultural Center 905:Bureau of Indian Affairs 708:Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá 353:Acoma Indian Reservation 228:Architectural style 3761:Zuni Indian Reservation 2680:(HABS) No. NM-6, " 2458:Shaun Griswold (2011). 2418:Barry Pritzker (2000). 2326:Barry Pritzker (2000). 2056:Smithsonian Institution 1953:Barry Pritzker (2000). 1902:Barry Pritzker (2000). 1855:Barry Pritzker (2000). 1817:. National Park Service 1104:boots. Men wore cotton 490: 471: 432: 426: 420: 410: 404: 334:Albuquerque, New Mexico 322: 205:270 acres (110 ha) 159:Casa Blanca, New Mexico 3498: 3277:Minor Outlying Islands 3260:Lists by insular areas 2974:Keeper of the Register 2386:Cite journal requires 2040:Sturtevant, William C. 1374: 1358: 1318: 1297:, and coal resources. 1254: 1037: 1021: 1009: 1001: 981:were victims of heavy 950: 924: 880: 771: 763: 631: 555:Origins and prehistory 551: 543: 500: 460: 452: 394: 388: 186:34.89639°N 107.58194°W 112:Show map of New Mexico 3675:South Acomita Village 3625:North Acomita Village 3496: 2979:National Park Service 2959:Contributing property 2567:June 7, 2011, at the 2185:History of New Mexico 1798:National Park Service 1558:Acoma water girls by 1372: 1356: 1316: 1252: 1122:Indian Health Service 1027: 1015: 1007: 999: 979:Pueblo of Santa Clara 948: 922: 878: 871:19th and 20th century 828:culture of New Mexico 781:Catholic missionaries 769: 757: 714:On December 1, 1598, 549: 541: 469:The Acoma are called 3793:United States portal 3334:District of Columbia 2500:on November 12, 2011 2134:Smithsonian Magazine 2058:. pp. 464–466. 1041:Warfare and weaponry 682:"mountain Querechos" 611:Hernando de Alvarado 453:San Esteban de Acoma 355:. Acoma Pueblo is a 268:Designated NHLD 191:34.89639; -107.58194 3825:Pueblo great houses 3731:Indian reservations 2664:The Pacific Monthly 2585:The Padre of Isleta 2583:Keleher and Chant. 1192:was a popular thin 1064:Pueblo architecture 808:infectious diseases 749:Philip III of Spain 731:Vicente de Zaldívar 561:Ancestral Puebloans 528:New Mexican Spanish 427:ʔaak’u̓u̓m̓e̓e̓ʈʂʰa 424:(singular; plural: 182: / 3499: 2656:Albert J. Capron: 2302:on October 9, 2011 2088:The New York Times 1441:, fashion designer 1375: 1359: 1319: 1255: 1038: 1022: 1010: 1002: 951: 925: 887:In the 1920s, the 881: 804:smallpox epidemics 772: 764: 552: 544: 383:was borrowed from 3802: 3801: 3786:New Mexico portal 3545:Bluewater Village 3410: 3409: 2964:Historic district 2906: 2905: 2437:978-0-19-513897-9 2345:978-0-19-513897-9 2140:on April 28, 2008 2126:"Ancient Citadel" 2019:HighBeam Research 1972:978-0-19-513897-9 1915:978-0-19-513897-9 1874:978-0-19-513897-9 1688:An Acoma building 1640:Acoma woman, 1926 774:Survivors of the 666:Antonio de Espejo 636:turquoise jewelry 524:Keresan languages 518:Keresan languages 481:[ʔɑ́ːk'ù] 379:The English name 275: 274: 255:Significant dates 16:(Redirected from 3897: 3820:Puebloan peoples 3794: 3787: 3600:McCartys Village 3495: 3469: 3462: 3452: 3447: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3400: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3313:Marshall Islands 2933: 2926: 2919: 2910: 2733: 2732: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2698: 2668:Internet Archive 2638: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2466:. Archived from 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2425: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2333: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2288: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2166: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2136:. Archived from 2121: 2092: 2091: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2052:Washington, D.C. 2032: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2009:on June 10, 2014 1995: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1960: 1950: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1899: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1862: 1852: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1784: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1594: 1582: 1570: 1560:Edward S. Curtis 1555: 1543: 1531: 1519: 1510: 1507: 1501: 909:boarding schools 897:Pueblo Lands Act 716:Juan de Zaldívar 686:McCartys Village 640:domestic turkeys 586:European contact 503: 493: 483: 478: 474: 465: 455: 435: 429: 423: 413: 407: 397: 391: 313: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 263:October 15, 1966 245: 223: 221: 216: 197: 196: 194: 193: 192: 187: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 146: 132: 131: 125: 113: 96: 95: 89: 72: 32: 21: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3776: 3766: 3725: 3697: 3690: 3565:El Morro Valley 3516: 3500: 3488: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3411: 3406: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3343: 3322: 3296: 3255: 2988: 2942: 2937: 2907: 2902: 2794: 2741: 2727: 2725: 2694: 2633: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2595:Further reading 2592: 2591: 2582: 2578: 2569:Wayback Machine 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2470:on June 8, 2015 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2385: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2325: 2324: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2290: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2169: 2160: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2123: 2122: 2095: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2012: 2010: 1997: 1996: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1952: 1951: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1901: 1900: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1854: 1853: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1800:. 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Ortiz 1469: 1463:Georgene Louis 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1434: 1433:Notable people 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1402: 1399: 1366: 1363: 1350: 1347: 1310: 1307: 1280:Santa Fe Trail 1274:feathers, and 1246: 1243: 1234: 1231: 1185: 1182: 1130: 1127: 1085: 1082: 1059: 1056: 1042: 1039: 1028:A traditional 972:tribal council 942: 939: 937: 934: 916: 913: 872: 869: 850:Ponderosa pine 838:Main article: 835: 832: 776:Acoma Massacre 735:Acoma Massacre 678:San Jose River 596:Marcos de Niza 587: 584: 556: 553: 535: 532: 516:Main article: 513: 510: 376: 373: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 252: 251: 246: 239: 238: 229: 225: 224: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 141: 135: 134: 127: 126: 120: 119: 118: 117: 105: 99: 98: 91: 90: 84: 83: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 61: 60: 55: 52: 51: 46: 43: 42: 39: 36: 35: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3902: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 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