43:
190:
1038:
1331:
Hypertension is treated in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, with the anti-hypersensives of choice being calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs. Also, endocarditis prophylaxis is indicated before dental, gastrointestinal or genitourinary procedures. Mild to moderate aortic regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography and a cardiac stress test once every 1–2 years. In severe moderate/severe cases, patients should be followed with echocardiography and cardiac stress test and/or
87:
1353:
preferred to mitral valve replacement as long as the repair is feasible. Mitral regurgitation may be treated medically with vasodilators, diuretics, digoxin, antiarrhythmics, and chronic anticoagulation. Mild to moderate mitral regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography and cardiac stress test every 1–3 years. Severe mitral regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography every 3–6 months.
956:. Acute rheumatic fever, which frequently manifests with carditis and valvulitis, is a late sequela of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection in the throat, often lagging the initial infection by weeks to months. Cardiac involvement is dependent on the cross-reaction of antibodies directed against M proteins produced by bacteria with human proteins present in the
198:
synonymous terms that describe an inability of the valve to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the valve fail to join (coapt) correctly. Stenosis is characterized by a narrowing of the valvular orifice that prevents adequate outflow of blood. Stenosis can also result in insufficiency if thickening of the annulus or leaflets results in inappropriate leaf closure.
2981:
2945:
Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons".
1379:
The prevalence of aortic regurgitation also increases with age. Moderate to severe disease has a prevalence of 13% in patients between the ages of 55 and 86. This valve disease is primarily caused by aortic root dilation, but infective endocarditis has been an increased risk factor. It has been found
1330:
is treated with aortic valve replacement, which is recommended in patients with symptomatic severe aortic regurgitation. Aortic valve replacement is also recommended in patients that are asymptomatic but have chronic severe aortic regurgitation and left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 50%.
1441:
obstruction from a gravid uterus in the supine position can result in an abrupt decrease in cardiac preload, which leads to hypotension with weakness and lightheadedness. During labor and delivery cardiac output increases more in part due to the associated anxiety and pain, as well as due to uterine
1343:
For patients with symptomatic severe mitral stenosis, percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) is recommended. If this procedure fails, then it may be necessary to undergo mitral valve surgery, which may involve valve replacement, repair, or commisurotomy. Anticoagulation is recommended for
975:
In 70% of cases rheumatic heart disease involves only the mitral valve, while 25% of cases involve both the aortic and mitral valves. Involvement of other heart valves without damage to the mitral is exceedingly rare. Mitral stenosis is almost always caused by rheumatic heart disease. Less than 10%
984:
against additional streptococcal infections, which can contribute to progression of rheumatic heart disease. In people with severe valvular disease, however, short-term risks of cardiovascular compromise after intramuscular injections may outweigh the benefits, and oral therapy may be considered
979:
While developed countries once had a significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, medical advances and improved social conditions have dramatically reduced their incidence. Many developing countries, as well as indigenous populations within developed countries, still carry a
1432:
that usually peaks between the midportion of the second and third trimesters. The increased cardiac output is due to an increase in the stroke volume, and a small increase in heart rate, averaging 10 to 20 beats per minute. Additionally uterine circulation and endogenous hormones cause systemic
1370:
Aortic stenosis is typically the result of aging, occurring in 12.4% of the population over 75 years of age, and represents the most common cause of outflow obstruction in the left ventricle. Bicuspid aortic valves are found in up to 1% of the population, making it one of the most common cardiac
1361:
In the United States, about 2.5% of the population has moderate to severe valvular heart disease. The prevalence of these diseases increase with age, and 75 year-olds in the United States have a prevalence of about 13%. In industrially underdeveloped regions, rheumatic disease is the most common
197:
Stenosis and insufficiency/regurgitation represent the dominant functional and anatomic consequences associated with valvular heart disease. Irrespective of disease process, alterations to the valve occur that produce one or a combination of these conditions. Insufficiency and regurgitation are
1722:
2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, O'Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ,
1352:
Surgery is recommended for chronic severe mitral regurgitation in symptomatic patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of greater than 30%, and asymptomatic patients with LVEF of 30-60% or left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) > 40%. Surgical repair of the leaflets is
1226:
Treatment of aortic stenosis is not necessary in asymptomatic patients, unless the stenosis is classified as severe based on valve hemodynamics. Both asymptomatic severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis are treated with aortic valve replacement (AVR) surgery. AVR surgery can be performed using
302:
Stenosis of the aortic valve is characterized by a thickening of the valvular annulus or leaflets that limits the ability of blood to be ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta. Stenosis is typically the result of valvular calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed
2944:
Bonow, RO; Carabello, BA; Chatterjee, K; De Leon Jr, AC; Faxon, DP; Freed, MD; Gaasch, WH; Lytle, BW; et al. (2008). "2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the
American College of
1145:. This disease is classified using regurgitant fraction (RF), or the amount of volume that flows back through the valve divided by the total forward flow through the valve during systole. Severe disease has an RF of >50%, while progressive aortic regurgitation has an RF of 30–49%.
1208:
is useful in visualizing the regurgitant flow and calculating the RF. It can also be used to determine the degree of calcification, and the function and closure of the valve leaflets. Severe disease has an RF of >50%, while progressive mitral regurgitation has an RF of <50%.
1058:
typically shows left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with severe stenosis, but it may also show signs of left heart strain. Echocardiography is the diagnostic gold standard, which shows left ventricular hypertrophy, leaflet calcification, and abnormal leaflet closure.
1227:
mechanical or tissue valves depending on age and other relevant factors. Trans-catheter Aortic Valve
Implantation (TAVI) is an alternative to AVR and is recommended in high risk patients who may not be suitable for surgical AVR. Any angina is treated with short-acting
375:. Unless the degree of stenosis is severe, individuals with pulmonary stenosis usually have excellent outcomes and better treatment options. Often patients do not require intervention until later in adulthood as a consequence of calcification that occurs with aging.
1217:
Some of the most common treatments of valvular heart disease are avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, antibiotics, antithrombotic medications such as aspirin, anticoagulants, balloon dilation, and water pills. In some cases, surgery may be necessary.
980:
significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and there has been a resurgence in efforts to eradicate the diseases in these populations. Among persons who have experienced rheumatic fever, long-term intramuscular antibiotic therapy is used as
337:, though is rarely the result of calcification. In some cases, vegetations form on the mitral leaflets as a result of endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart tissue. Mitral stenosis is uncommon and not as age-dependent as other types of valvular disease.
173:. Valve failure or dysfunction can result in diminished heart functionality, though the particular consequences are dependent on the type and severity of valvular disease. Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical
398:
Tricuspid valve stenosis without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically
3045:
3010:
968:). This results in generalized inflammation in the heart, producing acute erosions and vegetations with fibrin deposition in the mitral valve that may be followed by chronic changes over years to decades, including shortening of the
1784:, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Levine RA, Nihoyannopoulos P, Otto CM, Quinones MA, Rakowski H, Stewart WJ, Waggoner A, Weissman NJ, American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16(7):777.
2711:
Hadziselimovic, Edina; Greve, Anders M.; Sajadieh, Ahmad; Olsen, Michael H.; Kesäniemi, Y. Antero; Nienaber, Christoph A.; Ray, Simon G.; Rossebø, Anne B.; Willenheimer, Ronnie; Wachtell, Kristian; Nielsen, Olav W. (2022-04-01).
1053:
findings showing dilation of the ascending aorta, but they may also have a completely normal chest X-ray. Direct visualization of calcifications on chest X-ray is uncommon. Other findings include dilation of the left ventricle.
933:). Endocarditis of the valves can lead to regurgitation through that valve, which is seen in the tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves. Certain medications have been associated with valvular heart disease, most prominently
2661:
Nishimura, Rick A.; Otto, Catherine M.; Bonow, Robert O.; Carabello, Blase A.; Erwin, John P.; Fleisher, Lee A.; Jneid, Hani; Mack, Michael J.; McLeod, Christopher J.; O'Gara, Patrick T.; Rigolin, Vera H. (2017-07-11).
837:
deposits and inflammation than the "wear and tear" of advance age. Aortic stenosis due to calcification of tricuspid aortic valve with age comprises >50% of the disease. Aortic stenosis due to calcification of a
1344:
patients that have mitral stenosis in the setting of atrial fibrillation or a previous embolic event. No therapy is required for asymptomatic patients. Diuretics may be used to treat pulmonary congestion or edema.
1172:
over the mitral valve. Severe mitral stenosis is defined as a mitral valve area <1.5 cm. Progressive mitral stenosis has a normal valve area but will have increased flow velocity across the mitral valve.
378:
Pulmonary valve insufficiency occurs commonly in healthy individuals to a very mild extent and does not require intervention. More appreciable insufficiency is typically the result of damage to the valve due to
881:
is an aortic valve with only 2 cusps as opposed to the normal 3. It is present in about 0.5% to 2% of the general population and causes increased calcification due to higher turbulent flow through the valve.
2769:
Hadziselimovic, Edina; Greve, Anders M.; Sajadieh, Ahmad; Olsen, Michael H.; Kesäniemi, Y. Antero; Nienaber, Christoph A.; Ray, Simon G.; Rossebø, Anne B.; Wachtell, Kristian; Nielsen, Olav W. (April 2023).
112:
Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. Auscultating her heart, a systolic murmur and click are heard. Recorded with the stethoscope over the mitral
157:
on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including
564:
by increased systolic and decreased diastolic blood pressure, but these findings may not be significant if acute. The patient may have a diastolic decrescendo murmur best heard at left sternal border,
2714:"Association of Annual N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurements With Clinical Events in Patients With Asymptomatic Nonsevere Aortic Stenosis: A Post Hoc Substudy of the SEAS Trial"
1741:
Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients. Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Callahan JA, Pitot HC, Kvols LK. Circulation. 1993;87(4):1188.
2021:
Owens DS, O'Brien KD. Clinical and
Genetic Risk Factors for Calcific Valve Disease. In: Valvular Heart Disease, 4th, Otto CM, Bonow RO. (Eds), Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia 2013. pp.53-62.
1424:
is a difficult issue. Issues that have to be addressed include the risks during pregnancy to the mother and the developing fetus by the presence of maternal valvular heart disease as a
1530:
Pregnancy and contraception in congenital heart disease: what women are not told. Kovacs AH, Harrison JL, Colman JM, Sermer M, Siu SC, Silversides CK J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2008;52(7):577.
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can be helpful in determining the root cause of the disease, as it will clearly show aortic root dilation or dissection if it exists. Typically the pump function of the heart during
104:
2626:
Sef, D; Thet, MS; Klokocovnik, T; Luthra, S (1 February 2024). "Early and mid-term outcomes after aortic valve replacement using a novel tissue bioprosthesis: a systematic review".
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will typically show an enlarged left atrium, and may show dilation of the pulmonary veins. ECG can show left atrial enlargement, due to increased pressures in the left atrium.
1008:
Tricuspid regurgitation is usually secondary to right ventricular dilation which may be due to left ventricular failure (the most common cause), right ventricular infarction,
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Braverman AC. The
Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Associated Aortic Disease. In: Valvular Heart Disease, 4th, Otto CM, Bonow RO. (Eds), Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia 2013. p.179.
1872:
VOC=VITIUM ORGANICUM CORDIS, a compendium of the
Department of Cardiology at Uppsala Academic Hospital. By Per Kvidal September 1999, with revision by Erik Björklund May 2008
1275:. Severe stenosis should be monitored with echocardiography every 3–6 months. In patients with non-severe asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis, increased age- and sex adjusted
414:
Minor tricuspid insufficiency is common in healthy individuals. In more severe cases it is a consequence of dilation of the right ventricle, leading to displacement of the
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2579:. Jameson, J. Larry,, Kasper, Dennis L.,, Longo, Dan L. (Dan Louis), 1949-, Fauci, Anthony S., 1940-, Hauser, Stephen L.,, Loscalzo, Joseph, (20th edition ed.). New York.
2545:. Jameson, J. Larry,, Kasper, Dennis L.,, Longo, Dan L. (Dan Louis), 1949-, Fauci, Anthony S., 1940-, Hauser, Stephen L.,, Loscalzo, Joseph, (20th edition ed.). New York.
1521:
Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano. Lancet. 2006 Sep;368(9540):1005-11.
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2513:. Jameson, J. Larry,, Kasper, Dennis L.,, Longo, Dan L. (Dan Louis), 1949-, Fauci, Anthony S., 1940-, Hauser, Stephen L., Loscalzo, Joseph, (20th edition ed.). New York.
193:
This diagram shows the valves of the heart. The aortic and mitral valves are shown in the left heart, and the tricuspid and pulmonic valves are shown in the right heart.
2458:. Jameson, J. Larry,, Kasper, Dennis L.,, Longo, Dan L. (Dan Louis), 1949-, Fauci, Anthony S., 1940-, Hauser, Stephen L.,, Loscalzo, Joseph (20th ed.). New York.
1283:) levels alone and combined with a 50% or greater increase from baseline had been found associated with increased event rates of aortic valve stenosis related events (
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1407:
Mitral regurgitation is significantly associated with normal aging, rising in prevalence with age. It is estimated to be present in over 9% of people over 75.
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105:
4268:
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2439:
Rosenhek R, Baumgartner H. Aortic
Stenosis. In: Valvular Heart Disease, 4th, Otto CM, Bonow RO. (Eds), Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia 2013. pp 139-162.
314:, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or
363:
Pulmonary valve stenosis is often the result of congenital malformations and is observed in isolation or as part of a larger pathologic process, as in
1428:. Normal physiological changes during pregnancy require, on average, a 50% increase in circulating blood volume that is accompanied by an increase in
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3122:
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307:. This defect is characterized by the presence of only two valve leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies.
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3166:
2584:
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2003:
2772:"Association of high-sensitivity troponin T with outcomes in asymptomatic non-severe aortic stenosis: a post-hoc substudy of the SEAS trial"
3844:
3653:
3490:
1239:, although nitrates can drastically decrease blood pressure in patients with severe aortic stenosis and are therefore contraindicated. Any
2332:
1647:
Chapter 1: Diseases of the
Cardiovascular system > Section: Valvular Heart Disease in Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008).
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Aortic and/or mitral valve disease resulting in severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary pressure greater than 75% of systemic pressures)
3658:
3648:
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869:
is an error in the development of any of the heart valves, and a common cause of congenital heart defects in humans as well as animals;
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4346:
4305:
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3786:
3400:
2202:
1312:
4203:
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391:, inflammatory processes such a rheumatoid disease or endocarditis, or congenital malformations. It may also be secondary to severe
2386:"Penicillin Reactions in Patients With Severe Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association"
1780:
Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography.
1200:. ECG typically shows left atrial enlargement, but can also show right atrial enlargement if the disease is severe enough to cause
1732:
Isolated pulmonic valve infective endocarditis: a persistent challenge. Hamza N, Ortiz J, Bonomo. Infection. 2004 Jun;32(3):170-5.
42:
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976:
of aortic stenosis is caused by rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic fever can also cause chronic mitral and aortic regurgitation.
833:
of the leaflets of the aortic valve is a common with increasing age, but the mechanism is likely to be more related to increased
310:
Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the valve leaflets to appropriately close at the end
1129:
may show left ventricular hypertrophy and signs of left heart strain. Left axis deviation can be a sign of advanced disease. An
4596:
4528:
4418:
3690:
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4338:
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Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival. Nath J, Foster E, Heidenreich PA. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(3):405.
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96:
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Sanyahumbi, Amy; Ali, Sulafa; Benjamin, Ivor J.; Karthikeyan, Ganesan; Okello, Emmy; Sable, Craig A.; et al. (2022).
327:
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4107:
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1395:, and has a prevalence of about 0.1% in the United States. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in
922:
721:
605:
542:
468:
323:
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2220:"Molecular Mimicry, Autoimmunity and Infection: The Cross-reactive Antigens of Group A Streptococci and their Sequelae"
972:
and thickening or fusion of the mitral leaflets, leading to a severely compromised "buttonhole" or "fish mouth" valve.
3395:
2664:"2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease"
1138:
1110:
372:
1488:, consideration must be made for deterioration of the valve over time (for bioprosthetic valves) versus the risks of
665:
lying on the left side and its duration increases with worsening disease. Advanced disease may present with signs of
3932:
3420:
3405:
926:
408:
4256:
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106:
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4010:
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918:
802:
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followed by a low-pitched diastolic rumble with presystolic accentuation. The opening snap follows closer to the
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384:
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vascular resistance to decrease and a disproportionately lowering of diastolic blood pressure causes a wide
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1296:
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894:
794:
767:
380:
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159:
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344:. In these cases, the left ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and causes displacement of the attached
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3722:
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National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Bacterial Diseases (27 June 2022).
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1201:
686:
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134:
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1583:
1388:
1308:
1157:
981:
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is an abnormality of the tricuspid valve, and its presence can lead to tricuspid valve regurgitation. A
866:
839:
304:
240:
224:
2305:
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is a congenital heart defect with four abnormalities, one of which is stenosis of the pulmonary valve.
434:. Tricuspid insufficiency may also be the result of congenital defects of the tricuspid valve, such as
2713:
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1327:
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851:
790:
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526:
435:
245:
229:
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4021:
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870:
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cause of valve diseases, and it can cause up to 65% of the valve disorders seen in these regions.
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is a disorder in formation of type I collagen and can also lead to chronic aortic regurgitation.
565:
514:
498:
494:
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388:
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which control the valve's ability to close. Dilation of the right ventricle occurs secondary to
2193:
Lichtman, Andrew H.; Pillai, Shiv; Abbas, Abdul K. (2021). "Chapter 16: Immunity to Microbes".
1622:
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1999:
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Valvular heart lesions associated with high maternal and fetal risk during pregnancy include:
1304:
1169:
964:(although acute rheumatic fever may present as pancarditis with additional involvement of the
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798:
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554:
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70:
58:
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insertion, or other surgical manipulations. Additionally, insufficiency may be the result of
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along LLSB. Atrial fibrillation is usually present in patients with tricuspid regurgitation
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654:
643:
513:. Auscultation may reveal a systolic murmur of a harsh crescendo-decrescendo type, heard in
415:
345:
166:
154:
75:
1041:
ECG showing left ventricular hypertrophy, these findings may be present in aortic stenosis.
988:
Diseases of the aortic root can cause chronic aortic regurgitation. These diseases include
165:
Anatomically, the valves are part of the dense connective tissue of the heart known as the
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1988:
Chapter 1: Diseases of the Cardiovascular system > Section: Valvular Heart Disease in:
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diseases that are more prevalent than diseases of the pulmonary or tricuspid valve in the
150:
50:
2236:
1164:
is helpful in determining the severity of the disease by estimating the pulmonary artery
893:
is a connective tissue disorder that can lead to chronic aortic or mitral regurgitation.
340:
Mitral insufficiency can be caused by dilation of the left heart, often a consequence of
17:
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1992:
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diseases. Pulmonary valve diseases are the least common heart valve disease in adults.
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surgery). In patients with non-severe asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis and no overt
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Ragavendra R. Baliga, Kim A. Eagle, William F Armstrong, David S Bach, Eric R Bates,
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2033:"ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease"
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contractions which will cause an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
1420:
The evaluation of individuals with valvular heart disease who are or wish to become
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174:
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Aortic and/or mitral valve disease with severe LV dysfunction (EF less than 0.40)
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2663:
1540:
Goel, R; Sengupta, P; Mookadam, F; Chaliki, H; Khandheria, B; Tajik, A (2009).
642:
of a patient with mitral stenosis, typically the most prominent sign is a loud
4545:
4057:
3607:
2976:
2473:
1300:
957:
934:
617:
613:
292:
122:
63:
2795:
2737:
2689:
1303:(above 14 pg/mL) was found associated with an increased 5-year event rate of
3083:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
2639:
2402:
1781:
1396:
1280:
938:
717:
635:
develops). Symptoms of mitral stenosis increase with exercise and pregnancy
601:
573:
538:
506:
464:
326:, respectively. Processes that lead to aortic insufficiency usually involve
315:
4195:
2966:
2917:
2813:
2755:
2697:
2647:
2454:
O'Gara, Patrick T.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2018-08-13). "Aortic Valve Disease".
2421:
2255:
2153:
2058:
1575:
1557:
809:
at LLSB, intensifying with inspiration, and decreasing with expiration and
169:
and are responsible for the regulation of blood flow through the heart and
3983:
3140:
2144:
2127:
1421:
1256:
1142:
550:
330:, thus displacing the valve leaflets, which are anchored in the annulus.
318:. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as
3002:
2838:
Chambers, John B.; Bridgewater, Ben (2014). Otto, CM; Bonow, RO (eds.).
1380:
to be the cause of aortic regurgitation in up to 25% of surgical cases.
1723:
Sorajja P, Sundt TM 3rd, Thomas JD. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(22):e57.
1252:
1165:
1134:
771:
740:
682:
624:
311:
746:, heard best when lying on the left side. Patients also commonly have
4063:
4043:
3198:
3014:
910:
905:
Inflammation of the heart valves due to any cause is called valvular
855:
404:
400:
1243:
is treated aggressively, but caution must be taken in administering
1192:, as well as pulmonary venous congestion. It may also show valvular
909:; this is usually due to bacterial infection but may also be due to
3088:
1263:
and, if not contraindicated, cautious inpatient administration of
1196:
specifically in combined mitral regurgitation and stenosis due to
1122:
1036:
779:
731:
On auscultation of a patient with mitral stenosis, there may be a
628:
188:
2588:
2554:
2522:
1542:"Valvular regurgitation and stenosis: when is surgery required?"
1457:
1168:
pressure. This test can also show leaflet calcification and the
750:. Patients may have a laterally displaced apex beat, often with
4199:
3104:
2128:"Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation"
1466:
Mitral regurgitation with NYHA functional class III-IV symptoms
2575:
O'Gara, Patrick T.; Loscalzo, Joseph. "Mitral Regurgitation".
2509:
O'Gara, Patrick T.; Loscalzo, Joseph. "Aortic Regurgitation".
2126:
Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E (2007).
1804:"Facts About Critical Congenital Heart Defects | NCBDDD | CDC"
1055:
770:
may experience symptoms of right-sided heart failure, such as
85:
661:
with worsening stenosis. The murmur is heard best with the
2541:
O'Gara, Patrick T.; Loscalzo, Joseph. "Mitral Stenosis".
1463:
Mitral stenosis with NYHA functional class II-IV symptoms
735:
at the apex, radiating to the back or clavicular area, a
560:
Medical signs of aortic regurgitation include increased
2276:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. Chapter 10: Heart.
1998:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1651:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1601:
1599:
1475:
Mechanical prosthetic valve requiring anticoagulation
985:
instead of IM injections in this subset of patients.
2992:
2031:
Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. (2006).
1609:, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, page 452.
1478:
Marfan syndrome with or without aortic regurgitation
858:
may speed up the process of valvular calcification.
4510:
4456:
4396:
4387:
4355:
4337:
4319:
4296:
4242:
4233:
4150:
4093:
4002:
3969:
3941:
3899:
3858:
3835:
3809:
3777:
3735:
3716:
3615:
3601:
3501:
3455:
3441:
3357:
3306:
3299:
3236:
3191:
3148:
3139:
2996:
69:
57:
35:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1492:with mechanical valves with the resultant need of
2310:University of Cape Town Pathology Learning Centre
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1588:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1990:Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008).
1291:due to progression of aortic valve stenosis, or
1016:Other causes of tricuspid regurgitation include
2882:Gelson, E.; Gatzoulis, M.; Johnson, M. (2007).
696:). Signs increase with exercise and pregnancy.
299:due to the higher pressures in the left heart.
2294:. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. 2022.
4211:
3116:
2947:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2668:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1271:every 1–2 years, possibly with supplementary
1117:dilation (especially in causes involving the
1063:Diagnostic classification of aortic stenosis
8:
4571:Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery
797:. Auscultatory findings include inspiratory
793:, prominent V waves and rapid y descents in
2628:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
1137:is normal, but an echocardiogram will show
356:Pulmonary and tricuspid valve diseases are
4393:
4239:
4218:
4204:
4196:
3732:
3612:
3452:
3433:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
3303:
3145:
3123:
3109:
3101:
2993:
2577:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
2543:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
2511:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
2486:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2456:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
2337:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
2173:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
137:process involving one or more of the four
41:
32:
2907:
2803:
2745:
2679:
2411:
2401:
2390:Journal of the American Heart Association
2245:
2235:
2143:
2108:
2082:
2048:
1565:
789:Signs of tricuspid regurgitation include
549:. In acute cases patients may experience
482:Medical signs of aortic stenosis include
2842:(4th ed.). Saunders. pp. 1–13.
2606:National Heart, Lung And Blood Institute
2333:"Australia's health 2020: data insights"
2197:(10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 371.
1277:N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
1061:
200:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1505:
842:comprises about 30-40% of the disease.
517:and radiating to the carotid arteries.
352:Pulmonary and tricuspid valve disorders
3167:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
2855:
2845:
2840:Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2479:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1617:
1615:
1581:
1267:. Moderate stenosis is monitored with
948:Valvular heart disease resulting from
291:Aortic and mitral valve disorders are
120:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2267:
2265:
2017:
2015:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
333:Mitral stenosis is caused largely by
7:
3491:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
2237:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0045-2018
1994:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1649:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
1627:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
422:, right to left shunting of blood,
215:Insufficiency/regurgitation disease
4306:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect
4264:Transposition of the great vessels
3787:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
1313:percutaneous coronary intervention
917:), certain autoimmune conditions (
805:(LLSB) and a blowing holosystolic
489:, that is, diminished and delayed
149:on the left side of heart and the
53:of normal and abnormal heartbeats.
27:Disease in the valves of the heart
25:
2218:Cunningham, Madeleine W. (2019).
2195:Cellular and Molecular Immunology
2084:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.183506
2050:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176857
1762:from the original on 28 July 2017
1752:"What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?"
1426:pre-existing disease in pregnancy
287:Aortic and mitral valve disorders
2979:
1496:in the form of anticoagulation.
1460:functional class III-IV symptoms
1391:is caused almost exclusively by
1113:as other tests, but it may show
121:Problems playing this file? See
101:
3472:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
758:may be only distinctive signs.
754:In acute cases, the murmur and
4339:Atrioventricular septal defect
1484:In individuals who require an
1317:coronary artery bypass surgery
1010:inferior myocardial infarction
1:
4281:Persistent truncus arteriosus
4252:Double outlet right ventricle
3989:Pulseless electrical activity
3918:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
3792:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
328:dilation of the valve annulus
4244:Aortopulmonary septal defect
2788:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101875
2730:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5916
2110:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181e3e359
923:systemic lupus erythematosus
722:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
606:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
543:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
469:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
348:, which control the mitral.
324:systemic lupus erythematosus
97:Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur
2900:10.1136/bmj.39365.655833.AE
2888:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1623:"Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms"
1490:blood clotting in pregnancy
886:Connective tissue disorders
515:2nd right intercostal space
373:congenital rubella syndrome
4613:
3933:Wandering atrial pacemaker
3480:non-infective endocarditis
3421:Endocardial fibroelastosis
2959:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.007
2681:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.011
1456:Aortic regurgitation with
927:hypereosinophilic syndrome
420:ventricular septal defects
4321:Ventricular septal defect
4011:hexaxial reference system
3956:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
3486:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
2363:World Health Organization
2359:"Rheumatic Heart Disease"
2306:"Rheumatic heart disease"
2288:"Rheumatic heart disease"
1333:isotope perfusion imaging
1084:Moderate aortic stenosis
919:Libman-Sacks endocarditis
803:left lower sternal border
784:jugular venous distension
675:jugular venous distension
667:right-sided heart failure
463:(most frequent symptom),
385:intra-aortic balloon pump
49:
40:
18:Pulmonary Valve Disorders
4227:Congenital heart defects
3891:Ventricular fibrillation
3162:Coronary artery aneurysm
2884:"Valvular heart disease"
2274:Robbin's Basic Pathology
1453:with or without symptoms
1293:aortic valve replacement
689:(presenting with a loud
649:. Another finding is an
576:down and to the left. A
273:Pulmonary valve stenosis
257:Tricuspid valve stenosis
4566:Coronary artery anomaly
4168:Diastolic heart failure
4142:Athletic heart syndrome
4103:Ventricular hypertrophy
3837:Pre-excitation syndrome
3691:Left posterior fascicle
3216:Acute coronary syndrome
3156:Coronary artery disease
2403:10.1161/JAHA.121.024517
2339:. Australian Government
2169:"Acute Rheumatic Fever"
1560:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1393:rheumatic heart disease
1305:ischemic cardiac events
1297:coronary artery disease
1287:, hospitalization with
1198:rheumatic heart disease
1092:Severe aortic stenosis
1022:myxomatous degeneration
954:rheumatic heart disease
895:Osteogenesis imperfecta
795:jugular venous pressure
768:tricuspid regurgitation
762:Tricuspid regurgitation
739:, and a loud, palpable
663:bell of the stethoscope
381:cardiac catheterization
335:rheumatic heart disease
278:Pulmonary insufficiency
262:Tricuspid insufficiency
160:rheumatic heart disease
4597:Valvular heart disease
4389:Valvular heart disease
4368:Cyanotic heart disease
4311:Lutembacher's syndrome
3686:Left anterior fascicle
3466:infective endocarditis
3251:Hibernating myocardium
3132:Cardiovascular disease
1670:"Mitral Regurgitation"
1558:10.1136/ha.2008.000315
1486:artificial heart valve
1202:pulmonary hypertension
1042:
901:Inflammatory disorders
813:. Patients may have a
687:pulmonary hypertension
479:, usually exertional.
393:pulmonary hypertension
194:
135:cardiovascular disease
131:Valvular heart disease
90:
36:Valvular heart disease
4576:Ventricular inversion
4288:Aortopulmonary window
4257:Taussig–Bing syndrome
3850:Wolff–Parkinson–White
3810:Premature contraction
3708:Adams–Stokes syndrome
3411:Loeffler endocarditis
3221:Myocardial infarction
2640:10.1093/ejcts/ezae045
2602:"Heart Valve Disease"
2272:Vinay, Kumar (2013).
2224:Microbiology Spectrum
1309:myocardial infarction
1188:can show an enlarged
1076:Mild aortic stenosis
1040:
982:secondary prophylaxis
931:Loeffler endocarditis
915:marantic endocarditis
879:bicuspid aortic valve
867:Heart valve dysplasia
840:bicuspid aortic valve
305:bicuspid aortic valve
241:Mitral valve stenosis
225:Aortic valve stenosis
192:
89:
4375:Eisenmenger syndrome
4298:Atrial septal defect
4017:Right axis deviation
3979:Sudden cardiac death
3337:Pericardial effusion
3280:Ventricular aneurysm
2145:10.1056/NEJMoa062222
1607:Practical Cardiology
1403:Mitral regurgitation
1375:Aortic regurgitation
1348:Mitral regurgitation
1328:Aortic regurgitation
1323:Aortic regurgitation
1285:cardiovascular death
1186:mitral regurgitation
1177:Mitral regurgitation
1102:Aortic regurgitation
852:hyperlipoproteinemia
724:, palpitations, or
706:mitral regurgitation
700:Mitral regurgitation
545:, palpitations, and
527:aortic regurgitation
521:Aortic regurgitation
424:eisenmenger syndrome
246:Mitral insufficiency
230:Aortic insufficiency
4329:Tetralogy of Fallot
4235:Heart septal defect
4022:Left axis deviation
3879:Atrial fibrillation
3874:Ventricular flutter
3797:Torsades de pointes
3671:Bundle branch block
3630:Sick sinus syndrome
3416:Cardiac amyloidosis
3401:Tachycardia-induced
3256:Myocardial stunning
3204:Prinzmetal's angina
3173:Coronary thrombosis
2894:(7628): 1042–1045.
1629:. 28 September 2020
1439:Inferior vena caval
1411:Special populations
1273:cardiac stress test
1064:
990:syphilitic aortitis
871:tetralogy of Fallot
748:atrial fibrillation
733:holosystolic murmur
714:dyspnea on exertion
622:thromboembolism, or
598:dyspnea on exertion
570:Austin Flint murmur
535:dyspnea on exertion
461:dyspnea on exertion
365:Tetralogy of Fallot
139:valves of the heart
4125:Atrial enlargement
3923:Pacemaker syndrome
3845:Lown–Ganong–Levine
3767:Junctional ectopic
3762:AV nodal reentrant
3268:Myocardial rupture
3178:Coronary vasospasm
2292:Heart & Stroke
1494:drugs in pregnancy
1335:every 3–6 months.
1062:
1043:
1018:carcinoid syndrome
998:reactive arthritis
952:is referred to as
712:symptoms, such as
596:symptoms, such as
572:, and a displaced
566:water hammer pulse
533:symptoms, such as
495:fourth heart sound
459:symptoms, such as
442:Signs and symptoms
432:pulmonary stenosis
389:carcinoid syndrome
195:
91:
4584:
4583:
4506:
4505:
4446:Ebstein's anomaly
4383:
4382:
4193:
4192:
4185:Obstructive shock
4089:
4088:
4036:Short QT syndrome
4003:Other / ungrouped
3994:Sinoatrial arrest
3909:Ectopic pacemaker
3805:
3804:
3625:Sinus bradycardia
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3342:Cardiac tamponade
3295:
3294:
3285:Dressler syndrome
3183:Myocardial bridge
3098:
3097:
2776:eClinicalMedicine
2591: 1029074059.
2585:978-1-259-64403-0
2557: 1029074059.
2551:978-1-259-64403-0
2525: 1029074059.
2519:978-1-259-64403-0
2465:978-1-259-64403-0
2365:. 6 November 2020
2005:978-0-7817-7153-5
1758:. 2 August 2011.
1261:nitrovasodilators
1229:nitrovasodilators
1170:pressure gradient
1125:displacement. An
1099:
1098:
891:Marfan's Syndrome
875:Ebstein's anomaly
848:diabetes mellitus
815:parasternal heave
811:Valsalva maneuver
799:third heart sound
737:third heart sound
708:may present with
671:parasternal heave
592:may present with
578:third heart sound
555:circulatory shock
511:precordial thrill
436:Ebstein's anomaly
416:papillary muscles
409:hypereosinophilic
346:papillary muscles
284:
283:
179:valve replacement
107:
81:
80:
71:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4604:
4561:Brugada syndrome
4556:Crisscross heart
4426:tricuspid valves
4404:pulmonary valves
4394:
4240:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4158:Cardiac fibrosis
4050:T wave alternans
3943:Long QT syndrome
3737:Supraventricular
3733:
3666:Intraventricular
3613:
3453:
3304:
3149:Coronary disease
3146:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3102:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2971:
2970:
2941:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2573:
2558:
2539:
2526:
2507:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2477:
2451:
2440:
2437:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2088:
2086:
2062:
2052:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1986:
1873:
1870:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1666:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1569:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1299:, the increased
1269:echocardiography
1251:is treated with
1237:calcium blockers
1206:Echocardiography
1162:Echocardiography
1095:<1.0 cm
1087:1.0-1.5 cm
1079:1.5-2.0 cm
1065:
994:Behçet's disease
970:chordae tendinae
826:Calcific disease
631:(if right-sided
487:parvus et tardus
269:Pulmonary valve
253:Tricuspid valve
210:Stenotic disease
201:
167:cardiac skeleton
155:tricuspid valves
109:
108:
88:
76:Chest radiograph
45:
33:
21:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4551:Cor triatriatum
4517:Underdeveloped
4502:
4452:
4379:
4351:
4333:
4315:
4292:
4229:
4224:
4194:
4189:
4180:Rheumatic fever
4146:
4085:
3998:
3965:
3937:
3895:
3854:
3831:
3801:
3773:
3720:
3712:
3606:
3589:
3497:
3446:
3437:
3353:
3347:Hemopericardium
3291:
3232:
3226:Unstable angina
3199:Angina pectoris
3192:Active ischemia
3187:
3135:
3129:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3005:
2987:Medicine portal
2985:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2943:
2942:
2925:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2854:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2718:JAMA Cardiology
2710:
2709:
2705:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2574:
2561:
2540:
2529:
2508:
2495:
2478:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2132:N. Engl. J. Med
2125:
2124:
2120:
2091:
2065:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1989:
1987:
1876:
1871:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1580:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1507:
1502:
1451:aortic stenosis
1418:
1413:
1405:
1389:Mitral stenosis
1386:
1384:Mitral stenosis
1377:
1371:abnormalities.
1368:
1366:Aortic stenosis
1359:
1350:
1341:
1339:Mitral stenosis
1325:
1224:
1222:Aortic stenosis
1215:
1179:
1158:mitral stenosis
1151:
1149:Mitral stenosis
1104:
1068:Classification
1047:aortic stenosis
1035:
1033:Aortic stenosis
1030:
1006:
950:rheumatic fever
903:
888:
864:
828:
823:
791:pulsatile liver
764:
744:
726:pulmonary edema
702:
694:
658:
647:
590:mitral stenosis
586:
584:Mitral stenosis
580:may be present
547:angina pectoris
529:may experience
523:
502:
473:angina pectoris
453:aortic stenosis
449:
447:Aortic stenosis
444:
428:hyperthyroidism
369:Noonan syndrome
354:
320:Marfan syndrome
289:
280:/regurgitation
264:/regurgitation
248:/regurgitation
232:/regurgitation
187:
162:and pregnancy.
128:
127:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
110:
102:
99:
92:
86:
51:Phonocardiogram
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4519:heart chambers
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4400:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4248:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4173:Cardiac asthma
4170:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4081:Strain pattern
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3971:Cardiac arrest
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3951:Andersen–Tawil
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3869:Atrial flutter
3865:
3863:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3379:Cardiomyopathy
3376:
3375:
3374:
3372:Chagas disease
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3069:
3042:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:Classification
2991:
2990:
2973:
2972:
2953:(13): e1–142.
2923:
2874:
2865:
2819:
2761:
2724:(4): 435–444.
2703:
2674:(2): 252–289.
2653:
2618:
2593:
2559:
2527:
2493:
2464:
2441:
2427:
2396:(5): e024517.
2376:
2350:
2323:
2297:
2279:
2261:
2210:
2204:978-0323757485
2203:
2185:
2159:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2089:
2043:(5): e84–231.
2023:
2011:
2004:
1874:
1820:
1795:
1786:
1773:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1686:
1661:
1640:
1611:
1595:
1532:
1523:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1435:pulse pressure
1430:cardiac output
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1324:
1321:
1265:ACE inhibitors
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1194:calcifications
1178:
1175:
1150:
1147:
1131:echocardiogram
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1045:Patients with
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1005:
1002:
902:
899:
887:
884:
863:
860:
827:
824:
822:
819:
766:Patients with
763:
760:
742:
704:Patients with
701:
698:
692:
656:
645:
588:Patients with
585:
582:
562:pulse pressure
525:Patients with
522:
519:
500:
448:
445:
443:
440:
353:
350:
288:
285:
282:
281:
275:
270:
266:
265:
259:
254:
250:
249:
243:
238:
234:
233:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
207:
205:Valve involved
186:
185:Classification
183:
118:
111:
100:
95:
94:
93:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4609:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4497:
4496:regurgitation
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:mitral valves
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:insufficiency
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:aortic valves
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:regurgitation
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:insufficiency
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4363:Cardiac shunt
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4347:Ostium primum
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:Heart failure
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:ST depression
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3701:Trifascicular
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3584:
3583:regurgitation
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:regurgitation
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:regurgitation
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:regurgitation
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:Stable angina
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2849:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
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1675:
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1658:
1657:0-7817-7153-6
1654:
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1334:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:heart failure
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:heart failure
1246:
1245:beta-blockers
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:beta-blockers
1230:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:flow reversal
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
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1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:cor pulmonale
1011:
1004:Heart disease
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
983:
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
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916:
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900:
898:
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883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
831:Calcification
825:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:heart failure
707:
699:
697:
695:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
648:
641:
636:
634:
633:heart failure
630:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:heart failure
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:heart failure
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
492:
491:carotid pulse
488:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:heart failure
454:
446:
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
342:heart failure
338:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
300:
298:
294:
286:
279:
276:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:Mitral valve
236:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:Aortic valve
220:
219:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:
191:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
171:great vessels
168:
163:
161:
156:
152:
148:
147:mitral valves
144:
140:
136:
132:
126:
124:
98:
77:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
4541:Dextrocardia
4388:
4356:Consequences
4095:Cardiomegaly
4069:ST elevation
4056:
4042:
4028:
4009:
3913:Ectopic beat
3861:fibrillation
3696:Bifascicular
3570:
3551:
3532:
3508:
3478:
3464:
3457:Endocarditis
3447:
3396:Hypertrophic
3330:Constrictive
3316:Pericarditis
3274:
3262:
3245:
3082:
3071:
3044:
3009:
2950:
2946:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2868:
2839:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2671:
2667:
2656:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2576:
2542:
2510:
2455:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2369:20 September
2367:. Retrieved
2362:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2336:
2326:
2316:19 September
2314:. Retrieved
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2194:
2188:
2178:19 September
2176:. Retrieved
2172:
2162:
2138:(1): 29–38.
2135:
2131:
2121:
2103:(23). 2010.
2100:
2096:
2093:"Correction"
2077:(15). 2007.
2074:
2070:
2067:"Correction"
2040:
2036:
2026:
1993:
1812:. Retrieved
1810:. 2017-06-27
1807:
1798:
1789:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1648:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1606:
1584:cite journal
1552:(1): 20–25.
1549:
1545:
1535:
1526:
1483:
1481:
1444:
1419:
1406:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1357:Epidemiology
1351:
1342:
1326:
1241:hypertension
1225:
1216:
1180:
1152:
1105:
1044:
1007:
987:
978:
974:
953:
947:
937:derivatives
907:endocarditis
904:
889:
865:
844:Hypertension
829:
788:
776:hepatomegaly
765:
730:
703:
679:hepatomegaly
651:opening snap
640:auscultation
637:
610:palpitations
587:
559:
524:
505:, sustained
497:, decreased
486:
483:
481:
455:may include
451:Symptoms of
450:
413:
397:
377:
362:
355:
339:
332:
309:
301:
290:
214:
209:
204:
196:
175:valve repair
164:
130:
129:
4534:Uhl anomaly
3961:Romano–Ward
3928:Parasystole
3827:Ventricular
3779:Ventricular
3718:Tachycardia
3635:Heart block
3617:Bradycardia
3443:Endocardium
3406:Restrictive
3367:Myocarditis
3308:Pericardium
2856:|work=
2097:Circulation
2071:Circulation
2037:Circulation
1808:www.cdc.gov
1756:NHLBI – NIH
1190:left atrium
1182:Chest x-ray
1154:Chest x-ray
1119:aortic root
1115:aortic root
1107:Chest X-ray
1071:Valve area
1051:chest X-ray
966:pericardium
962:endocardium
943:cabergoline
835:lipoprotein
756:tachycardia
411:syndromes.
358:right heart
297:right heart
4546:Levocardia
3859:Flutter /
3822:Junctional
3757:Junctional
3750:Multifocal
3723:paroxysmal
3639:Sinoatrial
3608:arrhythmia
3603:Conduction
3359:Myocardium
2782:: 101875.
2474:1029074059
2424:. e024517.
2343:29 January
1814:2017-10-12
1546:Heart Asia
1500:References
1301:troponin T
1109:is not as
958:myocardium
935:ergotamine
921:, seen in
659:heart tone
618:hemoptysis
614:chest pain
316:idiopathic
293:left heart
123:media help
64:Cardiology
4118:Pulmonary
3901:Pacemaker
3572:pulmonary
3553:tricuspid
3389:Alcoholic
3089:195013005
3084:SNOMED CT
2858:ignored (
2848:cite book
2796:2589-5370
2738:2380-6583
2690:0735-1097
2482:cite book
1782:Zoghbi WA
1679:11 August
1416:Pregnancy
1397:pregnancy
1281:NT-proBNP
1257:diuretics
1213:Treatment
1111:sensitive
1049:can have
1028:Diagnosis
939:pergolide
862:Dysplasia
718:orthopnea
602:orthopnea
574:apex beat
539:orthopnea
507:apex beat
465:orthopnea
59:Specialty
4591:Category
4491:stenosis
4479:bicuspid
4469:stenosis
4441:stenosis
4409:stenosis
3984:Asystole
3884:Familial
3578:stenosis
3559:stenosis
3540:stenosis
3521:stenosis
3516:prolapse
3238:Sequelae
3141:Ischemia
2967:18848134
2918:18007005
2814:36915288
2805:10006443
2756:35171199
2698:28315732
2648:38331412
2422:35049336
2256:31373269
2154:17202453
2059:16880336
1760:Archived
1576:27325921
1422:pregnant
1166:systolic
1143:diastole
669:such as
551:cyanosis
151:pulmonic
4431:atresia
4419:absence
3384:Dilated
3326:Chronic
3134:(heart)
3078:D006349
2909:2078629
2747:8851368
2611:26 June
2413:9075066
2247:6684244
1766:30 July
1633:30 June
1567:4898488
1449:Severe
1253:digoxin
1235:and/or
1141:during
1135:systole
772:ascites
685:and/or
683:ascites
625:ascites
477:syncope
405:myxomas
401:lipomas
312:systole
133:is any
4269:dextro
4064:J wave
3817:Atrial
3745:Atrial
3534:aortic
3510:mitral
3502:Valves
3448:valves
3300:Layers
3169:(SCAD)
2965:
2916:
2906:
2812:
2802:
2794:
2754:
2744:
2736:
2696:
2688:
2646:
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2331:AIHW.
2312:. 2022
2254:
2244:
2201:
2152:
2057:
2002:
1655:
1574:
1564:
1247:. Any
1121:) and
996:, and
925:) and
911:cancer
856:uremia
821:Causes
807:murmur
484:pulsus
475:, and
430:, and
407:), or
371:, and
143:aortic
113:valve.
4524:right
4511:Other
4397:Right
4151:Other
4135:Right
4113:Right
3727:sinus
3676:Right
3426:Viral
3321:Acute
3275:weeks
3246:hours
3158:(CAD)
2634:(2).
2230:(4).
1315:, or
1012:, or
780:edema
752:heave
629:edema
503:sound
141:(the
4529:left
4457:Left
4274:levo
4130:Left
4108:Left
3725:and
3681:Left
3263:days
3073:MeSH
3050:9-CM
2963:PMID
2914:PMID
2860:help
2810:PMID
2792:ISSN
2752:PMID
2734:ISSN
2694:PMID
2686:ISSN
2644:PMID
2613:2021
2589:OCLC
2581:ISBN
2555:OCLC
2547:ISBN
2523:OCLC
2515:ISBN
2488:link
2470:OCLC
2460:ISBN
2418:PMID
2371:2022
2345:2021
2318:2022
2252:PMID
2199:ISBN
2180:2022
2150:PMID
2055:PMID
2000:ISBN
1768:2017
1681:2021
1653:ISBN
1635:2021
1590:link
1572:PMID
1458:NYHA
1123:apex
1020:and
941:and
854:and
782:and
720:and
627:and
604:and
553:and
541:and
467:and
153:and
145:and
3067:746
3063:424
3059:396
3055:394
3046:ICD
3040:Q23
3036:Q22
3032:I37
3028:I34
3024:I08
3020:I05
3011:ICD
2955:doi
2904:PMC
2896:doi
2892:335
2800:PMC
2784:doi
2742:PMC
2726:doi
2676:doi
2636:doi
2408:PMC
2398:doi
2242:PMC
2232:doi
2140:doi
2136:356
2105:doi
2101:121
2079:doi
2075:115
2045:doi
2041:114
1562:PMC
1554:doi
1319:).
1184:in
1156:in
1127:ECG
1056:ECG
960:or
801:at
638:On
403:or
322:or
177:or
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4058:ST
4030:QT
3911:/
3659:3°
3654:2°
3649:1°
3644:AV
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