20:
210:, king and monk, ruled the entire Western Himalayan region including the upper regions of Ladakh along with his brother. It was stable until it was divided up around 1100. Yeshe-Ö not only founded the temples but also encouraged the nobility of Tibet to do build temples across it. He also marginalized the esoteric forms of tantric practices (mostly by non-organised groups), which were prevalent then in Tibet and helped to consolidate the Tibetan Buddhist faith. The large number of artistic works made of bronzes are credited to Nagaraja (one of the two sons of Yeshe-Ö) collections. However, the contributions by
156:
306:
222:
357:(also known as Yeshe-Ö Temple), an original 10th-century temple now in ruins. The Indian monk Atisha, stayed for three years at Tholing and became a famous master in Tibet. During his stay in Tholing, the famous Buddhist work he wrote was "Lamp of The Path to Enlightenment." He along with the first Abbot, Bin-chen Bzang-po, of Tholing were responsible for introducing the South Asian art to Tibet, particularly the murals depicting a fusion of Indian,
171:, 12 miles (19 km) west of Tholing along the Sutlej. The old city of Tsaparang, now in ruins, is a "fairy tale of caves, passageways, honeycombed in a tall ridge of ancient ocean deposits". The king's palace is located on the upper part of the hills. It has a maze of chambers, and a balcony and windows looking into the valley.
361:
and
Kashmir styles. The famous murals are the "16 Vajara Dancers" and "The Birth of Sakyamuni," the founder of Buddhism. The monasteries were built in Tsaparang and Tholing with mud bricks, along with other temples and monasteries. The influence of the Guge Kingdom, particularly the monastic center
320:
in AD 967, with
Tholing as the capital. Under his reign, Tholing became an important centre for Indian scholars to visit and spread Buddhist religion and culture. Before that, at the initiative of the King, specially chosen batch of 21 young and bright students from the monastery were sent to India
174:
Following the capture of the kingdom by Ladakh in 1630 CE, most buildings fell into decay except for a few temples which have survived in the lower flanks of the ridge. Like
Tholing, their walls are studded with mural art and is now a museum. The main images are surrounded by mythical animals and
384:
and a church was also built. However, as result of local resentment at the Guge ruler's persecution of
Buddhism monks, they approached the kingdom of Ladakh to intervene. The Ladakhis, who had sought for many years to incorporate Guge into their domain, invaded the kingdom, expelling most of the
199:. It is inferred from some inscriptions still visible in Tabo Monastery that non-Tibetan names noted initially in the pre-10th century period seem to have been replaced with Tibetan names once the region came under Tibetan religious influence. Some of the wooden temples in the region and the
127:, who ruled the Guge Kingdom in the 10th century with Tholing as its capital, was responsible for the second revival or "second diffusion" of Buddhism in Tibet; the reign of the Guge Kingdom was known more for the revival of Buddhism than for its conquests. He built
348:
The emphasis during the Yeshe-Ö rule was religious education, religious architecture and religious reform. He raised a young band of monks. He dressed himself like a monk and resided in the
Tholing Monastery. In 1042, the third king invited the Indian master
251:
as well. Due to the rivalries and disturbances following upon the death of
Langdarma, there were serious conflicts among the rival groups claiming power, resulting in the collapse of the Tibetan Empire. This period was known traditionally as the
259:
As the royal claimants were minors, the issues did not escalate and a status quo was maintained until civil war broke out in 866. In some accounts it is said that
Tsaparang was made the capital of Guge by Namde Ösung
344:
During the reigns of the second and third kings, Indian
Buddhist religious, artistic, architectural, scriptural and philosophical traditions permeated Tibet through Guge; this is known as the "Second Advancement".
19:
203:
temple (extensively damaged) attest to the cultist tantric practices prevailing in the area in the earlier periods but not witnessed in the monuments during the Purang-Guge reign.
120:
Buddhist monuments at both
Tsaparang and Tholing are now mostly in ruins except for a few statues and scores of murals in good condition, painted in the western Tibetan style.
183:
The emergence of the Purang-Guge
Kingdom raised the position of western Tibet in Central Asia. It was founded in the region of Purang south of the Kailash mountains (
268:), one of the sons of Langdarma. Some other accounts mention that two of Langdarma's grandsons fled to Western Tibet around 919. The eldest one, Kyide Nyimagon (
452:
427:
Tibetan Genealogies: Studies in Memoriam of Guge Tsering Gyalpo (1961-2015), Guntram Hazod and Shen Weirong, Editors, China Tibetology Publishing House
790:
569:
The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages
369:
Guge's capital was shifted to Tsaparang by 15th century. History also records that from 1624 to 1635 an effort was made by a mission headed by
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717:
648:
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763:
683:
155:
97:. It was divided into smaller kingdoms around the year 1100 CE. Tholing, at 12,400 feet (3,800 m), the last town before
55:
291:
However, in Central Tibet, the scions of the royal family became local chiefs, each with smaller areas under their control.
288:. After his death, his kingdom was split up between his three sons into the kingdoms of Maryul, Guge–Purang and Zanskar.
305:
214:(958-1055 AD) in translation of Sanskrit works and towards temple building during this period, which became part of the
62:) was a small Western Himalayan kingdom which was founded and flourished in the 10th century in western Tibet.
460:
256:, dominated by rebellions against the remnants of imperial Tibet and the rise of regional warlords ensued.
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215:
337:. Unfortunately 19 of them could not survive the climate, snake bites and diseases and only two monks,
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In another version of the history, it is said that Langdarma was plagued by external troubles. The
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The kingdom covered parts of western Tibet. Its first capital was Burang and the second one was
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226:
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28:
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in his capital city in the 997 AD along with two other temples built around the same time,
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Manuscripts and Travellers: The Sino-Tibetan Documents of a Tenth-Century Buddhist Pilgrim
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Buddhist Sculpture in Clay: Early Western Himalayan Art, Late 10th to Early 13th Centuries
381:
393:
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70:
39:
195:, and scions of other noble families such as the 'Bro clan. Preceding Purang-Guge was
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277:
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330:
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567:
423:"Tibetan Inscriptions at Alchi, Part I Towards a reassessment of the chronology"
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followed. Despite this destruction, many magnificent frescoes have survived.
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110:
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754:. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint: 2000 Abacus Books, London. pp.
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to Guge. Later in the 11th century a Buddhist conference was arranged at
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400:, further destruction of the statues and murals in both chapels by the
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106:
86:
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422:
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While Langdarma persecuted Buddhism in Tibet, his descendant, King
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304:
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18:
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In 1679–80, Tsaparang and the Guge kingdom were conquered by the
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View of Tholing Monastery, built in the time of the Guge Kingdom.
300:
102:
24:
380:, to convert Guge to Roman Catholicism and some locals became
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texts on religion and the Tibetan language and to study at
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596:
147:(south of Purang); both these monasteries are functional.
751:
The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History
16:
Kingdom of Western Tibet established in the 10th century
709:
Buddhist Western Himalaya: A Politico-Religious History
113:, who was assassinated, leading to the collapse of the
637:
Schaik, Sam van; Galambos, Imre (30 November 2011).
669:
667:
191:) by descendants of the Central Tibetan monarchy,
244:in 840, and many displaced people fled to Tibet.
740:
738:
736:
603:Snellgrove, David L.; Richardson, Hugh (1980).
572:. Princeton University Press. pp. 168–69.
478:
476:
474:
472:
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240:to the north collapsed under pressure from the
489:. Serindia Publications, Inc. pp. 25–28.
8:
229:made in the Guge Kingdom during the rule of
23:Donor depiction, presumably king Lha lde of
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392:-based kingdom under the leadership of the
325:to be trained in Buddhism and to translate
109:). It was founded by the great-grandson of
396:, causing considerable damage. During the
538:. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 235–.
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674:Mayhew, Bradley; Kohn, Michael (2005).
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385:Christians and destroying the church.
105:was then its capital, (163 miles from
362:of Tholing, was felt from Kashmir to
280:and conquered a large area including
7:
313:The Guge Kingdom was established by
712:. Indus Publishing. pp. 211–.
247:There were serious disturbances in
535:Trekking Tibet: A Traveler's Guide
206:After the rule of Kyide Nyimagon,
14:
566:Beckwith, Christopher I. (1993).
791:Former countries in Central Asia
643:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 4.
451:Swenson, Karen (19 March 2000).
678:. Lonely Planet. p. 200.
532:McCue, Gary (1 October 2010).
421:Heller, Amy (1 January 2018).
333:, a specialist institution in
59:
1:
483:Luczanits, Christian (2004).
341:and Lekpai Sherap, survived.
801:Himalayan kingdoms (Puranas)
453:"Echoes of a Fallen Kingdom"
65:The original capital was at
796:History of Tibetan Buddhism
606:A cultural history of Tibet
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609:. Shambhala. p. 112.
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284:(Ladakh) and parts of the
276:), established himself at
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43:
786:Former kingdoms in Tibet
706:Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (2001).
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216:Tibetan Buddhist canon
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32:
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274:skyid lde nyi ma mgon
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163:, the ancient capital
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254:Era of Fragmentation
93:canyon southwest of
463:on 9 November 2012.
398:Cultural Revolution
85:) but was moved to
36:Purang-Guge kingdom
27:. Northwest stupa,
371:António de Andrade
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266:gnam lde 'od srung
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218:, are monumental.
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101:in the kingdom of
33:
719:978-81-7387-124-5
650:978-3-11-022565-5
616:978-0-394-74380-6
579:978-0-691-02469-1
545:978-1-59485-266-4
496:978-1-932476-02-6
145:Khochar Monastery
129:Tholing Monastery
29:Tholing Monastery
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238:Uyghur Khaganate
189:gangs rin po che
175:floral designs.
141:Himachal Pradesh
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52:pu hrangs gu ge
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394:5th Dalai Lama
339:Rinchen Zangpo
299:Main article:
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227:Avalokiteśvara
212:Rinchen Zangpo
193:Kyide Nyimagon
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133:Tabo Monastery
115:Tibetan Empire
44:པུ་ཧྲངས་གུ་གེ་
31:, ca. 1025 CE.
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500:. Retrieved
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461:the original
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331:Vikramashila
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295:Guge Kingdom
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286:Spiti Valley
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780:Categories
622:24 January
502:23 January
408:References
402:Red Guards
375:Portuguese
225:Statue of
197:Zhangzhung
725:3 January
656:3 January
585:3 January
551:3 January
382:Catholics
169:Tsaparang
161:Tsaparang
151:Geography
111:Langdarma
99:Tsaparang
83:spu hreng
75:སྤུ་ཧྲེང་
748:(1999).
359:Nepalese
327:Sanskrit
756:243–245
323:Kashmir
318:Yeshe-Ö
315:Chogyal
249:Ü-Tsang
231:Yeshe-Ö
208:Yeshe-Ö
135:in the
125:Yeshe-Ö
107:Darchen
89:in the
87:Tholing
71:Tibetan
60:普蘭-古格王國
56:Chinese
40:Tibetan
762:
716:
682:
647:
613:
576:
542:
493:
378:Jesuit
335:tantra
282:Maryul
278:Purang
91:Sutlej
67:Purang
58::
676:Tibet
390:Lhasa
364:Assam
351:Atiśa
270:Wylie
262:Wylie
201:Durga
185:Wylie
79:Wylie
48:Wylie
760:ISBN
727:2013
714:ISBN
680:ISBN
658:2013
645:ISBN
624:2013
611:ISBN
587:2013
574:ISBN
553:2013
540:ISBN
504:2013
491:ISBN
373:, a
321:and
301:Guge
143:and
103:Guge
25:Guge
139:of
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