916:
from even the slightest trace of oxygen. Then a dish of the bacteria was taken, and a light was focused on one part of the dish, leaving the rest dark. As the bacteria cannot survive without light, all the bacteria moved into the circle of light, becoming very crowded. If the bacteria's byproduct was oxygen, the distances between individuals would become larger and larger as more oxygen was produced. But because of the bacteria's behavior in the focused light, it was concluded that the bacteria's photosynthetic byproduct could not be oxygen.
466:
31:
462:
Moreover, the photosynthetic unit in Purple
Bacteria shows great plasticity, being able to adapt to the constantly changing light conditions. In fact these microorganisms are able to rearrange the composition and the concentration of the pigments, and consequently the absorption spectrum, in response to light variation.
800:(0.068–0.94 μg BChle/dm), scattered over an interval of 30 m (98 ft). Communities of phototrophic sulfur bacteria located in the coastal sediments of sandy, saline or muddy beaches live in an environment with a higher light gradient, limiting growth to the highest value between 1.5–5 mm (
915:
Purple bacteria were the first bacteria discovered to photosynthesize without having an oxygen byproduct. Instead, their byproduct is sulfur. This was demonstrated by first establishing the bacteria's reactions to different concentrations of oxygen. It was found that the bacteria moved quickly away
795:
and the availability of solar radiation suggests that light is the main factor controlling all the activities of phototrophic sulfur bacteria. The density of pelagic communities of phototrophic sulfur bacteria extends beyond a depth range of 10 cm (3.9 in), while the less dense population
617:
as electron donor. In contrast to the purple sulfur bacteria, the purple nonsulfur bacteria are mostly photoheterotrophic and can use a variety of organic compounds as both electron donor and carbon source, such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and aromatic compounds like toluene or benzoate.
882:
and can rapidly create stable associations between other purple sulfur bacteria and sulfur- or sulfate-reducing bacteria. These associations are based on a cycle of sulfur but not carbon compounds. Thus, a simultaneous growth of two bacteria partners takes place, which are fed by the oxidation of
784:
Several studies have shown that a strong accumulation of phototrophic sulfur bacteria has been observed between 2 and 20 meters (6 ft 7 in and 65 ft 7 in) deep, in some cases even 30 m (98 ft), of pelagic environments. This is due to the fact that in some environments
461:
forming a polymeric ring-like structure around it. LHI has an absorption maximum at 870 nm and it contains most of the bacteriochlorophyll of the photosynthetic unit. LHII contains less bacteriochlorophylls, has lower absorption maximum (850 nm) and is not present in all purple bacteria.
314:
The similarity between the photosynthetic machinery in these different lines indicates that it had a common origin, either from some common ancestor or passed by lateral transfer. Purple sulfur bacteria and purple nonsulfur bacteria were distinguished on the basis of physiological factors of their
305:. While the former family stores the produced sulfur inside the cell, the latter sends the sulfur outside the cell. According to a 1985 phylogeny, Gammaproteobacteria is divided into three sub-lineages, with both families falling into the first along with non-photosynthetic species such as
2169:
Herbert RA, Ranchou-Peyruse A, Duran R, Guyoneaud R, Schwabe S (August 2005). "Characterization of purple sulfur bacteria from the South Andros Black Hole cave system: highlights taxonomic problems for ecological studies among the genera
Allochromatium and Thiocapsa".
601:. Finally, even if the purple sulfur bacteria are typically photoautotrophic, some of them are photoheterotrophic and use different carbon sources and electron donors such as organic acids. Purple nonsulfur bacteria typically use
364:. The important distinction that remains from these two different metabolisms is that: any S formed by purple nonsulfur bacteria is not stored intracellularly but is deposited outside the cell (even if there are exception for this as
854:, has been found in several hot springs in western North America at temperatures above 58 °C (136 °F) and may represent the most thermophilic extant Pseudomonadota. Of the purple sulfur bacteria, many members of the
396:. Since pigment synthesis does not take place in presence of oxygen, phototrophic growth only occurs in anoxic and light conditions. However purple bacteria can also grow in dark and oxic environments. In fact they can be
740:
of different nutrients. In fact they are able to photoautotrophically fix carbon, or to consume it photoheterotrophically; in both cases in anoxic conditions. However the most important role is played by consuming
457:. These are integral membrane protein complexes consisting of monomers of α- and β-apoproteins, each one binding molecules of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids non-covalently. LHI is directly associated with the
678:
and light, some examples are shallow lagoons polluted by sewage or deep waters of lakes, in which they could even bloom. Blooms can both involve a single or a mixture of species. They can also be found in
745:: a highly toxic substance for plants, animals and other bacteria. In fact, the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by purple bacteria produces non-toxic forms of sulfur, such as elemental sulfur and sulfate.
331:
experiments by Hansen and Van
Gemerden (1972) that demonstrate the growing of many purple nonsulfur bacteria species at low levels of sulfide (0.5 mM) and in so doing, oxidize sulfide to S,
2464:
1679:
Cogdell RJ, Gall A, Köhler J (August 2006). "The architecture and function of the light-harvesting apparatus of purple bacteria: from single molecules to in vivo membranes".
433:
to obtain the light energy for photosynthesis. Electron transfer and photosynthetic reactions occur at the cell membrane in the photosynthetic unit which is composed by the
327:
to sulfur globules stored intracellulary while purple nonsulfur bacteria species did neither. This kind of classification was not absoluted. It was refuted with classic
1136:
Madigan MT, Jung DO, Daldal F, Fevzi T, Thurnauer MC, Beatty JT (2009). "An
Overview of Purple Bacteria: Systematics, Physiology, and Habitats". In Hunter CN (ed.).
441:
where the charge separation reaction occurs. These structures are located in the intracytoplasmic membrane, areas of the cytoplasmic membrane invaginated to form
1817:
Basak N, Das D (2007-01-01). "The
Prospect of Purple Non-Sulfur (PNS) Photosynthetic Bacteria for Hydrogen Production: The Present State of the Art".
1169:
Woese CR, Weisburg WG, Hahn CM, Paster BJ, Zablen LB, Lewis BJ, et al. (1985-06-01). "The
Phylogeny of Purple Bacteria: The Gamma Subdivision".
670:, even if they are capable of photoautotrophy, and are equipped for living in dark environments. Purple sulfur bacteria can be found in different
94:
widely spread in nature, but especially in aquatic environments, where there are anoxic conditions that favor the synthesis of their pigments.
2066:
Madigan MT (1995). "Microbiology of
Nitrogen Fixation by Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria". In Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds.).
2325:
2235:
2083:
2050:
1934:
1734:
1487:
1153:
1111:
2253:"Physiology and phylogeny of green sulfur bacteria forming a monospecific phototrophic assemblage at a depth of 100 meters in the Black Sea"
646:
Purple bacteria inhabit illuminated anoxic aquatic and terrestrial environments. Even if sometimes the two major groups of purple bacteria,
1950:
950:
in plant and animal cells today that act as organelles. Comparisons of their protein structure suggests that there is a common ancestor.
372:
it is easy to differentiate purple sulfur bacteria from purple non-sulfur bacteria because the microscopically globules of S are formed.
621:
Purple bacteria lack external electron carriers to spontaneously reduce NAD(P) to NAD(P)H, so they must use their reduced quinones to
2448:
785:
the light transmission for various populations of phototrophic sulfur bacteria varies with a density from 0.015 to 10% Furthermore,
1636:
McEwan AG (March 1994). "Photosynthetic electron transport and anaerobic metabolism in purple non-sulfur phototrophic bacteria".
1341:
Tsygankov AA, Khusnutdinova AN (2015-01-01). "Hydrogen in metabolism of purple bacteria and prospects of practical application".
1951:"The architecture and function of the light-harvesting apparatus of purple bacteria: from single molecules to in vivo membranes"
1448:
442:
1014:
Cohen-Bazire G, Sistrom WR, Stanier RY (February 1957). "Kinetic studies of pigment synthesis by non-sulfur purple bacteria".
2725:
496:
438:
2624:"Biological and Bioelectrochemical Systems for Hydrogen Production and Carbon Fixation Using Purple Phototrophic Bacteria"
1094:
Takaichi S, Daldal F, Thurnauer MC, Beatty JT (2009). "Distribution and
Biosynthesis of Carotenoids". In Hunter CN (ed.).
920:
1917:
Brune DC (1995). "Sulfur
Compounds as Photosynthetic Electron Donors". In Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds.).
1470:
Niederman RA (2006). "Structure, Function and
Formation of Bacterial Intracytoplasmic Membranes". In Shively JM (ed.).
693:. However, they hardly form blooms with sufficiently high concentration to be visible without enrichment techniques.
450:
434:
211:
87:
925:
792:
686:
663:
651:
566:
91:
78:, which give them colours ranging between purple, red, brown, and orange. They may be divided into two groups –
2222:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 375–396.
492:
484:
2070:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 915–928.
1921:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 847–870.
1098:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 97–117.
850:
716:
293:
Purple sulfur bacteria are named for the ability to produce elemental sulfur. They are included in the class
110:
in 1987 calling it "purple bacteria and their relatives". Purple bacteria are distributed between 3 classes:
2720:
2312:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 49–85.
2218:
Overmann J (2008). "Ecology of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria". In Hell R, Dahl C, Knaff D, Leustek T (eds.).
1140:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–15.
959:
1474:. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 193–227.
655:
647:
570:
554:
365:
307:
302:
79:
49:
449:, or single-paired or stacked lamellar sheets which have increased surface to maximize light absorption.
1722:
1055:
classis nov., a Name for the Phylogenetic Taxon That Includes the "Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives""
875:
848:
at a pH value between 4.3 and 6.2 and at a temperature above 56 °C (133 °F). Another example,
833:
710:
630:
401:
235:
191:
179:
1556:"Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Unit of Purple Bacteria to Changes of Light Illumination Intensities"
1386:"Metabolic network modeling of redox balancing and biohydrogen production in purple nonsulfur bacteria"
1212:
van Niel CB (1932-01-01). "On the morphology and physiology of the purple and green sulphur bacteria".
791:
have been found in chemocline environments over 20 m (66 ft) depths. The correlation between
2668:
2550:
2491:
2264:
2179:
2129:
1981:
1873:
1771:
1512:
1272:
1221:
1178:
947:
737:
700:
in extreme environments, in fact they are quite successful in harsh habitats. In the 1960s the first
662:
and are not adapted to an efficient metabolism and growth in the dark. A different speech applies to
381:
471:
523:
426:
405:
294:
161:
149:
133:. All these classes also contain numerous non-photosynthetic numbers, such as the nitrogen-fixing
122:
112:
64:
979:
Bryant DA, Frigaard NU (November 2006). "Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated".
83:
2594:
2515:
2458:
2153:
1842:
1704:
1661:
1536:
1366:
1296:
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that allow them to adapt to different and even extreme environmental conditions. They are mainly
258:
153:
118:
35:
1862:"Anaerobic oxidation of ferrous iron by purple bacteria, a new type of phototrophic metabolism"
2696:
2576:
2507:
2482:
from acetate by syntrophic cocultures of green sulfur bacteria and sulfur-reducing bacteria".
2444:
2409:
2364:
2321:
2290:
2231:
2195:
2145:
2079:
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2015:
1997:
1930:
1899:
1834:
1799:
1740:
1730:
1696:
1653:
1618:
1528:
1503:
Francke C, Amesz J (November 1995). "The size of the photosynthetic unit in purple bacteria".
1483:
1452:
1417:
1358:
1323:
1288:
1237:
1194:
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218:
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2436:
2399:
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2005:
1989:
1922:
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1779:
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1608:
1600:
1567:
1520:
1475:
1444:
1407:
1397:
1350:
1280:
1263:
Hansen TA, van Gemerden H (1972-03-01). "Sulfide utilization by purple nonsulfur bacteria".
1229:
1186:
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1099:
1066:
1023:
988:
742:
667:
393:
249:
206:
200:
186:
168:
141:
904:
768:
659:
458:
454:
245:
824:
densities of 900 mg bacteriochlorophyll/dm can be attained in these latter systems.
545:
complex. The resulting charge separation between the cytoplasm and periplasm generates a
17:
2672:
2554:
2495:
2268:
2183:
2133:
1985:
1877:
1775:
1516:
1435:
Ritz T, Damjanović A, Schulten K (March 2002). "The quantum physics of photosynthesis".
1276:
1225:
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884:
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516:
389:
385:
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223:
127:
103:
60:
52:
2010:
1969:
1894:
1861:
1190:
465:
2714:
2691:
2656:
2599:
2571:
2534:
2276:
2191:
1885:
1794:
1759:
891:
have pointed out that cell aggregates consisting of sulfate-reducing proteobacterium
888:
863:
855:
787:
298:
2519:
2157:
1846:
1708:
1540:
1370:
1249:
2343:"Laminated microbial ecosystems on sheltered beaches in Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands"
1665:
1300:
943:
721:
626:
614:
590:
550:
546:
503:
pigments P870 or P960 located in the RC. Excited electrons are cycled from P870 to
409:
230:
2562:
30:
2227:
2042:
1760:"Architecture and mechanism of the light-harvesting apparatus of purple bacteria"
1572:
1555:
767:, an alpha proteobacter, is capable of reducing nitrate to molecular nitrogen by
2035:
Modern Topics in the Phototrophic Prokaryotes: Environmental and Applied Aspects
2033:
Imhoff JF (2017). "Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria from Extreme Environments".
1993:
1145:
1103:
931:
859:
845:
705:
610:
582:
500:
270:
2661:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1764:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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900:
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622:
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283:
107:
75:
56:
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2623:
2511:
2413:
2368:
2075:
2001:
1926:
1838:
1362:
1241:
1198:
1080:
748:
In addition, almost all non-sulfur purple bacteria are able to fix nitrogen (
2681:
2317:
1784:
1744:
1402:
879:
837:
797:
671:
538:
537:, eventually being oxidized and releasing the protons to be pumped into the
397:
328:
135:
130:
2580:
2294:
2199:
1700:
1622:
1532:
1456:
1421:
1327:
1035:
1027:
1000:
319:: was considered that purple sulfur bacteria tolerate millimolar levels of
2700:
2149:
1903:
1803:
1657:
1292:
2308:
Van Gemerden H, Mas J (1995). "Ecology of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria".
2019:
602:
586:
504:
942:
Researchers have theorized that some purple bacteria are related to the
2503:
2141:
1649:
1604:
1524:
1284:
1233:
821:
690:
675:
606:
598:
574:
446:
369:
324:
320:
316:
2478:
Warthmann R, Cypionka H, Pfennig N (1992-04-01). "Photoproduction of H
1449:
10.1002/1439-7641(20020315)3:3<243::AID-CPHC243>3.0.CO;2-Y
1589:"Modeling the electron transport chain of purple non-sulfur bacteria"
1479:
930:
article, it has been suggested that purple bacteria can be used as a
578:
2533:
Tonolla M, Demarta A, Peduzzi S, Hahn D, Peduzzi R (February 2000).
1970:"Phototrophic purple and green bacteria in a sewage treatment plant"
1314:
Keppen OI, Krasil'nikova EN, Lebedeva NV, Ivanovskiĭ RN (2013). "".
689:
can be found in both illuminated and dark environments with lack of
569:
because they do not use water as electron donor to produce oxygen.
2657:"A common evolutionary origin for mitochondria and hydrogenosomes"
488:
464:
29:
1059:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
609:
at lower concentrations compared to PSB and some species can use
412:
basing on the concentration of oxygen and availability of light.
1587:
Klamt S, Grammel H, Straube R, Ghosh R, Gilles ED (2008-01-15).
683:
where the lower layer decomposes and sulfate-reduction occurs.
499:(RC) harvest photons in the form of resonance energy, exciting
2341:
Van Gemerden H, Tughan CS, De Wit R, Herbert RA (1989-02-01).
2251:
Manske AK, Glaeser J, Kuypers MM, Overmann J (December 2005).
654:, coexist in the same habitat, they occupy different niches.
840:, some members have been found in hot springs. For example
2595:"Purple bacteria 'batteries' turn sewage into clean energy"
2539:
in the chemocline of meromictic Lake Cadagno (Switzerland)"
2535:"In situ analysis of sulfate-reducing bacteria related to
2384:"Anoxygenic microbial mats of hot springs: thermophilic
2037:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 427–480.
2622:
Ioanna A. Vasiliadou; et al. (13 November 2018).
1554:
Brotosudarmo TH, Limantara L, Prihastyanti MN (2015).
696:
Purple bacteria have evolved effective strategies for
2382:Castenholz RW, Bauld J, Jørgenson BB (1990-12-01).
1758:Hu X, Damjanović A, Ritz T, Schulten K (May 1998).
106:. This phylum was established as Proteobacteria by
1968:Siefert E, Irgens RL, Pfennig N (1 January 1978).
589:as electron donors. In addition, some species use
2655:Bui ET, Bradley PJ, Johnson PJ (September 1996).
2463:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2213:
2211:
2209:
1384:Hädicke O, Grammel H, Klamt S (September 2011).
2435:. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 471–473.
1819:World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
1472:Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes
836:) typically form blooms in non-thermal aquatic
533:attracts two cytoplasmic protons and becomes QH
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1016:Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
820: in) of the sediments. At the same time,
728:hot springs, was isolated for the first time.
380:Purple bacteria are able to perform different
2104:Satoh T, Hoshino Y, Kitamura H (July 1976). "
1049:Stackebrandt E, Murray RG, Trüper HG (1988).
878:, purple sulfur bacteria are also capable of
862:and marine environments. About 10 species of
625:reduce NAD(P). This process is driven by the
8:
102:All purple bacteria belong in the phylum of
2433:Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology
2220:Sulfur Metabolism in Phototrophic Organisms
2116:, a denitrifying strain as a subspecies of
453:are involved in the energy transfer to the
59:, capable of producing their own food via
2690:
2680:
2639:
2570:
2403:
2358:
2284:
2009:
1893:
1793:
1783:
1612:
1571:
1411:
1401:
1070:
844:can only be found in some hot springs in
529:, and back to P870. The reduced quinone Q
1860:Ehrenreich A, Widdel F (December 1994).
148:Purple non-sulfur bacteria are found in
971:
887:and light substrates. Experiments with
605:as an electron donor, but can also use
2543:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2456:
2257:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1974:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1866:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1727:Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis
724:purple bacterium that can be found in
7:
736:Purple bacteria are involved in the
593:as electron donor and one strain of
1171:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
2405:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04079.x
2360:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03661.x
2310:Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
2068:Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
1919:Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
25:
2277:10.1128/aem.71.12.8049-8060.2005
2192:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00815.x
1886:10.1128/AEM.60.12.4517-4526.1994
1138:The Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
1096:The Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
469:The purple non-sulfur bacterium
1681:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
714:were discovered. In the 1980s
439:photosynthetic reaction centre
46:purple photosynthetic bacteria
27:Group of phototrophic bacteria
1:
2563:10.1128/AEM.66.2.820-824.2000
1729:. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1191:10.1016/S0723-2020(85)80007-2
832:Purple sulfur bacteria (like
780:Quantity and quality of light
561:Electron donors for anabolism
315:tolerance and utilization of
2628:Frontiers in Energy Research
2228:10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_19
2118:Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides
2110:Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides
2043:10.1007/978-3-319-46261-5_13
1573:10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.056
921:Frontiers in Energy Research
139:and the human gut bacterium
1994:10.1128/AEM.35.1.38-44.1978
1146:10.1007/978-1-4020-8815-5_1
1104:10.1007/978-1-4020-8815-5_6
858:family are often found in
483:Purple bacteria use cyclic
388:, but are also known to be
63:. They are pigmented with
2742:
2537:Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes
2172:Environmental Microbiology
899:have been observed in the
893:Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes
687:Purple non sulfur bacteria
493:Light-harvesting complexes
451:Light-harvesting complexes
435:light-harvesting complexes
212:Rhodopseudomonas palustris
88:purple non-sulfur bacteria
2441:10.1007/0-387-29298-5_114
2392:FEMS Microbiology Letters
2347:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1831:10.1007/s11274-006-9190-9
1693:10.1017/S0033583506004434
1593:Molecular Systems Biology
1355:10.1134/S0026261715010154
1072:10.1099/00207713-38-3-321
993:10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001
793:anoxygenic photosynthesis
664:purple nonsulfur bacteria
652:purple nonsulfur bacteria
34:Purple bacteria grown in
18:Purple nonsulfur bacteria
2641:10.3389/fenrg.2018.00107
2484:Archives of Microbiology
2122:Archives of Microbiology
2076:10.1007/0-306-47954-0_42
1927:10.1007/0-306-47954-0_39
1265:Archiv für Mikrobiologie
1214:Archiv für Mikrobiologie
851:Thermochromatium tepidum
828:Temperature and salinity
717:Thermochromatium tepidum
126:each characterized by a
74:, together with various
2682:10.1073/pnas.93.18.9651
2443:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2318:10.1007/0-306-47954-0_4
1785:10.1073/pnas.95.11.5935
1638:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1505:Photosynthesis Research
1403:10.1186/1752-0509-5-150
960:Purple Earth hypothesis
870:Syntrophy and symbioses
2431:Imhoff 2001, 1865VP".
1028:10.1002/jcp.1030490104
981:Trends in Microbiology
656:Purple sulfur bacteria
648:purple sulfur bacteria
571:Purple sulfur bacteria
487:driven by a series of
475:
366:Ectothiorhodospiraceae
303:Ectothiorhodospiraceae
297:, in the two families
92:anoxygenic phototrophs
90:. Purple bacteria are
80:purple sulfur bacteria
38:
2726:Phototrophic bacteria
876:green sulfur bacteria
842:Chlorobaculum tepidum
834:green sulfur bacteria
738:biogeochemical cycles
732:Biogeochemical cycles
631:reverse electron flow
468:
437:LHI and LHII and the
192:Rhodopila globiformis
180:Rhodospirillum rubrum
33:
565:Purple bacteria are
541:by the cytochrome bc
425:Purple bacteria use
308:Nitrosococcus oceani
156:. The families are:
2673:1996PNAS...93.9651B
2603:. November 13, 2018
2555:2000ApEnM..66..820T
2496:1992ArMic.157..343W
2427:Imhoff JF (2005). "
2269:2005ApEnM..71.8049M
2184:2005EnvMi...7.1260H
2134:1976ArMic.108..265S
1986:1978ApEnM..35...38S
1878:1994ApEnM..60.4517E
1776:1998PNAS...95.5935H
1517:1995PhoRe..46..347F
1390:BMC Systems Biology
1277:1972ArMic..86...49H
1226:1932ArMic...3....1V
1183:1985SyApM...6...25W
895:and small cells of
627:proton motive force
547:proton motive force
427:bacteriochlorophyll
421:Photosynthetic unit
406:aerobic respiration
295:Gammaproteobacteria
164:(17 purple genera)
162:Alphaproteobacteria
150:Alphaproteobacteria
123:Gammaproteobacteria
113:Alphaproteobacteria
65:bacteriochlorophyll
2504:10.1007/BF00248679
2142:10.1007/BF00454851
1650:10.1007/BF00871637
1605:10.1038/msb4100191
1560:Procedia Chemistry
1525:10.1007/BF00020450
1285:10.1007/BF00412399
1234:10.1007/BF00454965
948:symbiotic bacteria
711:Ectothiorhodospira
666:that are strongly
485:electron transport
476:
394:photoheterotrophic
382:metabolic pathways
368:). So if grown on
261:(3 purple genera)
259:Betaproteobacteria
154:Betaproteobacteria
119:Betaproteobacteria
39:
36:Winogradsky column
2667:(18): 9651–9656.
2327:978-0-7923-3681-5
2263:(12): 8049–8060.
2237:978-1-4020-6862-1
2085:978-0-306-47954-0
2052:978-3-319-46259-2
1936:978-0-306-47954-0
1872:(12): 4517–4526.
1770:(11): 5935–5941.
1736:978-0-632-04321-7
1489:978-3-540-32524-6
1155:978-1-4020-8815-5
1113:978-1-4020-8814-8
775:Ecological niches
668:photoheterotrophs
515:, then passed to
287:(2 purple genera)
252:(3 purple genera)
219:Hyphomicrobiaceae
175:Rhodospirillaceae
16:(Redirected from
2733:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2178:(8): 1260–1268.
2166:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1644:(1–3): 151–164.
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1511:(1–2): 347–352.
1500:
1494:
1493:
1480:10.1007/7171_025
1467:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1133:
1118:
1117:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
976:
929:
866:are halophilic.
819:
818:
814:
809:
808:
804:
762:
743:hydrogen sulfide
390:chemoautotrophic
363:
362:
361:
351:
350:
349:
341:
340:
274:(1 purple genus)
250:Rhodobacteraceae
239:(1 purple genus)
207:Nitrobacteraceae
201:Hyphomicrobiales
187:Acetobacteraceae
169:Rhodospirillales
142:Escherichia coli
21:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2455:
2451:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1737:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1135:
1134:
1121:
1114:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1013:
1012:
1008:
987:(11): 488–496.
978:
977:
973:
968:
956:
940:
923:
913:
905:meromictic lake
872:
830:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
801:
782:
777:
769:denitrification
765:Rba Sphaeroides
761:
757:
753:
749:
734:
660:photoautotrophs
644:
639:
563:
544:
536:
532:
527:
520:
514:
510:
497:reaction centre
481:
459:reaction centre
455:reaction centre
423:
418:
386:photoautotrophs
378:
360:
357:
356:
355:
353:
348:
345:
344:
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
332:
246:Rhodobacterales
100:
86:, in part) and
42:Purple bacteria
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2721:Pseudomonadota
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2647:
2614:
2586:
2549:(2): 820–824.
2525:
2490:(4): 343–348.
2479:
2470:
2449:
2419:
2398:(4): 325–336.
2374:
2333:
2326:
2300:
2243:
2236:
2205:
2161:
2128:(3): 265–269.
2091:
2084:
2058:
2051:
2025:
1960:
1942:
1935:
1909:
1852:
1809:
1750:
1735:
1723:Blankenship RE
1714:
1687:(3): 227–324.
1671:
1628:
1579:
1546:
1495:
1488:
1462:
1443:(3): 243–248.
1427:
1376:
1333:
1322:(5): 534–541.
1318:(in Russian).
1316:Mikrobiologiia
1306:
1255:
1204:
1161:
1154:
1119:
1112:
1086:
1065:(3): 321–325.
1053:Proteobacteria
1041:
1006:
970:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
955:
952:
939:
936:
912:
909:
885:organic carbon
871:
868:
829:
826:
796:(found in the
781:
778:
776:
773:
759:
755:
751:
733:
730:
726:North American
698:photosynthesis
681:microbial mats
643:
640:
638:
635:
629:and is called
623:endergonically
562:
559:
542:
534:
530:
525:
518:
512:
508:
495:surrounding a
480:
477:
472:Rhodospirillum
422:
419:
417:
416:Photosynthesis
414:
377:
374:
358:
346:
337:
291:
290:
289:
288:
279:Comamonadaceae
275:
266:Rhodocyclaceae
255:
254:
253:
242:
241:
240:
227:
224:Rhodomicrobium
215:
197:
196:
195:
183:
128:photosynthetic
104:Pseudomonadota
99:
96:
61:photosynthesis
53:proteobacteria
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2738:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2600:Science Daily
2596:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2450:0-387-24145-0
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2353:(2): 87–101.
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:denitrificans
2111:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
965:
961:
958:
957:
953:
951:
949:
945:
937:
935:
933:
927:
922:
917:
910:
908:
906:
903:of an alpine
902:
898:
897:Chromatiaceae
894:
890:
889:Chromatiaceae
886:
881:
877:
869:
867:
865:
864:Chromatiaceae
861:
857:
856:Chromatiaceae
853:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
825:
823:
799:
794:
790:
789:
788:Chromatiaceae
779:
774:
772:
770:
766:
746:
744:
739:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:
713:
712:
708:of the genus
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:are strongly
657:
653:
649:
641:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
540:
528:
521:
517:cytochrome bc
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
473:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
400:, capable of
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
367:
330:
326:
323:and oxidized
322:
318:
312:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:Chromatiaceae
296:
286:
285:
280:
276:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
238:
237:
232:
228:
226:
225:
220:
216:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
170:
166:
165:
163:
159:
158:
157:
155:
151:
146:
144:
143:
138:
137:
132:
129:
125:
124:
120:
115:
114:
109:
105:
97:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
50:Gram-negative
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2607:November 14,
2605:. Retrieved
2598:
2589:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2432:
2429:Rhodoblastus
2428:
2422:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2377:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2309:
2303:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2219:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2067:
2061:
2034:
2028:
1980:(1): 38–44.
1977:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1918:
1912:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1825:(1): 31–42.
1822:
1818:
1812:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1726:
1717:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1471:
1465:
1440:
1437:ChemPhysChem
1436:
1430:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1346:
1343:Microbiology
1342:
1336:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1271:(1): 49–56.
1268:
1264:
1258:
1220:(1): 1–112.
1217:
1213:
1207:
1177:(1): 25–33.
1174:
1170:
1164:
1137:
1095:
1089:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1022:(1): 25–68.
1019:
1015:
1009:
984:
980:
974:
944:mitochondria
941:
918:
914:
896:
892:
873:
849:
841:
831:
786:
783:
764:
754:+ 8 H → 2 NH
747:
735:
722:thermophilic
715:
709:
695:
685:
674:with enough
645:
642:Distribution
620:
615:ferrous iron
594:
591:ferrous iron
564:
551:ATP synthase
524:cytochrome c
482:
470:
424:
410:fermentation
379:
313:
306:
292:
282:
269:
234:
231:Rhodobiaceae
222:
210:
190:
178:
147:
140:
134:
117:
111:
101:
84:Chromatiales
71:
67:
57:phototrophic
45:
41:
40:
1566:: 414–421.
1349:(1): 1–22.
932:biorefinery
924: [
860:fresh water
846:New Zealand
706:acidophiles
611:thiosulfate
583:thiosulfate
573:(PSB), use
553:to produce
501:chlorophyll
491:reactions.
431:carotenoids
271:Rhodocyclus
76:carotenoids
2715:Categories
2386:Chlorobium
2112:forma sp.
1396:(1): 150.
966:References
919:In a 2018
901:chemocline
838:ecosystems
702:halophiles
672:ecosystems
567:anoxygenic
398:mixotrophs
376:Metabolism
284:Rhodoferax
108:Carl Woese
2512:1432-072X
2459:cite book
2414:0378-1097
2369:0168-6496
2002:0099-2240
1839:0959-3993
1363:1608-3237
1242:1432-072X
1199:0723-2020
1081:1466-5026
938:Evolution
880:symbiosis
798:Black Sea
595:Thiocapsa
539:periplasm
479:Mechanism
402:anaerobic
329:chemostat
248:, family
236:Rhodobium
136:Rhizobium
131:phenotype
55:that are
2581:10653757
2520:25411079
2295:16332785
2200:16011763
2158:20375188
1955:ProQuest
1847:84224465
1745:49273347
1725:(2002).
1709:46208080
1701:17038210
1623:18197174
1541:23254767
1533:24301602
1457:12503169
1422:21943387
1371:14240332
1328:25509391
1250:19597530
1036:13416343
1001:16997562
954:See also
603:hydrogen
597:can use
587:hydrogen
557:energy.
549:used by
505:quinones
98:Taxonomy
2701:8790385
2669:Bibcode
2551:Bibcode
2492:Bibcode
2286:1317439
2265:Bibcode
2180:Bibcode
2150:1085137
2130:Bibcode
1982:Bibcode
1904:7811087
1874:Bibcode
1804:9600895
1772:Bibcode
1666:2409162
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