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result) and non-solicitation purrs, and the two are distinguishable to humans. In a study, 50 humans were subjected to playbacks of purrs recorded in solicitation and non-solicitation situations at the same amplitude. Humans regularly judged the solicitation purrs as less pleasant and more urgent than the non-solicitation purrs. This variety of purring seems to be found more frequently in cats in a one-to-one relationship with a caretaker. Similarities have been drawn between an infant's cry and the isolation cry of domestic cats. The high-frequency aspect of the purr may subtly exploit humans' sensitivity to these cries. Using sensory biases in communication between species provides cats with a productive means of improving the care that they receive.
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247:" in the cat's brain of uncertain significance. Although the mechanism has not yet been fully explained, recent studies have inferred it could be the result of oscillatory mechanisms in the central nervous system. Studies have also shown that purring can be caused through electrically stimulating the infundibular region of the cat's brain, suggesting central control.
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Eklund & Peters compared purring in adult, subadult and juvenile cheetahs and reported that while there was considerable variation across most of the parameters analyzed (amplitude, phase duration, cycles per phase and fundamental frequency) – mainly attributable to degree of relaxation/agitation
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Cats have been shown to have different types of purrs depending on situations. For example, purring appears to be a way for cats to signal their caretakers for food. This purring has a high-frequency component not present in other purrs. These are called solicitation purrs (when the cat is seeking a
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of around 25 Hz. This sound occurs with noticeable vibrations on the surface of the body, varies in a rhythmic pattern during breathing and occurs continuously during inhalation and exhalation. The intensity and length of the purr can also vary depending on the level of arousal of the animal.
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Schötz & Eklund studied purring in four domestic cats and found that the fundamental frequency varied between 20.94 and 27.21 Hz for egressive phases and between 23.0 and 26.09 Hz for ingressive phases. Schötz & Eklund also observed considerable variation between the four cats as
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In a follow-up study of purring in four adult cheetahs, Eklund, Peters, Weise & Munro found that egressive phases were longer than ingressive phases in all four cheetahs. Likewise, ingressive phases had a lower frequency than egressive phases in all four cheetahs. Mean frequency were between
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In domestic cats, many signals that occur when interacting with humans seem to originate from when the animal was dependent on the mother. Cats have been observed to purr for most of their lifespan, starting from when they were young and suckling from their mother. Purring may be a signaling
341:
All remaining species of the family
Felidae ("purring cats") have a completely ossified hyoid, which enables them to purr but not to roar. Based on a technical acoustic definition of roaring, the presence of this vocalization type depends on specific characteristics of the vocal folds and an
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This sound is made when a guinea pig is content, examples of this include when it is being petted or held, when groomed, investigating a new place, or given food. It is neither continuous nor does it correspond to respiration, and thus is not a true
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Animals purr for a variety of reasons, including to express happiness or fear, and as a defense mechanism. It has also been shown that cats purr to manage pain and soothe themselves. Purring is a soft buzzing sound, similar to a rolled 'r' with a
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in the animals resting or playing– previously reported observations that ingressive phases tend to be lower in frequency were largely confirmed. There were no major differences in these parameters as a function of age.
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The mechanism by which cats purr is an object of speculation, with different hypotheses proposed. An early idea was that purring is a hemodynamic process where sound is produced as the blood runs through the thorax.
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kittens. Post-nursing cats often purr as a sign of contentment when being petted, becoming relaxed or eating. Some purring may be a signal to another animal that the purring cat does not pose a threat.
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19.3 Hz and 20.5 Hz in ingressive phases, and between 21.9 Hz and 23.4 Hz in egressive phases. Moreover, the amplitude was louder in the egressive phases in four cheetahs.
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rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation. Combined with the steady inhalation and exhalation of air as the cat breathes, a purring noise is produced with strong
416:
and the cat begins to purr, which is hypothesized to be a self-relaxation technique. This purring may trigger a cat's brain to release a hormone that helps it relax and acts as a
823:"Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus)"
175:. It varies in loudness and tone among species and in the same animal. In smaller and domestic cats it is known as a purr, while in larger felids, such as the
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regards relative amplitude, duration and frequency between egressive and ingressive phases, but that this variation occurred within the same general range.
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phases), while the much smaller domestic cat purred with an average frequency of 21.98 Hz (egressive phases) and 23.24 Hz (ingressive phases).
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Reprinted in: Voith VL, Borchelt PL (eds). Readings in
Companion Animal Behavior. Trenton: Veterinary Learning Systems, 1996; 269–270.
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326:) have an incompletely ossified hyoid, which, according to this hypothesis, enables them to roar but not to purr. However, the
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307:. However, Weissengruber et al. argued that the ability of a cat species to purr is not affected by the anatomy of its hyoid.
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Stogdale L, Delack JB. Feline purring. Compendium on
Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1985; 7: 551–553.
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produce vocalizations that sound similar to true purring. Animals that produce purr-like sounds include
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An acoustic analysis of purring in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and in the domestic cat (Felis catus)
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Proceedings of
Fonetik 2013, the XXVIth Swedish Phonetics Conference, Studies in Language and Culture
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Remmers, J. E.; Gautier, H. (1 December 1972). "Neural and mechanical mechanisms of feline purring".
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295:) on the other goes back to Owen and was definitively introduced by Pocock, based on whether the
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574:"Melody matters: An acoustic study of domestic cat meows in six contexts and four mental states"
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Weissengruber, G. E.; Forstenpointner, G.; Peters, G.; Kubber-Heiss, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2002).
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McComb, Karen; Taylor, Anna M.; Wilson, Christian; Charlton, Benjamin D. (14 July 2009).
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elongated vocal tract, which is rendered possible by an incompletely ossified hyoid.
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A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in juvenile, subadult and adult cheetahs
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Cats often purr when distressed or in pain, such as during the three stages of
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Owen, Richard (1834). "On the
Anatomy of the Cheetah, Felis jubata, Schreb".
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412:. In the first stage, the uterus begins to contract, the cervix relaxes, the
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366:) found that the cheetah purred with an average frequency of 20.87 Hz (
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Gibbs, E. L.; Gibbs, F. A. (1936). "A purring center in the cat's brain".
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338:), as the fifth felid species with an incompletely ossified hyoid, purrs.
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Sissom, Dawn E. Frazer; Rice, D. A.; Peters, G. (1991). "How cats purr".
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Schötz, Susanne; van de Weijer, Joost; Eklund, Robert (29 August 2019).
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Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters, Florian Weise & Stuart Munro. 2012.
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Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals".
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Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters & Elizabeth D. Duthie. 2010.
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Eklund, Peters & Duthie, comparing purring in a cheetah (
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studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the
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A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in four cheetahs
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Different cats can sound somewhat different when purring.
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A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in four cats
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is incompletely ("roarers") or completely ("purrers")
287:. The subdivision of the Felidae into "purring cats" (
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is a tonal fluttering sound made by some species of
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106:Domestic cat purring mixed with pronounced meowing
396:mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and
346:Frequency, amplitude, and respiratory variation
456:"Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals"
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8:
1128:Why do cats purr? Why do Cheshire cats grin?
1066:"Birth Difficulties Symptoms - Cats | petMD"
923:Schötz, Susanne & Robert Eklund. 2011.
728:K.M. Dyce, W.O. Sack and C.J.G. Wensing in
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957:Eklund, Robert & Gustav Peters. 2013.
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267:to alternately dilate and constrict the
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113:Guinea pig producing purring-like sound
1521:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
796:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
730:Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy 3rd Ed.
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182:Although true purring is exclusive to
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7:
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1546:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
1002:"The cry embedded within the purr"
777:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1835.tb00611.x
543:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04749.x
355:of 20 to 30 vibrations per second.
291:) on one hand and "roaring cats" (
136:Problems playing these files? See
25:
2006:Congenital sensorineural deafness
1561:The International Cat Association
1516:American Cat Fanciers Association
985:, ISSN 1403-2570, pp. 25–28.
157:, including both larger, outdoor
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1541:Fédération Internationale Féline
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839:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x
688:Journal of Comparative Neurology
472:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x
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71:A different domestic cat purring
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583:10.7287/peerj.preprints.27926v1
735:, Saunders, Philadelphia; p156
1:
251:Vocal folds/laryngeal muscles
171:), as well as two species of
1133:Robert Eklund's Purring Page
657:10.1016/0034-5687(72)90064-3
279:Degree of hyoid ossification
2175:List of longest-living cats
2056:Lower urinary tract disease
2036:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1556:Southern Africa Cat Council
946:Proceedings of Fonetik 2012
929:Proceedings of Fonetik 2011
912:Proceedings of Fonetik 2010
619:"Why and how do cats purr?"
370:phases) and 18.32 Hz (
2245:
1531:Cat Aficionado Association
310:The "roaring cats" (lion,
255:One hypothesis, backed by
29:
2188:
2011:Feline corneal sequestrum
1536:Cat Fanciers' Association
1027:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.033
808:10.1080/00222931608693839
283:No cat can both purr and
1526:Canadian Cat Association
351:Domestic cats purr at a
190:, other animals such as
179:, it is called a whirr.
2170:List of individual cats
870:Hemmer, Helmut (1972).
497:"What Makes A Cat Purr"
27:Fluttering vocalization
2046:Infectious peritonitis
2041:Immunodeficiency virus
645:Respiration Physiology
599:Cite journal requires
362:) and a domestic cat (
263:or the muscles of the
53:A domestic cat purring
46:
2111:Viral rhinotracheitis
2086:Tritrichomonas foetus
1551:New Zealand Cat Fancy
1419:Cats in ancient Egypt
790:Pocock, R.I. (1916).
700:10.1002/cne.900640203
228:fundamental frequency
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32:Purr (disambiguation)
1673:Colorpoint Shorthair
1571:World Cat Federation
1305:Cat–dog relationship
30:For other uses, see
1873:Traditional Persian
1658:California Spangled
1628:Brazilian Shorthair
1424:Cultural depictions
1409:Cat-scratch disease
1018:2009CBio...19.R507M
752:on 22 January 2013.
623:Library of Congress
535:1991Natur.349Q.460.
454:Peters, G. (2002).
243:There is a unique "
92:Purring and meowing
1793:Oriental Shorthair
1703:European Shorthair
1618:American Shorthair
1566:World Cat Congress
827:Journal of Anatomy
746:"How A Puma Purrs"
523:Journal of Zoology
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1633:British Shorthair
1242:Tortoiseshell cat
1012:(13): R507–R508.
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975:978-91-7519-582-7
876:Mammalian Species
430:Cat communication
257:electromyographic
245:neural oscillator
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1070:www.petmd.com
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872:"Uncia uncia"
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93:
72:
54:
37:
33:
19:
2224:Cat behavior
1981:Diseases and
1823:Russian Blue
1698:Egyptian Mau
1590:experimental
1441:Dog-like cat
1384:Ailurophobia
1349:Intelligence
1336:
1205:Odd-eyed cat
1099:
1095:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1009:
1005:
966:
953:
945:
936:
928:
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911:
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830:
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750:the original
740:
732:
729:
724:
691:
687:
681:
648:
644:
638:
626:. Retrieved
613:
592:cite journal
567:
529:(1): 67–78.
526:
522:
501:. Retrieved
463:
459:
449:
414:water breaks
407:
403:
394:
363:
359:
340:
335:
331:
328:snow leopard
323:
319:
315:
312:Panthera leo
311:
309:
282:
254:
242:
238:
224:
181:
166:
163:domestic cat
150:
146:
144:
36:
2144:New Zealand
2071:Polydactyly
2001:Calicivirus
1893:Turkish Van
1833:Selkirk Rex
1788:Ojos Azules
1678:Cornish Rex
1486:Library cat
1471:Working cat
1399:Cat massage
1394:Cat killers
1376:interaction
1287:Vaccination
1222:Bicolor cat
1075:18 November
878:(20): 1–5.
503:18 November
364:Felis catus
332:Uncia uncia
322:; leopard,
293:Pantherinae
261:vocal folds
220:guinea pigs
168:Felis catus
2213:Categories
2066:Giardiasis
1919:Highlander
1818:Ragamuffin
1758:Maine Coon
1738:Khao Manee
1718:German Rex
1608:Abyssinian
1508:Registries
1491:Ship's cat
1476:Bodega cat
1232:Calico cat
1177:Felinology
969:, no. 21,
441:References
418:painkiller
372:ingressive
318:; jaguar,
297:hyoid bone
138:media help
2129:Australia
2091:Roundworm
2026:Heartworm
1983:disorders
1943:Landraces
1929:Serengeti
1878:Tonkinese
1848:Singapura
1808:Pixie-bob
1803:Peterbald
1723:Himalayan
1688:Devon Rex
1663:Chartreux
1584:full list
1446:Feral cat
1429:fictional
1389:Cat cafés
1374:Human–cat
1265:Declawing
1237:Tabby cat
1227:Black cat
1195:Dwarf cat
1036:0960-9822
708:1096-9861
665:0034-5687
551:1469-7998
480:1365-2907
368:egressive
353:frequency
324:P. pardus
316:P. tigris
314:; tiger,
273:harmonics
235:Mechanism
208:wallaroos
204:wallabies
200:kangaroos
196:mongooses
188:viverrids
2229:Ethology
2198:Category
2081:Ringworm
2021:Coccidia
1924:Savannah
1853:Snowshoe
1843:Siberian
1768:Munchkin
1733:Javanese
1653:Burmilla
1623:Balinese
1601:domestic
1498:Zoonosis
1481:Farm cat
1434:Internet
1414:Cat show
1404:Cat meat
1344:Kneading
1320:valerian
1310:Catfight
1297:Behavior
1210:Squitten
1190:Genetics
1052:10972076
1044:19602409
857:12363272
716:84375344
628:10 April
559:32350871
435:Kneading
424:See also
336:P. uncia
305:ossified
192:raccoons
161:and the
2163:Related
1914:Chausie
1838:Siamese
1813:Ragdoll
1798:Persian
1693:Donskoy
1648:Burmese
1466:Pet cat
1185:Anatomy
1014:Bibcode
965:(ed.),
894:3503882
848:1570911
673:4644061
531:Bibcode
398:nursing
391:Purpose
320:P. onca
299:of the
289:Felinae
269:glottis
216:rabbits
212:badgers
177:panther
18:Purring
2134:Canada
2076:Rabies
1996:Asthma
1966:Sokoke
1961:Kellas
1956:Cyprus
1951:Aegean
1909:Bengal
1902:Hybrid
1883:Toyger
1863:Sphynx
1858:Somali
1783:Ocicat
1713:Foldex
1683:Cymric
1643:Bombay
1638:Birman
1580:Breeds
1456:Lolcat
1364:Senses
1315:Catnip
1280:senior
1252:Health
1200:Kitten
1050:
1042:
1034:
981:
973:
961:. In:
892:
855:
845:
714:
706:
671:
663:
557:
549:
478:
301:larynx
265:larynx
184:felids
173:genets
155:felids
2139:Japan
1753:Lykoi
1743:Korat
1599:Fully
1260:Aging
1048:S2CID
890:JSTOR
712:S2CID
555:S2CID
410:labor
334:, or
151:whirr
128:purr.
2101:Tick
2016:Flea
1991:Acne
1868:Thai
1763:Manx
1337:Purr
1332:Meow
1270:Diet
1077:2019
1040:PMID
1032:ISSN
979:ISBN
971:ISBN
853:PMID
733:2002
704:ISSN
669:PMID
661:ISSN
630:2011
605:help
547:ISSN
505:2019
476:ISSN
285:roar
218:and
186:and
159:cats
147:purr
1971:Van
1104:doi
1022:doi
880:doi
843:PMC
835:doi
831:201
804:doi
773:doi
696:doi
653:doi
578:doi
539:doi
527:223
468:doi
149:or
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