278:
other. Most commonly fine wire recordings are for research or kinesiology studies. Diagnostic monopolar EMG electrodes are typically insulated and stiff enough to penetrate skin, with only the tip exposed using a surface electrode for reference. Needles for injecting therapeutic botulinum toxin or phenol are typically monopolar electrodes that use a surface reference, in this case, however, the metal shaft of a hypodermic needle, insulated so that only the tip is exposed, is used both to record signals and to inject. Slightly more complex in design is the concentric needle electrode. These needles have a fine wire, embedded in a layer of insulation that fills the barrel of a hypodermic needle, that has an exposed shaft, and the shaft serves as the reference electrode. The exposed tip of the fine wire serves as the active electrode. As a result of this configuration, signals tend to be smaller when recorded from a concentric electrode than when recorded from a monopolar electrode and they are more resistant to electrical artifacts from tissue and measurements tend to be somewhat more reliable. However, because the shaft is exposed throughout its length, superficial muscle activity can contaminate the recording of deeper muscles. Single fiber EMG needle electrodes are designed to have very tiny recording areas, and allow for the discharges of individual muscle fibers to be discriminated.
428:
individuals with paralysis. Surface EMG can have limited applications due to inherent problems associated with surface EMG. Adipose tissue (fat) can affect EMG recordings. Studies show that as adipose tissue increased the active muscle directly below the surface decreased. As adipose tissue increased, the amplitude of the surface EMG signal directly above the center of the active muscle decreased. EMG signal recordings are typically more accurate with individuals who have lower body fat, and more compliant skin, such as young people when compared to old. Muscle cross talk occurs when the EMG signal from one muscle interferes with that of another limiting reliability of the signal of the muscle being tested. Surface EMG is limited due to lack of deep muscles reliability. Deep muscles require intramuscular wires that are intrusive and painful in order to achieve an EMG signal. Surface EMG can measure only superficial muscles and even then it is hard to narrow down the signal to a single muscle.
265:
limited. No published reports exist of cellulitis, infection, or other complications related to EMG performed in the setting of lymphedema or prior lymph node dissection. However, given the unknown risk of cellulitis in patients with lymphedema, reasonable caution should be exercised in performing needle examinations in lymphedematous regions to avoid complications. In patients with gross edema and taut skin, skin puncture by needle electrodes may result in chronic weeping of serous fluid. The potential bacterial media of such serous fluid and the violation of skin integrity may increase the risk of cellulitis. Before proceeding, the physician should weigh the potential risks of performing the study with the need to obtain the information gained.
844:, MD, PhD (1915–2003) in the early 1950s. Lambert, known as the "Father of EMG," with the assistance of his Research Technician, Ervin L Schmidt, a self taught electrical engineer, developed a machine that could be moved from the EMG Lab, and was relatively easy to use. As oscilloscopes had no "store" or "print" features at the time, a Polaroid camera was affixed to the front on a hinge. It was synchronized to photo the scan. Fellows studying at Mayo soon learned that this was a tool they wanted, too. As Mayo has no interest in marketing their inventions, Schmidt went on to continue to develop them in his basement for decades, selling them under the name ErMel Inc.
299:
published in 2008, concluded that surface EMG may be useful to detect the presence of neuromuscular disease (level C rating, class III data), but there are insufficient data to support its utility for distinguishing between neuropathic and myopathic conditions or for the diagnosis of specific neuromuscular diseases. EMGs may be useful for additional study of fatigue associated with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and electromechanical function in myotonic dystrophy (level C rating, class III data). Recently, with the rise of technology in sports, sEMG has become an area of focus for coaches to reduce the incidence of soft tissue injury and improve player performance.
274:
electrode is needed because EMG recordings display the potential difference (voltage difference) between two separate electrodes. Limitations of this approach are the fact that surface electrode recordings are restricted to superficial muscles, are influenced by the depth of the subcutaneous tissue at the site of the recording which can be highly variable depending on the weight of a patient, and cannot reliably discriminate between the discharges of adjacent muscles. Specific electrode placements and functional tests have been developed to minimize this risk, thus providing reliable examinations.
379:. After the action potential is transmitted across the neuromuscular junction, an action potential is elicited in all of the innervated muscle fibers of that particular motor unit. The sum of all this electrical activity is known as a motor unit action potential (MUAP). This electrophysiologic activity from multiple motor units is the signal typically evaluated during an EMG. The composition of the motor unit, the number of muscle fibres per motor unit, the metabolic type of muscle fibres and many other factors affect the shape of the motor unit potentials in the myogram.
291:
This is repeated, sometimes until data on 10–20 motor units have been collected in order to draw conclusions about motor unit function. Each electrode track gives only a very local picture of the activity of the whole muscle. Because skeletal muscles differ in the inner structure, the electrode has to be placed at various locations to obtain an accurate study. For the interpretation of EMG study is important to evaluate parameters of tested muscle motor units. This process may well be partially automated using appropriate software.
829:
use improved electrodes more widely for the study of muscles. The AANEM was formed in 1953 as one of several currently active medical societies with a special interest in advancing the science and clinical use of the technique. Clinical use of surface EMG (sEMG) for the treatment of more specific disorders began in the 1960s. Hardyck and his researchers were the first (1966) practitioners to use sEMG. In the early 1980s, Cram and Steger introduced a clinical method for scanning a variety of muscles using an EMG sensing device.
414:, usually positive. The purpose of rectifying the signal is to ensure the signal does not average to zero, due to the raw EMG signal having positive and negative components. Two types of rectification are used: full-wave and half-wave rectification. Full-wave rectification adds the EMG signal below the baseline to the signal above the baseline to make a conditioned signal that is all positive. If the baseline is zero, this is equivalent to taking the
253:
impulses of nerve conduction studies (NCS) could be erroneously sensed by devices and result in unintended inhibition or triggering of output or reprogramming of the device. In general, the closer the stimulation site is to the pacemaker and pacing leads, the greater the chance for inducing a voltage of sufficient amplitude to inhibit the pacemaker. Despite such concerns, no immediate or delayed adverse effects have been reported with routine NCS.
486:
number of muscles studied overall. Interpreting EMG findings is usually best done by an individual informed by a focused history and physical examination of the patient, and in conjunction with the results of other relevant diagnostic studies performed including most importantly, nerve conduction studies, but also, where appropriate, imaging studies such as MRI and ultrasound, muscle and nerve biopsy, muscle enzymes, and serologic studies.
303:
in residency and fellowship programs in neurology, clinical neurophysiology, neuromuscular medicine, and physical medicine and rehabilitation. There are certain subspecialists in otolaryngology who have had selective training in performing EMG of the laryngeal muscles, and subspecialists in urology, obstetrics and gynecology who have had selective training in performing EMG of muscles controlling bowel and bladder function.
331:
significantly less variable when measuring the muscle activity of the core musculature compared to the peak EMG variable." Therefore, these researchers would suggest that "ARV EMG data should be recorded alongside the peak EMG measure when assessing core exercises." Providing the reader with both sets of data would result in enhanced validity of the study and potentially eradicate the contradictions within the research.
47:
833:
2396:
315:(MVC) of the muscle that is being tested. Each muscle group type has different characteristics, and MVC positions are varied for different muscle group types. Therefore, the researcher should be very careful while choosing the MVC position type to elicit the greater muscle activity level from the subjects.
876:
muscular activity where no movement is produced. This enables definition of a class of subtle motionless gestures to control interfaces without being noticed and without disrupting the surrounding environment. These signals can be used to control a prosthesis or as a control signal for an electronic
461:
Muscle tissue at rest is normally electrically inactive. After the electrical activity caused by the irritation of needle insertion subsides, the electromyograph should detect no abnormal spontaneous activity (i.e., a muscle at rest should be electrically silent, with the exception of the area of the
302:
Certain US states limit the performance of needle EMG by nonphysicians. New Jersey declared that it cannot be delegated to a physician's assistant. Michigan has passed legislation saying needle EMG is the practice of medicine. Special training in diagnosing medical diseases with EMG is required only
286:
within the muscle, sometimes visible with the naked eye as a muscle twitch or by surface electrodes. Fibrillations, however, are detected only by needle EMG, and represent the isolated activation of individual muscle fibers, usually as the result of nerve or muscle disease. Often, fibrillations are
281:
To perform intramuscular EMG, typically either a monopolar or concentric needle electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle tissue. The needle is then moved to multiple spots within a relaxed muscle to evaluate both insertional activity and resting activity in the muscle. Normal muscles
427:
Needle EMG used in clinical settings has practical applications such as helping to discover disease. Needle EMG has limitations, however, in that it does involve voluntary activation of muscle, and as such is less informative in patients unwilling or unable to cooperate, children and infants, and in
294:
Single fiber electromyography assesses the delay between the contractions of individual muscle fibers within a motor unit and is a sensitive test for dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction caused by drugs, poisons, or diseases such as myasthenia gravis. The technique is complicated and typically
282:
exhibit a brief burst of muscle fiber activation when stimulated by needle movement, but this rarely lasts more than 100ms. The two most common pathologic types of resting activity in muscle are fasciculation and fibrillation potentials. A fasciculation potential is an involuntary activation of a
855:
There are many applications for the use of EMG. EMG is used clinically for the diagnosis of neurological and neuromuscular problems. It is used diagnostically by gait laboratories and by clinicians trained in the use of biofeedback or ergonomic assessment. EMG is also used in many types of research
401:
into their constituent MUAPs. MUAPs from different motor units tend to have different characteristic shapes, while MUAPs recorded by the same electrode from the same motor unit are typically similar. Notably MUAP size and shape depend on where the electrode is located with respect to the fibers and
252:
Cardiac pacemakers and implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) are used increasingly in clinical practice, and no evidence exists indicating that performing routine electrodiagnostic studies on patients with these devices pose a safety hazard. However, there are theoretical concerns that electrical
828:
to show the electrical signals from muscles. Because of the stochastic nature of the myoelectric signal, only rough information could be obtained from its observation. The capability of detecting electromyographic signals improved steadily from the 1930s through the 1950s, and researchers began to
290:
After assessing resting and insertional activity, the electromyographer assess the activity of muscle during voluntary contraction. The shape, size, and frequency of the resulting electrical signals are judged. Then the electrode is retracted a few millimetres, and again the activity is analyzed.
264:
or patients at risk for lymphedema are routinely cautioned to avoid percutaneous procedures in the affected extremity, namely venipuncture, to prevent development or worsening of lymphedema or cellulitis. Despite the potential risk, the evidence for such complications subsequent to venipuncture is
256:
No known contraindications exist for performing needle EMG or NCS on pregnant patients. Additionally, no complications from these procedures have been reported in the literature. Evoked potential testing, likewise, has not been reported to cause any problems when it is performed during pregnancy.
847:
It was not until the middle of the 1980s that integration techniques in electrodes had sufficiently advanced to allow batch production of the required small and lightweight instrumentation and amplifiers. At present, a number of suitable amplifiers are commercially available. In the early 1980s,
277:
Intramuscular EMG can be performed using a variety of different types of recording electrodes. The simplest approach is a monopolar needle electrode. This can be a fine wire inserted into a muscle with a surface electrode as a reference; or two fine wires inserted into muscle referenced to each
485:
EMG findings vary with the type of disorder, the duration of the problem, the age of the patient, the degree to which the patient can be cooperative, the type of needle electrode used to study the patient, and sampling error in terms of the number of areas studied within a single muscle and the
470:
begin to appear. As the strength of the muscle contraction is increased, more and more muscle fibers produce action potentials. When the muscle is fully contracted, there should appear a disorderly group of action potentials of varying rates and amplitudes (a complete recruitment); this can be
418:
of the signal. This is the preferred method of rectification because it conserves all of the signal energy for analysis. Half-wave rectification discards the portion of the EMG signal that is below the baseline. In doing so, the average of the data is no longer zero therefore it can be used in
298:
Surface EMG is used in a number of settings; for example, in the physiotherapy clinic, muscle activation is monitored using surface EMG and patients have an auditory or visual stimulus to help them know when they are activating the muscle (biofeedback). A review of the literature on surface EMG
273:
There are two kinds of EMG: surface EMG and intramuscular EMG. Surface EMG assesses muscle function by recording muscle activity from the surface above the muscle on the skin. Surface EMG can be recorded by a pair of electrodes or by a more complex array of multiple electrodes. More than one
330:
as a means of analyzing peak force and force generated by target muscles. According to the article "Peak and average rectified EMG measures: Which method of data reduction should be used for assessing core training exercises?", it was concluded that the "average rectified EMG data (ARV) is
321:
Muscle force, which is measured mechanically, typically correlates highly with measures of EMG activation of muscle. Most commonly this is assessed with surface electrodes, but it should be recognized that these typically record only from muscle fibers in close proximity to the surface.
248:
an individual has, the weaker the EMG signal. When placing the EMG sensor, the ideal location is at the belly of the muscle: the longitudinal midline. The belly of the muscle can also be thought of as in-between the motor point (middle) of the muscle and the tendonus insertion point.
848:
cables that produced signals in the desired microvolt range became available. Recent research has resulted in a better understanding of the properties of surface EMG recording. Surface electromyography is increasingly used for recording from superficial muscles in clinical or
888:, CA seeks to advance man-machine interfaces by directly connecting a person to a computer. In this project, an EMG signal is used to substitute for mechanical joysticks and keyboards. EMG has also been used in research towards a "wearable cockpit," which employs EMG-based
132:
technique commonly used by neurologists. Surface EMG is a non-medical procedure used to assess muscle activation by several professionals, including physiotherapists, kinesiologists and biomedical engineers. In computer science, EMG is also used as middleware in
2404:
347:
and duration of the muscle action potential and an overall shift to lower frequencies. Monitoring the changes of different frequency changes the most common way of using EMG to determine levels of fatigue. The lower conduction velocities enable the slower
239:
The actual placement of the needle electrode can be difficult and depends on a number of factors, such as specific muscle selection and the size of that muscle. Proper needle EMG placement is very important for accurate representation of the
388:
Some patients can find the procedure somewhat painful, whereas others experience only a small amount of discomfort when the needle is inserted. The muscle or muscles being tested may be slightly sore for a day or two after the procedure.
447:
firing is about 7–20 Hz, depending on the size of the muscle (eye muscles versus seat (gluteal) muscles), previous axonal damage and other factors. Damage to motor units can be expected at ranges between 450 and 780 mV.
2524:
325:
Several analytical methods for determining muscle activation are commonly used depending on the application. The use of mean EMG activation or the peak contraction value is a debated topic. Most studies commonly use the
952:
In 2016 a startup called Emteq Labs launched a virtual reality headset with embedded EMG sensors for measuring facial expressions. In
September 2019 Facebook bought a startup called CTRL-labs that was working on EMG
2517:
2675:
1451:
922:. This may be helpful for individuals that cannot operate a joystick-controlled wheelchair. Surface EMG recordings may also be a suitable control signal for some interactive video games.
2510:
244:
of interest, although EMG is more effective on superficial muscles as it is unable to bypass the action potentials of superficial muscles and detect deeper muscles. Also, the more
1224:
Botelho, Stella Y. (1955). "Comparison of simultaneously recorded electrical and mechanical activity in myasthenia gravis patients and in partially curarized normal humans".
804:) generated electricity. By 1773, Walsh had been able to demonstrate that the eel fish's muscle tissue could generate a spark of electricity. In 1792, a publication entitled
124:
when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. The signals can be analyzed to detect abnormalities, activation level, or recruitment order, or to analyze the
318:
The types of MVC positions can vary among muscle types, contingent upon the specific muscle group being considered, including trunk muscles, lower limb muscles, and others.
397:
EMG signals are essentially made up of superimposed motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) from several motor units. For a thorough analysis, the measured EMG signals can be
161:
or phenol injections into muscles. Surface EMG is used for functional diagnosis and during instrumental motion analysis. EMG signals are also used as a control signal for
914:
EMG has also been used as a control signal for computers and other devices. An interface device based on an EMG Switch can be used to control moving objects, such as
899:
recognizes speech by observing the EMG activity of muscles associated with speech. It is targeted for use in noisy environments, and may be helpful for people without
489:
Abnormal results may be caused by the following medical conditions (please note this is not an exhaustive list of conditions that can result in abnormal EMG studies):
2668:
2497:
1843:
Cifrek, M., Medved, V., Tonković, S., & Ostojić, S. (2009). Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics. Clinical
Biomechanics, 24(4), 327-340.
816:
discovered that it was also possible to record electrical activity during a voluntary muscle contraction. The first actual recording of this activity was made by
1121:"Thumbs up, thumbs down: non-verbal human-robot interaction through real-time EMG classification via inductive and supervised transductive transfer learning"
2661:
1419:
2400:
2305:
236:
The first step before insertion of the needle electrode is skin preparation. This typically involves simply cleaning the skin with an alcohol pad.
2349:
1989:
Weir, JP; Wagner, LL; Housh, TJ (1992). "Linearity and reliability of the IEMG v. torque relationship for the forearm flexors and leg extensors".
440:
of about –90 mV. Measured EMG potentials range between less than 50 μV and up to 30 mV, depending on the muscle under observation.
2440:
2359:
Park, DG.; Kim, HC. Muscleman: Wireless input device for a fighting action game based on the EMG signal and acceleration of the human forearm.
570:
1038:
402:
so can appear to be different if the electrode moves position. EMG decomposition is non-trivial, although many methods have been proposed.
181:
311:
One basic function of EMG is to see how well a muscle can be activated. The most common way that can be determined is by performing a
2597:
2189:
1259:
Christie, T.H.; Churchill-Davidson, H.C. (1958). "The St. Thomas's
Hospital nerve stimulator in the diagnosis of prolonged apnoea".
203:, and for this reason, evidence has not shown EMG or NCS to be helpful in diagnosing causes of axial lumbar pain, thoracic pain, or
211:), nerve root injury (such as sciatica), and with other problems of the muscles or nerves. Less common medical conditions include
967:
1740:"Neuromusculoskeletal Modeling: Estimation of Muscle Forces and Joint Moments and Movements from Measurements of Neural Command"
1701:"Peak and average rectified EMG measures: Which method of data reduction should be used for assessing core training exercises?"
2632:
972:
836:
7/12/1954 Mayo Clinic
Medical Sciences EMG Lab. Ervin L Schmidt in the chair, Mildred Windesheim's arm holding the electrode.
696:
542:
31:
1409:
339:
EMG can also be used for indicating the amount of fatigue in a muscle. The following changes in the EMG signal can signify
149:
EMG testing has a variety of clinical and biomedical applications. Needle EMG is used as a diagnostics tool for identifying
2835:
1459:
977:
760:
537:
212:
2620:
1405:
1346:
776:
662:
1853:
287:
triggered by needle movement (insertional activity) and persist for several seconds or more after the movement ceases.
199:, or concern about some other neurologic injury or disorder. Spinal nerve injury does not cause neck, mid back pain or
527:
177:
1797:"Roller massager improves range of motion of plantar flexor muscles without subsequent decreases in force parameters"
2032:
Vrendenbregt, J; Rau, G; Housh (1973). "Surface eletromyography in relation to force, muscle length and endurance".
2845:
2579:
1350:
982:
812:, in which the author demonstrated that electricity could initiate muscle contraction. Six decades later, in 1849,
188:
138:
129:
2840:
2534:
881:
721:
532:
852:
protocols, where intramuscular electrodes are used for investigating deep muscles or localized muscle activity.
2855:
2850:
2502:
1795:
Halperin, Israel; Aboodarda, Saied Jalal; Button, Duane C.; Andersen, Lars L.; Behm, David G. (February 2014).
1106:
1002:
930:
466:, which is, under normal circumstances, very spontaneously active). When the muscle is voluntarily contracted,
173:
67:
1877:
1739:
1296:"Double burst stimulation (DBS): A new pattern of nerve stimulation to identify residual neuromuscular block"
371:) is carried down the motor neuron to the muscle. The area where the nerve contacts the muscle is called the
514:
204:
2309:
1119:
Kobylarz, Jhonatan; Bird, Jordan J.; Faria, Diego R.; Ribeiro, Eduardo
Parente; Ekárt, Anikó (2020-03-07).
892:
to manipulate switches and control sticks necessary for flight in conjunction with a goggle-based display.
195:(NCS). Needle EMG and NCSs are typically indicated when there is pain in the limbs, weakness from spinal
2615:
2330:
Kapur, Arnav; Sarawgi, Utkarsh; Wadkins, Eric; Wu, Matthew; Hollenstein, Nora; Maes, Pattie (2020-04-30).
1654:"Normalization of EMG Signals: Optimal MVC Positions for the Lower Limb Muscle Groups in Healthy Subjects"
997:
817:
657:
600:
547:
463:
382:
372:
208:
192:
150:
2207:"Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications (Correction)"
987:
938:
2372:
1062:
Paoletti, Michele; Belli, Alberto; Palma, Lorenzo; Vallasciani, Massimo; Pierleoni, Paola (June 2020).
1606:
1592:
1506:
Arthur C. Rothman, MD, v. Selective
Insurance Company of America, Supreme Court of New Jersey, Jan. 19
2492:
1415:
813:
709:
187:
Except in the case of some purely primary myopathic conditions EMG is usually performed with another
2360:
919:
716:
614:
411:
134:
2653:
2287:
2014:
1902:
1700:
1681:
1574:
1325:
1027:
Robertson, D. G. E.; Caldwell, G. E.; Hamill, J.; Kamen, G.; Whittlesey, S. N (20 January 2014).
896:
873:
552:
519:
437:
327:
312:
220:
117:
105:
2087:
Nigg B.M., & Herzog W., 1999. Biomechanics of the
Musculo-Skeletal system. Wiley. Page:349.
2481:
2279:
2244:
2226:
2185:
2070:
2006:
1971:
1922:
1826:
1808:
1777:
1759:
1720:
1673:
1634:
1626:
1566:
1558:
1393:
1317:
1276:
1241:
1193:
1142:
1085:
1044:
1034:
841:
565:
467:
398:
216:
196:
57:
1064:"A Wireless Body Sensor Network for Clinical Assessment of the Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon"
2807:
2271:
2234:
2218:
2136:
2060:
1998:
1961:
1953:
1914:
1816:
1767:
1751:
1712:
1665:
1618:
1550:
1489:
1385:
1307:
1268:
1233:
1183:
1173:
1132:
1102:
1075:
992:
880:
EMG signals have been targeted as control for flight systems. The Human Senses Group at the
861:
726:
673:
368:
169:
101:
1942:"Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications"
1162:"Electromyography Pattern Likelihood Analysis for Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon Evaluation"
2745:
2642:
1359:
1355:
821:
765:
742:
581:
509:
376:
637:
2124:
1538:
1515:
Texas Court of
Appeals, Third District, at Austin, Cause No. 03-10-673-CV. April 5, 2012
800:'s works in 1666. Redi discovered a highly specialized muscle of the electric ray fish (
2802:
2773:
2710:
2587:
2239:
2206:
1966:
1941:
1821:
1796:
1772:
1007:
797:
415:
340:
121:
1918:
1699:
Hibbs, A.E.; Thompson, K.G.; French, D.N.; Hodgson, D.; Spears, I.R. (February 2011).
1272:
1237:
1214:
Journal of
Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 73, Issue 3, 304-311, 1941
670:
Oculomotor, Facial, vagal, trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, spinal accessory neuropathies
2829:
2717:
2592:
2542:
2441:"Facebook acquires neural interface startup CTRL-Labs for its mind-reading wristband"
2348:
Andreasen, DS.; Gabbert DG,: EMG Switch
Navigation of Power Wheelchairs, RESNA 2006.
2162:
2002:
1685:
1482:"THE USE OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF MOTOR POTENTIALS IN EMG RECORD"
1160:
Paoletti, Michele; Belli, Alberto; Palma, Lorenzo; Pierleoni, Paola (December 2020).
915:
885:
860:, motor control, neuromuscular physiology, movement disorders, postural control, and
809:
770:
747:
737:
364:
200:
51:
EMG from gait termination, bottom left is the raw EMG, right is the rectified pattern
2291:
2262:
Cram, JR.; Steger, JC. (Jun 1983). "EMG scanning in the diagnosis of chronic pain".
2018:
1738:
Buchanan, Thomas S.; Lloyd, David G.; Manal, Kurt; Besier, Thor F. (November 2004).
1578:
1452:"Not Found - American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine"
1329:
2814:
2637:
1525:
857:
825:
801:
504:
349:
125:
2331:
1716:
1622:
1423:
100:) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by
410:
Rectification is the translation of the raw EMG signal to a signal with a single
385:
is also often done at the same time as an EMG to diagnose neurological diseases.
207:. Needle EMG may aid with the diagnosis of nerve compression or injury (such as
73:
17:
2689:
2554:
1605:
Vera-Garcia, Francisco J.; Moreside, Janice M.; McGill, Stuart M. (2010-02-01).
900:
849:
840:
Research began at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota under the guidance of
154:
2049:"The Effect of Subcutaneous Fat on myoelectric signal amplitude and cross talk"
1854:"Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies: MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1669:
1178:
1161:
1137:
1120:
1080:
1063:
945:
has explored using muscle signals from hand gestures as an interface device. A
2797:
2781:
2763:
2569:
2425:
2065:
2048:
1389:
444:
356:
283:
261:
162:
2332:"Non-Invasive Silent Speech Recognition in Multiple Sclerosis with Dysphonia"
2230:
2184:. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press. pp. 97–114.
1812:
1763:
1677:
1653:
1630:
1562:
1197:
1146:
1089:
1048:
1493:
962:
926:
908:
820:
in 1890, who also introduced the term electromyography. In 1922, Gasser and
344:
2248:
2074:
1975:
1926:
1830:
1781:
1724:
1638:
1570:
1397:
1312:
1295:
1280:
1245:
2283:
2010:
1321:
1028:
157:, and disorders of motor control. EMG signals are sometimes used to guide
2740:
2559:
1755:
889:
575:
245:
137:
towards allowing the input of physical action to a computer as a form of
1188:
343:: an increase in the mean absolute value of the signal, increase in the
2705:
2564:
2275:
934:
904:
625:
46:
2488:
American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine
2140:
1554:
1481:
83:
2755:
2732:
2697:
2685:
946:
942:
360:
241:
191:
test that measures the conducting function of nerves. This is called
2426:"Emteq's Facial Tracking for VR Reads Your Muscle Impulses and More"
2222:
1957:
1593:
https://www.noraxon.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ABC-EMG-ISBN.pdf
832:
2546:
831:
158:
2034:
New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology
1376:
Sandoval, AE (Nov 2010). "Electrodiagnostics for low back pain".
1903:"EMG signal decomposition: how can it be accomplished and used?"
2657:
2506:
1607:"MVC techniques to normalize trunk muscle EMG in healthy women"
796:
The first documented experiments dealing with EMG started with
367:
it innervates. When a motor unit fires, the impulse (called an
2098:
1411:
Diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis
295:
performed only by individuals with special advanced training.
1537:
Behm, D.G.; Whittle, J.; Button, D.; Power, K. (2002-01-28).
1940:
Raez, M.B.I.; Hussain, M.S.; Mohd-Yasin, F. (Mar 23, 2006).
1378:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clincs of North America
492:
1991:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
1131:(12). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6021–6031.
1652:
Avdan, Goksu; Onal, Sinan; Smith, Bryan K. (2023-04-01).
806:
De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius
165:
devices such as prosthetic hands, arms and lower limbs.
2487:
2205:
Reaz, M. B. I.; Hussain, M. S.; Mohd-Yasin, F. (2006).
1294:
Engbaek, J.; Ostergaard, D.; Viby-Mogensen, J. (1989).
1125:
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
949:
based on this research was submitted on June 26, 2008.
1351:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2790:
2772:
2754:
2731:
2696:
2608:
2578:
2541:
66:
56:
39:
269:Surface and intramuscular EMG recording electrodes
2373:"The Future of Video Game Input: Muscle Sensors"
1801:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
1526:http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-333-17018
1212:Actions of durarizing preparations in the human.
2397:"Recognizing Gestures from Forearm EMG Signals"
128:of human or animal movement. Needle EMG is an
2669:
2518:
1658:Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering
1486:Computer-aided Scientific Research, Volume 17
8:
1480:Kędzia, Alicja; Derkowski, Wojciech (2010).
1446:
1444:
1442:
2306:"Edward H. Lambert | AANEM Foundation"
1907:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
1705:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
1611:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
1341:
1339:
2676:
2662:
2654:
2525:
2511:
2503:
2047:Kuiken, TA; Lowery, Stoykob (April 2003).
1420:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
856:laboratories, including those involved in
45:
2401:United States Patent and Trademark Office
2238:
2064:
1965:
1820:
1771:
1524:Section 333.17018 Michigan Compiled Laws
1311:
1187:
1177:
1136:
1105:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1079:
608:Radial nerve palsy (Saturday night palsy)
561:Disorders of the neuromuscular junction:
2469:Elektrophysiologie menschlicher Muskeln
2053:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
1539:"Intermuscle differences in activation"
1019:
877:device such as a mobile phone or PDA .
36:
153:, or as a research tool for studying
7:
2336:Machine Learning for Health Workshop
436:The electrical source is the muscle
27:Electrodiagnostic medicine technique
2533:Tests and procedures involving the
2498:Risks in Electrodiagnostic Medicine
736:Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
182:postoperative residual curarization
79:
443:Typical repetition rate of muscle
25:
2598:Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
1033:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
571:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
116:. An electromyograph detects the
2003:10.1097/00002060-199210000-00006
1226:The American Journal of Medicine
1030:Research Methods in Biomechanics
968:Compound muscle action potential
2264:Biofeedback and Self-Regulation
1744:Journal of Applied Biomechanics
2633:Magnetic resonance neurography
1591:Peter Konrad, The ABC of EMG,
1363:, North American Spine Society
1300:British Journal of Anaesthesia
973:Electrical impedance myography
712:(idiopathic brachial plexitis)
697:Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
611:Peroneal (fibular) nerve palsy
543:Limb girdle muscular dystrophy
112:to produce a record called an
1:
2180:Finkelstein, Gabriel (2013).
1919:10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00050-X
1717:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.06.001
1623:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.03.010
1273:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91583-6
1238:10.1016/S0002-9343(55)80010-1
978:Electrical muscle stimulation
761:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
605:Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow
538:Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
328:maximal voluntary contraction
313:maximal voluntary contraction
307:Maximal voluntary contraction
213:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2621:Repetitive nerve stimulation
2471:. Berlin, J. Springer, 1912.
2403:. 2008-06-26. Archived from
2211:Biological Procedures Online
1406:North American Spine Society
1347:North American Spine Society
777:Spinobulbar muscular atrophy
663:Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome
178:neuromuscular-blocking drugs
104:. EMG is performed using an
32:other types of electrography
2493:EmedicineHealth page on EMG
678:Multifocal motor neuropathy
528:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
176:in general anesthesia with
2872:
2580:Sympathetic nervous system
2439:Statt, Nick (2019-09-23).
2371:Hsu, Jeremy (2009-10-29).
2163:"Unit 9: Electromyography"
1901:Stashuk, Dan (June 2001).
1670:10.1007/s40846-023-00782-3
1179:10.3390/electronics9122046
1138:10.1007/s12652-020-01852-z
1081:10.3390/electronics9061044
983:Electrodiagnostic medicine
925:A joint project involving
619:Alcohol related neuropathy
432:Electrical characteristics
232:Skin preparation and risks
189:electrodiagnostic medicine
139:human-computer interaction
130:electrodiagnostic medicine
29:
2535:peripheral nervous system
2066:10.3109/03093640309167976
1390:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.06.007
882:NASA Ames Research Center
872:EMG can be used to sense
722:Lumbosacral radiculopathy
693:Drug-induced neuropathies
533:Becker muscular dystrophy
80:
44:
2684:Tests and procedures on
2482:MedlinePlus entry on EMG
1878:"Electromyography (EMG)"
1107:Medical Subject Headings
1003:Neuromuscular ultrasound
931:University of Washington
752:Leptomeningeal disorders
687:Suprascapular neuropathy
684:Long thoracic neuropathy
557:Mitochondrial myopathies
393:EMG signal decomposition
383:Nerve conduction testing
359:is defined as one motor
174:neuromuscular monitoring
30:Not to be confused with
1494:10.5281/zenodo.10615275
1358:: an initiative of the
1210:Harvey AM, Masland RL:
515:Inclusion body myopathy
501:Inflammatory myopathies
2616:Nerve conduction study
2161:Sandbrink, Friedhelm.
998:Nerve conduction study
837:
658:Tarsal tunnel syndrome
622:Nutritional neuropathy
601:Carpal tunnel syndrome
548:Centronuclear myopathy
464:neuromuscular junction
419:statistical analyses.
373:neuromuscular junction
209:carpal tunnel syndrome
193:nerve conduction study
151:neuromuscular diseases
988:Electromyoneurography
939:University of Toronto
835:
808:appeared, written by
756:Motor neuron disease
596:Disorders of Nerves:
524:Muscular dystrophies:
497:Disorders of Muscle:
406:EMG signal processing
2836:Diagnostic neurology
2182:Emil du Bois-Reymond
1946:Biol. Proced. Online
1756:10.1123/jab.20.4.367
1416:Burr Ridge, Illinois
1313:10.1093/bja/62.3.274
814:Emil du Bois-Reymond
775:Kennedy's syndrome (
710:Neuralgic Amyotrophy
642:Laryngeal neuropathy
474:interference pattern
180:, in order to avoid
120:generated by muscle
2097:Patterson, John R.
920:electric wheelchair
895:Unvoiced or silent
717:brachial plexopathy
681:Axillary neuropathy
645:Pudendal neuropathy
615:Diabetic neuropathy
205:cervical spine pain
135:gesture recognition
2428:. 27 October 2016.
2276:10.1007/BF00998853
2129:Muscle & Nerve
1543:Muscle & Nerve
897:speech recognition
838:
705:Plexus disorders:
690:Toxic neuropathies
651:Sciatic Neuropathy
648:Femoral neuropathy
553:Myotonic dystrophy
520:Myotonia Congenita
452:Procedure outcomes
438:membrane potential
352:to remain active.
335:Other measurements
221:muscular dystrophy
118:electric potential
2846:Electrophysiology
2823:
2822:
2651:
2650:
2547:peripheral nerves
2167:grants.hhp.uh.edu
2141:10.1002/mus.26869
1555:10.1002/mus.10008
1349:(February 2013),
1040:978-0-7360-9340-8
842:Edward H. Lambert
788:
787:
667:Zoster neuropathy
654:Tibial neuropathy
566:Myasthenia Gravis
468:action potentials
217:myasthenia gravis
197:nerve compression
91:
90:
18:Electromyographic
16:(Redirected from
2863:
2841:Electrodiagnosis
2808:Hemicorporectomy
2723:Electromyography
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2628:Electromyography
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2368:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2308:. Archived from
2302:
2296:
2295:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1882:Cleveland Clinic
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1448:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1422:. Archived from
1401:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1116:
1110:
1103:Electromyography
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1024:
993:Magnetomyography
862:physical therapy
732:Root disorders:
727:Hirayama disease
674:Hemifacial spasm
493:
481:Abnormal results
475:
471:described as an
369:action potential
172:may be used for
170:acceleromyograph
102:skeletal muscles
94:Electromyography
84:edit on Wikidata
76:
49:
40:Electromyography
37:
21:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2856:Neurotechnology
2851:Neurophysiology
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2786:
2768:
2750:
2746:Tendon transfer
2727:
2692:
2682:
2652:
2647:
2643:Tilt table test
2604:
2574:
2537:
2531:
2478:
2464:
2462:Further reading
2459:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1858:medlineplus.gov
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1429:
1427:
1404:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1360:ABIM Foundation
1356:Choosing Wisely
1345:
1344:
1337:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1041:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1016:
959:
870:
794:
789:
766:West Nile virus
743:Spinal stenosis
587:Hypermagnesemia
582:Organophosphate
510:Dermatomyositis
483:
473:
459:
454:
434:
425:
408:
395:
377:motor end plate
363:and all of the
337:
309:
271:
234:
229:
159:botulinum toxin
147:
110:electromyograph
87:
72:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:Hemipelvectomy
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2711:Heller myotomy
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2588:Ganglionectomy
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2476:External links
2474:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2431:
2417:
2388:
2363:
2352:
2341:
2338:. PMLR: 25–38.
2322:
2297:
2254:
2223:10.1251/bpo124
2197:
2190:
2172:
2153:
2116:
2089:
2080:
2039:
2024:
1997:(5): 283–287.
1981:
1958:10.1251/bpo115
1932:
1913:(3): 151–173.
1893:
1869:
1845:
1836:
1787:
1750:(4): 367–395.
1730:
1711:(1): 102–111.
1691:
1664:(2): 195–202.
1644:
1597:
1584:
1549:(2): 236–243.
1529:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1472:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1402:
1372:, which cites
1335:
1286:
1251:
1216:
1203:
1152:
1111:
1095:
1054:
1039:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1008:Phonomyography
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
958:
955:
869:
866:
850:kinesiological
798:Francesco Redi
793:
790:
786:
785:
781:
780:
773:
768:
763:
754:
753:
750:
745:
740:
730:
729:
724:
719:
713:
702:
701:
700:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
671:
668:
665:
660:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
635:
632:
629:
623:
620:
617:
612:
609:
606:
603:
593:
592:
591:
588:
585:
579:
573:
568:
559:
558:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
491:
482:
479:
458:
457:Normal results
455:
453:
450:
433:
430:
424:
421:
416:absolute value
407:
404:
394:
391:
341:muscle fatigue
336:
333:
308:
305:
270:
267:
260:Patients with
233:
230:
228:
225:
146:
143:
114:electromyogram
89:
88:
81:
78:
77:
70:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2868:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Muscle biopsy
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:Sympathectomy
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:describes EMG
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2407:on 2017-01-12
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2312:on 2019-05-02
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:(2): 229–41.
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2191:9780262019507
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2135:. July 2020.
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:(1): 92–102.
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1462:on 2023-02-25
1461:
1457:
1456:www.aanem.org
1453:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1426:on 2014-03-25
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:(4): 767–76.
1383:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:(7024): 776.
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
916:mobile robots
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
886:Moffett Field
883:
878:
875:
867:
865:
863:
859:
853:
851:
845:
843:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:Luigi Galvani
807:
803:
799:
791:
784:
778:
774:
772:
771:Poliomyelitis
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
751:
749:
748:Arachnoiditis
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:radiculopathy
735:
734:
733:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
714:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
675:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
480:
478:
476:
469:
465:
456:
451:
449:
446:
441:
439:
431:
429:
422:
420:
417:
413:
405:
403:
400:
392:
390:
386:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:muscle fibers
362:
358:
353:
351:
350:motor neurons
346:
342:
334:
332:
329:
323:
319:
316:
314:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
279:
275:
268:
266:
263:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
237:
231:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:low back pain
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
145:Clinical uses
144:
142:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
85:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2815:Replantation
2722:
2638:Nerve biopsy
2627:
2468:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2420:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2377:Live Science
2376:
2366:
2355:
2344:
2335:
2325:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2300:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2132:
2128:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2083:
2059:(1): 48–54.
2056:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2027:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1952:(8): 11–35.
1949:
1945:
1935:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1872:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1839:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1617:(1): 10–16.
1614:
1610:
1600:
1587:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1485:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1455:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1410:
1381:
1377:
1365:, retrieved
1354:
1306:(3): 274–8.
1303:
1299:
1289:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1232:(5): 693–6.
1229:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1189:11566/290990
1172:(12): 2046.
1169:
1165:
1155:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1098:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1029:
1022:
951:
924:
913:
911:, and more.
894:
879:
871:
858:biomechanics
854:
846:
839:
826:oscilloscope
805:
802:Electric Eel
795:
782:
755:
731:
704:
638:Bell's palsy
595:
590:Hypocalcemia
560:
505:Polymyositis
496:
488:
484:
472:
460:
442:
435:
426:
409:
396:
387:
381:
354:
338:
324:
320:
317:
310:
301:
297:
293:
289:
280:
276:
272:
259:
255:
251:
238:
235:
186:
167:
148:
126:biomechanics
113:
109:
97:
93:
92:
2690:soft tissue
2555:Nerve block
2467:Piper, H.:
1166:Electronics
1074:(6): 1044.
1068:Electronics
901:vocal cords
423:Limitations
155:kinesiology
2830:Categories
2798:Amputation
2782:Bursectomy
2764:Fasciotomy
2570:Neurectomy
2450:2019-09-27
2411:2010-01-16
2382:2010-01-16
2316:2019-05-01
2125:"Contents"
2036:: 607–622.
1887:2023-11-26
1863:2023-11-26
1466:2014-12-26
1430:2014-03-25
1014:References
937:, and the
715:Traumatic
628:neuropathy
445:motor unit
399:decomposed
357:motor unit
284:motor unit
262:lymphedema
163:prosthetic
108:called an
106:instrument
2445:The Verge
2231:1480-9222
2105:. Brian T
2099:"Fitwise"
1813:2159-2896
1764:1065-8483
1686:257966584
1678:2199-4757
1631:1050-6411
1563:0148-639X
1198:2079-9292
1147:1868-5137
1090:2079-9292
1049:842337695
963:Chronaxie
927:Microsoft
909:dysphonia
874:isometric
584:poisoning
578:poisoning
375:, or the
345:amplitude
227:Technique
2741:Tenotomy
2560:Vagotomy
2292:34613989
2249:19565309
2146:20 April
2103:Castillo
2075:12812327
2019:25136951
1976:16799694
1927:11335147
1831:24567860
1782:16467928
1725:20655245
1639:19394867
1579:20430130
1571:11870692
1408:(2011).
1398:20977959
1367:25 March
1330:32733775
1281:13526270
1246:13268466
957:See also
890:gestures
868:Research
824:used an
822:Erlanger
576:Botulism
412:polarity
246:body fat
184:(PORC).
58:ICD-9-CM
2706:Myotomy
2565:Axotomy
2543:Cranial
2284:6227339
2240:1622762
2217:: 163.
2109:24 June
2011:1388975
1967:1455479
1822:3924613
1773:1357215
1322:2522790
935:Seattle
907:, with
905:aphasia
903:, with
792:History
626:Amyloid
74:D004576
2756:Fascia
2733:Tendon
2698:Muscle
2686:muscle
2290:
2282:
2247:
2237:
2229:
2188:
2073:
2017:
2009:
1974:
1964:
1925:
1829:
1819:
1811:
1780:
1770:
1762:
1723:
1684:
1676:
1637:
1629:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1396:
1328:
1320:
1279:
1261:Lancet
1244:
1196:
1145:
1109:(MeSH)
1088:
1047:
1037:
947:patent
943:Canada
929:, the
918:or an
783:
699:(CRPS)
361:neuron
242:muscle
219:, and
2791:Other
2774:Bursa
2609:Tests
2288:S2CID
2015:S2CID
1682:S2CID
1575:S2CID
1326:S2CID
818:Marey
122:cells
82:[
62:93.08
2688:and
2545:and
2280:PMID
2245:PMID
2227:ISSN
2186:ISBN
2148:2024
2111:2009
2071:PMID
2007:PMID
1972:PMID
1923:PMID
1827:PMID
1809:ISSN
1778:PMID
1760:ISSN
1721:PMID
1674:ISSN
1635:PMID
1627:ISSN
1567:PMID
1559:ISSN
1394:PMID
1369:2013
1318:PMID
1277:PMID
1242:PMID
1194:ISSN
1143:ISSN
1086:ISSN
1045:OCLC
1035:ISBN
634:CIDP
631:AIDP
68:MeSH
2272:doi
2235:PMC
2219:doi
2137:doi
2061:doi
1999:doi
1962:PMC
1954:doi
1915:doi
1817:PMC
1768:PMC
1752:doi
1713:doi
1666:doi
1619:doi
1551:doi
1490:doi
1386:doi
1308:doi
1269:doi
1234:doi
1184:hdl
1174:doi
1133:doi
1076:doi
941:in
933:in
884:at
168:An
98:EMG
2832::
2443:.
2399:.
2375:.
2334:.
2286:.
2278:.
2266:.
2243:.
2233:.
2225:.
2213:.
2209:.
2165:.
2133:62
2131:.
2127:.
2101:.
2069:.
2057:27
2055:.
2051:.
2013:.
2005:.
1995:71
1993:.
1970:.
1960:.
1948:.
1944:.
1921:.
1911:11
1909:.
1905:.
1880:.
1856:.
1825:.
1815:.
1803:.
1799:.
1776:.
1766:.
1758:.
1748:20
1746:.
1742:.
1719:.
1709:21
1707:.
1703:.
1680:.
1672:.
1662:43
1660:.
1656:.
1633:.
1625:.
1615:20
1613:.
1609:.
1573:.
1565:.
1557:.
1547:25
1545:.
1541:.
1488:.
1484:.
1454:.
1441:^
1418::
1414:.
1392:.
1382:21
1380:.
1353:,
1338:^
1324:.
1316:.
1304:62
1302:.
1298:.
1275:.
1263:.
1240:.
1230:19
1228:.
1192:.
1182:.
1168:.
1164:.
1141:.
1129:11
1127:.
1123:.
1084:.
1070:.
1066:.
1043:.
864:.
779:).
477:.
355:A
223:.
215:,
141:.
2677:e
2670:t
2663:v
2526:e
2519:t
2512:v
2453:.
2414:.
2385:.
2319:.
2294:.
2274::
2268:8
2251:.
2221::
2215:8
2194:.
2169:.
2150:.
2139::
2113:.
2077:.
2063::
2021:.
2001::
1978:.
1956::
1950:8
1929:.
1917::
1890:.
1866:.
1833:.
1805:9
1784:.
1754::
1727:.
1715::
1688:.
1668::
1641:.
1621::
1595:.
1581:.
1553::
1496:.
1492::
1469:.
1433:.
1400:.
1388::
1332:.
1310::
1283:.
1271::
1265:1
1248:.
1236::
1200:.
1186::
1176::
1170:9
1149:.
1135::
1092:.
1078::
1072:9
1051:.
96:(
86:]
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
