Conjoined twins - Knowledge

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Dunaway. The surgery presented particular difficulties due to a number of shared veins and a distortion in the shape of the girls' brains, causing them to overlap. The distortion would need to be corrected in order for the separation to go ahead. The surgery utilized a team of more than 100 including bio engineers, 3D modelers and a virtual reality designer. The separation was completed in February 2019 following a total of 52 hours of surgery over three separate operations. As of July 2019, both girls remain healthy and the family planned to return to their home in Pakistan in 2020.

729:, J.P. Smith, at birth, but were soon kidnapped by a rival showman. The kidnapper fled to England but was thwarted because England had already banned slavery. Smith traveled to England to collect the girls and brought with him their mother, Monimia, from whom they had been separated. He and his wife provided the twins with an education and taught them to speak five languages, play music, and sing. For the rest of the century, the twins enjoyed a successful career as "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and appeared with the Barnum Circus. In 1912, they died of 1105: 81: 560:, who were joined at the head but had separate brains (craniopagus) were surgically separated in Singapore, despite surgeons' warnings that the operation could be fatal to one or both. Their complex case was accepted only because technologically advanced graphical imagery and modeling would allow the medical team to plan the risky surgery. However, an undetected major vein hidden from the scans was discovered during the operation. The separation was completed but both women died while still in surgery. 646:, a child was born perfectly normal below the navel but divided above it, so that it had two chests and two heads, each possessing the senses. One would eat and drink but the other did not eat; one would sleep but the other stayed awake. There were times when they played with each other, when both cried and hit each other. They lived for a little over two years. One died while the other lived for another four days and it, too, died." 57: 766: 699: 747:'s short story "Those Extraordinary Twins" as fictitious twins Angelo and Luigi. The Toccis, born in 1877, were dicephalus tetrabrachius twins, having one body with two legs, two heads, and four arms. From birth they were forced by their parents to perform and never learned to walk, as each twin controlled one leg (in modern times, 227:(now Thailand) who traveled widely for many years and were known internationally as the Siamese Twins. Chang and Eng were joined at the torso by a band of flesh and cartilage, and by their fused livers. In modern times, they could easily have been separated. Due to the brothers' fame and the rarity of the condition, the term 519:

In 1957, Bertram Katz and his surgical team made international medical history performing the world's first successful separation of conjoined twins sharing a vital organ. Omphalopagus twins John Nelson and James Edward Freeman (Johnny and Jimmy) were born in Youngstown, Ohio, on April 27, 1956. The

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Surgery to separate conjoined twins may range from very easy to very difficult depending on the point of attachment and the internal parts that are shared. Most cases of separation are extremely risky and life-threatening. Though there have been a number of successful separations throughout history,

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Elisa and Lisa Hansen, Ogden, Utah (1977). Born by Caesarean section on October 18, 1977, were conjoined at the top of their head (craniopagus). They were separated 1979 after 16-hour surgery, were first to both survive surgery. Elisa lost the use of her right side after the surgery, but went on to

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was a landmark one which took place in Singapore; the team was led by neurosurgeons Chumpon Chan and Keith Goh. The surgery left Ganga with brain damage and Jamuna unable to walk. Seven years later, Ganga Shrestha died at the Model Hospital in Kathmandu in July 2009, at the age of eight, three days

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in the 900s. One of the conjoined twins had already died, so the doctors of the town attempted to separate the dead twin from the surviving twin. The result was briefly successful, as the remaining twin lived for three days after separation. The next recorded case of separating conjoined twins was

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allows twins like the Toccis to learn to walk on their own). They are said to have disliked show business. In 1886, after touring the United States, the twins returned to Europe with their family. They are believed to have died around this time, though some sources claim they survived until 1940,

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in London, England. The twins, born January 2017 were joined at the top of the head with separate brains and a cylindrical shared skull with the twins each facing in opposite directions to one another. The surgery was jointly led by neurosurgeon Owase Jeelani and plastic surgeon Professor David

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may result in the formation of conjoined twins. These twins are classified according to the nature and degree of their union. Occasionally, monozygotic twins are connected only by a common skin bridge or by a common liver bridge. The type of twins formed depends on when and to what extent

553:. The operation was controversial because Rose, the weaker twin, would die as a result of the procedure as her heart and lungs were dependent upon Grace's. However, if the operation had not taken place, it was certain that both twins would die. Grace survived to enjoy a normal childhood. 344:: Two faces on opposite sides of a single, conjoined head; the upper portion of the body is fused while the bottom portions are separate. These twins generally cannot survive due to severe malformations of the brain. This is also known as janiceps (after the two-faced Roman deity 603: 1138:

Tabea and Lea Block, from Lemgo, Germany, were born as craniopagus twins joined on the tops of their heads on August 9, 2003. The girls shared some major veins, but their brains were separate. They were separated on September 16, 2004, although Tabea died about ninety minutes

305:(18.5%): Two bodies fused from the upper chest to lower belly. The heart is always shared in these cases. As of 2015, twins who share a heart have not been able to both survive separation; a designated twin who is allotted the heart may survive if the other twin is sacrificed. 833:). The McCoy twins were born into slavery in Columbus County, North Carolina, United States. They went by the stage names "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and "The Eighth Wonder of the World" and had an extensive career before retiring to the farm on which they were born. 661:, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flowed between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between Banu al'Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn 'Abd Shams in the year 750 AH). The Muslim 3911:

Grizelj, Ruža; Sindičić Dessardo, Nada; Bulić, Krešimir; Luetić, Tomislav; Mikulić, Danko; Antabak, Anko; Sjekavica, Ivica; Alduk, Ana Marija; Konosić, Sanja; Režek Tomašić, Karolina; Ćaleta, Tomislav; Pleško, Sanja; Šarić, Dalibor; Vuković, Jurica (August 2019).

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separated his own children, a pair of omphalopagus or xiphopagus twins; the feebler twin died four days later, but the healthier one was still alive and well at age five, when the case was reported. In 1955, neurosurgeon Harold Voris (1902-1980) and his team at

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Valentina and Kristina, born in 2019 in Croatia, shared a part of the digestive system and liver (xypho-omphalopagus). Several months after birth they developed twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome due to blood shunting, and they were successfully separated at

679:, who were conjoined at the back (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 (or 1500 to 1534) and were perhaps the best-known early historical example of conjoined twins. Other early conjoined twins to attain notice were the "Scottish brothers", allegedly of the 4168: 4149: 695:, born in 1829. Rita and Cristina were dicephalus tetrabrachius (one body with four arms) twins and although they died at only eight months of age, they gained much attention as a curiosity when their parents exhibited them in Paris. 271:

and contributes to regulation of head development. Over- or underexpression of this gene in laboratory animals results in severe malformations of the head region, including duplications, similar to some types of conjoined twins.

850:. The Blazek twins were born in Skrejšov, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). They began performing in public exhibitions at the age of 13, and their act later included Rosa's son Franz. The sisters died in Chicago, Illinois. 1282:

Marie-Cléa and Marie-Cléanne Papillon, born in Mauritius in 2019. Conjoined from neck to abdomen, but also at the heart which had seven chambers, instead of four. Marie-Cléa did not survive the surgery to separate the

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Yiğit and Derman Evrensel, twin boys born on June 21, 2018, Antalya, Turkey. They are craniopagus twins and were separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in 2019 by the same surgeons that separated Safa and Marwa

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boys shared a liver but had separate hearts and were successfully separated at North Side Hospital in Youngstown, Ohio, by Bertram Katz. The operation was funded by the Ohio Crippled Children's Service Society.

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The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, p. 106-107.

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Ma Nan Soe and Ma Nan San (born 1971 in Myanmar), separated in July 1971 at Yangon Pediatric Hospital. They were joined from chest to belly button. Ma Nan San died one month and seven days after operation.

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Zheng Han Wei and Zheng Han Jing, born in China on August 11, 2013. Conjoined by their sternum, pericardium, and liver. In 2014, they were separated in Shanghai, China, at the Shanghai Children's Medical

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from Bangladesh were born in December 2006. They are craniopagus twins, joined on the tops of their skulls and sharing a small amount of brain tissue. In 2009, they were separated in Melbourne, Australia.

177:. It is a very rare phenomenon, estimated to occur in anywhere between one in 49,000 births to one in 189,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in southwest Asia and Africa. Approximately half are 3280: 871:. The Hilton twins were performers who played musical instruments, sang, and danced. At the height of their career, they had the highest paid act in vaudeville. They also appeared in the movies 516:(conjoined at the head), which resulted in long-term survival for both. The larger girl was reported in 1963 as developing normally, but the smaller girl was permanently impaired. 545:

over the religious objections of their parents, Michaelangelo and Rina Attard. The twins were attached at the lower abdomen and spine. The surgery took place in November 2000, at

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Safa and Marwa Bibi, twin girls born in Hayatabad, Pakistan on January 17, 2017, conjoined by the head. Successfully separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in February 2019.

992:, involved the instant death of Baby Girl A; the difficult ethical and religious concerns generated significant local newspaper coverage. Baby Girl B survived for three months. 400:: Fused in a similar fashion to ischiopagus twins, but facing each other, with a joined abdomen, akin to omphalopagus. These twins have four arms, and two, three, or four legs. 1201:, born in the Dominican Republic on April 8, 2010. Conjoined by the liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. Separation occurred on November 7, 2011, at 450:: Twins joined along the back of their bodies, with fusion of the vertebral arches and the soft tissue from the head to the buttocks. Twins of this type cannot be separated. 1173:

In 2005 a set of conjoined triplets was detected, characterized as tricephalus, tetrabrachius, and tetrapus parapagothoracopagus, and the pregnancy interrupted at 22 weeks.

370:, which extends approximately from the navel to the lower breastbone. These twins almost never share any vital organs, with the exception of the liver. A famous example is 333:, but separate bodies. These twins' heads may be conjoined at the back, front, or side of the head, but not on the face or at the base of the skull. Survival rate is poor. 2924: 2456: 1279:

Mercy and Goodness Ede, born August 13, 2019, conjoined by the chest and abdomen. Successfully separated at the National Hospital in Abuja, Nigeria in November 2019.

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Maria and Consolata Mwakikuti of Tanzania (1996–2018); conjoined by the abdomen; died of respiratory problems resulting from an abnormal, inoperable chest deformity.

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a single fertilized egg does not fully split during the process of forming identical twins. If the zygote division occurs after two weeks of the development of the

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Carnevale, Francisco Cesar; Borges, Marcus Vinicius; Affonso, Breno Boueri; Pinto, Ricardo Augusto de Paula; Tannuri, Uenis; Maksoud, João Gilberto (April 2006).

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Athanasiadis, Apostolos P.; Tzannatos, Christinne; Mikos, Themistoklis; Zafrakas, Menelaos; Bontis, John N. (June 2005). "A unique case of conjoined triplets".

3397: 1032:, born August 1988 in Ireland, separated at age 3 and a half. Katie died 4 days after the separation surgery due to a weak heart which went into cardiac arrest. 631:, refers to a man "double in his upper, but single in his lower half—having two heads, two chests, four hands, but one body and two feet like an ordinary man." 471:

in many cases, the surgery results in the death of one or both of the twins, particularly if they are joined at the head or share a vital organ. This makes the

3748: 311:(10%): Two bodies fused at the lower abdomen. Unlike thoracopagus, the heart is not shared; however, the twins often share a liver, a digestive system, a 895:

of Moscow, Russia (1950–2003), the rarest form of conjoined twins, one of few cases of dicephalus tetrabrachius tripus (two heads, four arms, three legs)

321:(10%): Twins that are asymmetrically conjoined, resulting in one twin that is small, less formed, and dependent on the larger twin's organs for survival. 3179: 1230:

having two heads but being conjoined at the torso, arms and legs. They had separate spinal columns but one heart making postnatal operations impossible.

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twins conjoined at the head. Born October 25, 2006. Share part of their brain and can pass sensory information and thoughts between each other.

781: 3254: 2998: 665: 2950: 2083: 1686: 1023: 778:(per tradition, born in the 12th century) of Kent, England. They are the earliest set of conjoined twins whose names are (purportedly) known. 196:(that search for similar cells) find similar stem cells on the other twin and fuse the twins together. Conjoined twins share a single common 3123: 1512:"Potential risk of monochorionic dizygotic twin blastocyst formation associated with early laser zona dissection of group cultured embryos" 1464: 1146:, India. Born in New Delhi on June 14, 2003. They have two hearts, arms, kidneys and spinal cords while share liver, gall bladder and legs. 360:: Bodies fused at the head and thorax, with two faces facing in opposite directions, or sometimes with a single face and an enlarged skull. 3698: 2407: 546: 1244:

Erin and Abby Delaney, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 24, 2016. Conjoined by the head. They were successfully separated at

836: 736: 3051: 3547: 2908: 2811: 1273: 691:, Hungary (1701–1723), who enjoyed a brief career in music before being sent to live in a convent; and Rita and Cristina of Parodi of 426:

have one trunk and two heads, and may have two (dibrachius), three (tribrachius), or four (tetrabrachius) arms. Survival rate is poor.

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Conjoined twins are typically classified by the point at which their bodies are joined. The most common types of conjoined twins are:

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several centuries later, in Germany, in 1689. The first recorded successful separation of conjoined twins was performed in 1689 by

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Eng and Chang – The Original Siamese Twins; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The North Carolina Collection Gallery

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Conjoined twins are almost universally assumed to always be monozygotic, but dizygotic conjoined twins are theoretically possible.

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conjoined end-to-end at a 180° angle. These twins have four arms; one, two, three or four legs; and typically one set of external

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Maria del Carmen Andrade Solis and Maria Guadalupe Andrade Solis (better known as Carmen and Lupita) were born in June 2000 in

576: 3914:"Successful separation of xypho-omphalopagus conjoined twins with extrauterine twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a case report" 2099: 892: 28: 1170:, India. She had four arms and four legs, resulting from a joining at the pelvis with a headless undeveloped parasitic twin. 4065: 3800: 3332: 2197:. University of Connecticut Libraries and Hartford Medical Society Historical Library. Philadelphia, Lea brothers & co. 4258: 1233:

Jadon and Anias McDonald, born in September 2015. Conjoined by the head. Successfully separated at Children's Hospital of

1051: 3819: 3599: 3205: 456:(conjoined triplets): Extremely rare conjoining of 3 fetuses. Very few confirmed cases, both human and animal, are known. 3153: 2275: 1261:

conjoined twins, attached by their pelvic area and sharing all organs from the belly button down with just one leg each.

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complete school, win medals in the Special Olympics, work, and act in the theatre. Elisa and Lisa died in 2020 (age 42).

879: 564: 4090:, joined at the pelvis and successfully separated in 1974 at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia by surgeons including 4055: 3281:"Siameses de Milagro arrancan una nueva etapa en su vida: estudiarán Trabajo Social tras obtener cupos universitarios" 2305: 1948:

Oostra, Roelof-Jan; Schepens-Franke, Annelieke N.; Magno, Giovanni; Zanatta, Alberto; Boer, Lucas L. (July 15, 2022).

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Two possible explanations of the cause of conjoined twins have been proposed. The one that is generally accepted is

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AmieLynn Rose and JamieLynn Rae Finley, born October 3, 2022, and separated January 23, 2023, in Fort Worth, Texas.

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Susannah and Elizabeth Castle, born April 22, 2021, and separated December 10, 2021, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Maymon, Ron; Mendelovic, Sonia; Schachter, Morey; Ron-El, Raphael; Weinraub, Zwi; Herman, Arie (September 2005).

1349: 1234: 1176: 1124: 930: 823:. Two of the heads shared a neck while the other head had its own. The infant, a male, was described by Galvagni. 791: 684: 676: 621:

culture of ancient Peru depicted conjoined twins in their ceramics dating back to 300 CE. Writing around 415 AD,

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The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya By Ibn Kathir, Trevor Le Gassick, Muneer Fareed, pg. 132

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Infants Rose and Grace Attard, conjoined twins from Malta, were separated in the United Kingdom by court order

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Maria de Jesus (Josie) and Maria Teresa Alvarez (Teresita), born joined at the skull as craniopagus twins in

188:, in which the fertilized egg splits partially. The other explanation, no longer believed to be accurate, is 4342: 860: 480: 430: 99: 2118: 713:

Several sets of conjoined twins lived during the nineteenth century and made careers for themselves in the

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one could predict dizygotic conjoined twins occurring less than 1 in every 4.7 billion ovulation cycles

2016: 1465:"Diagnosis of conjoined twins before 16 weeks' gestation: The 4-year experience of one medical center" 683:

type, essentially two heads sharing the same body (1460–1488, although the dates vary); the pygopagus

287:(28% of cases): Two bodies fused from the upper chest to the lower chest. These twins usually share a 3724:"Second set of rare conjoined twins separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in less than 12 months" 3573: 3424:"Punjab Assembly Election 2022: Goggles On For Secrecy, Punjab's Conjoined Twins Cast Separate Votes" 3025: 2925:"Succesvol scheiden van een Siamese tweeling: het lukte in 1954 bij de Nederlandse Tjitske en Folkje" 2496:

Appel, Jacob M. (September 2000). "Ethics: English High Court Orders Separation of Conjoined Twins".

1672: 1223: 805: 801: 718: 703: 650: 422: 416: 371: 220: 181:, and an additional one-third die within 24 hours. Most live births are female, with a ratio of 3:1. 3655: 4301: 4172: 4124: 1511: 1323: 1118: 995: 725:(or McKoy), pygopagus twins, were born into slavery in North Carolina in 1851. They were sold to a 658: 582: 312: 80: 4101: 4078: 4071:

The Human Marvels: A Historical Reference Site run by J. Tithonus Pednaud, Teratological Historian

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Callie and Carter Torres, born January 30, 2017, in Houston Texas, from Blackfoot Idaho. They are

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Anna and Barbara Rozycki (born 1970), the first conjoined twins successfully separated in the UK.

873: 643: 638:, a Byzantine historian of the 9th century, around 385/386 AD, he writes that "in the village of 627: 622: 89: 657:

were born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. Legend says that their father,

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found the quality of life of twins who remain conjoined to be higher than is commonly supposed.

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American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Stranger Performers

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Aung Myat Kyaw and Aung Khant Kyaw (born in May 2011, Mandalay, Myanmar), connected at pelvis.

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of India, born 1969 or 1970, known professionally as The Spider Girls and The Spider Sisters.

948: 532: 513: 345: 325: 69: 3257:[Birth of Siamese babies: A Moving Encounter Between the Papillons and the Fokeers]. 3941: 3925: 3472: 3371: 2842: 2750: 2742: 2505: 2342: 2247: 2163: 2152:"The First Successful Separation of Conjoined Twins in 1689: Some Additions and Corrections" 2028: 1979: 1961: 1922: 1637: 1570: 1523: 1476: 1438: 1251:

Marieme and Ndeye Ndiaye, twin girls born in Senegal in 2017, living in Cardiff, UK in 2019.

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The site of the medical Saudi team responsible for numerous successful separation surgeries

3629:"Formerly conjoined twins, Erin and Abby Delaney, thriving months after separation surgery" 3524: 1559:"Importance of angiographic study in preoperative planning of conjoined twins: case report" 602: 4091: 4082: 3846:"Marie-Cléanne Papillon : Le 3e bébé siamois miraculé au monde, selon son chirurgien" 3445: 3233:

Two Heads, One Body: The Remarkable Story of Conjoined Twins Katie & Eilish | Our Life

2733:(April 1992), "The Biddenden Maids: a curious chapter in the history of conjoined twins", 2714: 2624: 2591: 2565: 2310: 1192: 989: 813: 775: 714: 618: 367: 318: 2707: 1598: 2976: 4368: 4337: 3946: 3913: 3124:"Siamese Twins: The Surgery: An Agonizing Choice – Parents, Doctors, Rabbis In Dilemma" 3072: 2830: 2755: 2509: 2236:"The craniopagus malformation: classification and implications for surgical separation" 1984: 1949: 1330: 1328:. The story follows the life and survival of conjoined twin sisters. The book also won 785: 500: 255: 244: 4181: 4177: 4087: 3362:(January 2005). "Separation of craniopagus conjoined twins: an evolution in thought". 3098: 2386: 2192: 1913:

Spencer, Rowena (December 1995). "Rachipagus conjoined twins: They really do occur!".

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made him and Lori the first same-sex conjoined twins to identify as different genders.

4393: 4347: 2862: 2001: 1657: 1528: 1311: 1159: 1043: 920: 654: 606: 3971:"Alabama conjoined twin girls born at Philadelphia hospital: 'We love them so much'" 3398:"Der Geburtstag der siamesischen Zwillinge Lea und Tabea jährt sich zum zweiten Mal" 2525: 2419:"In Conversation with Medicine's Miracle Workers – Dr Chumpon Chan and Dr Keith Goh" 2363: 2056: 1891: 1575: 1558: 1496: 1413: 1081:(with a later intervention in 2001 to artificially close their skulls). Craniopagus. 2730: 2648: 1702: 1344: 954: 941:. At the time of their death, they were the world's oldest living conjoined twins. 765: 730: 610: 523:

Recent successful separations of conjoined twins include that of the separation of

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of surgical separation, where the twins can survive if not separated, contentious.

407: 205: 3255:"Naissance de bébés siamois: émouvante rencontre entre les Papillon et les Fokeer" 2032: 1095:, Mexico. They later moved to the United States for healthcare with their parents. 434:: Like craniopagus, but with a second bodiless head attached to the dominant head. 4192: 4119: 2877: 4378: 4097:

National Library of Medicine: Selected Moments in the History of Conjoined Twins

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Schiewe, Mitchel C.; Whitney, John B.; Anderson, Robert E. (February 1, 2015).

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abnormalities of the node and streak occurred. Misexpression of genes, such as

4162: 4158: 3749:"Separation of conjoined twins in London children's hospital 'a Moses moment'" 3375: 3231: 2667: 1641: 1258: 1212: 1128: 1078: 1039: 1016: 985: 840: 744: 680: 550: 391: 378: 178: 56: 4107: 4031: 3937: 3776:"Twin girls, joined at the skull, successfully separated in Vatican hospital" 2854: 2283: 2168: 2151: 2040: 1975: 1226:

but died less than two days after birth due to heart failure. The twins were

981:, Iran (1974–2003); died during separation surgery in Singapore. Craniopagus. 4222: 3929: 3801:"Nigerian conjoined twins successfully separated by 78-member team in Abuja" 2072: 1926: 1603: 1306:

Conjoined twins have been the focus of several works of fiction, including:

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José Armando and José Luis Cevallos Herrera were born in September 1999 in

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are fused at the abdomen and pelvis, but not at the thorax. Those that are

4227: 2764: 1934: 1890:. Mütter Museum, The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Archived from 698: 4283: 1143: 1092: 924: 692: 688: 662: 224: 209: 201: 17: 4096: 3600:"Formerly conjoined twins recovering, gaining mobility after separation" 2333:

Voris, Harold C. (February 1963). "Cranioplasty in a Craniopagus Twin".

1156:, the top of Tatiana's head is attached to the back of Anastasia's head. 1135:, on April 21, 2002. They were successfully separated on August 4, 2004. 267:, may also result in conjoined twins. Goosecoid activates inhibitors of 820: 812:

is derived from their case. They were joined by the areas around their

726: 197: 4141: 1966: 909:; longest-lived conjoined twins in the world at 68 years and 250 days. 4153: 3994:"Conjoined twin sisters separated in successful surgery: 'We did it'" 3615:"Formerly conjoined twins are finally home 1 year after epic surgery" 3073:"Obituary for Elisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services" 1163: 1074: 978: 740: 639: 472: 173: 3099:"Obituary for Lisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services" 2540:"We don't know how to tell Gracie her sister died so she could live" 1950:"Conjoined twins and conjoined triplets: At the heart of the matter" 1480: 1022:

Andrew and Alex Olson, born in 1987, separated in April 1988 at the

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Obituary for Elisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services

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Tiesha and Iesha Turner (born 1991 in Texas), separated in 1992 at

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The first recorded separation of conjoined twins took place in the

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There are two hypotheses about the development of conjoined twins.

4243: 4070: 3862:[Siamese Twins: Marie-Cléa Papillon buried this Tuesday]. 3307:"Conjoined Twins Refuse to Be Separated Despite Doctor's Warnings" 3103:

Obituary for Lisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services

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Violet and Daisy: The Story of Vaudeville's Famous Conjoined Twins

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Kaufman, M.H. (August 2004). "The embryology of conjoined twins".

1167: 1103: 988:) shared a single six-chambered heart. Separation surgery, led by 764: 697: 601: 589: 575: 292: 288: 2999:"First same-sex conjoined twins to identify as different genders" 1121:

by Medical Kids International in 2002 and successfully separated.

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Hirst, Barton Cooke; Piersol, George A. (George Arthur) (1891).

1088:. They were accepted in 2021 to the State University of Milagro. 902: 536:

after being admitted for treatment of a severe chest infection.

512:

in Chicago performed the first successful operation to separate

268: 168: 4247: 3026:"UK's first separated conjoined twins forever grateful to NHS" 3502: 2806:. New York, NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin. pp. 20–21. 1674:

First Aid for the USMLE Step 1: 2010 20th Anniversary Edition

804:(1811–1874). The Bunker twins were born of Chinese origin in 4020:"Sarah Crossan wins the Carnegie medal with verse novel One" 927:. Tamunotonye died postoperatively. Wariboko became a nurse. 846:

Josefa and Rosa Blazek (January 20, 1878 — March 30, 1922),

4075: 3820:"Séparée de sa soeur siamoise: Cléanne ou la joie de vivre" 3180:"Tanzania mourns famed conjoined twins Maria and Consolata" 2449:"Nepali twin dies 7 years after 97-hour separation surgery" 2119:"The unspeakable history of Thoracopagus twins' separation" 354:: One head with a single face but four ears and two bodies. 3860:"Jumelles siamoises: Marie-Cléa Papillon inhumée ce mardi" 1215:

parapagus twins born in Pará, Brazil on December 19, 2011.

250:

fusion of two fertilized eggs occurs early in development.

2015:

Fallon, Sara C.; Olutoye, Oluyinka O. (October 1, 2018).

919:

Wariboko and Tamunotonye Davies, born July 25, 1953, in

444:: Two bodies joined at the pelvis. Survival rate is 68%. 192:, in which the fertilized egg completely separates, but 2741:(4), London: Royal Society of Medicine Press: 217–221, 2668:"CHURCH FATHERS: City of God, Book XVI (St. Augustine)" 2100:"The Case of Conjoined Twins in 10th Century Byzantium" 916:, Netherlands (b. 1953), successfully separated in 1954 769:

Chang and Eng Bunker, watercolor on ivory, 1835 or 1836

2878:"The Last Illiness of the Blazek Grown-Together Twins" 2017:"The surgical principles of conjoined twin separation" 1552: 1550: 1162:(born 2005) was an ischiopagus conjoined twin born in 1064:

Ashley and Ashil Fokeer, born on November 2, 1992, in

3052:"Utah Doctors Separate Siamese Twins Linked at Brain" 1353:(2005) is the life story of craniopagus twin sisters. 337:

Other, less common types of conjoined twins include:

4131: 3253:

Vencatareddy-Nursingen, Selvanee (January 8, 2019).

2903:. New York: Schwartz & Wade Books. p. 221. 2778:"Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine" 2211:

The University of Chicago Photographic Archive. 1972

1884:"Cephalothoracopagus Menosymmetro (Conjoined Twins)" 1152:, born outside Rome, Italy, on January 13, 2004. As 27:"Siamese twins" redirects here. For other uses, see 4361: 4328: 4300: 4282: 4213: 4135: 2074:

One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal

1859:"Conjoined Twins: Definition, Causes & Outlook" 1824:"Duplicata incompleta, dicephalus dipus dibrachius" 148: 140: 132: 124: 116: 108: 98: 88: 68: 46: 41: 4114:Facts About Multiples: Conjoined Records and stats 3699:"Barcroft.tv – barcroft Resources and Information" 3333:"Formerly conjoined twins celebrate 21st birthday" 2071: 819:In 1834, a set of conjoined triplets were born in 816:, but over time, the connective tissue stretched. 247:, it results in the formation of conjoined twins. 3886:"Separated conjoined twins doing well in Zagreb" 774:Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, alleged names of the 1268:Ervina and Prefina, born June 29, 2018, in the 563:In 2019 Safa and Marwa Ullah were separated at 2977:"6 Oldest Living Conjoined Twins in the World" 2647:The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the 1753:(14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 124. 1272:. They were separated on June 5, 2020, at the 1179:, ischiopagus twins separated in 2006 at age 4 1015:, separated in 1987 by team of doctors led by 531:, in 2000. The 97-hour surgery on the pair of 64:X-ray of conjoined twins, Cephalothoracopagus. 4259: 3465:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1817: 1815: 1778:(14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 63. 420:have one trunk and two faces. Those that are 8: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1728:(Eighth ed.). JP Medical. p. 233. 1671:Tao Le; Bhushan, Vikas; Vasan, Neil (2010). 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1006:. Viet died on October 6, 2007. Ischiopagus. 829:(July 11, 1851 – October 8, 1912), (oblique 231:came to be associated with conjoined twins. 4231:MeshID = D014428-overview ped/2936 4056:Types and social history of conjoined twins 2280:Mercy Hospital & Medical Center Chicago 1337:2016 prize for young adult fiction and the 609:ceramics depicting conjoined twins. 300 CE 382:: Fused lower half of the two bodies, with 4266: 4252: 4244: 4132: 4110:(this article includes post-mortem images) 3097:Services, Myers Mortuary & Cremation. 3071:Services, Myers Mortuary & Cremation. 2150:Kompanje, Erwin J. O. (December 1, 2004). 1042:parapagus twins born on March 7, 1990, in 984:Baby Girl A and Baby Girl B (born 1977 in 556:In 2003, two 29-year-old women from Iran, 79: 55: 38: 3945: 3154:"Tanzanian conjoined twins die at age 21" 2754: 2498:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2362: 2251: 2167: 1983: 1965: 1574: 1527: 154:Depends on type; occasionally may survive 2831:"The Double Monster Rosa-Josepha Blazek" 2735:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1077:), separated in 1997 in South Africa by 4228:https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/2936 4076:Cases of conjoined and incomplete twins 2876:Breakstone, Benjamin H. (August 1922). 2649:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera 2592:"The battle to separate Safa and Marwa" 2139:from the original on February 25, 2017. 1405: 1385: 1222:Asa and Eli Hamby were born in 2014 in 923:. Separated in London by a team led by 315:and other organs. Survival rate is 82%. 3818:Carpayen, Shelly (November 17, 2019). 3574:"Conjoined girls separated in surgery" 2645:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. 2471:"Siamese twin Jodie "to go home soon"" 1774:Sadler, Thomas W. (October 29, 2018). 1749:Sadler, Thomas W. (October 29, 2018). 1439:"Medical Definition of Conjoined twin" 1203:Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU 782:Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo 668:described conjoined twins in his book 2825: 2823: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1024:University of Nebraska Medical Center 7: 3992:Gartner, Jordan (January 27, 2023). 2566:"Wired 11.10: Till Death Do Us Part" 1127:, born with vertical craniopagus in 1002:, Vietnam, and separated in 1988 in 503:. Around this same time Dr. Böhm of 3633:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 3613:Meghan Holohan (October 26, 2017). 3598:Meghan Holohan (October 14, 2016). 3446:"Many-limbed India girl in surgery" 2888:: 123–130 – via Google Books. 1822:Burmagina, Yuliya (March 1, 2006). 1246:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 937:(1961–2024) American entertainers, 837:Giacomo and Giovanni Battista Tocci 808:(now Thailand), and the expression 406:: Fused side by side with a shared 3969:Robinson, Carol (April 22, 2023). 3654:Rees, Gwyneth (January 23, 2019). 3130:. October 16, 1977. Archived from 2510:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00678.x 2379:"Dr. Bewrtram Katz, 83 – Obituary" 1026:. Omphalopagus. Alex died in 2018. 223:(1811–1874) were brothers born in 25: 4310:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 3548:"Conjoined twins to be separated" 3527:. NOVA. Pbs.org. February 8, 2012 3128:Philadelphia Inquirer (reprinted) 2841:(298): 891–894. October 1, 1891. 1726:DC Dutta's textbook of obstetrics 1339:Irish Children's Book of the Year 1289:University Hospital Centre Zagreb 889:of Samar, Philippines (1908–1936) 4315:Twin reversed arterial perfusion 4018:Drabble, Emily (June 20, 2016). 2554:– via Free Online Library. 2425:. April 19, 2001. Archived from 1529:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.11.009 1211:Jesus and Emanuel de Nazaré are 1061:in Houston, Texas. Omphalopagus. 998:, born on February 25, 1981, in 2455:. July 30, 2008. Archived from 1724:Konar, Hiralal (May 10, 2015). 1679:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1576:10.1590/S1807-59322006000200013 1291:(Rebro) in an urgent procedure. 1274:Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital 912:Tjitske and Folkje de Vries of 50:Siamese twins, monstra duplicia 3774:Jack Guy; Sharon Braithwaite. 3572:Wang, Hongyi (July 18, 2014). 2070:Dreger, Alice Domurat (2004). 1054:, St. Paul, hired as teachers. 1050:. Both graduated in 2012 from 893:Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova 752:living in seclusion in Italy. 743:, Italy, were immortalized in 29:Siamese twins (disambiguation) 1: 4104:(also lists additional twins) 3546:Cai, Wenjun (July 15, 2014). 2708:Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni 2033:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.07.013 761:Born 19th century and earlier 649:In Arabia, the twin brothers 2617:"Separating conjoined twins" 2078:. Harvard University Press. 1776:Langman's medical embryology 1751:Langman's medical embryology 1150:Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru 594:Conjoined twin sisters from 565:Great Ormond Street Hospital 4128:, July 13, 1878, p. 24 3866:(in French). March 26, 2019 3404:(in German). August 3, 2005 2423:Channel News Asia Singapore 1073:(born January 23, 1997, in 1036:Abigail and Brittany Hensel 1013:Patrick and Benjamin Binder 163:, popularly referred to as 4421: 4102:Conjoined Twins Fast Facts 3477:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.622 3364:Clinics in Plastic Surgery 3287:(in Spanish). May 26, 2021 2931:(in Dutch). August 5, 2019 2747:10.1177/014107689208500413 2713:February 25, 2020, at the 2347:10.3171/jns.1963.20.2.0145 958: 938: 906: 887:Lucio and Simplicio Godina 868: 827:Millie and Christine McCoy 737:Giacomo and Giovanni Tocci 723:Millie and Christine McCoy 527:in 2001, who were born in 366:: Two bodies fused in the 26: 4233:MeshID = D014428] 3376:10.1016/j.cps.2004.09.002 2306:"Separate Siamese Twins!" 2117:Montandon, Denys (2015). 1642:10.1007/s00381-004-0985-4 1235:Montefiore Medical Center 1177:Kendra and Maliyah Herrin 1166:district in the state of 1125:Carl and Clarence Aguirre 1117:in 2001, were brought to 1059:Texas Children's Hospital 931:Lori and George Schappell 792:Helen and Judith of Szony 677:Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst 675:The English twin sisters 525:Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta 485:Lori and George Schappell 254:Partial splitting of the 217:but non-conjoined twins. 144:Surgery, symptomatic care 63: 54: 4088:Clara and Alta Rodriguez 3918:Croatian Medical Journal 2882:Illinois Medical Journal 2169:10.1375/1369052042663760 2021:Seminars in Perinatology 1703:"h2g2 – Twins – A369434" 1270:Central African Republic 1183:Krista and Tatiana Hogan 899:Ronnie and Donnie Galyon 794:(Hungary, 1701 — 1723), 708:Mt. Airy, North Carolina 636:Theophanes the Confessor 580:Conjoined brothers from 489:Abby and Brittany Hensel 299:. Survival rate is poor. 4343:Craniopagus parasiticus 3930:10.3325/cmj.2019.60.301 3358:Staffenberg, David A.; 2835:The American Naturalist 2802:Hartzman, Marc (2005). 2782:collections.nlm.nih.gov 2335:Journal of Neurosurgery 1927:10.1002/tera.1420520605 1516:Fertility and Sterility 1418:Encyclopedia Britannica 1030:Katie and Eilish Holton 955:Ganga and Jamuna Mondal 867:, England (1908–1969), 861:Daisy and Violet Hilton 666:Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī 611:Larco Museum Collection 481:Northwestern University 431:Craniopagus parasiticus 394:. Survival rate is 63%. 291:and may also share the 3004:Guinness World Records 2899:Miller, Sarah (2021). 1954:Birth Defects Research 1630:Child's Nervous System 1199:Maria and Teresa Tapia 1109: 975:Ladan and Laleh Bijani 944:Guinness World Records 770: 710: 623:St. Augustine of Hippo 614: 599: 587: 558:Ladan and Laleh Bijani 491:are notable examples. 112:Beginning of pregnancy 3656:"Two girls, one body" 3210:Vermillion Plain Talk 1142:Sohna and Mohna from 1107: 1071:Joseph and Luka Banda 935:Reading, Pennsylvania 786:autosite-and-parasite 784:(1617 — after 1646), 768: 701: 605: 593: 579: 4120:The St. Benoit Twins 3134:on November 26, 2020 2459:on November 1, 2008. 2453:Monsters and Critics 2389:on November 10, 2013 2253:10.1093/brain/awl065 1228:dicephalic parapagus 1108:Conjoined twin lambs 947:noted that George's 843:tetrabrachius dipus) 802:Chang and Eng Bunker 704:Eng and Chang Bunker 651:Hashim ibn Abd Manaf 423:dicephalic parapagus 417:diprosopic parapagus 412:dithoracic parapagus 372:Chang and Eng Bunker 303:Thoraco-omphalopagus 221:Chang and Eng Bunker 4302:Monochorionic twins 4125:Scientific American 3452:. November 6, 2007. 2979:. September 5, 2019 2957:. December 12, 2015 2429:on January 14, 2011 2276:"Mercy Care Firsts" 2194:Human monstrosities 2023:. Conjoined Twins. 1834:on August 19, 2009. 1259:Omphalo-Ischiopagus 1193:Trishna and Krishna 1119:UCLA Medical Center 996:Viet and Duc Nguyen 659:Abd Manaf ibn Qusai 596:Nuremberg Chronicle 583:Nuremberg Chronicle 398:Omphalo-Ischiopagus 358:Cephalothoracopagus 4320:Monoamniotic twins 4214:External resources 4081:2006-06-10 at the 3807:. January 8, 2020. 3635:. October 22, 2017 3525:"Separating Twins" 3360:Goodrich, James T. 3057:The New York Times 2706:A. Zahoor (1997), 2232:Goodrich, James T. 2209:"Voris, Harold C." 2106:. January 4, 2014. 1894:on August 15, 2010 1469:Prenatal Diagnosis 1369:Monoamniotic twins 1110: 839:(1875? — 1912?), ( 814:xiphoid cartilages 771: 733:, 17 hours apart. 711: 615: 600: 588: 547:St Mary's Hospital 136:Incomplete fission 4387: 4386: 4241: 4240: 4108:Emedicine article 3678:www.spokesman.com 3578:Chinadaily.com.cn 3552:ShanghaiDaily.com 2655:Thames and Hudson 2230:Stone, James L.; 2085:978-0-674-01825-9 1967:10.1002/bdr2.2066 1688:978-0-07-163340-6 1248:on June 16, 2017. 1239:James T. Goodrich 1154:craniopagus twins 1133:Negros Occidental 1100:Born 21st century 1052:Bethel University 949:gender transition 855:Born 20th century 533:craniopagus twins 514:craniopagus twins 410:. Those that are 368:xiphoid cartilage 213:, but so do some 158: 157: 36:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 4412: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4245: 4133: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3949: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3501:. Archived from 3495: 3489: 3488: 3471:(6): 2084–2087. 3460: 3454: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3339:. August 2, 2022 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3313:. April 22, 2017 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3186:. April 12, 2021 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2758: 2727: 2721: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2664: 2658: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2627:on July 17, 2019 2623:. Archived from 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2572:. April 11, 2001 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2477:. April 23, 2001 2467: 2461: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2385:. Archived from 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2314:. April 22, 1955 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2282:. Archived from 2272: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2246:(5): 1084–1095. 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2171: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2123: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2104:Medievalists.net 2096: 2090: 2089: 2077: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1987: 1969: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1863:Cleveland Clinic 1855: 1836: 1835: 1830:. Archived from 1819: 1790: 1789: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1625: 1606: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1578: 1554: 1545: 1544: 1531: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1414:"conjoined twin" 1410: 1393: 1390: 1347:'s second novel 1336: 1241:in October 2016. 1086:Milagro, Ecuador 1004:Ho Chi Minh City 1000:Kon Tum Province 880:Chained for Life 749:physical therapy 721:. Most notably, 685:Helen and Judith 670:Kitab-al-Saidana 529:Kathmandu, Nepal 496:Byzantine Empire 297:digestive system 84: 83: 75:Medical genetics 59: 39: 21: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4400:Conjoined twins 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4357: 4330:Conjoined twins 4324: 4296: 4278: 4272: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4209: 4208: 4144: 4092:C. Everett Koop 4083:Wayback Machine 4052: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3848:. May 28, 2019. 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3755:. June 12, 2020 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3728:www.gosh.nhs.uk 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3703:www.barcroft.tv 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3505:on June 6, 2014 3497: 3496: 3492: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3212:. April 2, 2018 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3060:. 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Everett Koop 857: 776:Biddenden Maids 763: 758: 715:performing arts 625:, in his book, 574: 468: 463: 319:Parasitic twins 295:or part of the 278: 237: 161:Conjoined twins 104:Depends on type 78: 42:Conjoined twins 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4369:Vanishing twin 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4345: 4338:Parasitic twin 4334: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4195: 4184: 4165: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136:Classification 4130: 4129: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4094: 4085: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4050:External links 4048: 4045: 4044: 4010: 3984: 3961: 3924:(4): 301–308. 3903: 3892:. May 15, 2019 3877: 3851: 3837: 3810: 3792: 3766: 3740: 3715: 3690: 3665: 3646: 3620: 3605: 3590: 3564: 3538: 3516: 3499:"Herrin Twins" 3490: 3455: 3437: 3415: 3389: 3350: 3324: 3298: 3285:eluniverso.com 3272: 3245: 3223: 3197: 3171: 3160:. June 4, 2018 3145: 3115: 3089: 3063: 3043: 3032:. July 5, 2023 3017: 2990: 2968: 2942: 2916: 2910:978-0593119723 2909: 2891: 2868: 2847:10.1086/275418 2819: 2813:978-1585425303 2812: 2794: 2769: 2722: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2659: 2638: 2608: 2583: 2557: 2546:. July 9, 2007 2531: 2504:(3): 312–313. 2488: 2462: 2440: 2410: 2400: 2370: 2341:(2): 145–147. 2325: 2297: 2267: 2222: 2200: 2183: 2162:(6): 537–541. 2142: 2109: 2091: 2084: 2062: 2027:(6): 386–392. 2007: 1940: 1921:(6): 346–356. 1905: 1875: 1837: 1791: 1784: 1766: 1759: 1741: 1734: 1716: 1694: 1687: 1663: 1607: 1590: 1546: 1522:(2): 417–421. 1502: 1475:(9): 839–843. 1455: 1430: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1342: 1331:The Bookseller 1316:Carnegie Medal 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1266: 1262: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1231: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1196: 1190: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1157: 1147: 1140: 1136: 1122: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1068: 1062: 1055: 1033: 1027: 1020: 1019:. 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