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Tetrahedral symmetry

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629: 622: 615: 563: 556: 549: 723: 716: 709: 1595: 3358: 415: 2407: 105: 69: 2224: 1361: 702: 608: 3302: 955: 253: 207: 161: 43: 3594: 741: 542: 3330: 2594: 758: 3381: 2523: 3200: 3153: 3096: 3039: 2972: 2905: 2841: 2772: 2701: 2651: 2204: 2157: 2100: 2039: 1972: 1906: 1837: 1767: 1713: 1656: 1341: 1294: 1237: 1178: 1086: 3409: 1483: 787: 2236: 3221: 3274: 301: 403: 2347:, which is extremely similar to the cube described, with each rectangle replaced by a pentagon with one symmetry axis and 4 equal sides and 1 different side (the one corresponding to the line segment dividing the cube's face); i.e., the cube's faces bulge out at the dividing line and become narrower there. It is a subgroup of the full 427: 2342:
It is the symmetry of a cube with on each face a line segment dividing the face into two equal rectangles, such that the line segments of adjacent faces do not meet at the edge. The symmetries correspond to the even permutations of the body diagonals and the same combined with inversion. It is also
795:
one full face is a fundamental domain; other solids with the same symmetry can be obtained by adjusting the orientation of the faces, e.g. flattening selected subsets of faces to combine each subset into one face, or replacing each face by multiple faces, or a curved surface.
937:
has no subgroup of order 6. Although it is a property for the abstract group in general, it is clear from the isometry group of chiral tetrahedral symmetry: because of the chirality the subgroup would have to be
335:
of permutations of four objects, since there is exactly one such symmetry for each permutation of the vertices of the tetrahedron. The set of orientation-preserving symmetries forms a group referred to as the
454:
form 6 circles (or centrally radial lines) in the plane. Each of these 6 circles represent a mirror line in tetrahedral symmetry. The intersection of these circles meet at order 2 and 3 gyration points.
2339:. The three elements of the latter are the identity, "clockwise rotation", and "anti-clockwise rotation", corresponding to permutations of the three orthogonal 2-fold axes, preserving orientation. 896:. The three elements of the latter are the identity, "clockwise rotation", and "anti-clockwise rotation", corresponding to permutations of the three orthogonal 2-fold axes, preserving orientation. 3528: 3509: 3493: 824: 109: 904: 73: 1148: 1056: 1143: 376: 47: 2291:
is either an element of T, or one combined with inversion. Apart from these two normal subgroups, there is also a normal subgroup D
2265:. This group has the same rotation axes as T, with mirror planes through two of the orthogonal directions. The 3-fold axes are now 1398:. This group has the same rotation axes as T, but with six mirror planes, each through two 3-fold axes. The 2-fold axes are now S 3177: 3130: 3120: 3073: 3063: 3016: 3006: 2996: 2949: 2939: 2929: 2882: 2872: 2862: 2816: 2806: 2796: 2735: 2725: 2483: 2473: 2181: 2134: 2124: 2073: 2063: 2016: 2006: 1996: 1947: 1937: 1927: 1881: 1871: 1861: 1801: 1791: 1318: 1271: 1261: 1212: 1202: 1138: 1130: 1120: 1110: 1046: 1038: 1028: 1018: 692: 682: 672: 664: 654: 644: 598: 588: 578: 532: 522: 512: 504: 494: 484: 291: 281: 271: 245: 235: 225: 199: 189: 179: 143: 133: 123: 97: 87: 61: 1153: 1061: 1051: 372: 34: 2745: 2675: 2628: 2618: 2567: 2557: 2547: 2493: 1811: 1737: 1690: 1680: 1629: 1619: 1569: 1559: 1549: 628: 621: 614: 3516: 3500: 3125: 3011: 3001: 2934: 2811: 2801: 2730: 2129: 2011: 2001: 1866: 1796: 1266: 1125: 1115: 3068: 2944: 2877: 2867: 2740: 2623: 2562: 2552: 2488: 2478: 2068: 1942: 1932: 1876: 1806: 1685: 1624: 1564: 1554: 1207: 1033: 1023: 687: 677: 659: 649: 593: 583: 527: 517: 499: 489: 286: 276: 240: 230: 194: 184: 138: 128: 92: 3351: 3504:, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, 2432: 1508: 980: 3619: 562: 555: 548: 3301: 856:
of the four 3-fold axes: e, (123), (132), (124), (142), (134), (143), (234), (243), (12)(34), (13)(24), (14)(23).
3442: 447: 3329: 3397: 3346: 3614: 722: 715: 708: 384: 317: 3374: 3295: 993: 3512: 3437: 2440: 2417: 2348: 1516: 1493: 988: 965: 257: 954: 3624: 3432: 3402: 3323: 2455: 1531: 1003: 792: 771: 750: 451: 211: 1594: 746: 327:
The group of all (not necessarily orientation preserving) symmetries is isomorphic to the group S
3357: 3598: 3575: 3524: 3505: 3489: 3290: 2427: 2266: 2240: 1962: 1503: 1076: 975: 849: 337: 3552: 3273: 2422: 2406: 2323: 1498: 970: 853: 151: 1482: 414: 104: 68: 3226: 2450: 2235: 2223: 1526: 1434: 1415: 1360: 998: 881: 860: 701: 607: 332: 252: 206: 160: 42: 740: 541: 3262: 2332: 1395: 1168: 889: 380: 321: 3593: 3578: 3557: 3540: 3380: 2522: 3608: 3318: 2445: 2351:
group (as isometry group, not just as abstract group), with 4 of the 10 3-fold axes.
1521: 17: 2593: 3408: 2344: 1227: 757: 3199: 3152: 3095: 3038: 2971: 2904: 2840: 2771: 2700: 2650: 2203: 2156: 2099: 2038: 1971: 1905: 1836: 1766: 1712: 1655: 1340: 1293: 1236: 1177: 1085: 786: 2358:
include those of T, with the two classes of 4 combined, and each with inversion:
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format, along with the 180° edge (blue arrows) and 120° vertex (reddish arrows)
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4 × rotation by 120° clockwise (seen from a vertex): (234), (143), (412), (321)
838: 3539:
Koca, Nazife; Al-Mukhaini, Aida; Koca, Mehmet; Al Qanobi, Amal (2016-12-01).
3583: 324:
of 24 including transformations that combine a reflection and a rotation.
775: 767: 2322:. It is the direct product of the normal subgroup of T (see above) with 402: 300: 2296: 1422:
is the union of T and the set obtained by combining each element of
1410:
and O are isomorphic as abstract groups: they both correspond to S
1359: 953: 735: 299: 823:. There are three orthogonal 2-fold rotation axes, like chiral 426: 3488:
2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss,
3461: 880:
The rotations by 180°, together with the identity, form a
903:
is the smallest group demonstrating that the converse of
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6 × reflection in a plane through two rotation axes (C
389: 308:, an example of a solid with full tetrahedral symmetry 2276:) axes, and there is a central inversion symmetry. T 833:
or 222, with in addition four 3-fold axes, centered
31: 919:|, there does not necessarily exist a subgroup of 837:the three orthogonal directions. This group is 3164: 3107: 3050: 2983: 2916: 2852: 2783: 2712: 2662: 2605: 2534: 2460: 2168: 2111: 2050: 1983: 1917: 1848: 1778: 1724: 1667: 1606: 1536: 1305: 1248: 1189: 1097: 1008: 3545:Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science 907:is not true in general: given a finite group 873:4 × rotation by 120° counterclockwise (ditto) 8: 480:Chiral tetrahedral symmetry, T, (332), = , 3541:"Symmetry of the Pyritohedron and Lattices" 2413: 1489: 961: 852:on 4 elements; in fact it is the group of 770:alone. These are illustrated above in the 766:can be placed in 12 distinct positions by 3556: 1478:Subgroups of achiral tetrahedral symmetry 1428:the isometries of the regular tetrahedron 782:the tetrahedron through those positions. 753:, see below, the latter is one full face 3238: 2405: 2234: 2222: 1481: 950:Subgroups of chiral tetrahedral symmetry 457: 3454: 3215:Solids with chiral tetrahedral symmetry 745:The tetrahedral rotation group T with 3235:Solids with full tetrahedral symmetry 958:Chiral tetrahedral symmetry subgroups 7: 3499:Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of 2402:Subgroups of pyritohedral symmetry 25: 3558:10.24200/squjs.vol21iss2pp139-149 3592: 3407: 3379: 3356: 3328: 3300: 3272: 3219: 3198: 3175: 3151: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3094: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3037: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2970: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2903: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2839: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2770: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2699: 2673: 2649: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2592: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2521: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2202: 2179: 2155: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2098: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2037: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1970: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1904: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1835: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1765: 1735: 1711: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1654: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1593: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1339: 1316: 1292: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1235: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1176: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1084: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 785: 756: 739: 721: 714: 707: 700: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 627: 620: 613: 606: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 561: 554: 547: 540: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 425: 413: 401: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 251: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 205: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 159: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 103: 95: 90: 85: 67: 59: 41: 35:point groups in three dimensions 3535:, 11.5 Spherical Coxeter groups 2335:is the same as above: of type Z 821:rotational tetrahedral symmetry 636:Achiral tetrahedral symmetry, T 3597:Learning materials related to 3521:Geometries and Transformations 1: 3352:Truncated triakis tetrahedron 3224:The Icosahedron colored as a 1486:Achiral tetrahedral subgroups 381:crystallographic point groups 3395: 3372: 3344: 3316: 3288: 3260: 2393:3 × reflection in a plane (C 2386:8 × rotoreflection by 60° (S 1469:6 × rotoreflection by 90° (S 1394:, also known as the (2,3,3) 1364:The full tetrahedral group T 1356:Achiral tetrahedral symmetry 432: 394: 365:achiral tetrahedral symmetry 732:Chiral tetrahedral symmetry 3641: 2354:The conjugacy classes of T 2243:have pyritohedral symmetry 464:Stereographic projections 3345: 2421: 1497: 1426:with inversion. See also 1392:full tetrahedral symmetry 969: 635: 569: 479: 463: 460: 373:discrete point symmetries 150: 3486:The Symmetries of Things 3443:Binary tetrahedral group 2227:The pyritohedral group T 570:Pyritohedral symmetry, T 448:stereographic projection 377:symmetries on the sphere 3398:Uniform star polyhedron 3347:Near-miss Johnson solid 2372:3 × rotation by 180° (C 2365:8 × rotation by 120° (C 2231:with fundamental domain 1455:3 × rotation by 180° (C 1448:8 × rotation by 120° (C 1368:with fundamental domain 946:, but neither applies. 3533:Finite symmetry groups 2411: 2410:Pyritohedral subgroups 2244: 2232: 1487: 1369: 959: 379:). They are among the 318:orientation-preserving 316:has 12 rotational (or 309: 3375:Tetrated dodecahedron 3296:truncated tetrahedron 3231:has chiral symmetry. 2409: 2263:pyritohedral symmetry 2238: 2226: 2219:Pyritohedral symmetry 1485: 1363: 957: 369:pyritohedral symmetry 303: 48:Involutional symmetry 18:Pyritohedral symmetry 3438:Icosahedral symmetry 2349:icosahedral symmetry 2287:: every element of T 876:3 × rotation by 180° 385:cubic crystal system 338:alternating subgroup 320:) symmetries, and a 258:Icosahedral symmetry 166:Tetrahedral symmetry 3620:Rotational symmetry 3579:"Tetrahedral group" 3482:(1997), p. 295 3478:Peter R. Cromwell, 3433:Octahedral symmetry 3403:Tetrahemihexahedron 3324:triakis tetrahedron 793:tetrakis hexahedron 751:triakis tetrahedron 452:tetrakis hexahedron 392: 212:Octahedral symmetry 37: 3599:Symmetric group S4 3576:Weisstein, Eric W. 2412: 2343:the symmetry of a 2245: 2233: 1488: 1386:3m, of order 24 – 1370: 960: 905:Lagrange's theorem 747:fundamental domain 390: 375:(or equivalently, 310: 32: 3529:978-1-107-10340-5 3510:978-0-471-01003-6 3494:978-1-56881-220-5 3424: 3423: 3291:Archimedean solid 3212: 3211: 2280:is isomorphic to 2216: 2215: 1435:conjugacy classes 1353: 1352: 861:conjugacy classes 854:even permutations 850:alternating group 825:dihedral symmetry 800: 799: 729: 728: 450:the edges of the 444: 443: 298: 297: 110:Dihedral symmetry 29:3D symmetry group 16:(Redirected from 3632: 3596: 3589: 3588: 3562: 3560: 3465: 3462:Koca et al. 2016 3459: 3411: 3383: 3360: 3332: 3304: 3276: 3239: 3223: 3202: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3155: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3098: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3041: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2974: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2907: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2843: 2827: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2774: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2703: 2686: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2653: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2596: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2525: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2414: 2321: 2286: 2275: 2261:, of order 24 – 2260: 2206: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2159: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2102: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2041: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1974: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1908: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1839: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1769: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1715: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1658: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1597: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1490: 1425: 1405: 1385: 1343: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1296: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1239: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1180: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1088: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 962: 936: 815:, of order 12 – 789: 760: 743: 736: 725: 718: 711: 704: 695: 694: 693: 689: 688: 684: 683: 679: 678: 674: 673: 667: 666: 665: 661: 660: 656: 655: 651: 650: 646: 645: 631: 624: 617: 610: 601: 600: 599: 595: 594: 590: 589: 585: 584: 580: 579: 565: 558: 551: 544: 535: 534: 533: 529: 528: 524: 523: 519: 518: 514: 513: 507: 506: 505: 501: 500: 496: 495: 491: 490: 486: 485: 458: 429: 417: 405: 393: 294: 293: 292: 288: 287: 283: 282: 278: 277: 273: 272: 255: 248: 247: 246: 242: 241: 237: 236: 232: 231: 227: 226: 209: 202: 201: 200: 196: 195: 191: 190: 186: 185: 181: 180: 163: 152:Polyhedral group 146: 145: 144: 140: 139: 135: 134: 130: 129: 125: 124: 107: 100: 99: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 71: 64: 63: 62: 45: 38: 21: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3605: 3604: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3538: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3429: 3237: 3217: 3195: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3148: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3091: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3034: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2967: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2900: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2836: 2825: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2767: 2763: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2696: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2646: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2589: 2585: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2518: 2514: 2503: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2404: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2357: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2258: 2251: 2239:The seams of a 2230: 2221: 2199: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2152: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2095: 2091: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2034: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1966: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1901: 1890: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1832: 1820: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1762: 1758: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1708: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1651: 1647: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1590: 1578: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1480: 1472: 1465: 1458: 1451: 1440: 1423: 1421: 1418:on 4 objects. T 1416:symmetric group 1413: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1383: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1336: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1289: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1231: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1172: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1080: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1015: 952: 945: 941: 935: 928: 902: 895: 887: 882:normal subgroup 847: 832: 790: 761: 744: 734: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 669: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 641: 640:, (*332), = , 639: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 575: 573: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 509: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 481: 424: 423: 412: 411: 400: 399: 354: 347: 343: 333:symmetric group 330: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 268: 266: 264: 260: 256: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 222: 220: 218: 214: 210: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 176: 174: 172: 168: 164: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 120: 118: 116: 112: 108: 96: 91: 86: 84: 82: 80: 76: 74:Cyclic symmetry 72: 60: 58: 56: 54: 50: 46: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601:at Wikiversity 3590: 3569: 3568:External links 3566: 3564: 3563: 3536: 3514: 3501:H.S.M. Coxeter 3496: 3483: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3263:Platonic solid 3259: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2355: 2336: 2333:quotient group 2325: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2249: 2228: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1438: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1396:triangle group 1374: 1365: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 983: 978: 973: 968: 951: 948: 943: 939: 933: 911:and a divisor 900: 893: 890:quotient group 885: 878: 877: 874: 871: 868: 845: 830: 798: 797: 783: 754: 733: 730: 727: 726: 719: 712: 705: 697: 696: 637: 633: 632: 625: 618: 611: 603: 602: 571: 567: 566: 559: 552: 545: 537: 536: 477: 476: 473: 470: 466: 465: 462: 442: 441: 438: 435: 431: 430: 421: 418: 409: 406: 397: 391:Gyration axes 353: 350: 345: 341: 328: 322:symmetry order 296: 295: 262: 249: 216: 203: 170: 156: 155: 148: 147: 114: 101: 78: 65: 52: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3637: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3615:Finite groups 3613: 3612: 3610: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3319:Catalan solid 3317: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3116: 3114: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2614: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2543: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2298: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2237: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1417: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1257: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1198: 1196: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1106: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 967: 964: 963: 956: 949: 947: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 897: 891: 883: 875: 872: 869: 866: 865: 864: 862: 857: 855: 851: 844: 840: 836: 829: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805: 794: 788: 784: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 759: 755: 752: 748: 742: 738: 737: 731: 724: 720: 717: 713: 710: 706: 703: 699: 698: 634: 630: 626: 623: 619: 616: 612: 609: 605: 604: 568: 564: 560: 557: 553: 550: 546: 543: 539: 538: 478: 474: 471: 468: 467: 459: 456: 453: 449: 439: 436: 433: 428: 419: 416: 407: 404: 395: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 351: 349: 339: 334: 325: 323: 319: 315: 307: 302: 259: 254: 250: 213: 208: 204: 167: 162: 158: 157: 153: 149: 111: 106: 102: 75: 70: 66: 49: 44: 40: 39: 36: 27: 19: 3582: 3548: 3544: 3532: 3531:Chapter 11: 3520: 3517:N.W. Johnson 3498: 3485: 3479: 3457: 3225: 3218: 2379:inversion (S 2353: 2345:pyritohedron 2341: 2326: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2246: 1432: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1372: 1371: 929: 927:: the group 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 898: 879: 858: 842: 834: 827: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 802: 801: 445: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355: 326: 311: 165: 26: 3268:tetrahedron 3229:tetrahedron 2437:Generators 2299:), of type 2295:(that of a 1513:Generators 985:Generators 923:with order 884:of type Dih 772:cycle graph 764:tetrahedron 574:, (3*2), , 461:Orthogonal 314:tetrahedron 306:tetrahedron 154:, , (*n32) 3625:Tetrahedra 3609:Categories 3551:(2): 139. 3472:References 2241:volleyball 863:of T are: 839:isomorphic 749:; for the 312:A regular 304:A regular 3584:MathWorld 3523:, (2018) 3480:Polyhedra 3449:Citations 3257:Vertices 2441:Structure 1517:Structure 1406:) axes. T 989:Structure 892:of type Z 776:rotations 33:Selected 3427:See also 3248:Picture 2362:identity 1445:identity 867:identity 768:rotation 446:Seen in 265:, (*532) 219:, (*432) 173:, (*332) 117:, (*n22) 2423:Coxeter 2331:. The 2257:, or m 1499:Coxeter 1388:achiral 971:Coxeter 888:, with 835:between 811:, , or 791:In the 780:permute 475:2-fold 472:3-fold 469:4-fold 383:of the 352:Details 81:, (*nn) 3527:  3508:  3492:  3254:Edges 3251:Faces 3242:Class 2418:Schoe. 2297:cuboid 1494:Schoe. 1414:, the 1382:, or 966:Schoe. 848:, the 817:chiral 371:) are 357:Chiral 331:, the 3245:Name 2456:Index 2451:Order 2282:T × Z 1532:Index 1527:Order 1441:are: 1424:O \ T 1004:Index 999:Order 778:that 55:, (*) 3525:ISBN 3506:ISBN 3490:ISBN 3227:snub 2687:or m 2573:*222 2428:Orb. 1749:or m 1575:*332 1504:Orb. 1437:of T 1433:The 1380:*332 976:Orb. 942:or D 915:of | 859:The 367:and 363:(or 361:full 359:and 344:of S 3553:doi 3392:28 3389:54 3386:28 3369:28 3366:42 3363:16 3313:12 3208:24 3161:12 3025:222 3022:222 2955:322 2888:332 2849:12 2754:2/m 2709:12 2637:mm2 2634:*22 2576:mmm 2499:3*2 2446:Cyc 2433:H-M 2317:× Z 2313:× Z 2309:= Z 2305:× Z 2301:Dih 2255:3*2 2212:24 2165:12 2092:= A 2025:222 2022:222 1953:332 1817:2*2 1775:12 1759:= D 1699:mm2 1696:*22 1635:*33 1522:Cyc 1509:H-M 1390:or 1349:12 1162:222 1159:222 1067:332 994:Cyc 981:H-M 932:= A 841:to 819:or 809:332 3611:: 3581:. 3549:21 3547:. 3543:. 3519:: 3420:6 3417:12 3341:8 3338:18 3335:12 3310:18 3285:4 3183:11 3136:22 3104:8 3079:33 3047:6 2980:4 2913:2 2910:12 2891:23 2780:6 2764:×D 2751:2* 2716:2h 2659:6 2609:2v 2602:3 2586:×D 2538:2h 2531:1 2528:24 2515:×Z 2513:4 2293:2h 2253:, 2187:11 2140:22 2108:8 2079:33 2047:6 1980:2 1977:12 1956:23 1914:6 1887:2× 1845:3 1823:2m 1782:2d 1721:6 1671:2v 1664:4 1648:=S 1638:3m 1610:3v 1603:1 1600:24 1581:3m 1430:. 1378:, 1324:11 1302:6 1277:22 1245:4 1218:33 1186:3 1134:= 1094:1 1091:12 1070:23 1042:= 813:23 807:, 762:A 668:= 508:= 440:3 387:. 348:. 267:= 221:= 175:= 119:= 115:nh 83:= 79:nv 57:= 3587:. 3561:. 3555:: 3464:. 3414:7 3307:8 3282:6 3279:4 3205:1 3194:1 3192:Z 3189:1 3186:1 3168:1 3166:C 3158:2 3147:2 3145:Z 3142:1 3139:2 3111:2 3109:C 3101:3 3090:3 3088:Z 3085:1 3082:3 3054:3 3052:C 3044:4 3033:8 3031:D 3028:3 2987:2 2985:D 2977:6 2966:6 2964:D 2961:2 2958:3 2920:3 2918:D 2899:4 2897:A 2894:2 2854:T 2846:2 2835:2 2833:Z 2830:1 2826:1 2822:× 2787:2 2785:S 2777:4 2766:2 2762:2 2760:Z 2757:2 2714:C 2706:2 2695:2 2693:D 2690:1 2685:2 2681:* 2666:s 2664:C 2656:4 2645:4 2643:D 2640:2 2607:C 2599:8 2588:2 2584:4 2582:D 2579:3 2536:D 2517:2 2511:A 2508:2 2504:3 2502:m 2464:h 2462:T 2397:) 2395:s 2390:) 2388:6 2383:) 2381:2 2376:) 2374:2 2369:) 2367:3 2356:h 2337:3 2327:i 2324:C 2319:2 2315:2 2311:2 2307:2 2303:2 2289:h 2284:2 2278:h 2274:3 2272:( 2269:6 2267:S 2259:3 2250:h 2248:T 2229:h 2209:1 2198:1 2196:Z 2193:1 2190:1 2172:1 2170:C 2162:2 2151:2 2149:Z 2146:1 2143:2 2115:2 2113:C 2105:3 2094:3 2090:3 2088:Z 2085:1 2082:3 2054:3 2052:C 2044:4 2033:4 2031:D 2028:2 1987:2 1985:D 1965:4 1963:A 1959:2 1919:T 1911:4 1900:4 1898:Z 1895:1 1891:4 1852:4 1850:C 1842:8 1831:8 1829:D 1826:2 1821:4 1780:D 1772:2 1761:2 1757:2 1755:Z 1752:1 1747:2 1743:* 1728:s 1726:C 1718:4 1707:4 1705:D 1702:2 1669:C 1661:6 1650:3 1646:6 1644:D 1641:2 1608:C 1589:4 1587:S 1584:3 1579:4 1540:d 1538:T 1473:) 1471:4 1466:) 1464:s 1459:) 1457:2 1452:) 1450:3 1439:d 1420:d 1412:4 1408:d 1404:4 1402:( 1400:4 1384:4 1375:d 1373:T 1366:d 1346:1 1335:1 1333:Z 1330:1 1327:1 1309:1 1307:C 1299:2 1288:2 1286:Z 1283:1 1280:2 1252:2 1250:C 1242:3 1230:3 1228:Z 1224:1 1221:3 1193:3 1191:C 1183:4 1171:4 1169:D 1165:3 1101:2 1099:D 1079:4 1077:A 1073:2 1010:T 944:3 940:6 938:C 934:4 930:G 925:d 921:G 917:G 913:d 909:G 901:4 899:A 894:3 886:2 846:4 843:A 831:2 828:D 804:T 638:d 572:h 437:2 434:2 422:2 420:C 410:3 408:C 398:3 396:C 346:4 342:4 340:A 329:4 263:h 261:I 217:h 215:O 171:d 169:T 113:D 77:C 53:s 51:C 20:)

Index

Pyritohedral symmetry
point groups in three dimensions

Involutional symmetry

Cyclic symmetry

Dihedral symmetry
Polyhedral group

Tetrahedral symmetry

Octahedral symmetry

Icosahedral symmetry

tetrahedron
tetrahedron
orientation-preserving
symmetry order
symmetric group
alternating subgroup
discrete point symmetries
symmetries on the sphere
crystallographic point groups
cubic crystal system



stereographic projection

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