51:
441:
429:
144:
697:. They formed these militias in response to attacks on pro-regime figures and suspected supporters of the military. Police forces armed them with seized hunting guns and other older weapons. They were initially not given more effective weapons by the military, as they feared that arms they give might end up in the hands of the resistance forces. But by January 2024, it began transferring assault rifles to them and allowed them more autonomy. Burmese security forces have leveraged Pyusawhti militias for reinforcements, military intelligence, and knowledge of local terrain, especially in the
465:
316:
191:
381:
204:
393:
157:
453:
369:
280:
251:
405:
304:
178:
328:
229:
131:
511:
292:
263:
340:
417:
357:
728:
Pyusawhti militias target resistance members and participate in atrocities committed by regime forces. Such actions lead to retaliations by the resistance. Consequently, both sides engage in reprisals against suspected supporters of the opposite side.
600:
in counterinsurgency operations. The army attempted to disband and disarm them after the 1958 coup with mixed success. The
Pyusawhti quickly became the personal militaries of local leaders appointed by the
576:, which in turn utilises them to compensate for its lack of local knowledge and intelligence, as well as its shortage of manpower. Observers have noted ties with extremist nationalist groups like the
897:
1718:
1698:
813:
964:
1865:
1223:
1023:
1741:
1826:
1002:
1172:
1675:
1557:
1240:
1232:
475:
1791:
1377:
1050:
938:
1196:
905:
1397:
1477:
1401:
1216:
445:
1142:
1268:
602:
551:
255:
182:
1432:
686:
821:
1471:
1447:
1798:
682:
670:
560:
In 2021, new village-based, loosely organised militia groups collectively known as the
Pyusawhti emerged. These militias, officially called
497:
1786:
1441:
848:
234:
663:
628:
The term 'Pyusawhti' re-emerged in the 2000s, used by
Burmese media in reference to pro-military networks of irregulars mobilized by the
1580:
1437:
1353:
1209:
972:
733:
605:, the dominant political party at the time. They would rampage rural areas to force votes during the 1956 and 1960 elections. After the
569:
409:
344:
320:
50:
1512:
1371:
469:
397:
1027:
799:
1665:
1506:
1422:
1610:
1293:
421:
1482:
1327:
705:
577:
1615:
1546:
1819:
1728:
1660:
1575:
1516:
1357:
1283:
332:
994:
717:
678:
606:
568:
and those suspected to be its supporters, who feared attacks by the resistance forces, most of which later turned into the
1736:
1565:
1467:
694:
690:
1870:
1839:
1635:
1407:
685:, the Pyusawhti emerged out of existing local networks of Buddhist nationalists, members of the military's proxy party,
487:
79:
1502:
1492:
1164:
1073:
1708:
1313:
1104:
572:. They conduct attacks on the resistance forces and their perceived supporters. They are given some assistance by the
296:
1426:
1058:
930:
1713:
1650:
1600:
1461:
267:
557:
In the 2000s, Burmese media began using the term to refer to poorly trained irregulars mobilized by the military.
1693:
1625:
1570:
1496:
1487:
1417:
1258:
385:
208:
596:
devised a local village and town defence scheme, which used paramilitary units called 'Pyusawhti' to assist the
1655:
1630:
1595:
1536:
1451:
1323:
433:
542:) refers to three distinct groups of pro-military militias in Myanmar. The term was first used in 1955, when
1620:
1542:
1277:
1262:
1252:
1756:
1640:
1387:
1298:
1273:
308:
1814:
1781:
1769:
1526:
1392:
89:
1134:
1764:
1522:
1361:
1347:
744:
Pyusawhti militias are accused of forcible recruitment. Locals claimed that they and soldiers of the
361:
161:
550:
operations. After a coup in 1958, the army tried to disband them, as they had become loyal to local
1585:
1411:
1343:
1333:
1307:
745:
629:
573:
565:
457:
109:
1703:
1457:
1338:
1303:
1288:
659:
373:
284:
272:
195:
113:
104:
856:
748:
threatened to cut off food and water supply or seize houses if they didn't agree to join them.
1776:
547:
1532:
698:
618:
534:
523:
97:
1746:
1645:
1382:
349:
1201:
1751:
1688:
1859:
1590:
765:
1683:
1367:
84:
17:
1248:
492:
546:'s government created Pyusawhti paramilitary units to assist the military with
1605:
632:. Burmese security forces had previously deployed similar networks, including
510:
93:
592:, a legendary king in Burmese history. In 1955, the Burmese government under
1135:"Conflict between Myanmar's proxy forces may outlast a political resolution"
1081:
779:
589:
1112:
1844:
674:
597:
148:
666:, but the irregulars faced strong resistance and were often fought off.
784:
135:
965:"'A threat to the revolution': Pyusawhti returns to post-coup Myanmar"
1318:
898:"Resisting the Resistance: Myanmar's Pro-military Pyusawhti Militias"
732:
Some villages with
Pyusawhti militias face social isolation, and the
704:
Observers have noted ties with extremist nationalist groups like the
610:
1111:. The International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from
1080:. The International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from
766:"Tatmadaw order to change the arm patch of local people's militias"
554:
politicians. However, their attempt was not completely successful.
677:
troops and helped to occupy contested areas. In the wake of the
662:
in 2007. Similar tactics were used against demonstrators in the
593:
543:
1205:
673:, newly formed militias called the Pyusawhti often fought with
995:"As the Conflict Worsens, Myanmar's Junta Arms the Populace"
1719:
United
National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
1074:"The Dry Zone: an existential struggle in central Myanmar"
1024:"Thirty Junta Soldiers reportedly killed in Upper Myanmar"
736:
restrict their access to necessities like food and fuel.
1699:
Federal
Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee
814:"A Silent Sangha? Buddhist Monks in Post-coup Myanmar"
1105:"Myanmar's regime shrinks further towards the centre"
1165:"Cannon fodder: Inside Myanmar's Pyusawhti militias"
1807:
1727:
1674:
1556:
1239:
505:
483:
217:
119:
103:
78:
60:
32:
1051:"At least 20 killed in air raid on Magway village"
931:"'Killing the weeds': Village warfare in Myingyan"
855:. Vol. 11, no. 1. Yangon. Archived from
716:This section deals with Pyusawhti militias after
689:, and army veterans formed in the lead-up to the
1026:. The Irrawaddy. 1 February 2022. Archived from
625:) militia units, making the Pyusawhti obsolete.
1827:Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong
1217:
780:"Pyusawhti capture and burn down PDF's bases"
637:
39:
8:
1866:Paramilitary organisations based in Myanmar
800:"Pyusawhti leader shot dead in Bago region"
643:
1224:
1210:
1202:
29:
1197:Crisis Group report on Pyusawhti militias
959:
957:
955:
757:
535:[pjù.sɔ́.tʰípjì.θu̼sɪʔ.tæʔ.mjá]
924:
922:
842:
840:
838:
687:Union Solidarity and Development Party
1233:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar
1049:Wah, Maung Shwe (December 19, 2021).
892:
890:
888:
886:
533:
446:People's Revolution Alliance (Magway)
7:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
603:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
506:Flag of the Pyusawhti militia groups
256:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
183:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
564:, were formed by supporters of the
345:Karenni Nationalities Defence Force
321:Karen National Defence Organisation
1005:from the original on 11 March 2023
25:
993:Thang, Lian Bawi (9 March 2023).
1742:China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
820:. March 10, 2023. Archived from
706:Patriotic Association of Myanmar
683:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
613:would replace them with his own
578:Patriotic Association of Myanmar
509:
498:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
463:
451:
439:
427:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
355:
338:
326:
314:
302:
290:
278:
261:
249:
227:
202:
189:
176:
155:
142:
129:
49:
1175:from the original on 2024-01-05
1145:from the original on 2022-05-19
941:from the original on 2024-07-17
849:"From Pyusawhti to the Present"
664:Myanmar protests (2021–present)
658:), during the crackdown on the
470:Ta'ang National Liberation Army
55:Arm patch of people’s militias
1820:Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement
422:People's Defence Force - Kalay
333:Karen National Liberation Army
1:
1072:Loong, Shona (July 5, 2022).
724:Increase in communal violence
695:National League for Democracy
691:2020 Myanmar general election
1840:Internal conflict in Myanmar
971:. 2021-07-14. Archived from
904:. 2022-04-06. Archived from
528:ပျူစောထီးပြည်သူ့စစ်အဖွဲ့များ
488:Internal conflict in Myanmar
41:ပျူစောထီးပြည်သူ့စစ်အဖွဲ့များ
1103:Loong, Shona (March 2024).
712:Effect on local communities
297:Chin National Defence Force
1887:
1714:Three Brotherhood Alliance
847:Pho Thar Aung (Jan 2003).
715:
476:Ethnic Armed Organizations
1835:
1694:Chin Brotherhood Alliance
638:
622:
527:
386:Myanmar Royal Dragon Army
235:National Unity Government
209:Shanni Nationalities Army
48:
40:
38:
37:
27:Militia groups in Myanmar
1109:The Myanmar Conflict Map
1078:The Myanmar Conflict Map
929:Hein Thar (2024-07-02).
679:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
607:1962 Burmese coup d'état
434:People's Liberation Army
398:National Liberation Army
734:People’s Defense Forces
570:People's Defence Forces
105:Political position
671:2021 Myanmar civil war
531:Burmese pronunciation:
493:Conflict in Shan State
410:People's Defence Force
309:Chinland Defense Force
1737:Communist (1948–1988)
1163:Ye Mon (2023-12-06).
74:– 1962; 2000s-present
740:Forcible recruitment
588:The name comes from
162:Myanmar Police Force
90:Buddhist nationalism
1871:Military of Myanmar
1030:on February 4, 2023
746:military of Myanmar
574:military of Myanmar
566:military of Myanmar
458:Student Armed Force
362:Kayan New Land Army
243:Non-state opponents
1704:Federal Union Army
859:on March 19, 2023.
660:Saffron Revolution
520:Pyusawhti militias
374:Kuki National Army
285:Chin National Army
273:Black Leopard Army
196:Pa-O National Army
62:Dates of operation
33:Pyusawhti Militias
1853:
1852:
1709:Northern Alliance
1115:on March 31, 2024
1061:on April 5, 2023.
975:on March 15, 2023
908:on March 15, 2023
824:on March 11, 2023
788:. 16 August 2023.
630:military of Burma
562:People's militias
548:counterinsurgency
517:
516:
18:Pyusawhti militia
16:(Redirected from
1878:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1169:Frontier Myanmar
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:. Archived from
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
969:Frontier Myanmar
961:
950:
949:
947:
946:
935:Frontier Myanmar
926:
917:
916:
914:
913:
894:
861:
860:
844:
833:
832:
830:
829:
810:
804:
803:
796:
790:
789:
776:
770:
769:
762:
718:the coup in 2021
699:Dry Zone theater
657:
654:
653:masters of force
651:
648:
645:
641:
640:
624:
598:Burmese military
537:
532:
529:
513:
484:Battles and wars
468:
467:
466:
456:
455:
454:
444:
443:
442:
432:
431:
430:
420:
419:
418:
408:
407:
406:
396:
395:
394:
384:
383:
382:
372:
371:
370:
360:
359:
358:
343:
342:
341:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
306:
305:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
266:
265:
264:
254:
253:
252:
232:
231:
230:
207:
206:
205:
194:
193:
192:
181:
180:
179:
169:Non-state allies
160:
159:
158:
147:
146:
145:
134:
133:
132:
98:Ultranationalism
73:
71:
63:
53:
44:
43:
42:
30:
21:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1831:
1803:
1729:Armed conflicts
1723:
1670:
1552:
1235:
1230:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1139:Radio Free Asia
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1084:on July 5, 2022
1071:
1070:
1066:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1006:
992:
991:
987:
978:
976:
963:
962:
953:
944:
942:
928:
927:
920:
911:
909:
896:
895:
864:
846:
845:
836:
827:
825:
812:
811:
807:
798:
797:
793:
778:
777:
773:
764:
763:
759:
754:
742:
726:
721:
714:
655:
652:
649:
646:
586:
530:
464:
462:
452:
450:
440:
438:
428:
426:
416:
414:
404:
402:
392:
390:
380:
378:
368:
366:
356:
354:
350:Kawthoolei Army
339:
337:
327:
325:
315:
313:
303:
301:
291:
289:
279:
277:
262:
260:
250:
248:
228:
226:
222:State opponents
203:
201:
190:
188:
177:
175:
171:
156:
154:
143:
141:
130:
128:
96:
92:
88:
69:
67:
61:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1799:post-2021 coup
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:7 EAO Alliance
1686:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1480:
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1465:
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1445:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1351:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1311:
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1296:
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1286:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1256:
1245:
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1237:
1236:
1231:
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1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:External links
1189:
1186:
1185:
1155:
1141:. 2022-05-18.
1126:
1095:
1064:
1041:
1015:
985:
951:
918:
862:
834:
805:
791:
771:
756:
755:
753:
750:
741:
738:
725:
722:
713:
710:
693:to defeat the
585:
582:
515:
514:
507:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
485:
481:
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479:
478:
472:
460:
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436:
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388:
376:
364:
352:
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335:
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311:
299:
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275:
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258:
240:
239:
238:(2021–present)
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211:(2022–present)
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198:(2021–present)
186:
166:
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164:(2021–present)
152:
151:(2021–present)
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1810:
1808:Peace process
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1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
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1292:
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1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
986:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
956:
952:
940:
936:
932:
925:
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1792:2016–present
1684:4K Coalition
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:the original
1108:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1077:
1067:
1059:the original
1054:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
999:The Diplomat
998:
988:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
968:
943:. Retrieved
934:
910:. Retrieved
906:the original
902:Crisis Group
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857:the original
852:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
818:Crisis Group
817:
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794:
783:
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743:
731:
727:
703:
681:and ensuing
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639:စွမ်းအားရှင်
634:swan ar shin
633:
627:
614:
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561:
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552:ruling-party
540:Pyu Saw Htee
539:
519:
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242:
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233:
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168:
167:
124:State allies
123:
1055:Myanmar NOW
669:During the
268:Arakan Army
185:(1956–1962)
138:(1956–2021)
1860:Categories
1815:Ceasefires
1676:Coalitions
1606:Mujahideen
1581:God's Army
1478:PRA-Magway
1179:2024-04-17
1149:2024-04-17
1034:1 February
1009:2023-03-15
979:2023-03-15
945:2024-07-25
912:2023-03-15
828:2024-04-16
752:References
110:Right-wing
94:Militarism
85:Anti-Islam
1787:1991–1992
1757:Karen–Mon
1418:MRDA/BNRA
1119:April 17,
1088:April 16,
623:ကာကွယ်ရေး
590:Pyusawhti
218:Opponents
114:far-right
87:(alleged)
1845:Tatmadaw
1777:Rohingya
1173:Archived
1143:Archived
1003:Archived
939:Archived
675:Tatmadaw
474:Various
149:Tatmadaw
80:Ideology
1761:Kokang
1558:Defunct
785:YouTube
647:
619:Burmese
615:Kakweye
584:History
524:Burmese
136:Myanmar
68: (
1747:Kachin
1433:NSCN-K
1339:KNA(B)
1319:DKBA-5
1241:Active
611:Ne Win
120:Allies
1752:Karen
1611:NDA-K
1503:SSA-S
1493:SSA-N
1402:MNTJP
1398:MNDAA
1378:KNPLF
1269:ABSDF
1782:1978
1770:2015
1765:2009
1666:VBSW
1661:SURA
1656:SSNA
1651:SSCP
1621:RFCP
1616:NUPA
1601:MRDA
1576:DKBA
1566:ARIF
1527:UWSP
1523:UWSA
1517:PSLF
1513:TNLA
1507:RCSS
1497:SSPP
1472:PNLO
1468:PNLA
1423:NDAA
1412:NMSP
1408:MNLA
1383:KTLA
1372:KNPP
1358:KNLA
1354:KNDO
1348:KNLP
1344:KNLA
1314:CNDF
1294:BPLA
1284:ARSA
1121:2024
1090:2024
1036:2022
644:lit.
594:U Nu
544:U Nu
70:1955
66:1955
1646:SSA
1641:RNA
1636:RRF
1631:RPF
1626:RLP
1596:MRA
1591:MTA
1586:KDA
1571:CPA
1547:ZRO
1543:ZRA
1537:WNO
1533:WNA
1488:SNA
1483:RSO
1462:PNO
1458:PNA
1452:CPB
1448:PLA
1442:NUG
1438:PDF
1427:PSC
1393:LDU
1388:KPC
1362:KNU
1334:KNA
1328:KIO
1324:KIA
1308:CNF
1304:CNA
1299:CDF
1289:BLA
1278:ALP
1274:ALA
1263:ANC
1253:ULA
112:to
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1249:AA
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