Play-by-mail game - Knowledge (XXG)

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days or weeks for players to consider moves or turns and players never run out of opponents to face. If desired, some PBM games can be played for years. Additionally, the complexity of PBM games can be far beyond that allowed by a board game in an afternoon, and pit players against live opponents in these conditions—a challenge some players enjoy. PBM games allow the number of opponents or teams in the dozens—with some previous examples over a thousand players. PBM games also allow gamers to interact with others globally. Games with low turn costs compare well with expensive board or video games. Drawbacks include the price for some PBM games with high setup and/or turn costs, and the lack of the ability for face-to-face roleplaying. Additionally, for some players, certain games can be overly complex, and delays in turn processing can be a negative.

679: 300: 403: 176: 159:. In the 1970s and 1980s, some games involved turn results adjudicated completely by humans. Over time, partial or complete turn adjudication by computer became the norm. Games also involve open- and closed-end variants. Open-ended games do not normally end and players can develop their positions to the fullest extent possible; in closed-end games, players pursue victory conditions until a game conclusion. PBM games enable players to explore a diverse array of roles, such as characters in fantasy or medieval settings, 987: 861: – once they're over, they're over". Loth notes that most players in closed end games start equally and the games are "faster paced, usually more intense... presenting frequent player confrontation; the game terminates when a player or alliance of players has achieved specific conditions or eliminated all opposition". Townsend stated in 1990 that closed-end games can have as few as ten and as many as eighty turns. Examples of closed-end games are 1224: 577:—stated that "most turn-based games are now available by email and online". The online Suspense & Decision Games Index, as of June 2021, listed 72 active PBM, PBEM, and turn-based games. In a multiple-article examination of various online turn-based games in 2004 titled "Turning Digital", Colin Forbes concluded that "the number and diversity of these games has been enough to convince me that turn-based gaming is far from dead". 558:

publishers out of business." The Internet also enabled PBM to globalize between the 1990s and 2000s. Early PBM professional gaming typically occurred within single countries. In the 1990s, the largest PBM games were licensed globally, with "each country having its own licensee". By the 2000s, a few major PBM firms began operating globally, bringing about "The Globalisation of PBM" according to Sam Roads of

1545:, a PBM game that reviewer Jim Townsend described in 1988 as "the most complex game system on Earth" with some turn results for large positions at 1,000 pages in length. According to Townsend, in those cases there was a significant investment in time to understand what happened on a turn as well as to fill out future turn orders. He said a player without a spreadsheet was "nearly doomed from the outset". 838:

tends to attract players more interested in role-playing, and Townsend echoes that open-ended games are similar to long-term RPG campaigns. A drawback of this type is that mature games have powerful groups that can pose an unmanageable problem for the beginner – although some may see this situation as a challenge of sorts. Examples of open ended games are

1066:. These sources were solely focused on play-by-mail gaming. Additional PBM information sources included company-specific publications, although Rick Loomis stated that interest was limited to individual companies". Finally, play-by-mail gamers could also draw from "alliances, associations, and senior players" for information. 387:, stated that "recently there has been a rapid diffusion throughout continental Europe where now there are now thousands of players". In 1992, Jon Tindall stated that the number of Australian players was growing, but limited by a relatively small market base. In a 2002 listing of 182 primarily European PBM game publishers and 670:, used email as options for a portion of turn transmittal, with postal service for the remainder. Other games use digital media or web applications to allow players to make turns at speeds faster than postal mail. Given these changes, the term "turn-based games" is now being used by some commentators. 658:

PBM Games vary in the size of the games, turn around time, length of time a game lasts, and prices. An average PBM game has 10–20 players in it, but there are also games that have hundreds of players. Turn around time is the length of time it takes to get your turn back from a company. ... Some games

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PBM games can include Combat, Diplomacy, Politics, Exploration, Economics, and Role-Playing, with combat a usual feature and open-ended games typically the most comprehensive. Jim Townsend identifies the two key figures in PBM games as the players and the moderators, the latter of which are companies

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editor in chief expressed concern about disappointing growth in the PBM community and a reduction in play by established gamers. At the same time, he noted that his analysis indicated that more PBM gamers were playing less, giving the example of an average drop from 5–6 games per player to 2–3 games,

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Play-by-mail games (which became known as "turn-based games" in the digital age) have a number of advantages and disadvantages compared to other kinds of gaming. PBM games have wide ranges for turn lengths. Some games allow turnaround times of a day or less—even hourly. Other games structure multiple

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According to John Kevin Loth III, open-ended games do not end and there is no final objective or way to win the game. Jim Townsend adds that, "players come and go, powers grow and diminish, alliances form and dissolve and so forth". Since surviving, rather than winning, is primary, this type of game

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Eric Stehle, owner and operator of Empire Games in 1997, stated that some games cannot be won alone and require diplomacy. He suggested considering the following diplomatic points during gameplay: (1) "Know Your Neighbors", (2) "Make Sure Potential Allies Share Your Goals", (3) "Be A Good Ally", (4)

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The earliest PBM games were played using the postal services of the respective countries. In 1990, the average turn-around time for a turn was 2–3 weeks. However, in the 1990s, email was introduced to PBM games. This was known as play-by-email (PBEM). Some games used email solely, while others, such

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that the complexity of PBM games is much higher than other types on the average. He noted that PBM games at the extreme high end can have a thousand or more players as well as thousands of units to manage, while turn printouts can range from a simple one-page result to hundreds of pages (with three

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affected the PBM world in various ways. Rick Loomis stated in 1999 that, "With the growth of the Internet, seems to have shrunk and a lot of companies dropped out of the business in the last 4 or 5 years." Shannon Appelcline agreed, noting in 2014 that, "The advent of the Internet knocked most PBM

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Paul Brown, the president of Reality Simulations, Inc., estimated in 1988 that there were about 20,000 steady play-by-mail gamers, with potentially another 10–20,000 who tried PBM gaming but did not stay. Flying Buffalo Inc. conducted a survey of 167 of its players in 1984. It indicated that 96% of

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Jim Townsend noted in 1990 that hundreds of PBM games were available, ranging from "all science fiction and fantasy themes to such exotics as war simulations (generally more complex world war games than those which wargamers play), duelling games, humorous games, sports simulations, etc". In 1993,

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magazine warning those thinking of entering the professional PBM field of the importance of playtesting games to mitigate the risk of failure. By the late 1980s, of the more than one hundred play-by-mail companies operating, the majority were hobbies, not run as businesses to make money. Townsend

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pioneered the first commercially available PBM game in 1970. A small number of PBM companies followed in the 1970s, with an explosion of hundreds of startup PBM companies in the 1980s at the peak of PBM gaming popularity, many of them small hobby companies—more than 90 percent of which eventually

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article echoed this advice, recommending that players get to know their opponents. He also recommended asking direct questions of opponents on their future intentions, as their responses, true or false, provide useful information. However, he advises players to be truthful in PBM diplomacy, as a

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Judith Proctor noted that play-by-mail games have a number of advantages. These include (1) plenty of time—potentially days—to plan a move, (2) never lacking players to face who have "new tactics and ideas", (3) the ability to play an "incredibly complex" game against live opponents, (4) meeting

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In the late 70's and all of the 80's, many small PBM firms have opened their doors and better than 90% of them have failed. Although PBM is an easy industry to get into, staying in business is another thing entirely. Literally hundreds of PBM companies have come and gone, most of them taking the

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Greenberg identified a number of drawbacks for play-by-mail games. He stated that the clearest was the cost, because most games require a setup cost and a fee per turn, and some games can become expensive. Another drawback is the lack of face-to-face interaction inherent in play-by-mail games.

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game in the United States in approximately 1971, Rick Loomis suggested that he run the game in the UK with Flying Buffalo providing the computer moderation. ICBM Games led the industry in the UK as a result of this proxy method of publishing Flying Buffalo's PBM games, along with KJC games and

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In the early 1980s, the field of PBM players was growing. Individual PBM game moderators were plentiful in 1980. However, the PBM industry in 1980 was still nascent: there were still only two sizable commercial PBM companies, and only a few small ones. The most popular PBM games of 1980 were

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Game turns can be processed simultaneously or serially. In simultaneously processed games, the publisher processes turns from all players together according to an established sequence. In serial-processed games, turns are processed when received within the determined turn processing window.

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noted in 2005 that "It's normal to play these ... games with international firms and a global player base. Games have been designed that can involve large numbers of players – much larger than can gather for face-to-face gaming." Finally, some PBM games can be played for years, if desired.

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In the 1980s, PBM companies began using computers to moderate games. This was in part for economic reasons, as computers allowed the processing of more turns than humans, but with less of a human touch in the prose of a turn result. According to John Kevin Loth III, one hundred percent

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to publish turn results. The 1980s were also noteworthy in that PBM games designed and published in this decade were written specifically for the genre versus adapted from other existing games. Thus they tended to be more complicated and gravitated toward requiring computer assistance.

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indicates an unusual role as players struggle "in a 3D pool of primordial ooze the evolution of a legion of micro-organisms". Loth advises that closer identification with a role increases enjoyment, but prioritizing this aspect requires more time searching for the right PBM game.

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After the initial setup of a PBM game, players begin submitting turn orders. In general, players fill out an order sheet for a game and return it to the gaming company. The company processes the orders and sends back turn results to the players so they can make subsequent moves.

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with its 100-page instruction manual and 255 possible orders. A.D. Young stated in 1982 that computers could assist PBM gamers in various ways including accounting for records, player interactions, and movements, as well as computation or analysis specific to individual games.

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PBM games up to the 1980s came from multiple sources: some were adapted from existing games and others were designed solely for postal play. In 1985, Pete Tamlyn stated that most popular games had already been attempted in postal play, noting that none had succeeded as well as

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magazine stated in 1994 that it had begun carrying a 16-page PBM section. This section, called "Post Marque", was discontinued after the March/April 1995 issue (#18), after which PBM coverage was integrated into other magazine sections. In its January–February 1995 issue,

286:. Schubel & Son introduced fee structure innovations which allowed players to pay for additional options or special actions outside of the rules. For players with larger bankrolls, this provided advantages and the ability to game the system. The next big entrant was 891:

computer-moderated games would also kill a player's character or empire emotionlessly, regardless of the effort invested. Alternatively, Loth noted that those preferring exquisite pages of prose would gravitate toward one hundred percent human moderation. Loth provided

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In 1984, the PBM industry created a Play-by-Mail Association. This organization had multiple charter members by early 1985 and was holding elections for key positions. One of its proposed functions was to reimburse players who lost money after a PBM business failed.

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assistant editor Jim Townsend, "The most important aspect of PBM games is the diplomacy. If you don't communicate with the other players you will be labeled a 'loner', 'mute', or just plain 'dead meat'. You must talk with the others to survive". The editors of

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Townsend emphasized the risks for the PBM industry in that "The new PBM company has such a small chance of surviving that no insurance company would write a policy to cover them. Skydivers are a better risk." W.G. Armintrout wrote a 1982 article in

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The proliferation of PBM companies in the 1980s supported the publication of a number of newsletters from individual play-by-mail companies as well as independent publications which focused solely on the play-by-mail gaming industry. As of 1983,

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never end. They can go on virtually forever or until you decide to drop. Many games have victory conditions that can be achieved within a year or two. Prices vary for the different PBM games, but the average price per turn is about $ 5.00.

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reputation for honesty is useful in the long-term. Chapman notes that "everything is negotiable" and advises players to "Keep your plans flexible, your options open – don't commit yourself, or your forces, to any long term strategy".

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The 1990s brought changes to the PBM world. In the early 1990s, trending PBM games increased in complexity. In this period, email also became an option to transmit turn orders and results. These are called play-by-email (PBEM) games.

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stated that the average turn processing time in 1987 was two weeks, and Loth noted that this was also the most common. Some companies offered longer turnaround times for overseas players or other reasons. In 1985, the publisher for

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stated in 2005 that "play-by-mail games are often called turn-based games now that most of them are played via the internet". In the 2023 issues of Suspense & Decision, the publisher used the term "Turn Based Distance Gaming".

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R. Danard further separates a typical PBM turn into four parts. First, the company informs players on the results of the last turn. Next players conduct diplomatic activities, if desired. Then, they send their next turns to the

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John W. Kelly, Jr. and Mike Scheid also noted that Jim Dutton "decided to write a short story for each turn and the narrative game was born". Kelley and Scheid did not identify the timeframe or which company Dutton worked

347:, which became "immensely popular". In the same way, many people launched PBM companies, trying their hand at finding the right mix of action and strategy for the gaming audience of the period. According to Jim Townsend: 1191:

Besides articles and reviews on PBM games, authors have also published PBM fiction articles according to Shannon Muir. An early example called "Scapegoat" by Mike Horn appeared in the May–June 1984 issue of

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noted that there were games with a mix of computer and hand moderation, where games "would have the numbers run by the computer and special actions in the game would receive attention from the game master".

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This selection does not include two listed U.S. Zines, nor does it account for countries of PBM game publishers with no listed physical address—only a web address with a .com-based URL. In a 1995 issue of

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first issue was published in the United States. In the mid-1980s, general gaming magazines also began carrying articles on PBM and ran PBM advertisements. PBM games were featured in magazines like

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Steve Pritchard described PBM game types as ancient wargames, diplomacy games, fantasy wargames, power games, roleplaying games, and sports games. Some PBM games defy easy categorization, such as

508:. One publisher in 2002 called PBM games "Interactive Strategy Games". Turn around time ranges for modern PBM games are wide enough that PBM magazine editors now use the term "turn-based games". 421:. Tamlyn added that there was significant experimentation in adapting games to postal play at the time and that most games could be played by mail. These adapted games were typically run by a 205:

manages the game, receiving moves and publishing adjudications. According to Shannon Appelcline, there was some PBM play in the 1960s, but not much. For example, some wargamers began playing

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Play-by-mail games are multifaceted. In their earliest form they involved two players mailing each other directly by postal mail, such as in correspondence chess. Multi-player games, such as

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stated that "For the past several years, PBM gaming has increased in popularity." That year, there were a few hundred PBM games available for play globally. However, in 1994, David Webber,

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In 1986, play-by-email was a nascent service only being offered by the largest PBM companies. By the 1990s, players had more options for online play-by-mail games. For example, in 1995,

228:, which launched in 1970. This began the professional PBM industry in the United States. Professional game moderation started in 1971 at Flying Buffalo which added games such as 624:, costing $ 189. Andrew Greenberg pointed to the high number of players possible in a PBM game, comparing it to his past failure at attempting once to host a live eleven-player 714:

to seven as the average). According to John Kevin Loth, "Novices should appreciate that some games are best played by veterans." In 1986, he highlighted the complexity of

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suggesting it could be due to financial reasons. In early 1997, David Webber stated that multiple PBM game moderators had noted a drop in players over the previous year.

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Companies in the early 1990s also offered games with both open- and closed-ended versions. Additionally, games could have elements of both versions; for example, in

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in 1978. Reviewer Jim Townsend asserted that it was "the most complex game system on Earth" with some large position turn results 1,000 pages in length.

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Loth noted that, in 1986, $ 3–5 per turn was the most prevalent cost. At the time, some games were free, while others cost as much as $ 100 per turn.

402: 5093: 818:. These include "trader, fighter, explorer, diplomat". Roles range from pirates to space characters to "previously unknown creatures". In the game 790: 1204:, and Chris Harvey's "It Was the Only Thing He Could Do...", about a conglomeration of PBM games. Simon Williams, the gamemaster of the PBM game 1429:

Roads did not give an exact year, but discussed a period prior to widespread use of email when PBM players used telephones to conduct diplomacy.

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are among the oldest examples of this. In these two-player games, players sent moves directly to each other. Multi-player games emerged later:

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is an example of a game where the company transitioned from human- to computer-moderated to mitigate issues related to a growing player base.

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Mills, Craig William (July–August 1994). "How Will You Keep Them Down on the Farm? Or Why My Mail Fix Doesn't Thrill Me the Way it Used To".

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In 1984, there was a shift toward mixed moderation—human moderated games with computer-moderated aspects such as combat. Examples included

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similarly assessed the state of the PBM industry in its early days while also noting the existence of few non-English companies.

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estimated that, in 1988, there were about a dozen profitable PBM companies in the United States—with an additional few in the

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in the U.S. were out of print. John Kevin Loth identified that, in 1986, the "three major information sources in PBM" were

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By the 1980s, interest in PBM gaming in Europe increased. The first UK PBM convention was in 1986. In 1993, the founder of

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The editor, Bob Bost, noted that this magazine had mainly Simcoarum Games-related content, but also some broader PBM news.

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Some players, unhappy with their experiences with Schubel & Son and Superior Simulations, launched their own company—

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magazine published their 1980 Game Survey results, listing the following PBM games in order of reader ranking from 1–9:

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In the early 1990s, the PBM industry still maintained some of the player momentum from the 1980s. For example, in 1993,

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The earliest play-by-mail games developed as a way for geographically separated gamers to compete with each other using

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entries, to include one each from Austria and France, six from Germany, one from Greece, and one from the Netherlands.

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who receives and processes orders and adjudicates turn results for players. These games also introduced the element of

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began a regular PBM column beginning in issue #11 as well as publishing an annual PBM issue beginning with issue #16.

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Popolizio, Mike; LeBlanc, Liz; Popolizio, Marti (January–February 1990). "Revamping a Classic! The Redesign of BSE".

701:(GM). Finally, the turns are processed and the cycle is repeated. This continues until the game or a player is done. 6574: 6511: 6194: 6064: 5035: 5024: 5013: 4934: 4099: 1517:

Jim Townsend stated in 1990 that PBM game participation at the high end could involve more than a thousand players.

1237: 1001: 436: 110: 1319:"first annual survey of play-by-mail companies" stated that "ndividual moderators are much too numerous to list". 824:, players assume the role of a monster which explores a massive island (see image). And the title of the PBM game 6595: 6209: 5898: 5604: 5589: 6000: 5610: 5498: 1139: 1079:

also carried PBM articles and reviews. Additional minor information sources included gaming magazines such as "

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Finally, game complexity in some cases and occasional turn processing delays can be negatives in the genre.

3663: 882:, an open-ended PBM game published by Graaf Simulations, a player could win by accumulating 50,000 points. 735: 6405: 6202: 1641:

also stated in its January–February 1995 issue that Shadis's "Post Marque" section was about to be closed.

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diverse gamers from far-away locations, and (5) relatively low costs. In 2019, Rick McDowell, designer of

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For approximately five years, Flying Buffalo was the single dominant company in the US PBM industry until

99: 6029: 5849: 5692: 781:"Coordinate Carefully With Your Allies", (5) "Be A Vicious Enemy", and (6) "Fight One Enemy At A Time". 593: 5912: 1114: 626: 132:. These magazines eventually went out of print, replaced in the 21st century by the online PBM journal 32: 6278: 5864: 5843: 5835: 5341: 916: 620: 206: 90: 5044:

Myers, David (November 1982). "The Worm: Or, Why Do I Doubt It? Because I Keep My Own Promises...".

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Armintrout, W.G. (November 1982). "The Great Buffalo Hunt: Heroic Fantasy vs. Catacombs of Chaos".

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was available to play with hourly turns. In the 21st century, many games of this genre are called

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Muir, Shannon (September–October 1994). "PBM Fiction: Why Write It, Why Read It, Who Needs It?".

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ran into the 21st century, but ceased publication in 2010. In November 2013, online PBM journal

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By 2014 the PBM community had shrunk compared to previous decades. A single PBM magazine exists—

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Greenberg, Andrew (May–June 1993). "PBM Corner: A Beginning in Play-By-Mail; Is It Worth It?".

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Gray, Mike (April 1983). "The PBM Scene: Facts You Can Use When YOU Choose What Game to Play".

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Helzer, Herb (January–February 1993). "Monster Island: Just One Destination for PBM Company".

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Kelly, Jr, John W.; Scheid, Mike (May–June 1985). "Prehistoric PBM: First World in Review".

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PBM commentator Patrick Rogers stated that PBM popularity was highest in the US at the time.

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Freitas, Werner (August–September 1990). "PBM Corner: Role Playing in Play-by-Mail Games".

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in 1984. In the early 1990s, Martin Popp also began publishing a quarterly PBM magazine in

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Rodgers, Patrick M. (January–February 1995). "Post Marque Special Play-By-Mail Section".

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Townsend, Jim (January–February 1987). "How to Win in PBM—An Organizational Viewpoint".

1223: 587:"PBM games blow the doors off of anything in the face-to-face or computer game market." 6538: 6272: 6037: 5892: 5757: 5721: 5568: 5397: 4436:

1984 article on the prospects of PBEM with assembled evidence from PBM figures such as

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magazine's webpage lists its most recent issue (No. 130) with a copyright date of 2010.

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Browning, Joey (November–December 1993). "Firebreather: High Quality, Low Challenge".

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Rodgers, Patrick M. (September 1993). "Welcome to the World of Play-by-Mail Gaming".

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In the mid-1980s, other gaming magazines also began venturing into PBM. For example,

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Derbacher, C.L. (1983). "PBM Game Players: Who Are They? What Games Do They Play?".

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has been played by mail since 1963, introducing a multi-player aspect to PBM games.

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stated that it was the only German-language PBM magazine. In its March 1992 issue,

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folded. A number of independent PBM magazines also started in the 1980s, including

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Young, A.D. (September 1982). "Deus Ex Machina: Utility Programs for PBM Gamers".

4051:"Letter from Rick Loomis to the Play By Mail/Email/Web/Turn Based Games Community" 1138:

In the early 1990s, Martin Popp also began publishing a quarterly PBM magazine in

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Early reviews of one game each by two of the larger PBM publishers of the period.

1009:) was the first PBM magazine not published by a PBM company. The name changed to 155:

in which participants can discuss gameplay with each other, strategize, and form

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Rodgers, Patrick M. (July–August 1994). "Welcome to Play-by-Mail (PBM) Gaming".

4437: 4271:"Using Play By Mail in a Novel's Plot: The Story Behind for the Love of Airagos" 4137:"What's Your Game? Top Tier Episodic Strategy Game (PBEM) Design Considerations" 3395:

Armintrout, W.G. (January–February 1984). "A Gentle Art: Human-Moderated PBMs".

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Proctor, Judith (March–April 1993). "PBM Corner: Not Just for a Dull Evening".

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Paduch, Sally (June 27, 1993). "Email Brings Immediacy to Play-By-Mail Games".

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magazine. Examples include "A Loaf of Bread" by Suzanna Y. Snow about the game

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Dias, Dan (December 1997 – January 1998). "Bring Me the Head of Paul Brown".

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Designers & Dragons: The 70s: A History of the Roleplaying Game Industry

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add that "The interaction with other players is what makes PBM enjoyable."

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By the end of the 1990s, the number of PBM publications had also declined.

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Dag Weber Briefspiele (January–February 1995). "You Still Have to Wait!".

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scheduled three month turn processing times after a break in operations.

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Example player orders in email format for a portion of a turn in the game

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began publication in the United Kingdom in October 1983, the month before

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was the primary magazine in this market. In July 1983, the first issue of

6468: 6300: 5976: 5235: 4337: 971: 654:—a magazine for play-by-mail gamers—described play-by-mail games thusly: 648:

that charge "turn fees" to players—the cost for each game turn. In 1993,

554: 526:

magazine that the United States had over 300 PBM games. And in 1993, the

446:

was published. The first issue was a newsletter with a print run of 100.

156: 5117: 3647: 520:

listed 185 active play-by-mail games. Patrick M. Rodgers also stated in

163:, inner city gangs, or more unusual ones such as assuming the role of a 6419: 5457: 5249: 4126:

McClain, Bob (May–June 1985). "The Rise and Fall of Gaming Universal".

3376: 1354: 734:

began simply and gradually increased in complexity. As of August 2021,

606: 492:

its players were male with most in their 20s and 30s. Nearly half were

426: 242: 201:

is an early example of this type, emerging in 1963, in which a central

42: 4686:"Suspense and Decision Magazine: A PBM Magazine for the 21st Century!" 4670:"Suspense and Decision Magazine: A PBM Magazine for the 21st Century!" 618:, with many of the latter going for about $ 70, and a top-rated game, 496:

workers, 28% were students, and the remainder engineers and military.

6433: 5927: 5793: 5168: 5136: 5002:

Brown, Jean (January–February 1991). "What is Play-By-Mail Gaming?".

4588: 4542: 1160: 1013:

and it eventually went out of print. In 1983, the U.S. PBM magazines

522: 4669: 3597:

DuBois, Steven (January–February 1997). "Monster Island: A Review".

1504:

final issue had been previously published without providing a date.

17: 5060:"Paper Mayhem: A Critical Resource During the Heyday of PBM Gaming" 4764:

Townsend, Jim (March–April 1987). "A Real Look at Heroic Fantasy".

4660:

Stehle, Eric (May–June 1997). "Play-By-Mail Diplomacy Strategies".

1025:

in the UK. Also in 1983, PBM games were featured in magazines like

5983: 1348: 985: 788: 677: 406:

List of PBM Game Ratings from the November–December 1993 issue of

401: 298: 188: 174: 82: 31: 5077:"Flagship Magazine: Spanning Two Millenia of Play-by-Mail Gaming" 4809:

Townsend, Jim (June–July 1990). "PBM Corner: PBM For Beginners".

4486:

Pritchard, Steve (May 1993). "There's No Way I'm Playing That!".

315:

with a company called ICBM. After Harvey played Flying Buffalo's

4016:

Loomis, Rick (July–August 1985). "Rick Loomis on Play-By-Mail".

3525:. No. 16. White Wolf Publishing. June–July 1989. p. 1. 1581:

Games with unusual player types have mixed success in PBM, with

388: 78: 74: 5172: 3922:"Remember When Multiplayer Gaming Needed Envelopes and Stamps?" 3490:

Capps, Jon (January–February 2023). "Suspense & Decision".

3479:

Browning, Joey (January–February 1995). "The Spokesmen Speak".

907:

as one hundred percent human-moderated examples of the period.

728:

was "the most complex game system on Earth". Other games, like

5137:"Suspense & Decision: A PBM Magazine for the 21st Century" 4704:

Tamlyn, Pete (Spring 1985). "Adapting Games for Postal Play".

3664:"Flagship: The Independent Magazine for Gamers; Issue 130 PDF" 546:

ceased publication unexpectedly in 1998 after Webber's death.

476:. The PBM genre's two preeminent magazines of the period were 27:

Games played through postal mail, email or other digital media

5022:

Derbacher, C.L. (1983). "What Makes a PBM Gamemaster Tick?".

3716:

Flagship Editors (Summer 1985). "The Gaming Universal Fold".

1438:

Flagship listed 19 Australian PBM companies in the same year.

259:

is generally recognized as the founder of the PBM industry."

4872:

Webber, David (March–April 1997). "Where We're Heading...".

4516: 3606:

Editors (July–August 1985). "Rick Loomis on Play-By-Mail ".

1269:(TBGs) that evolved from the PBM genre are a subset of TBGs. 1119:

magazines provided PBM coverage along with Flying Buffalo's

999:

Rick Loomis of Flying Buffalo Games stated in 1985 that the

4321:

Games Mastership: How to Design and Run a Play-By-Mail Game

4190:"An Open Invitation To the Player Base of Turn-Based Games" 4007:

Loomis, Rick (October 1984). "Survey Results from FBQ#49".

3949:

Kaiser, Mark (November–December 1983). "Behind the Lines".

3736:

Flagship Editors (January–February 1995). "Galactic View".

3384:

Armintrout, W.G. (September 1982). "Playtesting Your PBM".

5118:"Play by Email (PBeM) & Play by Mail (PBM) List Index" 4845:

Webber, David (July–August 1987). "Where We're Heading…".

3468:

Browning, Joey (July–August 1994). "The Spokesmen Speak".

5058:

Spencer, David and Shannon Muir Broden (April 16, 2021).

4089:

Loth III, John Kevin (March–April 1986). "A PBM Primer".

4080:

Loth III, John Kevin (March–April 1986). "A PBM Primer".

3834:

Gray, Mike (April 1985). "PBM Update: News & Views".

814:

Play-by-mail games also provide a wide array of possible

504:

reported in 1992 that they knew of 40 PBM gamemasters on

4854:

Webber, David (March–April 1988). "Where We're Headed".

4651:

Snow, Suzanne Y. (March–April 1995). "A Loaf of Bread".

3993:

Play by Email (PBeM) & Play by Mail (PBM) List Index

3973:

Play by Email (PBeM) & Play by Mail (PBM) List Index

2406: 2404: 2238: 2236: 311:

Chris Harvey started the commercial PBM industry in the

1539:

Vern Holford, owner of Superior Simulations, developed

4827:

Paper Mayhem (January–February 1993). "Front Matter".

4722:

Thomas, Cameron (March 1992). "Warriors and Wizards".

4504:

Proctor, Judith (March 1992). "You Bash the Balrog!".

4495:

Proctor, Judith (March–April 1993). "The PBM Corner".

3516:. No. 11. White Wolf Publishing. 1988. p. 2. 2521: 2519: 2265: 2263: 1212:

about the possibility of writing a PBM fiction novel.

3628:

Editors (September–October 1985). "PBM News Briefs".

3437:

Bennett, Dave (March–April 1995). "Dark Beginnings".

610:, compared PBM costs favorably with the high cost of 5050:

Fiction article about a space-based PBM game called

4863:

Webber, David (Mar–Apr 1994). "Where We're Headed".

3792:. No. 99. October–November 2002. pp. 50–51 1288:

Schubel and Son first entered the PBM field in 1974.

278: 247: 6567: 6521: 6482: 6180: 6022: 5993: 5821: 5803: 5771: 5656: 5449: 5298: 5266: 5206: 5011:Cate III, Henry (1983). "Starting a PBM Business". 4468:Pehr, Ronald (November 1980). "Fantasies By Mail". 1169:editor noted that their "main European competitor" 899:as popular computer-moderated examples in 1986 and 4903:. No. 68. September–October 1994. p. 42. 4733:Tindall, Jon (March 1992). "The Spokesmen Speak". 4315:Interview with John C. Muir, long-time PBM author. 3854:Harvey, Chris (Spring 1984). "The Future of PBM". 3617:Editors (April 1981). "1980 Game Survey Results". 3494:. No. 23. Talisman Consulting. p. Cover. 1500:, noted in its November 2013 inaugural issue that 853:Townsend states that "closed-ended games are like 4800:Townsend, Jim (February 1989). "The PBM Corner". 4534:The Journal of the PBM Gamer: What is PBM Gaming? 3775:. No. 26. September–October 1987. p. 1. 3499:Chapman, Rob (Winter 1983). "How to Win at PBM". 147:or more complex games available today, involve a 4592:. No. 9. The Alderac Group. pp. 40–42. 4027:"The History of Play-by-Mail and Flying Buffalo" 3725:Flagship Editors (March 1992). "Galactic View". 3637:Editors (May–June 1995). "The Spokesmen Speak". 3261: 3259: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1465:began a "Best PBM Game" category in this period. 3818:(7th ed.). Paper Mayhem. 1993. p. 21. 3448:Bost, Bob (March 1992). "The Spokesmen Speak". 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1037:in 1984 as well as Australia's gaming magazine 585: 253: 246:, and others, which by the late 1980s were all 179:Postcard for international correspondence chess 4536:(7th ed.). Paper Mayhem. 1993. p. 4. 4293:Muir, Shannon; Muir, John C. (November 2001). 3592:(4th ed.). Paper Mayhem. 1990. p. 3. 3463:. No. 46 (U.S. ed.). pp. 13–14. 2623: 2621: 2619: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 1683: 1681: 807:, which Joey Browning, the editor of the U.S. 752:—a military strategy game—rated as difficult. 5184: 4944:. No. 19. playbymail.net. pp. 35–40 4601:. No. 14. The Alderac Group. p. 91. 4113:. No. 18. playbymail.net. pp. 42–43 3454:. No. 36 (U.S. ed.). pp. 9–12. 2316: 2314: 1927: 1925: 1834: 1832: 1819: 1817: 8: 4818:"TSG Surveys: Play-By-Mail Game Companies". 4728:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. pp. 21–24. 4717:. No. 85. July–August 1997. p. 27. 4247:. No. 1. PlayByMail.net. pp. 29–34 3809:. No. 6. May–June 1984. pp. 18–20. 3742:. No. 53. U.S. Edition. pp. 48–50. 3102: 3100: 3098: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1599:(as a computer) proving unsuccessful, while 5028:. Vol. 3, no. 16. pp. 26–27. 5017:. Vol. 3, no. 14. pp. 16–17. 4319:Mulholland, Carol; Mulholland, Ken (1989). 2797: 2795: 2567: 2565: 2331: 2329: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2035: 2033: 2031: 811:described as a "Fantasy Exploration" game. 277:entered the field in roughly 1976 with the 6177: 5990: 5446: 5191: 5177: 5169: 4929:Magazine date: December–January 2003/2004. 4881:Woods, John (October 1989). "PBM Update". 4512:Article about PBM on email and Compuserve. 4214:"Hyborian War: A Mindblowing Experience?!" 4183:. No. 50. U.S. Edition. pp. 4–5. 3474:. No. 50. U.S. Edition. pp. 6–9. 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2715: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2050: 2048: 1861: 1859: 1496:Charles Mosteller, the editor in chief of 1328:In their April 1981 issue, the editors of 1200:, "Dark Beginnings" by Dave Bennett about 581:Advantages and disadvantages of PBM gaming 573:. In 2010, Carol Mulholland—the editor of 214:In the early 1970s, in the United States, 4959:"The Suspense & Decision Games Index" 4822:. No. 33. November 1980. p. 13. 4158:"Play By Mail: The Infancy of Cyberspace" 3940:Horn, Mike (May–June 1984). "Scapegoat". 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2139: 2137: 2135: 1876: 1874: 266:The Editors of Space Gamer Magazine, 1985 4791:Townsend, Jim (1988). "The PBM Corner". 4782:Townsend, Jim (1988). "The PBM Corner". 4773:Townsend, Jim (1988). "The PBM Corner". 4750:. No. 35. January 1992. p. 14. 4739:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. p. 12. 4646:. No. 55. U.S. Edition. p. 47. 4510:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. p. 37. 4223:. No. 1. PlayByMail.net. p. 24 4060:. No. 2. p. 38. Archived from 3731:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. p. 54. 3692:Flagship Editors (February–March 2005). 3557:. No. 53. U.S. Edition. p. 29. 3417:. No. 2. p. 16. Archived from 5039:. Vol. 3, no. 17. p. 15. 4389:. No. 130. TimePatterns. p. 3 3747:Forbes, Colin (October–November 2004). 3485:. No. 53. U.S. Edition. p. 7. 1654: 1259: 709:Jim Townsend stated in a 1990 issue of 1881:Popolizio, Leblanc, and Popolizio 1990 1307:dropped hundreds of dollars on turns". 352:money of would-be-customers with them. 4562:Roads, Sam (September–October 2003). 4430:Palmer, Nicky (Autumn 1984). "PBEM". 3989:"PBM / PBEM List Index: Closed-Ended" 542:final publication run ended in 1988. 7: 4623:. The PBM Locomotive. Archived from 4519:. Rick Loomis PBM Games. August 2021 4446:"Flagship 100: A Founder's Memories" 4236:Mosteller, Charles (November 2013). 4212:Mosteller, Charles (November 2013). 722:Reviewer Jim Townsend asserted that 5075:Spencer, David (4 September 2022). 4691:. www.playbymail.net. November 2013 6378:Star Trek: The Correspondence Game 4640:Shadis (May–June 1995). "Shadis". 4295:"Thoughts on the Evolution of PBM" 1208:in 2004, also wrote an article in 772:Commentator Rob Chapman in a 1983 25: 4933:Zachary, Raven (September 2019). 4380:"In this Issue... (Front matter)" 4102:Is the Future of this Hobby Past? 4965:. playbymail.net. Archived from 4957:Zachary, Raven (June 27, 2021). 4908:Williams, Simon (January 2004). 4615:Saligari (July–September 1993). 4188:Mosteller, Charles (June 2014). 3863:Harvey, Chris (April–May 2003). 3406:Babcock, Chris (December 2013). 1222: 793:Example character from the game 97:were among the first PBM games. 5116:Greg Lindahl (10 August 2020). 4269:Muir, Shannon (December 2013). 4100:"Why Should We Care About PBM? 1607:enjoyed more favorable results. 1530:had over 1,800 players in 2001. 886:Computer versus human moderated 550:also later ceased publication. 307:could be 1,000 pages in length. 5419:Victory! The Battle for Europe 5048:. No. 57. pp. 12–15. 4894:. No. 55. pp. 36–37. 4813:. No. 21. pp. 18–19. 4490:. No. 43. pp. 31–32. 4444:Palmer, Nicky (January 2003). 4264:. No. 68. pp. 29–30. 4156:McLain, Bob (August 1, 1993). 4130:. No. 74. pp. 38–39. 4098:McDowell, Rick (August 2019). 4049:Loomis, Rick (December 2013). 4020:. No. 75. pp. 35–36. 3840:. No. 96. pp. 38–41. 3829:. No. 72. pp. 30–36. 3758:. No. 110. pp. 14–15 3443:. No. 71. pp. 57–58. 3401:. No. 67. pp. 42–43. 3390:. No. 55. pp. 31–32. 3203:Post & Play Unlimited 1995 1616:The magazine was published in 1474:The magazine was published in 1243:Play-by-post role-playing game 990:Logo of play-by-mail magazine 1: 6601:History of role-playing games 4481:. No. 40. pp. 8–10. 4434:. No. 4. pp. 23–24. 3953:. No. 1. pp. 25–26. 3944:. No. 6. pp. 13–14. 3887:Harvey, Chris (Summer 1984). 3805:"Gameline News and Updates". 3371:. Evil Hat Productions, LLC. 1021:began publication as well as 955:Angrelmar: The Court of Kings 941:Cost and turn processing time 848:SuperNova: Rise of the Empire 4996:. No. 57. pp. 2–5. 4313:– via Wayback Machine. 3920:Hill, Mark (June 20, 2021). 3849:. No. 36. pp. 8–9. 3816:The Journal of the PBM Gamer 3590:The Journal of the PBM Gamer 3367:Appelcline, Shannon (2014). 3278:Suspense & Decision 2013 2922:Suspense & Decision 2019 6512:The Nuts & Bolts of PBM 5949:Realms of Sword and Thunder 5744:Strategic Imperial Conquest 4617:"Interview with a Reporter" 4543:"Hyborian War E-Mail Turns" 4517:"PBM &/or E-Mail Games" 4238:"A Journey Together Awaits" 4135:McDowell, Rick (May 2014). 4036:. No. 79. pp. 2–5 3530:Croft, Martin (June 1985). 3190: 3029: 3017: 2956: 2944: 2897: 2767: 2525: 2510: 2474: 2462: 2410: 2320: 2114: 2085: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1892: 1461:Loomis also noted that the 1198:A Duel of a Different Color 1007:Nuts & Bolts of Starweb 785:Game types and player roles 437:The Nuts & Bolts of PBM 111:The Nuts & Bolts of PBM 40:-winning play-by-mail game 6647: 6575:List of play-by-mail games 5036:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming 5025:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming 5014:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming 4919:. No. 105. p. 39 4899:"You're An Amoeba, GO! ". 4885:. No. 23. p. 63. 4840:. No. 35. p. 51. 4804:. No. 14. p. 55. 4795:. No. 12. p. 19. 4786:. No. 11. p. 20. 4768:. No. 23. p. 24. 4759:. No. 22. p. 29. 4672:. www.playbymail.net. 2019 4655:. No. 71. p. 56. 4610:. No. 17. p. 93. 4573:. No. 104. p. 40 4564:"The Globalisation of PBM" 4499:. No. 35. p. 51. 4472:. No. 33. p. 12. 4378:Mulholland, Carol (2010). 4365:. No. 129. p. 42 4354:Mulholland, Carol (2010). 4341:. No. 130. p. 43 4328:Mulholland, Carol (2010). 4143:. No. 7. pp. 4–6 4093:. No. 17. p. 43. 4084:. No. 17. p. 42. 3962:. No. 12. p. 26. 3915:. No. 58. p. 12. 3874:. No. 102. p. 26 3687:. No. 22. p. 47. 3632:. No. 76. p. 47. 3612:. No. 75. p. 35. 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2786: 2755: 2744:Rick Loomis PBM Games 2021 2743: 2731: 2719: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2610: 2583: 2571: 2556: 2537: 2498: 2486: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2422: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2254: 2242: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2126: 2102: 2073: 2054: 2039: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1931: 1916: 1904: 1880: 1865: 1850: 1838: 1823: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1687: 1672: 1661: 1238:List of play-by-mail games 1048:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming 1011:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming 932:. In 1990, the editors of 6606:Play-by-email video games 6554:Reality Simulations, Inc. 6210:Beyond the Stellar Empire 5970:Trajan's Treacherous Trap 5605:Quest of the Great Jewels 5096:. Suspense & Decision 5079:. Suspense & Decision 5062:. Suspense & Decision 4876:. No. 83. p. 4. 4867:. No. 65. p. 2. 4858:. No. 29. p. 2. 4849:. No. 25. p. 2. 4831:. No. 58. p. 1. 4777:. No. 9. p. 47. 4708:. No. 6. p. 33. 4664:. No. 84. p. 7. 4541:Reality Simulations Inc. 4455:. No. 100. p. 4 4025:Loomis, Rick (May 1999). 4011:. No. 50. p. 4. 3858:. No. 2. p. 21. 3720:. No. 7. p. 44. 3703:. No. 112. p. 5 3641:. No. 55. p. 9. 3623:. No. 38. p. 8. 3601:. No. 82. p. 4. 3566:. No. 15. p. 3. 3505:. No. 1. p. 12. 3030:Paper Mayhem Sep/Oct 1987 2652:Reality Simulations, Inc. 2628:Paper Mayhem Jan/Feb 1993 1148:Post & Play Unlimited 343:Beyond the Stellar Empire 71:interactive strategy game 5154:"About Turn-Based Games" 5006:. No. 2. p. 6. 4199:. No. 8. p. 76 4034:Flying Buffalo Quarterly 4009:Flying Buffalo Quarterly 3898:. No. 3. p. 26 3573:"Play-by-mail: Overview" 3540:. No. 3. p. 42 3018:John Kevin Loth III 1986 2720:John Kevin Loth III 1986 1064:Play By Mail Association 833:Closed versus open ended 528:Journal of the PBM Gamer 211:by mail in this period. 67:turn based distance game 5152:Talisman Games (2021). 5092:Spencer, David (2022). 4744:"The Spokesmen Speak". 4713:"The Land of Karrus ". 4141:Suspense & Decision 3492:Suspense & Decision 1181:Suspense & Decision 1173:had gone out of print. 1154:stated that it checked 1101:". Dragon Publishing's 1002:Nuts & Bolts of PBM 970:and are played via the 6406:Stars of the Dark Well 6203:Beyond the Quadra Zone 6143:Tactical Assault Group 1773:Kelley and Scheid 1985 1202:Darkness of Silverfall 1133:Warped Sense of Humour 996: 893:Beyond the Quadra Zone 799: 689: 661: 627:Dungeons & Dragons 589: 411: 354: 308: 261: 180: 77:played through postal 46: 5693:Conquest of Insula II 4963:Suspense and Decision 4942:Suspense and Decision 4549:. Reality Simulations 4407:Rick Loomis PBM Games 4403:"Nuclear Destruction" 4278:Suspense and Decision 4245:Suspense and Decision 4221:Suspense and Decision 4197:Suspense and Decision 4111:Suspense and Decision 4058:Suspense and Decision 3814:"Graaf Simulations". 3668:Skeletal Software Ltd 3415:Suspense and Decision 3191:Flagship Editors 1992 3167:Flagship Editors 1985 2115:Flagship Editors 1992 2023:Flagship Editors 1995 2011:Flagship Editors 2020 1999:Flagship Editors 1992 1605:You're An Amoeba, GO! 1498:Suspense and Decision 1183:, began publication. 1121:Sorcerer's Apprentice 989: 909:Borderlands of Khataj 826:You're An Amoeba, GO! 792: 736:Rick Loomis PBM Games 681: 656: 567:Suspense and Decision 405: 349: 302: 178: 134:Suspense and Decision 35: 6539:Flying Buffalo, Inc. 6045:The Assassin's Quest 5865:Delenda est Carthago 5342:Dawn of the Ancients 4532:"PBM Game Listing". 3648:"Star Fleet Warlord" 3532:"Play-By-Mail Games" 1893:The Space Gamer 1981 1866:The Space Gamer 1980 1361:The Assassin's Quest 1116:Strategy and Tactics 917:Delenda est Carthago 748:on the easy end and 288:Superior Simulations 91:Correspondence chess 6150:The Tribes of Crane 5640:War of the Dark God 5384:Nuclear Destruction 5257:Gladiators of Death 5052:Star Battle Forever 4838:White Wolf Magazine 4811:White Wolf Magazine 4802:White Wolf Magazine 4793:White Wolf Magazine 4784:White Wolf Magazine 4497:White Wolf Magazine 4299:Sabledrake Magazine 3889:"Turn-Based Gaming" 3847:White Wolf Magazine 3694:"Turn-Based Gaming" 3685:White Wolf Magazine 3571:Danard, R. (2022). 3523:White Wolf Magazine 3513:White Wolf Magazine 1399:The Tribes of Crane 1377:Nuclear Destruction 1156:Simcoarum Bimonthly 1071:White Wolf Magazine 982:Information sources 740:Nuclear Destruction 711:White Wolf Magazine 317:Nuclear Destruction 225:Nuclear Destruction 220:Flying Buffalo Inc. 105:Flying Buffalo Inc. 6616:Role-playing games 6611:Play-by-mail games 6529:Adventures by Mail 6364:Star Fleet Warlord 6245:Empyrean Challenge 6171:Warp Force Empires 6136:Survival Challenge 6080:Galactic Prisoners 6052:Battle of the Gods 5830:Catacombs of Chaos 5772:Political/Intrigue 5709:The Glory of Kings 5619:Swords of the Gods 5584:Lords of the Earth 5556:The Land of Karrus 5535:Kings & Things 5412:Strategic Conflict 5363:The Final Campaign 5243:Death by Starlight 5200:Play-by-mail games 3865:"My Life in Games" 3650:. Agents of Gaming 1542:Empyrean Challenge 1405:Empyrean Challenge 1366:Star Cluster Omega 1123:. Gaming magazine 997: 800: 731:Galactic Prisoners 725:Empyrean Challenge 690: 616:Barnes & Noble 540:Gaming Universal's 454:Gaming Universal's 412: 337:Adventures by Mail 309: 305:Empyrean Challenge 293:Empyrean Challenge 248:computer moderated 181: 47: 6583: 6582: 6559:Schubel & Son 6478: 6477: 6287:Infinite Conflict 6259:Galactic Conflict 6018: 6017: 6002:Stand and Deliver 5844:Crasimoff's World 5812:Continental Rails 5767: 5766: 5612:Realms of Fantasy 5328:Company Commander 5215:Adventurers Guild 4883:The Games Machine 4356:"Carol's Logbook" 4330:"Carol's Logbook" 3749:"Turning Digital" 2957:Paper Mayhem 1993 2945:Paper Mayhem 1993 2862:Paper Mayhem 1994 2768:Paper Mayhem 1990 2321:Paper Mayhem 1993 1797:Paper Mayhem 1984 1593:(as an ant), and 1589:(as a consumer), 1554:Browning likened 1317:The Space Gamer's 1142:, Germany called 472:, Germany called 303:Turn results for 275:Schubel & Son 53:(also known as a 51:play-by-mail game 16:(Redirected from 6638: 6596:Game terminology 6534:Agents of Gaming 6498:Gaming Universal 6448:The Orion Nebula 6343:Star Cluster One 6294:Lords of Destiny 6266:Galactic Empires 6178: 6129:Starship Command 6087:The Keys of Bled 6059:Cosmic Crusaders 5991: 5921:Lords of Valetia 5907:Lands of Elvaria 5665:Adventurer Kings 5591:Middle Earth PBM 5542:Kings of Karadon 5521:Forgotten Realms 5447: 5370:Global Supremacy 5356:Empires for Rent 5307:Balance of Power 5193: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5156:. Talisman Games 5148: 5146: 5144: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5049: 5040: 5029: 5018: 5007: 4997: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4969:on June 10, 2021 4953: 4951: 4949: 4939: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4914: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4740: 4729: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4627:on 18 April 2001 4611: 4602: 4593: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4511: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4450: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4334: 4324: 4323:. Time Patterns. 4314: 4312: 4310: 4305:on June 17, 2002 4301:. Archived from 4289: 4287: 4285: 4275: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4194: 4184: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4108: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4066: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4031: 4021: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3869: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3830: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3743: 3732: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3698: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3646:Editors (2002). 3642: 3633: 3624: 3613: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3575:. jpc.danard.net 3567: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3526: 3517: 3506: 3495: 3486: 3475: 3464: 3455: 3444: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3423: 3412: 3402: 3391: 3380: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2790: 2784: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2324: 2318: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2058: 2052: 2043: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1935: 1929: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1827: 1821: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1785:The Editors 1985 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1659: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1614: 1608: 1585:(as dinosaurs), 1579: 1573: 1552: 1546: 1537: 1531: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1466: 1459: 1453: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1417:Lords of Valetia 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1267:Turn-based games 1264: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1125:Micro Adventurer 1082:Different Worlds 1052:Gaming Universal 1019:Gaming Universal 968:turn-based games 599: 368:and the same in 339:—with the game, 269: 117:Gaming Universal 21: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6563: 6544:Harlequin Games 6517: 6474: 6441:The Next Empire 6176: 6073:Fleet Maneuvers 6023:Science fiction 6014: 5989: 5817: 5799: 5763: 5652: 5577:Loot the Castle 5445: 5433:World Campaigns 5294: 5262: 5202: 5197: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5112: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5046:The Space Gamer 5043: 5032: 5021: 5010: 5001: 4993:The Space Gamer 4989: 4986: 4984:Further reading 4981: 4972: 4970: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4898: 4892:The Space Gamer 4889: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4820:The Space Gamer 4817: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4743: 4732: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4673: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4639: 4630: 4628: 4621:Agonistika News 4614: 4605: 4596: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4566: 4561: 4552: 4550: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4470:The Space Gamer 4467: 4458: 4456: 4448: 4443: 4429: 4425:. p. RC21. 4420: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4382: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4344: 4342: 4332: 4327: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4155: 4146: 4144: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4114: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4067:on July 4, 2021 4064: 4053: 4048: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4018:The Space Gamer 4015: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3987:Lindahl, Greg. 3986: 3977: 3975: 3967:Lindahl, Greg. 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3833: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3783: 3781:"Galactic View" 3779: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3735: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3630:The Space Gamer 3627: 3620:The Space Gamer 3616: 3609:The Space Gamer 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3529: 3520: 3509: 3498: 3489: 3478: 3467: 3458: 3447: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3424:on July 4, 2021 3421: 3410: 3405: 3398:The Space Gamer 3394: 3387:The Space Gamer 3383: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3143:White Wolf 1989 3141: 3137: 3131:White Wolf 1988 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 2999: 2993:Mulholland 1989 2991: 2987: 2981:Armintrout 1984 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2663:danard.net 2020 2661: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2617: 2609: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2475:Mulholland 2010 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2451:Appelcline 2014 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2261: 2255:Mulholland 2010 2253: 2249: 2241: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2061: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1963:Mulholland 1989 1961: 1957: 1949: 1938: 1930: 1923: 1917:Armintrout 1982 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1822: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1712:Rick Loomis PBM 1710: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1688:Appelcline 2014 1686: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1611: 1580: 1576: 1553: 1549: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1331:The Space Gamer 1327: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1305:Tribes of Crane 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1248:Turn-based game 1228: 1221: 1218: 1189: 1076:The Space Gamer 984: 943: 888: 835: 787: 758: 707: 676: 645: 601: 591: 583: 560:Harlequin Games 395:listed ten non- 374:Harlequin Games 372:. Sam Roads of 360:The Space Gamer 330:Tribes of Crane 283:Tribes of Crane 279:human-moderated 271: 263: 173: 63:turn-based game 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6644: 6642: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6626:Tabletop games 6623: 6621:Strategy games 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6588: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6329:Smuggler's Run 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6273:Galactic Power 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6182: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6038:Alien Conflict 6034: 6031:Absolute Power 6026: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5995: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5935:Monster Island 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5893:Heroic Fantasy 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5851:Crystal Island 5847: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5758:Thunder at Sea 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5451: 5444: 5443: 5440:World Conquest 5436: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5398:Sirius Command 5394: 5387: 5380: 5377:Horizon's End! 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5149: 5133: 5111: 5110:External links 5108: 5107: 5106: 5089: 5072: 5055: 5041: 5030: 5019: 5008: 5004:American Gamer 4999: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4954: 4930: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4741: 4730: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4682: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4637: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4583: 4559: 4538: 4529: 4513: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4441: 4427: 4423:New York Times 4418: 4399: 4375: 4351: 4325: 4316: 4290: 4266: 4257: 4233: 4209: 4185: 4174: 4153: 4132: 4123: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4046: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3984: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3917: 3908: 3884: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3831: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3777: 3768: 3744: 3733: 3722: 3713: 3689: 3680: 3660: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3614: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3537:Computer Gamer 3527: 3518: 3507: 3496: 3487: 3476: 3465: 3456: 3445: 3434: 3403: 3392: 3381: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 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1371:Warp Force One 1321: 1309: 1300:Wired Magazine 1290: 1281: 1271: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1217: 1214: 1188: 1185: 1158:for PBM news. 1005:(first called 983: 980: 963:World Conquest 942: 939: 887: 884: 844:Monster Island 840:Heroic Fantasy 834: 831: 821:Monster Island 796:Monster Island 786: 783: 757: 754: 745:Heroic Fantasy 706: 703: 675: 672: 644: 641: 592:Jim Townsend, 584: 582: 579: 532:Paper Mayhem's 366:United Kingdom 313:United Kingdom 290:with its game 252: 237:Heroic Fantasy 172: 169: 167:or a monster. 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6643: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6280:Galaxy: Alpha 6277: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6224:Cluster Lords 6221: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6164:Warboid World 6161: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6094:Out Time Days 6091: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6082: 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5680: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5633:Trolls Bottom 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5155: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5095: 5090: 5078: 5073: 5061: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973:September 28, 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4918: 4911: 4910:"PBM Fiction" 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4687: 4683: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4523:September 25, 4518: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369:September 29, 4364: 4357: 4352: 4340: 4339: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4175: 4164:. sjgames.com 4163: 4159: 4154: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3951:PBM Universal 3947: 3943: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3902:September 26, 3897: 3890: 3885: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3588:"Diplomacy". 3586: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3351: 3350:Williams 2004 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266:Browning 1995 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:McDowell 2014 3086: 3083: 3079: 3078:McDowell 2014 3074: 3071: 3067: 3066:Flagship 2005 3062: 3059: 3055: 3054:Browning 1995 3050: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2969:Browning 1994 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898:Townsend 1987 2894: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826:Browning 1993 2822: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2756:Townsend 1987 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2675:Townsend 1990 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611:Townsend 1990 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572:Townsend 1990 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:McDowell 2019 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511:Townsend 1988 2507: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2427:Flagship 2010 2424: 2423:Flagship 2011 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270:Flagship 2005 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:Townsend 1988 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905:Townsend 1989 1901: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761:Townsend 1988 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1648: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1596:Warboid World 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1526:The PBM game 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1297:Mark Hill of 1294: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:Postspielbote 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 995: 994: 988: 981: 979: 975: 973: 969: 965: 964: 958: 956: 951: 948:PBM magazine 946: 940: 938: 935: 931: 930: 925: 924: 919: 918: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 885: 883: 881: 876: 874: 870: 869: 864: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 832: 830: 827: 823: 822: 817: 816:roles to play 812: 810: 806: 798: 797: 791: 784: 782: 778: 775: 770: 768: 763: 760:According to 755: 753: 751: 747: 746: 741: 737: 733: 732: 727: 726: 720: 717: 712: 704: 702: 700: 694: 687: 686: 680: 673: 671: 669: 668: 660: 655: 653: 652: 642: 640: 636: 633: 629: 628: 623: 622: 617: 613: 609: 608: 600: 597: 596: 588: 580: 578: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 536: 533: 529: 525: 524: 519: 514: 511: 507: 503: 497: 495: 489: 485: 483: 479: 475: 474:Postspielbote 471: 467: 466: 461: 460: 455: 451: 450: 445: 444: 439: 438: 431: 428: 424: 420: 419: 409: 404: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 362: 361: 353: 348: 346: 345: 344: 338: 333: 331: 327: 321: 318: 314: 306: 301: 297: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 280: 276: 270: 267: 260: 258: 251: 249: 245: 244: 239: 238: 233: 232: 227: 226: 221: 217: 212: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 186: 177: 170: 168: 166: 165:microorganism 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 137: 135: 131: 130: 125: 124: 119: 118: 113: 112: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 88: 87:digital media 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 45: 44: 39: 38:Origins Award 34: 30: 19: 6510: 6505:Paper Mayhem 6503: 6496: 6490: 6467: 6461: 6453: 6447: 6439: 6432: 6427:Supernova II 6425: 6418: 6413:Star Venture 6411: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6357:Star Empires 6356: 6349: 6341: 6334: 6328: 6320: 6315:Pellic Quest 6313: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6271: 6265: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6181:Space Operas 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6134: 6128: 6122:Space Combat 6121: 6115:Space Battle 6114: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6043: 6036: 6030: 6008: 6001: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5886:Firebreather 5885: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5836: 5828: 5810: 5792: 5786: 5779: 5756: 5750: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5707: 5701:Feudal Lords 5700: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5663: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5603: 5597: 5590: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5548: 5540: 5534: 5528:Hyborian War 5526: 5520: 5514:Fall of Rome 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5486:DungeonWorld 5485: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5456: 5439: 5432: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5405:State of War 5404: 5396: 5390: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5312: 5306: 5289:It's a Crime 5288: 5280: 5274: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5222:Arena Combat 5220: 5213: 5207:Arena combat 5199: 5160:November 22, 5158:. Retrieved 5141:. Retrieved 5125:. Retrieved 5121: 5098:. Retrieved 5083:September 5, 5081:. Retrieved 5064:. Retrieved 5051: 5045: 5034: 5023: 5012: 5003: 4991: 4971:. Retrieved 4967:the original 4962: 4946:. Retrieved 4941: 4921:. Retrieved 4916: 4901:Paper Mayhem 4900: 4891: 4882: 4874:Paper Mayhem 4873: 4865:Paper Mayhem 4864: 4856:Paper Mayhem 4855: 4847:Paper Mayhem 4846: 4837: 4829:Paper Mayhem 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4766:Paper Mayhem 4765: 4757:Paper Mayhem 4756: 4745: 4734: 4723: 4715:Paper Mayhem 4714: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4674:. Retrieved 4662:Paper Mayhem 4661: 4653:Paper Mayhem 4652: 4641: 4629:. Retrieved 4625:the original 4620: 4607: 4598: 4587: 4575:. Retrieved 4570: 4551:. Retrieved 4546: 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4505: 4496: 4487: 4479:Paper Mayhem 4478: 4469: 4457:. Retrieved 4452: 4431: 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4406: 4391:. Retrieved 4386: 4367:. Retrieved 4362: 4343:. Retrieved 4336: 4320: 4307:. Retrieved 4303:the original 4298: 4284:February 15, 4282:. Retrieved 4280:. No. 5 4277: 4262:Paper Mayhem 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4244: 4225:. Retrieved 4220: 4201:. Retrieved 4196: 4178: 4166:. Retrieved 4161: 4145:. Retrieved 4140: 4127: 4115:. Retrieved 4110: 4101: 4091:Paper Mayhem 4090: 4082:Paper Mayhem 4081: 4069:. Retrieved 4062:the original 4057: 4038:. Retrieved 4033: 4017: 4008: 3996:. Retrieved 3992: 3976:. Retrieved 3972: 3960:Paper Mayhem 3959: 3950: 3942:Paper Mayhem 3941: 3929:. Retrieved 3913:Paper Mayhem 3912: 3900:. Retrieved 3895: 3876:. Retrieved 3871: 3855: 3846: 3835: 3824: 3815: 3807:Paper Mayhem 3806: 3794:. Retrieved 3787: 3773:Paper Mayhem 3772: 3760:. Retrieved 3755: 3737: 3726: 3717: 3705:. Retrieved 3700: 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3667: 3652:. Retrieved 3638: 3629: 3618: 3607: 3599:Paper Mayhem 3598: 3589: 3577:. Retrieved 3563: 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3535: 3522: 3511: 3510:"Contents". 3500: 3491: 3480: 3469: 3460: 3449: 3440:Paper Mayhem 3438: 3426:. Retrieved 3419:the original 3414: 3396: 3385: 3368: 3360:Bibliography 3345: 3333: 3328:. pp. 57–58. 3326:Bennett 1995 3321: 3309: 3304:. pp. 13–14. 3297: 3292:. pp. 29–30. 3285: 3273: 3251:Rodgers 1995 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3042:Editors 1985 3037: 3025: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2934:Lindahl 2020 2929: 2924:. pp. 35–40. 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2874:Editors 1995 2869: 2857: 2845: 2838:Freitas 1990 2833: 2821: 2809: 2787:Chapman 1983 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2687:Lindahl 2022 2682: 2670: 2658: 2647: 2635: 2579: 2533: 2526:Procter 1993 2506: 2501:. pp. 14–15. 2494: 2487:Zachary 2021 2482: 2470: 2458: 2453:. loc. 2706. 2446: 2434: 2418: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2306:Rodgers 1994 2301: 2294:Procter 1993 2289: 2277: 2250: 2228:Editors 2002 2223: 2216:Proctor 1992 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2122: 2110: 2081: 2074:McClain 1985 2040:Tamlyn 19853 2018: 2013:. pp. 50–51. 2006: 1994: 1987:Tindall 1992 1982: 1970: 1958: 1919:. pp. 31–32. 1912: 1900: 1888: 1846: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1690:. loc. 2353. 1673:Babcock 2013 1668: 1657: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1587:Mall Maniacs 1586: 1582: 1577: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1556:Firebreather 1555: 1550: 1540: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1483: 1470: 1457: 1449: 1443: 1434: 1425: 1415: 1411:Arena Combat 1409: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1343:Pellic Quest 1341: 1335: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1298: 1293: 1284: 1274: 1262: 1230:Games portal 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194:Paper Mayhem 1193: 1190: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1059: 1056:Paper Mayhem 1055: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1015:Paper Mayhem 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 998: 993:Paper Mayhem 991: 976: 967: 962: 959: 954: 950:Paper Mayhem 949: 947: 944: 934:Paper Mayhem 933: 927: 923:Star Empires 921: 915: 913: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 889: 879: 877: 872: 868:It's a Crime 866: 863:Hyborian War 862: 852: 847: 843: 839: 836: 825: 819: 813: 808: 805:Firebreather 804: 801: 794: 779: 773: 771: 767:Paper Mayhem 766: 762:Paper Mayhem 761: 759: 749: 743: 739: 729: 723: 721: 715: 710: 708: 695: 691: 685:Hyborian War 683: 667:Hyborian War 665: 662: 657: 651:Paper Mayhem 649: 646: 637: 631: 625: 619: 605: 602: 598:No. 9. 1988. 594: 590: 586: 574: 566: 564: 552: 547: 544:Paper Mayhem 543: 539: 537: 531: 527: 521: 517: 515: 509: 501: 498: 494:white collar 490: 486: 482:Paper Mayhem 481: 477: 473: 464: 458: 453: 448: 443:Paper Mayhem 441: 435: 432: 416: 413: 408:Paper Mayhem 407: 392: 380: 378: 358: 355: 350: 342: 340: 334: 329: 325: 322: 320:Mitregames. 316: 310: 304: 291: 281: 272: 265: 262: 254: 241: 235: 230: 223: 213: 207: 196: 182: 144: 142: 138: 133: 127: 123:Paper Mayhem 121: 115: 109: 98: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 48: 41: 29: 6455:Universe II 6157:Vorcon Wars 5914:Logan's Run 5822:Roleplaying 5737:Renaissance 5730:Moneylender 5391:Realpolitik 5314:Battle Plan 5282:Family Wars 5275:Crime Lords 5127:November 7, 5122:www.pbm.com 4923:October 22, 4676:January 21, 4577:October 16, 4553:January 16, 4547:Reality.com 4459:October 15, 4438:Rick Loomis 4345:October 11, 4227:January 15, 4128:Space Gamer 3878:October 15, 3762:December 4, 3707:October 27, 3670:. 2007–2011 3521:"Credits". 3408:"Diplomacy" 3338:Harvey 1984 3239:Shadis 1994 3119:Thomas 1992 3107:Loomis 1985 2910:DuBois 1997 2850:Helzer 1993 2802:Stehle 1997 2640:Paduch 1993 2584:Kaiser 1983 2499:Forbes 2004 2439:Loomis 1999 2384:Webber 1988 2372:Webber 1997 2360:Webber 1994 2348:Webber 1994 2336:Rogers 1993 2204:Palmer 1984 2180:Paduch 1993 2168:Loomis 1984 2127:Paduch 1993 2103:Loomis 1985 2086:Webber 1987 1975:Palmer 1993 1851:Harvey 1984 1839:Palmer 2003 1824:Harvey 2003 1724:McLain 1993 1700:Loomis 2013 1662:McLain 1993 1591:Subterranea 1414:(3.8), and 1389:Star Master 1383:Battle Plan 1337:Universe II 1206:Chaos Trail 1146:. In 1995, 1098:White Dwarf 905:Sword Lords 643:Description 612:board games 571:digital age 385:Nick Palmer 257:Rick Loomis 216:Rick Loomis 203:game master 185:postal mail 161:space opera 149:game master 85:, or other 6590:Categories 6462:The Weapon 6392:Starmaster 6350:Spiral Arm 5963:Silverdawn 5956:Saturnalia 5780:Illuminati 5679:Austerlitz 5657:Historical 5479:Domination 5472:Battle Cry 4775:White Wolf 4147:October 4, 3931:October 1, 3579:January 4, 3544:August 19, 3377:B00R8RB656 3179:Woods 1989 3092:. pp. 4–5. 2995:. pp. 8–9. 2886:Croft 1985 2732:Young 1982 2574:pp. 18–19. 2282:Capps 2023 2192:Mills 1994 2129:. p. 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