43:
2930:
145:. There are varying approaches to the combination of the two technologies. Some designs are essentially separate machines, in the same room, with a bed that can transfer a patient from one scanner to another. Fully integrated systems are the most technically challenging to achieve, but provide greatest benefits in terms of the ability to make simultaneous, exactly aligned, acquisitions.
121:. Research studies are actively conducted at the moment to understand benefits of the new PET-MRI diagnostic method. The technology combines the exquisite structural and functional characterization of tissue provided by MRI with the extreme sensitivity of PET imaging of metabolism and tracking of uniquely labeled cell types or cell receptors.
221:
The same clinical decisions that would influence the choice between stand-alone CT or MR imaging would also determine areas where PET-CT or PET-MR would be preferred. For example, one advantage of MRI compared to CT is its superior soft tissue contrast, while CT has the advantage of being much faster
1060:
Schulz, Volkmar; Weissler, Bjoern; Gebhardt, Pierre; Solf, Torsten; Lerche, Christoph; Fischer, Peter; Ritzert, Michael; Piemonte, Claudio; Goldschmidt, Benjamin; Vandenberghe, Stefaan; Salomon, Andre; Schaeffter, Tobias; Marsden, Paul (2011). "SiPM based preclinical PET/MR insert for a human 3T MR:
268:
the resultant image into fat and water, with pre-set attenuation factors. Disadvantages of this method include a lack of bone attenuation, and loss of the true continuous range of attenuation factors. Comparisons with PET-CT attenuation maps for oncology purposes however have shown that this is a
190:
Currently, the combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a hybrid imaging modality is receiving great attention not only in its emerging clinical applications but also in the preclinical field. Several designs based on several different types of PET
272:
In areas of the body with predictable structures (e.g. the head), segmentation (where tissue is categorised using the MRI image data), or "atlas" methods can be used. In atlas methods a standard MR image, with associated CT attenuation data, can be warped to fit the actual patient anatomy.
269:
usable technique. The Dixon method can be combined with ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences to better identify bone and increase the possible classes of tissue for segmentation. More sequences increase MRI acquisition time, and therefore the risk of motion artefacts.
96:
The combination of PET and MRI was mentioned in a 1991 Phd thesis by R. Raylman. Simultaneous PET/MR detection was first demonstrated in 1997, however it took another 13 years, and new detector technologies, for clinical systems to become commercially available.
273:
Disadvantages of this method include difficulty with unusual anatomy, a need for a suitable library of images, and the need to account for MR coil attenuation. Synthetic, or
Substitute CT (sCT) methods to generate CT like data from MRI are also of interest for
259:
There is no correlation between MR image intensity and electron intensity, therefore conversion of MR images into an attenuation map is difficult. This is an active area of research and a range of approaches have been developed. One method uses a Dixon
218:, a simultaneous acquisition offers better alignment of images and direct correlation. Combining imaging modalities in one single scanning session also has the advantage of reducing the number of appointments and therefore improving patient comfort.
1917:
Larsson, Anne; Johansson, Adam; Axelsson, Jan; Nyholm, Tufve; Asklund, Thomas; Riklund, Katrine; Karlsson, Mikael (7 September 2012). "Evaluation of an attenuation correction method for PET/MR imaging of the head based on substitute CT images".
1159:
Omidvari, Negar; Cabello, Jorge; Topping, Geoffrey; Schneider, Florian Roland; Paul, Stephan; Schwaiger, Markus; Ziegler, Sibylle I (4 October 2017). "PET performance evaluation of MADPET4: a small animal PET insert for a 7-Tesla MRI scanner".
252:) rotating rod source, which directly measures photon attenuation at 511 keV. PET-CT systems use a low-dose CT scan for AC. Since X-rays have a range of energies lower than 511 keV, AC values are closely approximated from
679:
Cho, Zang Hee; Son, Young Don; Choi, Eun Jung; Kim, Hang Keun; Kim, Jeong Hee; Lee, Sang Yoon; Ogawa, Seiji; Kim, Young Bo (3 August 2012). "In-vivo human brain molecular imaging with a brain-dedicated PET/MRI system".
233:. In contrast, no ionising radiation dose is obtained from MRI. PET-MR is therefore appealing in children, in particularly for serial follow-up examinations as used in oncology or chronic inflammatory conditions.
643:
Bremner JD; Vythilingam M; Vermetten E; et al. (May 2003). "MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder".
723:
Torigian, Drew A.; Zaidi, Habib; Kwee, Thomas C.; Saboury, Babak; Udupa, Jayaram K.; Cho, Zang-Hee; Alavi, Abass (April 2013). "PET/MR Imaging: Technical
Aspects and Potential Clinical Applications".
1584:
van Dalen, Jorn A.; Visser, Eric P.; Vogel, Wouter V.; Corstens, Frans H. M.; Oyen, Wim J. G. (1 March 2007). "Impact of Ge-68/Ga-68-based versus CT-based attenuation correction on PET".
229:
obtained. For body PET-CT applications, the CT part of the examination constitutes approximately 60-80% of the radiation dose, with the remaining radiation dose originating from the PET
1533:
Keereman, Vincent; Mollet, Pieter; Berker, Yannick; Schulz, Volkmar; Vandenberghe, Stefaan (1 February 2013). "Challenges and current methods for attenuation correction in PET/MR".
836:
Mannheim, Julia G.; Schmid, Andreas M.; Schwenck, Johannes; Katiyar, Prateek; Herfert, Kristina; Pichler, Bernd J.; Disselhorst, Jonathan A. (July 2018). "PET/MRI Hybrid
Systems".
171:
Currently
Siemens and GE are the only companies to offer a fully integrated whole body and simultaneous acquisition PET-MRI system. The Siemens system (Biograph mMR) received a
1420:
Martí-Climent, Josep M.; Prieto, Elena; Morán, Verónica; Sancho, Lidia; Rodríguez-Fraile, Macarena; Arbizu, Javier; García-Velloso, María J.; Richter, José A. (December 2017).
51:
Computer screenshot showing a PET image (upper left), MRI image (upper right) and the combined PET-MRI image where PET data is overlaid over the MRI data (lower right)
1479:
Ehman, Eric C.; Johnson, Geoffrey B.; Villanueva-Meyer, Javier E.; Cha, Soonmee; Leynes, Andrew
Palmera; Larson, Peder Eric Zufall; Hope, Thomas A. (November 2017).
1705:
Bai, Chuanyong; Shao, Ling; Silva, A. J. Da; Zhao, Zuo (October 2003). "A generalized model for the conversion from CT numbers to linear attenuation coefficients".
281:
approach where actual voxel intensities (contrast data) are used in combination with machine learning (trained on MR/CT data) to assign electron density values.
2604:
2288:
194:
Several companies offer MR-compatible preclinical PET scanner inserts for use in the bore of an existing MRI, enabling simultaneous PET/MR image acquisition.
2418:
1301:
Nagy, Kálmán; Tóth, Miklós; Major, Péter; Patay, Győző; Egri, G.; Häggkvist, Jenny; Varrone, Andrea; Farde, Lars; Halldin, Christer; Gulyás, Balázs (2013).
2430:
1254:"Preliminary Results that Assess Metformin Treatment in a Preclinical Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Simultaneous [18F]FDG PET and acidoCEST MRI"
2758:
2030:
2866:
1102:
Wehner, Jakob; Weissler, Bjoern; Dueppenbecker, Peter; Gebhardt, Pierre; Schug, David; Ruetten, Walter; Kiessling, Fabian; Schulz, Volkmar (2013).
2396:
2401:
1078:
981:
2959:
2242:
2794:
2673:
2413:
2322:
2252:
965:
608:
Dimou E; Booij J; Rodrigues M; et al. (June 2009). "Amyloid PET and MRI in
Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment".
414:
214:) information from CT or MRI. Although images from different modalities collected at different scanning sessions can be overlaid by
157:
PET-MRI systems were installed by
Philips at Mount Sinai Medical Centre in the United States and at Geneva University Hospital in
2237:
2232:
2115:
2317:
2300:
1108:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
2678:
2525:
2425:
2408:
1203:
Wehner, J; Weissler, B; Dueppenbecker, P M; Gebhardt, P; Goldschmidt, B; Schug, D; Kiessling, F; Schulz, V (21 March 2015).
164:
Siemens was the first company to offer simultaneous PET/MR acquisitions, with the first systems installed in 2010 based on
2804:
2658:
2257:
2132:
2124:
2023:
1343:
2915:
2849:
2781:
2771:
2749:
2520:
2488:
2119:
274:
86:
379:"Reduction of positron range effects by the application of a magnetic field: For use with positron emission tomography"
2579:
2547:
2530:
277:, and have been primarily investigated for sites in the head. While some of these use an atlas technique, many take a
206:(CT) is the more established PET imaging technology. With both PET-CT and PET-MR the intended advantage is to combine
248:
Stand alone PET systems' attenuation correction (AC) is based on a transmission scan (mu - map) acquired using a Ge (
191:
detector technology have been developed in recent years, some of which have been used for first preclinical studies.
1205:"MR-compatibility assessment of the first preclinical PET-MRI insert equipped with digital silicon photomultipliers"
2653:
2388:
2128:
226:
78:
2954:
2894:
2562:
2552:
2933:
2884:
2663:
2542:
2515:
2276:
2061:
2016:
327:
Antoch, Gerald; Bockisch, Andreas (2008). "Combined PET/MRI: a new dimension in whole-body oncology imaging?".
129:
Several companies offer clinical and pre-clinical combined PET-MR system; clinical systems are available from
2832:
2668:
2609:
2594:
2483:
2305:
2281:
758:
307:
1003:
2889:
2703:
2572:
2503:
2310:
2567:
2498:
2364:
2247:
2166:
2073:
1373:"Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging: the next generation of multimodality imaging?"
382:
1809:"PET-MRI: a review of challenges and solutions in the development of integrated multimodality imaging"
2910:
2599:
2537:
2359:
1830:
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134:
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1943:
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705:
360:
265:
215:
207:
154:
90:
74:
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2643:
2584:
2332:
2181:
1994:
1935:
1899:
1848:
1789:
1781:
1730:
1687:
1669:
1646:
Wagenknecht, Gudrun; Kaiser, Hans-Jürgen; Mottaghy, Felix M.; Herzog, Hans (1 February 2013).
1617:
1609:
1558:
1550:
1510:
1461:
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1402:
1324:
1283:
1234:
1177:
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625:
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535:
494:
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410:
404:
352:
344:
2621:
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2369:
2141:
2093:
1984:
1974:
1927:
1889:
1879:
1838:
1771:
1761:
1722:
1677:
1659:
1601:
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1392:
1384:
1314:
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1123:
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1034:
926:
918:
845:
808:
800:
732:
689:
653:
617:
566:
525:
484:
443:
336:
142:
432:"Oncologic PET/MRI, part 1: tumors of the brain, head and neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis"
403:
Luna, Antonio; Vilanova, Joan C.; Hygino da Cruz, L. Celso Jr.; Rossi, Santiago E. (2013).
2719:
2171:
2137:
2110:
2105:
2039:
1989:
1961:
Hofmann, Matthias; Pichler, Bernd; Schölkopf, Bernhard; Beyer, Thomas (23 December 2008).
1776:
555:"Hybrid PET/MR imaging of the heart: potential, initial experiences, and future prospects"
253:
957:
PET/MRI: Advances in
Instrumentation and Quantitative Procedures, An Issue of PET Clinics
595:"Imaging of traumatic brain injury patients swifter and safer with new technology at NIH"
514:"Workflow and scan protocol considerations for integrated whole-body PET/MRI in oncology"
1834:
1718:
1597:
1220:
1119:
1025:
Judenhofer, Martin S.; Cherry, Simon R. (2013). "Applications for
Preclinical PET/MRI".
2861:
1894:
1867:
1682:
1647:
1505:
1480:
1456:
1421:
1397:
1372:
1278:
1253:
1136:
1103:
931:
906:
813:
788:
130:
1963:"Towards quantitative PET/MRI: a review of MR-based attenuation correction techniques"
1843:
1808:
1750:"Towards quantitative PET/MRI: a review of MR-based attenuation correction techniques"
1748:
Hofmann, Matthias; Pichler, Bernd; Schölkopf, Bernhard; Beyer, Thomas (1 March 2009).
1229:
1204:
42:
2948:
2493:
2462:
2450:
2445:
2203:
2098:
1388:
1368:
1038:
849:
1570:
1252:
Goldenberg, Joshua M.; Cárdenas-Rodríguez, Julio; Pagel, Mark D. (26 January 2018).
1088:
865:
709:
473:"Oncologic PET/MRI, part 2: bone tumors, soft-tissue tumors, melanoma, and lymphoma"
2876:
2729:
2724:
2631:
2455:
2440:
2374:
1947:
1189:
594:
364:
297:
285:
261:
249:
161:, in 2010. The system featured a PET and MRI scanner separated by a revolving bed.
118:
880:
2799:
2354:
2186:
2176:
2156:
2146:
2088:
2083:
2052:
1070:
804:
471:
Buchbender C; Heusner TA; Lauenstein TC; Bockisch A; et al. (August 2012).
386:
242:
158:
82:
1173:
1127:
657:
621:
2435:
2198:
2193:
2161:
1979:
1962:
1931:
1884:
1766:
1749:
1664:
1546:
1438:
1422:"Effective dose estimation for oncological and neurological PET/CT procedures"
1319:
1302:
1269:
693:
571:
554:
530:
513:
489:
472:
448:
431:
430:
Buchbender C; Heusner TA; Lauenstein TC; Bockisch A; et al. (June 2012).
340:
211:
110:
1785:
1734:
1673:
1613:
1554:
1447:
922:
378:
348:
288:(e.g. from physiological motion) can affect attenuation correction accuracy.
2762:
2698:
2151:
1726:
736:
114:
1998:
1939:
1903:
1852:
1793:
1691:
1621:
1562:
1514:
1465:
1406:
1328:
1287:
1238:
1181:
1145:
1046:
940:
907:"Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technical Review"
857:
822:
744:
701:
665:
629:
580:
539:
498:
457:
356:
406:
Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches
2785:
106:
2217:
1496:
1104:"PET/MRI insert using digital SiPMs: Investigation of MR-compatibility"
172:
138:
17:
1605:
512:
Martinez-Möller A; Eiber M; Nekolla SG; et al. (September 2012).
182:
The GE system (SIGNA PET/MR) received its 510K & CE mark in 2014.
2809:
1868:"A review of substitute CT generation for MRI-only radiation therapy"
1303:"Performance Evaluation of the Small-Animal nanoScan PET/MRI System"
225:
One clear advantage of PET-MR compared to PET-CT is the lower total
1825:
2836:
2047:
2008:
278:
2012:
1648:"MRI for attenuation correction in PET: methods and challenges"
1004:"FDA clears new system to perform simultaneous PET, MRI scans"
553:
Rischpler C; Nekolla SG; Dregely I; Schwaiger M (March 2013).
176:
1920:
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine
1652:
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine
1535:
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine
982:"Siemens receives CE mark for whole-body molecular MR system"
682:
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine
1807:
Vandenberghe, Stefaan; Marsden, Paul K (21 February 2015).
1967:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
1754:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
329:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
881:"PET-MRI scanner opens new frontier in medical imaging"
67:
Positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging
32:
Positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging
787:
Jadvar, Hossein; Colletti, Patrick M. (January 2014).
409:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 421.
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1063:
2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record
905:
Muzic, Raymond F.; DiFilippo, Frank P. (July 2014).
2903:
2875:
2831:
2780:
2757:
2747:
2712:
2629:
2620:
2471:
2387:
2347:
2266:
2225:
2216:
2060:
2046:
1344:"PET/MRI: Reflections Two Years After FDA Approval"
241:PET-MRI systems don't offer a direct way to obtain
105:Presently, the main clinical fields of PET-MRI are
56:
31:
1866:Edmund, Jens M.; Nyholm, Tufve (26 January 2017).
759:"The Past, Present and Future of PET/MRI Scanners"
1006:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 10 June 2011
245:maps, unlike stand-alone PET or PET-CT systems.
2024:
8:
984:. Healthcare Sector, Siemens AG. 1 June 2011
782:
780:
2754:
2636:
2626:
2222:
2066:
2057:
2031:
2017:
2009:
1371:, Wehrl HF, Kolb A, Judenhofer MS (2008).
398:
396:
1988:
1978:
1893:
1883:
1842:
1824:
1775:
1765:
1681:
1663:
1504:
1481:"PET/MRI: Where might it replace PET/CT?"
1455:
1437:
1396:
1318:
1277:
1228:
1135:
930:
812:
570:
529:
488:
447:
2867:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
179:approval for customer purchase in 2011.
1342:Kaplan, Deborah Abrams (12 June 2013).
319:
28:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1485:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7:
1707:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
2674:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
885:Medical Technology Business Europe
789:"Competitive advantage of PET/MRI"
646:The American Journal of Psychiatry
210:provided by PET, with structural (
202:The combination of PET with X-ray
60:used in clinical field of oncology
25:
2929:
2928:
1389:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.02.001
1039:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.08.004
850:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.02.011
41:
2431:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1813:Physics in Medicine and Biology
1209:Physics in Medicine and Biology
1162:Physics in Medicine and Biology
2679:Radioactive iodine uptake test
1990:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-C595-F
1777:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-C595-F
284:In many of the above methods,
1:
2659:Radionuclide ventriculography
2133:Lower gastrointestinal series
2125:Upper gastrointestinal series
1258:Molecular Imaging and Biology
793:European Journal of Radiology
2850:Optical coherence tomography
2772:Myocardial perfusion imaging
2360:Dental panoramic radiography
1061:First imaging experiments".
1027:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
960:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
838:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
87:positron emission tomography
1844:10.1088/0031-9155/60/4/R115
1307:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1230:10.1088/0031-9155/60/6/2231
1071:10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6152496
879:Wood, Harry (28 May 2010).
805:10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.05.028
559:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
518:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
477:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
436:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
2976:
2960:Magnetic resonance imaging
2654:Ventilation/perfusion scan
2129:Small-bowel follow-through
1128:10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.077
658:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.924
622:10.2174/156720509788486563
610:Current Alzheimer Research
85:morphological imaging and
79:magnetic resonance imaging
2924:
2895:Dynamic angiothermography
2639:
2563:Abdominal ultrasonography
2069:
1980:10.1007/s00259-008-1007-7
1932:10.1007/s10334-012-0339-2
1885:10.1186/s13014-016-0747-y
1767:10.1007/s00259-008-1007-7
1665:10.1007/s10334-012-0353-4
1547:10.1007/s10334-012-0334-7
1439:10.1186/s13550-017-0272-5
1320:10.2967/jnumed.112.119065
1270:10.1007/s11307-018-1164-4
911:Seminars in Roentgenology
694:10.1007/s10334-012-0329-4
572:10.2967/jnumed.112.105353
531:10.2967/jnumed.112.109348
490:10.2967/jnumed.112.109306
449:10.2967/jnumed.112.105338
341:10.1007/s00259-008-0951-6
36:
2885:Non-contact thermography
2664:Radionuclide angiography
2516:Doppler echocardiography
1174:10.1088/1361-6560/aa910d
923:10.1053/j.ro.2014.10.001
2669:Radioisotope renography
1727:10.1109/tns.2003.817281
763:Imaging Technology News
737:10.1148/radiol.13121038
308:Silicon photomultiplier
227:ionising radiation dose
153:The first two clinical
2704:Gastric emptying study
1065:. pp. 4467–4469.
237:Attenuation correction
198:Comparison with PET-CT
2365:X-ray motion analysis
2248:X-ray microtomography
2167:Hysterosalpingography
2074:Pneumoencephalography
954:Zaidi, Habib (2016).
275:radiotherapy planning
2890:Contact thermography
2600:Emergency ultrasound
2538:Transcranial Doppler
2289:Abdominal and pelvis
597:. 18 September 2015.
303:Avalanche photodiode
166:avalanche photodiode
2857:Confocal microscopy
2735:Indium-111 WBC scan
2558:Echoencephalography
2294:Virtual colonoscopy
1835:2015PMB....60R.115V
1719:2003ITNS...50.1510B
1598:2007MedPh..34..889V
1221:2015PMB....60.2231W
1120:2014NIMPA.734..116W
231:radiopharmaceutical
204:computed tomography
186:Preclinical systems
2845:Optical tomography
2694:Dacryoscintigraphy
2689:Immunoscintigraphy
2328:Whole body imaging
2079:Dental radiography
1872:Radiation Oncology
1497:10.1002/jmri.25711
1348:Diagnostic Imaging
216:image registration
208:functional imaging
91:functional imaging
77:that incorporates
75:imaging technology
2942:
2941:
2904:Target conditions
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2743:
2742:
2684:Bone scintigraphy
2649:Scintimammography
2644:Cholescintigraphy
2489:contrast-enhanced
2383:
2382:
2343:
2342:
2333:Full-body CT scan
2233:General operation
2212:
2211:
2182:Angiocardiography
1606:10.1118/1.2437283
1313:(10): 1825–1832.
1168:(22): 8671–8692.
1114:(Pt B): 116–121.
1080:978-1-4673-0120-6
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
2967:
2955:Nuclear medicine
2932:
2931:
2755:
2637:
2627:
2511:Echocardiography
2370:Hounsfield scale
2223:
2142:Cholecystography
2067:
2058:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1828:
1819:(4): R115–R154.
1804:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1769:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1713:(5): 1510–1515.
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1667:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1491:(5): 1247–1262.
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1441:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1215:(6): 2231–2255.
1200:
1194:
1193:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
978:
972:
971:
951:
945:
944:
934:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
876:
870:
869:
833:
827:
826:
816:
784:
775:
774:
772:
770:
755:
749:
748:
720:
714:
713:
676:
670:
669:
640:
634:
633:
605:
599:
598:
591:
585:
584:
574:
550:
544:
543:
533:
509:
503:
502:
492:
468:
462:
461:
451:
427:
421:
420:
400:
391:
390:
375:
369:
368:
324:
254:Hounsfield units
149:Clinical systems
45:
29:
21:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2920:
2899:
2871:
2819:
2805:PET mammography
2776:
2739:
2725:Gallium-67 scan
2720:Octreotide scan
2708:
2616:
2467:
2379:
2339:
2262:
2243:High-resolution
2208:
2172:Skeletal survey
2138:Cholangiography
2051:
2042:
2040:Medical imaging
2037:
2007:
2006:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1645:
1644:
1629:
1586:Medical Physics
1583:
1582:
1578:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1426:EJNMMI Research
1419:
1418:
1414:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
980:
979:
975:
968:
953:
952:
948:
904:
903:
899:
889:
887:
878:
877:
873:
835:
834:
830:
786:
785:
778:
768:
766:
757:
756:
752:
722:
721:
717:
678:
677:
673:
642:
641:
637:
607:
606:
602:
593:
592:
588:
552:
551:
547:
511:
510:
506:
470:
469:
465:
429:
428:
424:
417:
402:
401:
394:
377:
376:
372:
335:(S1): 113–120.
326:
325:
321:
316:
294:
239:
200:
188:
151:
127:
103:
52:
49:
48:
47:
46:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2862:Endomicroscopy
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2122:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1973:(S1): 93–104.
1953:
1926:(1): 127–136.
1909:
1858:
1799:
1740:
1697:
1627:
1592:(3): 889–897.
1576:
1520:
1471:
1412:
1383:(3): 199–208.
1377:Semin Nucl Med
1360:
1334:
1293:
1264:(4): 575–583.
1244:
1195:
1151:
1094:
1079:
1052:
1017:
995:
973:
966:
946:
917:(3): 242–254.
897:
871:
844:(4): 332–347.
828:
776:
750:
715:
671:
635:
600:
586:
545:
524:(9): 1415–26.
504:
483:(8): 1244–52.
463:
422:
415:
392:
370:
318:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
293:
290:
238:
235:
199:
196:
187:
184:
150:
147:
131:United Imaging
126:
123:
102:
99:
73:) is a hybrid
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2972:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Ga-68-DOTATOC
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Intravascular
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:Synthetic MRI
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Electron beam
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2204:Orbital x-ray
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:Bronchography
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1760:(1): 93–104.
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:(1): 99–113.
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1005:
999:
996:
983:
977:
974:
969:
967:9780323417686
963:
959:
958:
950:
947:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
898:
886:
882:
875:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
829:
824:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
781:
777:
764:
760:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:(5): 924–32.
651:
647:
639:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
601:
596:
590:
587:
582:
578:
573:
568:
565:(3): 402–15.
564:
560:
556:
549:
546:
541:
537:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
505:
500:
496:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
467:
464:
459:
455:
450:
445:
442:(6): 928–38.
441:
437:
433:
426:
423:
418:
416:9783642404122
412:
408:
407:
399:
397:
393:
388:
384:
380:
374:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
323:
320:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
287:
286:MRI artifacts
282:
280:
276:
270:
267:
263:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
192:
185:
183:
180:
178:
174:
169:
167:
162:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
125:Manufacturers
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
59:
55:
44:
35:
30:
27:
19:
2911:Acute stroke
2877:Thermography
2814:
2632:scintigraphy
2622:Radionuclide
2610:pre-hospital
2456:Tractography
2375:Radiodensity
2277:calcium scan
2238:Quantitative
1970:
1966:
1956:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1655:
1651:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1541:(1): 81–98.
1538:
1534:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1062:
1055:
1033:(1): 19–29.
1030:
1026:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
998:
986:. Retrieved
976:
956:
949:
914:
910:
900:
888:. Retrieved
884:
874:
841:
837:
831:
799:(1): 84–94.
796:
792:
767:. Retrieved
765:. 5 May 2017
762:
753:
731:(1): 26–44.
728:
724:
718:
688:(1): 71–79.
685:
681:
674:
649:
645:
638:
616:(3): 312–9.
613:
609:
603:
589:
562:
558:
548:
521:
517:
507:
480:
476:
466:
439:
435:
425:
405:
373:
332:
328:
322:
298:Neuroimaging
283:
271:
262:MRI sequence
258:
250:Germanium-68
247:
240:
224:
220:
201:
193:
189:
181:
170:
163:
152:
128:
119:neuroscience
104:
101:Applications
95:
70:
66:
65:
26:
2800:Cardiac PET
2573:renal tract
2548:Gynecologic
2480:Techniques
2451:restriction
2426:Angiography
2409:Neurography
2355:Fluoroscopy
2301:Angiography
2282:angiography
2226:Techniques:
2187:Aortography
2177:Angiography
2157:Cystography
2147:Mammography
2089:Myelography
2084:Sialography
2053:radiography
243:attenuation
168:detectors.
159:Switzerland
83:soft tissue
2949:Categories
2713:Full body:
2499:endoscopic
2473:Ultrasound
2402:functional
2199:Lymphogram
2194:Venography
2162:Arthrogram
1826:1510.04875
1369:Pichler BJ
1353:15 January
890:15 January
769:15 January
314:References
222:than MRI.
212:anatomical
155:whole body
111:cardiology
2916:Pregnancy
2795:Brain PET
2763:gamma ray
2699:DMSA scan
2553:Obstetric
2446:diffusion
2441:Sequences
2419:perfusion
2311:Pulmonary
2258:Cone beam
2152:Pyelogram
1878:(1): 28.
1786:1619-7070
1735:0018-9499
1674:0968-5243
1614:2473-4209
1555:0968-5243
1448:2191-219X
1432:(1): 37.
1010:4 January
988:5 January
725:Radiology
387:303945199
349:1619-7070
115:neurology
2934:Category
2786:positron
2306:Coronary
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1940:22955943
1904:28126030
1853:25650582
1794:19104810
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1622:17441234
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1329:23990683
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1182:28976912
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702:22864642
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630:19519314
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266:segments
107:oncology
2833:Optical
2815:PET-MRI
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