423:
721:. BoPET films are often annealed to a glass element to improve thermal conductivity, and guarantee the necessary flat surface needed for even telescopic solar observation. Manufacturers will typically use films with thicknesses of 280–500 micrometres (0.011–0.020 in), in order to give the films better resilience. 250-micrometre (0.0098 in) thickness films with a heavy aluminium coating are generally preferred for naked-eye Solar observation during eclipses.
232:
1211:
2120:
362:
179:
1542:
2130:
282: psi). Another important consequence of the molecular orientation is that it induces the formation of many crystal nuclei. The crystallites that grow rapidly reach the boundary of the neighboring crystallite and remain smaller than the wavelength of visible light. As a result, biaxially oriented PET film has excellent clarity, despite its
31:
654:
Translucent Mylar film, as wide as 48" and in up to 12' in length, found widespread use as a non-dimensional engineering drawing media in the aerospace industry due to its dimensional stability (also see
Printing Media section below). This allows production and engineering staff to lay manufactured
426:
NASA's
Technology Transfer Office at Stennis Space Center worked with a New Orleans seafood packaging company to develop a container to improve the shipping longevity of seafood, primarily frozen and fresh fish, while preserving the taste. A NASA engineer developed metalized heat resistant polybags
267:
under tension in the oven at temperatures typically above 200 °C (392 °F). The heat setting step prevents the film from shrinking back to its original unstretched shape and locks in the molecular orientation in the film plane. The orientation of the polymer chains is responsible for the
289:
If it were produced without any additives, the surface of the film would be so smooth that layers would adhere strongly to one another when the film is wound up, similar to the sticking of clean glass plates when stacked. To make handling possible, microscopic inert inorganic particles, such as
255:
to the direction of travel, in a heated oven. It is also possible to draw the film in both directions simultaneously, although the equipment required for this is somewhat more elaborate. Draw ratios are typically around 3 to 4 in each direction.
526:. While boPET is widely (and effectively) used in this archival sense, it is not immune to the effects of fire and heat and could potentially melt, depending on the intensity of the heat source, causing further damage to the encased item.
823:
since 1958 due to its durability and acoustical properties when stretched over the bearing edge of the drum. They are made in single- and double-ply versions, with each ply being 2–10 mils (0.051–0.254 mm) in thickness, with a
165:, a 40-metre (131 ft) diameter balloon constructed from a 9-micrometre (0.00035 in) thick mylar film sandwiched between two layers of 4.5-micrometre (0.00018 in) thick aluminium foil bonded together.
1448:
1452:
551:) are packaged in pouches or sleeves made of metallized boPET. It can also be used to make the holographic artwork featured on some cards, typically known as "holos", "foils", "shinies", or "holofoils".
251:. The most common way of doing this is the sequential process, in which the film is first drawn in the machine direction using heated rollers and subsequently drawn in the transverse direction, i.e.,
514:, in order to best protect them during storage from environmental conditions (moisture, heat, and cold) that would otherwise cause paper to slowly deteriorate over time. This material is used for
452:
Clear boPET web substrate is used as lidding for fresh or frozen ready meals. Due to its excellent heat resistance, it can remain on the package during microwave or oven heating.
731:
observatories often make use of these mirrors for inexpensive large (1.0 m and above), lightweight mirror surfaces for sky-sector low and medium energy cosmic ray research.
150:
used Mylar as a support for photographic film and called it "ESTAR Base". The very thin and tough film allowed 6,000-foot (1,800 m) reels to be exposed on long-range
432:
Laminates containing metallized boPET foil (in technical language called printin or laminate web substrate) protect food against oxidation and aroma loss, achieving long
1020:
was previously used for this, but over long periods of time PVC can release chlorine, which reacts with the silver and copper in coins. BoPET does not have this problem.
84:. The film is "biaxially oriented", which means that the polymer chains are oriented parallel to the plane of the film, and therefore oriented in two axes. A variety of
1298:
Staugaitis, C. & Kobren, L. (1966) "Mechanical And
Physical Properties of the Echo II Metal-Polymer Laminate (NASA TN D-3409)", NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
918:" duplication has fallen out of use, mylar is still used for its archival properties, typically as a record set of plans for building departments to keep on file.
1026:
Military uniform accoutrements are often accented by gold mylar, such as shoulder epaulets or shoulder knots. For example: US Army
Officer's Mess Dress Uniform.
427:
with thermal foam liners using an enhanced version of the metalized mylar commonly known as "space blanket material," which was produced during the Apollo era.
1336:
1286:
2169:
2090:
773:
it acts as a physical barrier between the X-ray tube, detector ring and the patient allowing negligible attenuation of the X-ray beam when active.
742:
1023:
In fishing fly tying, metallized Mylar strips are sometimes wound around the hook shank for reflective striping or shimmer in certain patterns.
522:(Mylar type D, ICI Melinex 516 or equivalent) and several major library comic book research collections, including the Comic Art Collection at
2022:
1319:
1179:
1125:
1706:
783:
was covered with BoPET to control the temperature of equipment for lunar exploration carried in the
Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly.
655:
parts directly over or under the drawing film in order to verify the fidelity of part profiles, hole locations and other part features.
2097:
1364:
1152:
401:
218:
1494:
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383:
200:
65:
2184:
825:
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1806:
535:
121:
1726:
993:
On farmland and domestic gardens, highly reflective aluminized PET film ribbons are used to keep birds away from plants
669:
viewer, although care must be taken, because invisible fissures can form in the metal film, reducing its effectiveness.
1756:
1685:
547:
488:
Metallized boPET is used as a mirror-like decorative surface on some book covers, T-shirts, and other flexible cloths.
833:
603:
As a thin strip to form an airtight seal between the control surfaces and adjacent structure of aircraft, especially
340:. The polyethylene side of such a laminate appears dull and the boPET side shiny. Other coatings, such as conductive
2043:
1941:
240:
53:
372:
189:
1987:
1906:
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921:
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spectrum. For some applications like food packaging, the aluminized boPET film can be laminated with a layer of
2104:
2179:
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1412:
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2012:
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1513:
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As a light diaphragm material separating gases in hypersonic shock and expansion tube facilities.
575:
345:
244:
132:
61:
1065:
Scott, Randall W. (1998). "A Practicing Comic-Book
Librarian Surveys His Collection and Craft".
269:
247:
onto a chill roll, which quenches it into the amorphous state. It is then biaxially oriented by
2159:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1891:
1886:
1786:
1741:
1711:
1315:
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1175:
1148:
1121:
1142:
724:
Films in annular ring mounts on gas-tight cells, will readily deform into spherical mirrors.
108:. It was the first biaxially oriented polymer to be manufactured on a mass commercial scale.
17:
2017:
1846:
1841:
1781:
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1074:
829:
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341:
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57:
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1931:
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1856:
1776:
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1521:
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used by fire fighters for protection from the high amount of heat release from fuel fires.
604:
555:
458:
298:
291:
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77:
34:
1372:
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2007:
2002:
1962:
1901:
1881:
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2148:
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1911:
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929:
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666:
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252:
147:
136:
85:
1386:
1210:
Adams, John
Francis Edward; Gerber, Kenneth George; Holmes-Walker, William Anthony,
1992:
1831:
1811:
1791:
1078:
870:
866:
738:
718:
705:
681:
329:
320:, or other metal onto it. The result is much less permeable to gases (important in
162:
151:
73:
1212:"Process for the production of biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film"
1309:
1169:
1115:
2076:
1967:
1926:
1851:
1821:
1010:
963:
936:
925:
844:
689:
685:
511:
464:
442:
are sold in pairs wrapped in silver boPET. They were previously wrapped in foil.
361:
333:
310:
268:
high strength and stiffness of biaxially oriented PET film, which has a typical
178:
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915:
911:
877:
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728:
645:
637:
433:
125:
89:
1214:, U.S. patent no. 3,177,277 (filed: 1957 May 10 ; issued: 1965 April 6).
910:
are made. boPET sheets are more durable and can withstand more handling than
1972:
1201:, U.S. patent no. 2,534,028 (filed: 1948 May 13; issued: 1950 December 12).
907:
862:
855:
701:
623:
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582:
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463:
Laminated sheet metal (aluminium or steel) used in the manufacture of cans (
439:
313:
49:
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2060:
1596:
976:
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820:
677:
649:
436:. Examples are coffee "foil" packaging and pouches for convenience foods.
325:
260:
1541:
1571:
1013:, as a coloured and finely shredded additive to create a glitter effect
1000:
949:
386: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
264:
203: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
294:, are usually embedded in the PET to roughen the surface of the film.
2057:(incl. The Playhouse on Rodney Square, formerly the DuPont Playhouse)
2027:
1626:
1611:
1586:
1581:
1556:
1503:
1036:
1016:
Numismatics – Storing coins for long periods of time.
982:
749:
applications. Film thicknesses are often in the 500 micrometre range.
446:
445:
White boPET web substrate is used as lidding for dairy goods such as
876:
Clear and white boPET films are used as core layers and overlays in
850:
Metallized boPET film, along with other plastic films, is used as a
30:
1662:
1639:
1631:
1621:
1606:
1601:
1566:
969:
816:
746:
694:
Use boPET films as the back face of the PV modules in solar panels
492:
421:
230:
29:
1420:
697:
Metallized boPET as a reflector material for solar cooking stoves
1576:
762:
As a window material to confine gas in detectors and targets in
673:
482:
414:
Uses for boPET polyester films include, but are not limited to:
317:
158:
1476:
906:. The boPET sheets become legal documents from which copies or
1459:" recycling symbols (PET is #1) and a description of plastics.
659:
478:
355:
172:
959:
or destination blinds, displayed by public transport vehicles
1365:"Specifications for Polyester: Poly(ethylene-terephthalate)"
88:
manufacture boPET and other polyester films under different
987:
One of the many materials used as windsavers or valves for
1472:
554:
For protecting the spine of important documents, such as
324:) and reflects up to 99% of light, including much of the
116:
BoPET film was developed in the mid-1950s, originally by
1311:
Biaxial
Stretching of Film: Principles and Applications
1144:
Biaxial
Stretching of Film: Principles And Applications
939:
printing plates aka "Pronto Plates" (boPET resists oil)
839:
BoPET film is used as the substrate in practically all
485:, or copied data, can be drawn without damaging the map
239:
The manufacturing process begins with a film of molten
776:
Spacecraft are insulated with a metallized BoPET film.
759:
Insulating material for a cryocooler radiation shield.
1413:"Albany library's entire collection exposed to smoke"
1006:
Used in dentistry when restoring teeth with composite
662:
curtains reflect sunlight and heat away from windows.
1168:
Jenkins, Wilmer A.; Osborn, Kenton R. (1992-09-25).
2069:
1950:
1699:
1671:
1648:
1549:
1510:
1171:
Plastic Films: echnology and
Packaging Applications
1096:"How to Convert Mylar Aerospace Drawings to 3D CAD"
92:. In the UK and US, the best-known trade names are
1465:has been developed using boPET and a stick-shaped
578:for houses and tents, reflecting thermal radiation
1387:"What is Mylar Paper - More Than Just Decoration"
1226:Fuller Directs Installation Of Dymaxion-Type Dome
902:were plotted onto sheets of boPET film, known as
1281:, Dino A. Brugioni 2010, Naval Institute Press,
981:As the adhesive strip to attach the string to a
235:Chemical structure of polyethylene terephthalate
1445:History of Polymers & Plastics for Teachers
717:Amateur and professional visual and telescopic
619:Used in sock and glove liners to lock in warmth
581:Five layers of metallized boPET film in NASA's
815:BoPET film has been used in the production of
1488:
46:biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate
37:film, 32 layers of ~14 μm thickness each
8:
636:Metallized boPET is intended to be used for
259:Once the drawing is completed, the film is "
1430:– via Athens County Public Libraries.
80:, gas and moisture barrier properties, and
1495:
1481:
1473:
1199:"Production of polyethylene terephthalate"
402:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
832:surface, originally used by the company
589:resistant and help regulate temperature.
2091:NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon
1193:
1191:
1048:
743:Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
344:(ITO), can be applied to boPET film by
1098:. CAD / CAM Services. 31 January 2018.
932:(boPET film withstands the high heat).
793:Carrier for flexible printed circuits.
610:Light insulation for indoor gardening.
491:Protective covering over buttons/pins/
139:, which he built with students at the
2023:Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library
1371:. Library of Congress. Archived from
972:to decrease probability of shattering
7:
2129:
1447:. by The American Chemistry Council
1117:Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers
1109:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1088:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
384:adding citations to reliable sources
201:adding citations to reliable sources
1411:Kristen Heinichen (June 17, 2008).
418:Flexible packaging and food contact
297:Biaxially oriented PET film can be
1114:Drobny, Jiri George (2014-05-30).
890:Before the widespread adoption of
700:To bridge control surface gaps on
25:
2098:The DuPont Show with June Allyson
481:, on which notations, additional
2128:
2119:
2118:
1540:
955:Route information signs, called
796:BoPET film is often used as the
360:
177:
2087:Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24
1344:Dr. Thiele Polyester Technology
1308:DeMeuse, Mark T. (2011-07-18).
371:needs additional citations for
188:needs additional citations for
56:(PET) and is used for its high
2170:Reflective building components
1079:10.1080/00987913.1998.10764429
665:Aluminized, as an inexpensive
510:boPET film is used in bagging
467:-free alternative to lacquers)
1:
861:Clear boPET bags are used as
18:PET film (biaxially oriented)
1003:machine playfields from wear
518:storage of documents by the
122:Imperial Chemical Industries
1757:Anthony Joseph Arduengo III
1686:DuPont Experimental Station
1248:"Kodak HCF Film/ESTAR Base"
975:In theatre effects such as
631:Solar, marine, and aviation
504:As a backing for very fine
135:used Mylar as a skin for a
2201:
2044:DuPont v. Kolon Industries
2033:Consolidation Coal Company
922:Overhead transparency film
806:electrostatic loudspeakers
614:Aluminized proximity suits
497:The glossy top layer of a
272:of about 4 GPa (0.58
241:polyethylene terephthalate
169:Manufacture and properties
54:polyethylene terephthalate
2114:
1988:Hagley Museum and Library
1968:Atlas Chemical Industries
1907:Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.
1762:Jacques Antoine Bidermann
1538:
779:The descent stage of the
524:Michigan State University
52:film made from stretched
2105:DuPont Show of the Month
1707:Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
1147:. Elsevier. p. 48.
1141:Mark T. DeMeuse (2011).
865:for audio media such as
841:magnetic recording tapes
154:reconnaissance flights.
1993:Hercules Powder Company
1681:DuPont Central Research
1467:Van de Graaff generator
788:Electronic and acoustic
1752:Jeffery Stanford Agate
1727:Francis Irénée du Pont
1722:Francis Gurney du Pont
1455:, which includes the "
900:architectural drawings
622:Gasketing material in
592:Metallized boPET film
428:
236:
38:
1872:William Dale Phillips
1337:"Polyester Additives"
1259:Eastman Kodak Company
1197:Izard, Emmette Farr,
892:computer aided design
570:electrical insulating
477:A clear overlay on a
425:
234:
82:electrical insulation
66:dimensional stability
33:
2185:Terephthalate esters
1937:Edgar S. Woolard Jr.
1453:(PDF format) - 1.9MB
1234:Oregon Daily Emerald
896:engineering drawings
704:(gliders), reducing
542:Magic: The Gathering
380:improve this article
197:improve this article
141:University of Oregon
2175:Packaging materials
2013:Savannah River Site
1867:Charles J. Pedersen
1837:Edward G. Jefferson
1827:Charles O. Holliday
1663:Antec International
1527:Alexander M. Cutler
952:, metallic balloons
781:Apollo Lunar Module
642:means of propulsion
626:and related devices
600:victim's body heat.
563:Insulating material
520:Library of Congress
472:Covering over paper
338:puncture resistance
1958:DuPont (1802–2017)
1942:Nathaniel C. Wyeth
1922:Chadwick A. Tolman
1917:Frederick N. Tebbe
1897:Richard R. Schrock
1817:Richard Goodmanson
1802:Curtis J. Crawford
1797:Thomas M. Connelly
1747:T. Coleman du Pont
1463:An interesting toy
640:as an alternative
594:emergency blankets
501:photographic print
429:
346:sputter deposition
237:
133:Buckminster Fuller
62:chemical stability
39:
2142:
2141:
1998:Kinetic Chemicals
1983:Eleutherian Mills
1977:Manhattan Project
1892:Irving S. Shapiro
1887:William K. Reilly
1787:Wallace Carothers
1742:Pierre S. du Pont
1712:Alfred I. du Pont
1393:. 23 October 2013
1375:on June 23, 2004.
1321:978-0-85709-295-3
1287:978 1 59114 082 5
1181:978-0-87762-843-9
1127:978-0-323-22168-9
989:valved harmonicas
962:For materials in
745:, typically with
672:High performance
658:Metallized boPET
412:
411:
404:
332:, which provides
229:
228:
221:
16:(Redirected from
2192:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2018:Wilmington Trust
1847:Stephanie Kwolek
1842:Ellen J. Kullman
1782:Richard H. Brown
1544:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1419:. Archived from
1417:Athens Messenger
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1354:
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1238:
1237:
1236:, April 10, 1953
1231:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
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1185:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1062:
754:hematocrit tubes
516:archival quality
459:Metallised films
407:
400:
396:
393:
387:
364:
356:
342:indium tin oxide
303:vapor deposition
278:
277:
224:
217:
213:
210:
204:
181:
173:
58:tensile strength
35:Metallized boPET
21:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2110:
2065:
2055:DuPont Building
2038:DuPont analysis
1946:
1932:Charles M. Vest
1877:Roy J. Plunkett
1862:George Parshall
1857:Rudolph Pariser
1777:Donaldson Brown
1695:
1691:DuPont Building
1673:
1667:
1653:
1644:
1545:
1536:
1522:Edward D. Breen
1512:
1506:
1501:
1441:
1436:
1435:
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1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1335:Thiel, Ulrich.
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:, pp. 102, 115.
1279:Eyes in the Sky
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1218:
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1140:
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1135:
1128:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1064:
1063:
1050:
1045:
1033:
946:
887:
790:
764:nuclear physics
752:Coating around
726:Photomultiplier
714:
633:
565:
556:medical records
533:decks (such as
474:
420:
408:
397:
391:
388:
377:
365:
354:
292:silicon dioxide
284:semicrystalline
275:
273:
270:Young's modulus
225:
214:
208:
205:
194:
182:
171:
114:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:Food packaging
2177:
2172:
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2094:
2084:
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2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:Du Pont Motors
2047:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Remington Arms
2005:
2003:Nemours Estate
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1963:Du Pont family
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:Joseph Shivers
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:John J. Raskob
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
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1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:John T. Dillon
1804:
1799:
1794:
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1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Norman Borlaug
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Lammot du Pont
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Eugene du Pont
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1700:Notable people
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1812:Linda Fisher
1792:Uma Chowdhry
1650:Subsidiaries
1591:
1444:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1416:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:Jampaper.com
1390:
1381:
1373:the original
1369:Preservation
1368:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
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1314:. Elsevier.
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1120:. Elsevier.
1116:
1073:(1): 49–56.
1070:
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926:photocopiers
914:. Although "
845:floppy disks
800:material in
739:beamsplitter
706:profile drag
682:hang gliders
546:
540:
534:
531:trading card
413:
398:
392:January 2023
389:
378:Please help
373:verification
370:
352:Applications
330:polyethylene
296:
288:
279:
265:crystallized
258:
253:orthogonally
243:(PET) being
238:
215:
209:January 2023
206:
195:Please help
190:verification
187:
156:
145:
130:
115:
105:
101:
97:
93:
74:reflectivity
70:transparency
45:
41:
40:
2155:Dielectrics
2082:Pioneer 250
2077:Tour DuPont
2070:Sponsorship
1927:Earl Tupper
1852:James Lynah
1822:Jeff Gordon
1011:nail polish
999:Protecting
937:lithography
878:smart cards
826:transparent
810:microphones
771:CT scanners
686:paragliders
638:solar sails
596:conserve a
529:Similarly,
512:comic books
465:bisphenol A
334:sealability
286:structure.
124:(ICI), and
90:brand names
2165:Polyesters
2149:Categories
1674:facilities
1427:2015-07-02
1397:2015-07-02
1265:2018-08-24
1043:References
912:bond paper
908:blueprints
856:capacitors
852:dielectric
802:headphones
729:cosmic-ray
702:sailplanes
646:spacecraft
624:fuel cells
585:make them
583:spacesuits
576:Insulation
434:shelf life
311:evaporated
299:metallized
78:metallized
1973:B Reactor
1514:directors
1511:Selected
1349:4 January
968:Covering
957:rollsigns
916:blueprint
863:packaging
821:drumheads
798:diaphragm
678:sailboats
587:radiation
548:Yu-Gi-Oh!
506:sandpaper
440:Pop-Tarts
314:aluminium
307:thin film
161:launched
157:In 1964,
106:Hostaphan
86:companies
50:polyester
2160:Plastics
2124:Category
2061:Chemours
1597:Neoprene
1550:Products
1031:See also
977:confetti
950:Balloons
854:in foil
648:such as
572:material
326:infrared
261:heat set
245:extruded
146:In 1955
131:In 1953
102:Lumirror
2134:Commons
1951:History
1572:Hypalon
1001:pinball
935:Modern
894:(CAD),
712:Science
605:gliders
536:Pokémon
249:drawing
163:Echo II
126:Hoechst
112:History
98:Melinex
48:) is a
2028:Conoco
1636:Zodiaq
1627:Vespel
1617:Teflon
1612:Sorona
1587:Kevlar
1582:Kapton
1577:Kalrez
1557:Corian
1504:DuPont
1318:
1285:
1178:
1151:
1124:
1037:Kapton
983:teabag
830:opaque
817:banjos
545:, and
493:badges
447:yogurt
263:" and
118:DuPont
1640:Zytel
1632:Viton
1622:Tyvek
1607:Nylon
1602:Nomex
1592:Mylar
1567:Freon
1562:FE-13
1340:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
970:glass
964:kites
944:Other
834:Evans
747:laser
737:As a
690:kites
674:sails
660:solar
598:shock
305:of a
94:Mylar
76:when
42:BoPET
1652:and
1351:2019
1316:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1122:ISBN
924:for
869:and
843:and
819:and
808:and
688:and
676:for
644:for
483:data
318:gold
159:NASA
104:and
1451:or
1075:doi
1018:PVC
1009:In
928:or
898:or
828:or
769:In
741:in
568:An
479:map
382:by
309:of
301:by
199:by
152:U-2
2151::
1415:.
1389:.
1367:.
1342:.
1257:.
1253:.
1232:,
1190:^
1104:^
1087:^
1071:24
1069:.
1051:^
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684:,
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539:,
348:.
316:,
276:10
143:.
128:.
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1979:)
1975:(
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756:.
607:.
558:.
449:.
405:)
399:(
394:)
390:(
376:.
280:^
274:×
222:)
216:(
211:)
207:(
193:.
44:(
20:)
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