692:
1885:, Algeria, this structure proved incapable of dealing with its vastly expanded responsibilities. As a consequence, the old military structure was wedded to the new grass-roots refugee camp administration which had asserted itself in Tindouf, with its system of committees and elected camp assemblies. In 1976, the situation was further complicated by the Sahrawi Republic assuming functions of government in the camps and Polisario-held territories of Western Sahara. The SADR and Polisario institutions often overlapped, and their division of power was often hard to ascertain.
5066:
3731:
3425:
468:
1795:. It describes its struggle as a "clean war of national liberation". Since 1989, when the ceasefire was first concluded, the movement has stated it will pursue its goal of Western Sahara's independence by peaceful means as long as Morocco complies with the ceasefire conditions, which include arranging a referendum on independence, while reserving the right to resume armed struggle if terms are objectively breached, for example, if the referendum is not conducted.
1156:
165:
2075:. However, the conflict was never fully dragged into the American–Soviet dynamics like many other conflicts. This was mainly because both sides tried to avoid overt involvement, which would necessitate a crash in relations with either Morocco or Algeria – the major North African players – and because neither viewed it as an important front. Morocco was firmly entrenched in the US camp, whereas Algeria aligned generally with the
2048:. The Polisario is practically dependent on its bases and refugee camps, located on Algerian soil. While Sahrawis' right to wage an armed struggle against Morocco, and has helped to equip the SPLA, the government also seems to have barred Polisario from returning to armed struggle after 1991, attempting to curry favor from the US and France and to avoid inflaming its already poor relations with Morocco.
1839:
3743:
1851:
38:
1721:
1901:
1862:
division of powers, instead concentrating most of the decision-making power in the top echelons of
Polisario for maximum battlefield efficiency. This meant that most power rested in the hands of the Secretary General and a nine-man executive committee, elected at congresses and with different military and political responsibilities. A 21-man
1121:, that was conducted in June 1975 concluded that Sahrawi support for independence (as opposed to Spanish rule or integration with a neighbouring country) amounted to an "overwhelming consensus" and that the Polisario Front was the most powerful political force in the country. With Algeria's help, Polisario set up headquarters in
1712:, who has been accused by Moroccan authorities of being a "supporter of violence" with the Polisario, has been under de facto house arrest since November 2020, subject to repeated home raids and sexual assault by Moroccan security forces, as reported by a number of international human rights organizations.
2117:
fell. This came since the announced referendum for
Western Sahara was never held. Kenya and Uruguay followed in 2005, and relations were upgraded in some other countries, while recognition of the SADR was cancelled by others (Albania, Chad, Serbia); in 2006, Kenya suspended its decision to recognize
1956:
announced its existence, in the first break with the principle of "national unity" (i.e., working in one single organization to prevent internal conflict). It calls for reforms in the movement, as well as resumption of hostilities with
Morocco. But it remains of little importance to the conflict, as
2024:
had supported
Morocco; only Algeria and Libya have, at different times, given any significant support to Polisario. Iran recognized the SADR in 1980, Mauritania had recognized the SADR in 1984, and Syria and South Yemen had supported the Polisario position on the conflict when they were all members
1685:
in mid-April 2007, and quickly gained French and US support. Polisario had handed in its own proposal the day before, which insisted on the previously agreed referendum, but allowed for negotiating the status of
Moroccans now living in the territory should the outcome of a referendum be in favor of
2043:
The movement's main political and military backers were originally
Algeria and Libya, with Cuba coming a very distant third. Mauritania also attempts to avoid involvement and to balance between Morocco and Polisario's backers in Algeria, although it formally recognizes the SADR as Western Sahara's
1888:
A more comprehensive merger of these different organizational patterns (military organization/refugee camps/SADR) was not achieved until the 1991 congress, when both the
Polisario and SADR organizations were overhauled, integrated into the camp structure and further separated from each other. This
1824:
Algeria has shown an unconditional support for the
Polisario Front since 1975, delivering arms, training, financial aid, and food, without interruption for more than 30 years. In 1976, Algeria called the Moroccan takeover of Western Sahara a "slow, murderous" invasion against spirited fighting by
1807:
would logically lead to war from its perspective if the international community does not step in. In contrast, Polisario-Mauritanian relations following a peace treaty in 1979 and the recognition of the SADR by
Mauritania in 1984, with the latter's retreat from Western Sahara, have been quiet and
1986:
have decided to discontinue their military or political activities for the
Polisario Front. Most of them returned from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria to Morocco, among them a few founder members and senior officials. Some of them are now actively promoting Moroccan sovereignty over Western
1935:
All residents of the camps have a vote in the Popular Congresses, and participate in the administrative work in the camp through base-level 11-person cells, which form the smallest unit of the refugee camp political structure. These typically care for distribution of food, water and schooling in
1919:
as Interim Secretary General upon his death. In 1976, Mohamed Abdelaziz was elected at the III Congress of the Polisario, and held the post until his death in 2016. The Secretary General is elected by the General Popular Congress (GPC), regularly convened every four years. The GPC is composed of
1861:
Until 1991, the Polisario Front's structure was much different from the present one. It was, despite a few changes, inherited from the before 1975, when the Polisario Front functioned as a small, tightly-knit guerrilla movement, with a few hundred members. Consequently, it made few attempts at a
1603:
A comprehensive peace treaty was signed on 5 August 1979, in which the new Mauritanian government recognized Sahrawi rights to Western Sahara and relinquished its own claims. Mauritania withdrew all its forces, and later formally recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, causing a massive
2091:
Spain, etc.) which generally only approached the issue from a humanitarian angle. The ceasefire coincided with the end of the Cold War. World interest in the conflict seemed to expire in the 1990s as the Sahara question gradually sank from public consciousness due to decreasing media attention.
2090:
decided in favor of ties and trade with Morocco and refused to recognize the SADR. This made the Polisario almost wholly dependent mainly on Algeria and Libya and some African and Latin American third world countries for political support, plus some NGOs from European countries (Sweden, Norway,
2000:
1697:
issues. Polisario agreed to add autonomy as per the Moroccan proposal to a referendum ballot, but refused to relinquish the concept of an independence referendum itself, as agreed in 1991 and 1997. Morocco, in its turn, insisted on only negotiating the terms of autonomy offered, but refused to
1948:
Sahrawis, for fear of infiltration and difficulties in communicating with Sahrawis in the Moroccan-controlled territories. It is probably intended to strengthen the movement's underground network in Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara, and link up with the rapidly growing Sahrawi civil rights
1815:
received strong vocal support from Polisario as a new pressure point on Morocco. Abdelaziz characterized them as a substitute path for the armed struggle, and indicated that if peaceful protest was squashed, in its view, without a referendum forthcoming, its armed forces would intervene.
1756:. It has stated that ideological disputes should be left for a future democratic Western Sahara to deal with. It views itself as a "front" encompassing all political trends in Sahrawi society, and not as a political party. As a consequence, there is no party program. However, the
1936:
their area, joining in higher-level organs (encompassing several camp quarters) to cooperate and establish distribution chains. There is no formal membership of Polisario; instead, anyone who participates in its work or lives in the refugee camps is considered a member.
1939:
Between congresses, the supreme decision-making body is the National Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General. The NS is elected by the GPC. It is subdivided into committees handling defense, diplomatic affairs, etc. The 2003 NS, elected at the 11th GPC in
1567:(western region of Algeria). For the next two years the movement grew tremendously as Sahrawi refugees continued flocking to the camps and Algeria and Libya supplied arms and funding. Within months, its army had expanded to several thousand armed fighters,
1640:, etc.) This stalemated the war, with no side able to achieve decisive gains, but artillery strikes and sniping attacks by the Polisario continued, and Morocco was economically and politically strained by the war. Today Polisario controls
2491:
1779:, or be completely disbanded. This is to be decided by a Polisario Front congress upon the achievement of Western Sahara's independence. In interactions with non-Sahrawi audiences, Polisario leaders have made reference to notions of
1057:
After attempting in vain to gain backing from several Arab governments, including both Algeria and Morocco, but only drawing faint notices of support from Libya and Mauritania, the movement eventually relocated to Spanish-controlled
1109:
began deserting to the Polisario, bringing weapons and training with them. At this point, Polisario's manpower included perhaps 800 men and women, but they were suspected of being backed by a much larger network of supporters.
1033:
2019:
Today 38 countries around the world recognize the legitimacy of the Polisario over Western Sahara. Support for the Polisario Front came mostly from newly independent African states, including Angola and Namibia. Most of the
2040:(occupied by Indonesia in 1975) were exceptionally strong and remain so after that country's independence; both Polisario and Fretilin have argued that there are numerous historical parallels between the two conflicts.
1944:, Western Sahara, has 41 members. Twelve of these are secret delegates from the Moroccan-controlled areas of Western Sahara. This is a shift in policy, as the Polisario traditionally confined political appointments to
974:
970:
3989:
3803:
3501:
3295:
3209:
2669:
1537:
1191:
945:
620:
1026:
2735:
2109:
of the SADR as a sovereign state and Western Sahara's legitimate government. In 2004, South Africa announced formal recognition of the SADR, delayed for ten years despite unequivocal promises by
1425:
3870:
3366:
2465:
1435:
640:
2487:
2044:
government since 1984 and has a substantial Sahrawi refugee population (around 30,000) on its territory. Support from Algeria remains strong, despite the country's preoccupation with its own
1670:
on independence the following year. However, the referendum stalled over disagreements on voter rights. Numerous attempts to restart the process (most significantly the launching of the 2003
1352:
1105:-staffed auxiliary forces), which was overrun and rifles seized. Polisario then gradually gained control over large swaths of desert countryside, and its power grew from early 1975 when the
2435:
3496:
2014:
1019:
938:
793:
2702:
3594:
2336:
3795:
3533:
3287:
2086:. Despite this, Polisario never received counter-support from the Soviet Union (or the People's Republic of China, the third and junior player in the Cold War). Instead, the entire
1430:
742:
2766:
3202:
1897:
The organizational order described below applies today, and was roughly finalized in the 1991 internal reforms of the movement, although minor changes have been made since then.
798:
4825:
4477:
3491:
1757:
705:
3508:
1889:
followed protests calling for expanding the internal democracy of the movement, and also led to important shifts of personnel in the top tiers of both Polisario and SADR.
1882:
1564:
3528:
1491:
1114:
874:
730:
1957:
the group had split in two factions, and Polisario has refused dialogs with it, stating that political decisions must be taken within the established political system.
4026:
3479:
3195:
2261:
1286:
821:
5101:
4137:
3901:
3894:
3699:
3645:
3562:
3397:
3390:
639:
to drive out the two armies. It forced Mauritania to relinquish its claim over Western Sahara in 1979 and continued its military campaign against Morocco until the
2661:
5121:
5111:
4622:
2826:
1920:
delegates from the Popular Congresses of the refugee camps in Tindouf, which are held biannually in each camp, and of delegates from the women's organization (
1543:
The Polisario kept up the guerrilla war while they simultaneously had to help guard the columns of Sahrawi refugees fleeing, but after the air bombings by the
643:, pending the holding of a UN-backed referendum which has been consistently postponed ever since. In 2020 the Polisario Front declared the ceasefire over and
1084:, kidnapping six French iron mining technicians and killing two civilians. The Polisario abducted two more civilians in October. They were freed in December.
4399:
3777:
3424:
5091:
4542:
502:
2725:
1347:
4038:
1678:
1292:
2082:
The United States claimed political neutrality on the issue, but militarily backed Morocco against Polisario during the Cold War, especially during the
2052:
2360:
4482:
4191:
3661:
2995:
2457:
662:. The Polisario Front is outlawed in the parts of Western Sahara under Moroccan control, and it is illegal to raise its party flag (often called the
4818:
3242:
1088:
4961:
4697:
2425:
2638:
2692:
4652:
4228:
3999:
1854:
1812:
1796:
644:
4637:
4014:
2889:
2328:
2300:
2195:
2149:
1983:
1977:
1693:
Four rounds were held in 2007 and 2008; no progress was made, however, as both parties refused to compromise about what they considered core
1484:
808:
803:
5096:
4969:
4647:
4366:
4346:
4072:
3953:
3575:
3460:
4632:
2895:
2856:
2306:
992:
4811:
4705:
4567:
4356:
4248:
4033:
3692:
2919:
2758:
2201:
1966:
264:
3155:
1520:
whereby Spain ceded Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania; in 1976 Morocco took over Saguia El Hamra and Mauritania took control of
5116:
4851:
4662:
4422:
3938:
3720:
3523:
3445:
2796:
2100:
1440:
1271:
1214:
960:
950:
898:
1701:
The 30-year cease-fire between Morocco and Polisario Front was broken in November 2020 as the government tried to open a road in the
4946:
4497:
2577:
2524:
920:
915:
121:
3018:
4911:
4677:
4512:
4447:
4392:
3943:
3846:
3725:
3450:
3218:
1525:
1477:
1465:
597:
55:
1540:
on the former Spanish colony just weeks before, which each party interpreted as confirming its right to the disputed territory.
4597:
4532:
4278:
4253:
3255:
1682:
691:
244:
1768:
politics, however a liberal economy has been difficult to implement in a society dependent on humanitarian aid organisations.
102:
4737:
4507:
4144:
4108:
3994:
3984:
3685:
3652:
3616:
3606:
2240:
1953:
1529:
1406:
59:
2530:
2155:
987:
74:
2940:
5013:
4361:
4351:
4341:
4336:
4331:
1342:
5056:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
2385:
4921:
4861:
4462:
4004:
3353:
1681:(CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. The project was presented to the
1416:
1401:
1276:
1266:
1204:
1006:
893:
888:
271:
3057:
2970:
1724:
Gathering of Polisario troops, near Tifariti (Western Sahara), celebrating the 32nd anniversary of the Polisario Front.
910:
81:
4906:
4592:
4385:
4077:
3926:
3580:
3433:
3263:
2818:
2083:
2055:, material and humanitarian aid, food and emergency resources are provided by international organizations such as the
1185:
609:
507:
4169:
2605:
1791:
The Polisario Front has denounced terrorism and attacks against civilians, and sent condolences to Morocco after the
623:, the Polisario Front was formally constituted in 1973 with the intention of launching an armed struggle against the
467:
4901:
4582:
4184:
4021:
3972:
3958:
3465:
3037:
1051:
In 1971 a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as
497:
48:
5033:
4537:
4457:
4442:
4091:
4052:
3948:
3754:
3547:
3455:
3227:
747:
88:
5106:
5086:
4177:
3513:
2272:
2226:
1792:
1544:
767:
430:
1744:, and it was not until August 1974 that Polisario declared itself to be in favour of the independence of the
4979:
4761:
4710:
4687:
4627:
4557:
4502:
4472:
4222:
4153:
4113:
4103:
3621:
3611:
3330:
2357:
1384:
1337:
1332:
1147:
955:
712:
667:
331:
187:
70:
4268:
4881:
4602:
4587:
4572:
4437:
3909:
3405:
2106:
1687:
1460:
1327:
663:
579:
444:
1095:. On 20 May, the new organization attacked El-Khanga, where there was a Spanish post manned by a team of
5070:
4941:
4931:
4891:
4871:
4866:
4856:
4715:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4612:
4552:
4517:
4492:
4487:
4452:
4158:
3666:
1377:
861:
212:
2789:"Morocco/Western Sahara: Further information: Sahrawi activist raped by Moroccan forces: Sultana Khaya"
4789:
4785:
4781:
4753:
4749:
4617:
4547:
4427:
2029:
682:
327:
292:
2881:
Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring
1608:, roughly corresponding to the southern half of Río de Oro), was annexed by Morocco in August 1979.
4951:
4936:
4926:
4896:
4886:
4773:
4769:
4725:
4642:
4577:
4562:
4522:
4263:
4258:
2003:
1729:
1592:
1509:
593:
590:
276:
254:
232:
773:
4916:
4876:
4607:
4527:
4467:
4432:
3838:
3737:
3335:
3102:
3094:
2759:"Opinion: I've been raped, beaten and held under house arrest for fighting for my Sahrawi people"
2730:
2697:
2430:
2045:
1988:
1866:
would further check decisions and connect the movement with its affiliated "mass organizations",
1776:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1737:
1641:
1625:
1576:
1322:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1180:
1134:
851:
659:
636:
605:
317:
312:
1999:
2992:
1528:(SADR) on 27 February 1976, and waged a guerrilla war against both Morocco and Mauritania. The
3878:
3374:
2885:
2879:
2848:
2573:
2520:
2296:
2290:
2191:
2145:
1916:
1605:
1588:
1450:
1394:
1155:
164:
2916:
2185:
1677:
In April 2007, the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the
95:
3187:
3086:
1372:
982:
355:
288:
284:
216:
2788:
1616:
From the mid-1980s Morocco largely managed to keep Polisario troops off by building a huge
5028:
5005:
4843:
4414:
3862:
3358:
3061:
3041:
3022:
2999:
2923:
2364:
2276:
1800:
1653:
1513:
1445:
1230:
1175:
570:
557:
348:
1783:
and religious tolerance to substantiate the "ideal" nature of the Sahrawi refugee camps.
239:
3077:
Lippert, Anne (1992). "Sahrawi Women in the Liberation Struggle of the Sahrawi People".
3015:
4118:
4064:
3819:
3769:
3708:
3626:
3567:
3311:
3247:
2110:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1604:
rupture in relations with Morocco. The area of Western Sahara evacuated by Mauritania (
1584:
1517:
1317:
1209:
1170:
1102:
1097:
1059:
651:
624:
613:
601:
280:
3173:
R.A.S.D. Foreign minister critical response to the supposed independent ESISC's report
2488:"LE CONFLIT DU SAHARA OCCIDENTAL Huit Français au moins sont détenus par le Polisario"
1915:, replaced in 1974 by El-Ouali at the II Congress of the Polisario Front, followed by
5080:
3854:
3345:
3106:
2063:. Valuable contributions also come from the strong Spanish solidarity organizations.
1905:
1709:
1621:
1556:
1521:
1235:
1118:
561:
2079:
during the 1970s, and took a more independent "third-worldist" position after that.
2071:
The most intense open warfare in the conflict in Western Sahara occurred during the
1881:
But after the movement took on the role as a state-in-waiting in 1975, based in the
17:
4216:
2630:
2235:
2087:
2076:
1911:
The Polisario Front is led by a Secretary General. The first Secretary General was
1838:
1074:
1066:
177:
2230:
2662:"Fighting in Morocco May Present Biden with Fresh Africa Crisis Amid COVID Surge"
2514:
2139:
2105:
A key diplomatic dispute between Morocco and Polisario is over the international
1760:
gives a hint of the movement's ideological context. In 1991, Polisario voted for
4729:
3811:
3303:
2936:
2026:
1912:
1850:
1761:
1694:
1595:
against opposing forces in Western Sahara and in Morocco and Mauritania proper.
1505:
1389:
1092:
735:
37:
4803:
1720:
4835:
3886:
3382:
2594:
2377:
2037:
2021:
1804:
1780:
1702:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1548:
1455:
1081:
1070:
628:
296:
227:
2378:"Proyecto Desaparecidos: Mohamed Basiri El mas antiguo desaparecido saharaui"
5023:
4995:
3053:
2962:
2114:
2007:
1863:
1533:
1053:
The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro.
3177:
1069:
by several Sahrawi university students, survivors of the 1968 massacres in
3677:
2726:"Sakharov Prize: EU Rejects Candidacy of Polisario Activist Sultana Khaya"
1900:
1077:. They called themselves the Constituent Congress of the Polisario Front.
3268:
2072:
2033:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1867:
1753:
1736:
organization, whose main goal is the independence of Western Sahara from
1633:
1629:
1552:
1516:
of 31 October, Spain entered negotiations that led to the signing of the
1312:
655:
654:
considers the Polisario Front to be the legitimate representative of the
586:
al-Jabhah ash-Shaʿbiyah Li-Taḥrīr as-Sāqiyah al-Ḥamrāʾ wa Wādī adh-Dhahab
3034:
4745:
4377:
3098:
1952:
In 2004, an anti-ceasefire and anti-Abdelaziz opposition fraction, the
1925:
1871:
1752:
movement that is considered to be the legitimate representative of the
1663:
1580:
1281:
1122:
632:
535:
305:
220:
1775:
has been achieved, either function as a party within the context of a
619:
Tracing its origin to a Sahrawi nationalist organization known as the
1843:
1808:
generally neutral without reports of armed clashes from either side.
1666:(UN), has been in effect since 6 September 1991, on the promise of a
1560:
2570:
Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?
2269:
1813:
protests and riots in 2005 by Sahrawis in "the occupied territories"
3090:
2458:"France Is Under Public Pressure To Free 8 Kidnapped in the Sahara"
5018:
4741:
4202:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro
3172:
3168:
The Association for a Free & Fair Referendum in Western Sahara
2292:
Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era
2289:
Stefan Gänzle; Benjamin Leruth; Jarle Trondal (15 November 2019).
2060:
1899:
1849:
1837:
1719:
1637:
1568:
388:
380:
372:
2693:"Morocco Exposes Polisario, Algeria's Propaganda in Letter to UN"
1799:
has repeatedly stated that the Moroccan withdrawal from the 1991
1587:. The reorganized army was able to inflict severe damage through
621:
Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab
3182:
2358:
Member parties of the Socialist International – Observer parties
1921:
1875:
1686:
independence. This led to the negotiations process known as the
1617:
1572:
1080:
On 1 May 1977, the Polisario Front raided the city of Zouerate,
4807:
4381:
4173:
3681:
3191:
3136:
Fueling the Fire. U.S. policy & the Western Sahara Conflict
1065:
The Polisario Front was formally constituted on 10 May 1973 at
3156:
Forced Migration Organization: FMO Research Guide Bibliography
2056:
481:
364:
31:
2187:
Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion
541:
Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro
3183:
The self determination process of the former Spanish Sahara
635:
to partition and occupy the territory. The Polisario Front
627:
which lasted until 1975, when the Spanish decided to allow
2231:"The Polisario's Marxist past sinks into the desert sands"
1857:, the Polisario Front former secretary-general (in white).
1579:
jeeps, captured from Moroccan soldiers), and 19th-century
5047:- country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world
2917:"'11 Sept has not influenced Western Sahara's situation'"
2015:
Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3122:
United Nations Determination of the Western Saharan Self
2407:
2405:
2403:
2032:
countries have supported the Polisario Front. Ties with
1644:
of the Western Sahara on the east of the Moroccan Wall.
658:
people and maintains that the Sahrawis have a right to
3167:
1662:
between the Polisario Front and Morocco, monitored by
5054:
2819:"Western Sahara: Harassment of Independence Activist"
2757:
Khaya, Opinion by Sultana Sidibrahim (29 July 2021).
2329:"UN calls for peace in Western Sahara – Vatican News"
27:
Military and political organisation in Western Sahara
1932:) and military delegates from the SPLA (see below).
1771:
The Polisario has stated that it will, when Sahrawi
584:
5004:
4988:
4960:
4842:
4724:
4696:
4413:
4277:
4241:
4209:
4090:
4051:
4039:
Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS)
3971:
3925:
3831:
3788:
3762:
3753:
3593:
3555:
3546:
3478:
3432:
3323:
3280:
3235:
3226:
474:
460:
443:
429:
397:
338:
323:
311:
270:
260:
250:
238:
226:
208:
193:
183:
171:
136:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1698:consider an option of independence on the ballot.
4698:States and regions with limited or no recognition
575:الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير الساقية الحمراء ووادي الذهب
3056:. Middle East Research and Information Project.
2963:"Algeria Claims Spanish Sahara Is Being Invaded"
2516:La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962–1978)
2262:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37
2133:
2131:
1904:Polisario-held territory (in green) east of the
3085:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 636–651.
1624:), staffed by an army, enclosing within it the
4819:
4393:
4185:
3693:
3203:
3124:(Norwegian Institute of Foreign Affairs 1994)
1705:buffer zone near the border with Mauritania.
1485:
1027:
539:
152:
8:
2184:Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman (14 February 2017).
2025:of the Front of Refusal. Additionally, many
1563:, the Front had to relocate the refugees to
666:) there. It is a consultative member of the
402:
142:
3178:Michael Palin's visit to Smara Refugee Camp
1626:economically useful parts of Western Sahara
545:
410:
4826:
4812:
4804:
4400:
4386:
4378:
4192:
4178:
4170:
4096:
4057:
3977:
3931:
3759:
3700:
3686:
3678:
3599:
3552:
3484:
3438:
3232:
3210:
3196:
3188:
2190:. Princeton University Press. p. 31.
2144:. Africana Publishing Company. p. 3.
1679:Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs
1492:
1478:
1138:
1034:
1020:
677:
133:
3129:Western Sahara. The Roots of a Desert War
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3141:Anthony G. Pazzanita & Tony Hodges,
2884:. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
2556:La historia prohibida del Sáhara Español
2426:"MOROCCO IS FIGHTING SAHARAN GUERRILLAS"
2221:
2219:
2138:Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (1981).
1998:
5061:
3143:Historical dictionary of Western Sahara
3035:"LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ON WESTERN SAHARA"
2572:. London: Zed Books. pp. 171–172.
2411:
2127:
1547:on improvised Sahrawi refugee camps in
1415:
1363:
1303:
1258:
1222:
1162:
1146:
680:
5102:Democratic socialist parties in Africa
2339:from the original on 21 September 2021
5122:1973 establishments in Spanish Sahara
5112:Political parties established in 1973
2991:Ramos-Horta, Jose (31 October 2005).
2943:from the original on 15 December 2006
2898:from the original on 19 November 2023
2829:from the original on 31 December 2021
2738:from the original on 30 December 2021
2705:from the original on 31 December 2021
2550:
2548:
2494:from the original on 23 December 2021
2468:from the original on 23 December 2021
2438:from the original on 23 December 2021
2295:. Taylor & Francis. p. 191.
2204:from the original on 19 November 2023
2158:from the original on 11 November 2023
2118:the SADR to act as a mediating party.
2095:International recognition of the SADR
1978:Former members of the Polisario Front
1524:. The Polisario Front proclaimed the
1504:After Moroccan pressures through the
7:
3895:UN Security Council Resolution 1495
3391:UN Security Council Resolution 1495
2859:from the original on 8 December 2021
2799:from the original on 8 December 2021
2611:from the original on 3 December 2016
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
1987:Sahara, which Morocco considers its
1708:Sahrawi self-determination activist
1648:Ceasefire and the referendum process
556:Popular Front for the Liberation of
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2724:Kasraoui, Safaa (15 October 2021).
2672:from the original on 6 October 2021
2660:Brennan, David (15 November 2020).
1748:from Spanish colonization. It is a
1740:. Initially, its driving force was
574:
403:
143:
5092:Arab nationalist political parties
2973:from the original on 12 March 2020
2769:from the original on 28 March 2022
2533:from the original on 22 March 2023
2424:Markham, James (23 October 1977).
2309:from the original on 22 March 2023
2243:from the original on 13 April 2021
2101:Political status of Western Sahara
1272:Political status of Western Sahara
1194:Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab
951:Political status of Western Sahara
25:
3847:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2691:Hatim, Yahia (25 February 2021).
2641:from the original on 25 July 2011
2593:Arieff, Alexis (8 October 2014).
2388:from the original on 9 March 2022
2006:, Sahrawi Republic ambassador to
1842:A pro-Polisario demonstration in
5064:
4989:Autonomous regional armed forces
4975:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4706:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4478:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4249:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
4034:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
3741:
3729:
3423:
3219:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2513:Grimaud, Nicole (January 1984).
1984:several members of the Polisario
1967:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
1612:Moroccan wall stalemates the war
1526:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1512:'s previous invasion of eastern
1154:
690:
598:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
466:
265:Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
163:
36:
4962:States with limited recognition
4254:National Union of Sahrawi Women
2631:"Mauritania profile – Timeline"
2268:. Adopted on 21 November 1979.
1758:Sahrawi republic's constitution
1683:United Nations Security Council
245:National Union of Sahrawi Women
47:needs additional citations for
3145:(2nd ed. Scarecrow Press 1994)
2602:Congressional Research Service
2558:, Destino, 2002, Pages 105–106
2067:Western Sahara in the Cold War
1954:Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid
1530:International Court of Justice
1192:Movement for the Liberation of
1:
3150:Endgame in the Western Sahara
2878:Willis, Michael (June 2014).
2490:. Le Monde. 28 October 1977.
2367:. Socialistinternational.org.
1803:and refusal to sign the 2003
1062:to start an armed rebellion.
612:in the disputed territory of
4005:Moroccan Western Sahara Wall
3354:Western Sahara peace process
3025:. East Timor Action Network.
1982:Since the end of the 1980s,
1277:Foreign relations of Morocco
1267:Annexation of Western Sahara
1205:Sahrawi National Union Party
1073:and Sahrawi veterans of the
5097:Communist parties in Africa
4543:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
4234:Brahim Ghali (2016–present)
3264:Moroccan Army of Liberation
3044:. ARSO.org (26 March 2004).
2993:"The dignity of the ballot"
2981:– via Newspapers.com.
2951:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
2279:, retrieved 8 January 2020.
1787:Attitudes to armed struggle
1575:(most of them were Spanish
1186:Moroccan Army of Liberation
585:
5138:
3131:(Lawrence & Hill 1983)
2266:Question of Western Sahara
2098:
2012:
1975:
1964:
1928:), workers' organization (
1651:
1132:
645:resumed the armed conflict
498:Politics of Western Sahara
5117:Social democratic parties
5042:
4131:
4099:
4060:
3990:International recognition
3980:
3934:
3716:
3639:
3602:
3502:International recognition
3487:
3441:
3421:
3016:"Timor achieves UN dream"
1834:Organizational background
1742:anti-colonial nationalism
1728:The Polisario Front is a
946:International recognition
748:Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
493:
479:
465:
324:International affiliation
162:
4463:Central African Republic
3243:Colonial wars in Morocco
3060:10 December 2006 at the
2937:"'Africa's last colony'"
2922:25 February 2006 at the
1883:refugee camps in Tindouf
1793:2003 Casablanca bombings
1599:Withdrawal of Mauritania
1571:were replaced by modern
1545:Royal Moroccan Air Force
846:Administrative divisions
768:Sahrawi National Council
488:(Spanish representation)
455:(Sahrawi Republic seats)
431:Sahrawi National Council
3910:Manhasset negotiations
3873:(MINURSO, 1991–present)
3406:Manhasset negotiations
3369:(MINURSO, 1991–present)
3331:Western Sahara conflict
3040:21 October 2006 at the
2363:1 February 2011 at the
1924:), youth organization (
1674:) seem to have failed.
1148:Western Sahara conflict
1142:Part of a series on the
956:Western Sahara conflict
668:Socialist International
596:seeking to establish a
332:Socialist International
313:Political position
251:Trade union affiliation
188:El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed
5034:People's Defense Units
3871:UN referendum mission
3367:UN referendum mission
2568:Shelley, Toby (2004).
2107:diplomatic recognition
2010:
1908:
1858:
1847:
1820:Relations with Algeria
1725:
1688:Manhasset negotiations
1508:of 6 November and the
1461:Manhasset negotiations
1293:Royal Advisory Council
971:Diplomatic missions of
794:Constitutional Council
540:
445:Pan-African Parliament
420:Sahara is our Homeland
153:
4623:São Tomé and Príncipe
4483:Republic of the Congo
4269:Sahrawi Student Union
3804:ICJ Advisory Opinion
3296:ICJ Advisory Opinion
2998:22 March 2023 at the
2793:Amnesty International
2382:www.desaparecidos.org
2084:Reagan administration
2002:
1903:
1853:
1841:
1723:
1436:UN referendum mission
1333:Independence Intifada
862:Sahrawi refugee camps
604:through the means of
213:Sahrawi refugee camps
4947:United Arab Emirates
4408:Militaries of Africa
3849:(SADR, 1976–present)
3796:UN visiting mission
3497:Diplomatic relations
3288:UN visiting mission
3138:(Red Sea Press 1987)
3021:30 June 2006 at the
2967:The Monroe News-Star
2853:Front Line Defenders
2335:. 17 November 2020.
2229:(11 February 1999).
1441:ICJ Advisory Opinion
1348:2020–present clashes
1343:Arab Spring protests
1287:Politics of the SADR
961:ICJ Advisory Opinion
683:Politics of the SADR
328:Progressive Alliance
293:Democratic socialism
56:improve this article
18:POLISARIO insurgency
4754:Plazas de soberanía
4264:Sahrawi Youth Union
4259:Sahrawi Trade Union
4223:Luali Mustafa Sayed
4210:Secretaries-General
4000:Moroccan Initiative
3839:Western Sahara War
3336:Western Sahara War
2939:. 21 October 2003.
2855:. 5 February 2021.
2464:. 1 November 1977.
2275:4 June 2020 at the
2004:Omar Emboirik Ahmed
1961:Armed forces (SPLA)
1825:Sahara guerrillas.
1738:Moroccan occupation
1730:Sahrawi nationalist
1593:hit-and-run attacks
1510:Royal Moroccan Army
1431:UN visiting mission
1385:Sahrawi nationality
1295:for Saharan Affairs
1215:Partition agreement
1129:Withdrawal of Spain
1115:UN visiting mission
594:liberation movement
591:Sahrawi nationalist
277:Sahrawi nationalism
255:Sahrawi Trade Union
233:Sahrawi Youth Union
149:Jabhat al-Bōlīsāryū
4834:Militaries of the
4242:Mass organizations
4073:Telecommunications
3879:Houston Agreement
3778:Colonial governors
3738:Southern Provinces
3576:Telecommunications
3375:Houston Agreement
2969:. 1 January 1976.
2823:Human Rights Watch
2731:Morocco World News
2698:Morocco World News
2462:The New York Times
2431:The New York Times
2333:www.vaticannews.va
2011:
1989:Southern Provinces
1909:
1859:
1848:
1777:multi-party system
1773:self-determination
1726:
1716:Political ideology
1620:or sand wall (the
1577:Land Rover Santana
1538:issued its verdict
1323:Western Sahara War
1246:Tiris al-Gharbiyya
1241:Southern Provinces
1181:Greater Mauritania
1135:Western Sahara War
660:self-determination
625:Spanish occupation
606:self-determination
534:(from the Spanish
5052:
5051:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4778:
4766:
4758:
4498:Equatorial Guinea
4375:
4374:
4229:Mohamed Abdelaziz
4167:
4166:
4127:
4126:
4086:
4085:
4047:
4046:
3967:
3966:
3921:
3920:
3857:(built 1981–1987)
3675:
3674:
3635:
3634:
3589:
3588:
3542:
3541:
3474:
3473:
3419:
3418:
3348:(built 1981–1987)
2891:978-0-19-936820-4
2302:978-0-429-64884-7
2197:978-0-691-17622-2
2151:978-0-8419-0664-8
2053:Algerian military
1995:Foreign relations
1917:Mahfoud Ali Beiba
1893:Present structure
1855:Mohamed Abdelaziz
1797:Mohamed Abdelaziz
1606:Tiris al-Gharbiya
1583:were replaced by
1502:
1501:
1466:Autonomy Proposal
1451:Houston Agreement
1395:Moroccan settlers
1089:Secretary General
1044:
1043:
988:Visa requirements
939:Foreign relations
881:Recent elections
583:
516:
515:
503:Political parties
456:
173:Secretary-General
132:
131:
124:
106:
71:"Polisario Front"
16:(Redirected from
5129:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5006:Non-state actors
4844:Sovereign states
4828:
4821:
4814:
4805:
4793:(United Kingdom)
4792:
4790:Tristan da Cunha
4786:Ascension Island
4776:
4764:
4756:
4415:Sovereign states
4402:
4395:
4388:
4379:
4203:
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4187:
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4097:
4068:
4058:
3978:
3932:
3913:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3863:Settlement Plan
3858:
3850:
3842:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3773:
3760:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3726:Sahrawi Republic
3721:Political status
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3655:
3648:
3600:
3571:
3553:
3524:Political status
3485:
3439:
3427:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3359:Settlement Plan
3349:
3339:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3272:
3259:
3256:Spanish Morocco
3251:
3233:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3152:(Zed Books 2004)
3110:
3064:
3051:
3045:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3007:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2825:. 5 March 2021.
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2785:
2779:
2778:
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2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2599:
2595:"Western Sahara"
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
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2445:
2443:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2398:
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2368:
2355:
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2344:
2325:
2319:
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2259:
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2250:
2248:
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2211:
2209:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2135:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1158:
1139:
1036:
1029:
1022:
694:
678:
610:armed resistance
588:
578:
576:
568:
565:
553:
550:
547:
543:
524:Frente Polisario
489:
486:
483:
470:
454:
452:
438:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
406:
405:
404:صحراؤنا هي الوطن
387:
379:
371:
363:
356:Pan-Arab colours
347:
289:Social democracy
285:Arab nationalism
217:Tindouf Province
204:
202:
174:
167:
156:
154:Frente Polisario
146:
145:
144:جبهة البوليساريو
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5107:Marxist parties
5087:Polisario Front
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5038:
5029:Houthi movement
5000:
4984:
4956:
4838:
4832:
4802:
4797:
4720:
4692:
4409:
4406:
4376:
4371:
4273:
4237:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4168:
4163:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4123:
4082:
4066:
4065:Sahrawi peseta
4043:
4010:Polisario Front
3963:
3917:
3911:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3827:
3821:
3820:Madrid Accords
3813:
3805:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3770:Spanish Sahara
3749:
3742:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3712:
3706:
3676:
3671:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3631:
3585:
3569:
3568:Sahrawi peseta
3538:
3519:Polisario Front
3470:
3428:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3347:
3337:
3319:
3313:
3312:Madrid Accords
3305:
3297:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3249:
3248:Spanish Sahara
3222:
3216:
3164:
3117:
3115:Further reading
3076:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3062:Wayback Machine
3052:
3048:
3042:Wayback Machine
3033:
3029:
3023:Wayback Machine
3014:
3010:
3000:Wayback Machine
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2924:Wayback Machine
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2849:"Sultana Khaya"
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2817:
2816:
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2800:
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2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2554:Tomás Bárbulo,
2553:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
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2456:
2455:
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2441:
2439:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2401:
2391:
2389:
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2365:Wayback Machine
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2303:
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2287:
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2277:Wayback Machine
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2246:
2244:
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2207:
2205:
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2183:
2182:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2103:
2097:
2069:
2051:Apart from the
2017:
1997:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1895:
1836:
1831:
1822:
1801:Settlement Plan
1789:
1718:
1656:
1654:Settlement Plan
1650:
1614:
1601:
1514:Saguia el-Hamra
1498:
1446:Settlement Plan
1411:
1359:
1297:
1294:
1231:Saguia el-Hamra
1200:Polisario Front
1196:
1193:
1176:Greater Morocco
1137:
1131:
1049:
1040:
1011:
1007:Other countries
998:
997:
979:
967:
941:
931:
930:
925:
903:
877:
867:
866:
847:
839:
838:
832:Polisario Front
824:
814:
813:
809:Judicial system
804:Court of Appeal
789:
781:
780:
763:
755:
754:
726:
718:
717:
713:Nationality law
708:
685:
676:
566:
558:Saguia el-Hamra
554:
551:
548:
520:Polisario Front
512:
487:
482:frentepolisario
480:
453:
450:
439:
436:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
345:
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299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
200:
198:
172:
158:
157:
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139:Polisario Front
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5135:
5133:
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5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:Western Sahara
5050:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
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4779:
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4750:Alboran Island
4738:Canary Islands
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4119:Sahrawi people
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4078:Transportation
4075:
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4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4030:
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4019:
4018:
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4015:former members
4007:
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3997:
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3987:
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3709:Western Sahara
3707:
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3673:
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3657:
3656:
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3627:Sahrawi people
3624:
3619:
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3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3581:Transportation
3578:
3573:
3565:
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3557:
3556:Infrastructure
3550:
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3540:
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3537:
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3534:Prime Minister
3531:
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3163:
3162:External links
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:Toby Shelley,
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3120:Jarat Chopra,
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3091:10.1086/494752
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2479:
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2414:, p. 638.
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2111:Nelson Mandela
2099:Main article:
2096:
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2068:
2065:
2013:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1976:Main article:
1973:
1970:
1965:Main article:
1962:
1959:
1894:
1891:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1811:The series of
1788:
1785:
1764:economics and
1754:Sahrawi people
1746:Spanish Sahara
1734:Arab socialist
1717:
1714:
1652:Main article:
1649:
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1585:assault rifles
1518:Madrid Accords
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1426:UN resolutions
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1328:First Intifada
1325:
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1318:Zemla Intifada
1315:
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1210:Madrid Accords
1207:
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1171:Spanish Sahara
1165:
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1133:Main article:
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1107:Tropas Nomadas
1098:Tropas Nomadas
1060:Spanish Sahara
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887:Presidential:
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856:Municipalities
848:
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743:Prime Minister
740:
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727:
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709:
704:
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687:
686:
681:
675:
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652:United Nations
641:1991 ceasefire
614:Western Sahara
602:Sahrawi people
514:
513:
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510:
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494:
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334:(consultative)
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315:
309:
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281:Arab socialism
274:
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112:September 2018
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14:
13:
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5014:Islamic State
5012:
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4997:
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4538:Guinea-Bissau
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3127:Tony Hodges,
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1906:Moroccan Wall
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5044:
4974:
4922:Saudi Arabia
4782:Saint Helena
4726:Dependencies
4648:South Africa
4638:Sierra Leone
4443:Burkina Faso
4217:Brahim Ghali
4200:
4145:Bibliography
4109:Demographics
4009:
3995:Legal status
3985:Human rights
3900: /
3812:Green March
3653:Bibliography
3617:Human rights
3607:Demographics
3518:
3492:Constitution
3396: /
3304:Green March
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3082:
3078:
3049:
3030:
3011:
3004:The Guardian
3003:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2966:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2931:
2926:. Afrol.net.
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2880:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2822:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2762:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2729:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2668:. Newsweek.
2665:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2634:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2601:
2588:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2535:. Retrieved
2519:. Khartala.
2515:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:
2412:Lippert 1992
2390:. Retrieved
2381:
2372:
2353:
2343:21 September
2341:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2291:
2284:
2265:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2236:The Guardian
2234:
2227:Hooper, John
2206:. Retrieved
2186:
2160:. Retrieved
2140:
2104:
2088:Eastern Bloc
2081:
2077:Soviet Union
2070:
2050:
2042:
2018:
1981:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1910:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1860:
1823:
1810:
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1407:Human rights
1199:
1117:, headed by
1112:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1079:
1075:Spanish Army
1064:
1056:
1052:
1050:
973: /
831:
774:Hamma Salama
706:Constitution
664:Sahrawi flag
649:
618:
555:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
354:
300:
240:Women's wing
209:Headquarters
178:Brahim Ghali
148:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4730:territories
4653:South Sudan
4367:16th (2023)
4362:15th (2019)
4357:Ext. (2016)
4352:14th (2015)
4347:13th (2011)
4342:12th (2007)
4337:11th (2003)
4332:10th (1999)
4231:(1976–2016)
4225:(1974–1976)
4219:(1973–1974)
3912:(2007–2008)
3889:(2000/2003)
3887:Baker Plan
3841:(1975–1991)
3772:(1884–1975)
3763:Before 1975
3408:(2007–2008)
3385:(2000/2003)
3383:Baker Plan
3338:(1975–1991)
3271:(1957–1958)
3258:(1913–1956)
3250:(1884–1975)
3236:Before 1975
3134:Leo Kamil,
2902:19 November
2863:31 December
2833:31 December
2803:31 December
2773:31 December
2742:31 December
2709:31 December
2676:15 November
2537:24 December
2498:23 December
2472:23 December
2442:23 December
2392:27 February
2247:11 February
2208:19 November
2162:11 November
2030:non-aligned
2027:third world
1913:Brahim Gali
1766:multi-party
1762:free market
1695:sovereignty
1506:Green March
1390:Green March
1093:Brahim Gali
1067:Ain Bentili
993:Visa policy
975:to the SADR
772:President:
762:Legislature
736:Brahim Gali
637:waged a war
201:10 May 1973
197:10 May 1973
5081:Categories
4980:Somaliland
4902:Mauritania
4836:Arab world
4765:(Portugal)
4728:and other
4711:Somaliland
4633:Seychelles
4598:Mozambique
4583:Mauritania
4568:Madagascar
4523:The Gambia
4458:Cape Verde
4327:9th (1995)
4322:8th (1991)
4317:7th (1989)
4312:6th (1985)
4307:5th (1982)
4302:4th (1978)
4297:3rd (1976)
4292:2nd (1974)
4287:1st (1973)
4279:Congresses
4067:(currency)
3954:Ecoregions
3832:Since 1975
3822:(November)
3814:(November)
3570:(currency)
3514:Parliament
3509:Government
3461:Ecoregions
3324:Since 1975
3314:(November)
3306:(November)
2977:19 October
2645:1 February
2615:24 October
2122:References
2038:East Timor
2022:Arab world
1972:Defections
1949:activism.
1805:Baker Plan
1781:secularism
1703:Guerguerat
1672:Baker Plan
1668:referendum
1549:Umm Dreiga
1522:Río de Oro
1456:Baker Plan
1338:Gdeim Izik
1236:Río de Oro
1163:Background
1119:Simeon Aké
1087:Its first
1082:Mauritania
1047:Beginnings
852:Free Zones
629:Mauritania
562:Río de Oro
530:or simply
528:Frelisario
461:Party flag
301:Historical
297:Secularism
261:Armed wing
228:Youth wing
82:newspapers
5024:Hezbollah
4996:Peshmerga
4970:Palestine
4588:Mauritius
3927:Geography
3806:(October)
3529:President
3434:Geography
3298:(October)
3269:Ifni War
3107:144819149
3054:MERIP.org
2947:26 August
2313:9 January
2115:apartheid
2046:civil war
2008:Venezuela
1864:Politburo
1829:Structure
1750:left-wing
1660:ceasefire
1589:guerrilla
1534:The Hague
1251:Free Zone
875:Elections
828:Parties:
788:Judiciary
731:President
725:Executive
580:romanized
532:Polisario
508:Elections
318:Left-wing
4867:Djibouti
4788: /
4784: /
4777:(France)
4772: /
4752: /
4748: /
4744: /
4740: /
4688:Zimbabwe
4663:Tanzania
4513:Ethiopia
4508:Eswatini
4488:Djibouti
4453:Cameroon
4438:Botswana
4154:Category
4022:Politics
3973:Politics
3959:Wildlife
3662:Category
3480:Politics
3466:Wildlife
3058:Archived
3038:Archived
3019:Archived
2996:Archived
2971:Archived
2941:Archived
2920:Archived
2896:Archived
2857:Archived
2827:Archived
2797:Archived
2767:Archived
2736:Archived
2703:Archived
2670:Archived
2639:Archived
2635:BBC News
2606:Archived
2531:Archived
2492:Archived
2466:Archived
2436:Archived
2386:Archived
2361:Archived
2337:Archived
2307:Archived
2273:Archived
2241:Archived
2202:Archived
2156:Archived
2073:Cold War
2034:Fretilin
1946:diaspora
1942:Tifariti
1930:UGTSARIO
1868:UGTSARIO
1642:the part
1634:El-Aaiun
1630:Bou Craa
1553:Tifariti
1373:Refugees
1353:Timeline
1313:Ifni War
1259:Politics
983:Passport
822:Politics
600:for the
589:), is a
272:Ideology
4942:Tunisia
4927:Somalia
4907:Morocco
4892:Lebanon
4862:Comoros
4857:Bahrain
4852:Algeria
4774:Réunion
4770:Mayotte
4762:Madeira
4757:(Spain)
4746:Melilla
4673:Tunisia
4643:Somalia
4628:Senegal
4613:Nigeria
4603:Namibia
4593:Morocco
4558:Liberia
4553:Lesotho
4503:Eritrea
4473:Comoros
4448:Burundi
4423:Algeria
4138:Outline
4104:Cuisine
4092:Culture
4053:Economy
3949:Climate
3939:Borders
3755:History
3646:Outline
3612:Cuisine
3595:Society
3563:Economy
3548:Economy
3456:Climate
3446:Borders
3228:History
3099:3174626
3071:Sources
2666:msn.com
1926:UJSARIO
1872:UJSARIO
1664:MINURSO
1591:-style
1581:muskets
1565:Tindouf
1304:Clashes
1282:Makhzen
1223:Regions
1123:Tindouf
1103:Sahrawi
1071:Zouérat
674:History
656:Sahrawi
633:Morocco
582::
549:
536:acronym
475:Website
437:51 / 51
414:
306:Marxism
221:Algeria
199: (
194:Founded
184:Founder
96:scholar
5057:Portal
5045:italic
4887:Kuwait
4882:Jordan
4716:Tigray
4683:Zambia
4678:Uganda
4618:Rwanda
4573:Malawi
4533:Guinea
4428:Angola
4159:Portal
3944:Cities
3904:(2007)
3897:(2003)
3881:(1997)
3865:(1991)
3667:Portal
3451:Cities
3400:(2007)
3393:(2003)
3377:(1997)
3361:(1991)
3105:
3097:
2888:
2576:
2523:
2299:
2194:
2148:
1846:(2006)
1844:Madrid
1569:camels
1561:Amgala
1364:Issues
571:Arabic
398:Anthem
386:
378:
370:
362:
351:(main)
349:Orange
346:
339:Colors
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
5019:Hamas
4952:Yemen
4937:Syria
4932:Sudan
4917:Qatar
4897:Libya
4872:Egypt
4742:Ceuta
4658:Sudan
4608:Niger
4563:Libya
4548:Kenya
4528:Ghana
4518:Gabon
4493:Egypt
4433:Benin
4114:Music
3902:1754
3855:Berm
3798:(May)
3622:Music
3398:1754
3346:Berm
3290:(May)
3103:S2CID
3095:JSTOR
3079:Signs
2609:(PDF)
2598:(PDF)
2061:UNHCR
1638:Smara
1573:jeeps
1378:camps
451:5 / 5
389:White
381:Black
373:Green
103:JSTOR
89:books
4912:Oman
4877:Iraq
4668:Togo
4578:Mali
4468:Chad
4027:SADR
3789:1975
3281:1975
2979:2016
2949:2006
2904:2023
2886:ISBN
2865:2021
2835:2021
2805:2021
2775:2021
2744:2021
2711:2021
2678:2020
2647:2021
2617:2016
2574:ISBN
2539:2021
2521:ISBN
2500:2021
2474:2021
2444:2021
2394:2019
2345:2021
2315:2020
2297:ISBN
2249:2021
2210:2023
2192:ISBN
2164:2023
2146:ISBN
2059:and
1922:UNMS
1876:UNMS
1874:and
1732:and
1618:berm
1559:and
1536:had
1091:was
921:2023
916:2020
911:2016
899:2023
894:2019
889:2016
650:The
631:and
608:and
560:and
546:lit.
518:The
411:lit.
75:news
3087:doi
2763:CNN
2113:as
2057:WHO
2036:of
1532:at
538:of
484:.es
365:Red
58:by
5083::
3101:.
3093:.
3083:17
3081:.
3002:.
2965:.
2894:.
2851:.
2821:.
2795:.
2791:.
2765:.
2761:.
2734:.
2728:.
2701:.
2695:.
2664:.
2637:.
2633:.
2604:.
2600:.
2547:^
2529:.
2460:.
2434:.
2428:.
2402:^
2384:.
2380:.
2331:.
2305:.
2264::
2239:.
2233:.
2218:^
2200:.
2172:^
2154:.
2130:^
1991:.
1870:,
1690:.
1658:A
1636:,
1632:,
1555:,
1551:,
1125:.
1113:A
670:.
647:.
616:.
577:,
573::
569:;
544:;
526:,
522:,
407:"
219:,
215:,
5059::
4827:e
4820:t
4813:v
4401:e
4394:t
4387:v
4193:e
4186:t
4179:v
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