2145:
250:
may be traumatic. Emotional difficulties in coping with the pain of childbirth can also cause psychological trauma. Lack of support, or insufficient coping strategies to deal with the pain are examples of situations that can cause psychological trauma. However, even normal birth can be traumatic, and
398:
Prevalence of PTSD following normal childbirth in women (excluding stillbirth or major complications) is estimated to be between 2.8% and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum, with rates dropping to 1.5% at six months postpartum. Symptoms of PTSD are common following childbirth, with prevalence of 24–30.1%
373:
In order to treat postpartum PTSD, it is essential to normalize the feelings that arise and alleviate anxiety. In some cases, medication such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs might be prescribed to manage symptoms. Seeking emotional support from support systems is crucial. Mental health
251:
thus PTSD is diagnosed based on symptoms of the mother and not whether or not there were complications. Additionally, in the process of birth, medical professionals who are there to aid the birthing mother may need to examine and perform procedures in the genital regions.
236:
Other examples of symptoms of paternal childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder include anxiety, or intense fear of losing either the child or their partner who is giving birth to it. This can lead to difficulties in the father-child connection.
245:
Birth can be traumatic in different ways. Medical problems can result in interventions that can be frightening. The near death of a mother or baby, heavy bleeding, and emergency operations are examples of situations that can cause psychological trauma.
2182:
1453:
1446:
1053:
1439:
2177:
2150:
718:
Goutaudier N, Lopez A, Séjourné N, Denis A, Chabrol H (September 2011). "Premature birth: subjective and psychological experiences in the first weeks following childbirth, a mixed-methods study".
353:
165:
1704:
374:
professionals can conduct comprehensive assessments and provide evidence-based therapies tailored to individual needs. These therapies include
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
1321:
Lev-Wiesel R, Daphna-Tekoah S (2010). "The role of peripartum dissociation as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth in
Israeli Jewish women".
379:
876:
Beck CT, Gable RK, Sakala C, Declercq ER (September 2011). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in new mothers: results from a two-stage U.S. national survey".
158:
2172:
1014:
Creedy DK, Shochet IM, Horsfall J (June 2000). "Childbirth and the development of acute trauma symptoms: incidence and contributing factors".
390:. These trauma-focused therapies can assist in reshaping thought patterns, processing memories, and reducing anxiety and avoidance behaviors.
1684:
1651:
151:
1292:
Elmir R, Schmied V, Wilkes L, Jackson D (October 2010). "Women's perceptions and experiences of a traumatic birth: a meta-ethnography".
84:
31:
438:
Lapp LK, Agbokou C, Peretti CS, Ferreri F (September 2010). "Management of post traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: a review".
1699:
2102:
1957:
1884:
1579:
588:
413:
2129:
119:
1750:
1488:
114:
1631:
1054:"Support during birth interacts with prior trauma and birth intervention to predict postnatal post-traumatic stress symptoms"
418:
186:
1105:
Alder J, Stadlmayr W, Tschudin S, Bitzer J (June 2006). "Post-traumatic symptoms after childbirth: what should we offer?".
1833:
2117:
1900:
1745:
375:
185:. This disorder can also affect men or partners who have observed a difficult birth. Its symptoms are not distinct from
124:
1394:
Vythilingum B (February 2010). "Should childbirth be considered a stressor sufficient to meet the criteria for PTSD?".
1359:
1913:
1148:
Ahsan, Areeba; Nadeem, Abdullah; Habib, Ashna; Basaria, Areeba Aamir Ali; Tariq, Rabeea; Raufi, Nahid (2023-12-07).
2024:
1823:
1797:
1533:
1479:
916:
Söderquist J, Wijma K, Wijma B (March 2002). "Traumatic stress after childbirth: the role of obstetric variables".
662:
Olde E, van der Hart O, Kleber R, van Son M (January 2006). "Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: a review".
387:
383:
284:
261:
221:
for the whole or parts of the event), uncomfortable sexual intimacy, discomfort being touched, abstinence, fear of
129:
2061:
2051:
1969:
1869:
1587:
1986:
1908:
1666:
2107:
2081:
1859:
1679:
1674:
1646:
1623:
1523:
206:
1431:
2071:
2066:
1518:
358:
271:
109:
99:
818:"Risk factors for developing post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: a systematic review"
2076:
1945:
1840:
1661:
1636:
319:
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308:
134:
104:
79:
2112:
2056:
1950:
1879:
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1845:
1694:
1508:
362:
139:
2086:
2041:
2016:
1981:
1828:
1818:
1513:
1419:
1346:
1280:
1232:
1130:
1084:
993:
941:
847:
781:
735:
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202:
1991:
1963:
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1382:
1338:
1309:
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1189:
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1031:
985:
933:
893:
839:
773:
689:
637:
584:
553:
515:
455:
266:
225:, and avoidance of birth- and pregnancy-related issues. Symptoms of increasing stress can be
48:
1874:
1813:
1545:
1403:
1374:
1330:
1301:
1264:
1216:
1179:
1161:
1114:
1068:
1023:
975:
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885:
829:
765:
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627:
617:
545:
505:
497:
447:
214:
94:
2029:
1996:
1785:
1770:
1550:
247:
1184:
1149:
17:
2124:
2034:
1930:
1790:
1779:
1719:
1597:
980:
963:
632:
605:
510:
485:
357:. Many women presenting with symptoms of PTSD after childbirth are misdiagnosed with
2166:
2006:
1976:
1709:
1592:
1305:
1236:
1027:
889:
851:
834:
817:
769:
335:
289:
1423:
1350:
1284:
1134:
1088:
997:
785:
739:
701:
467:
2001:
1935:
945:
565:
226:
201:
Examples of symptoms of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder include
1072:
731:
451:
1940:
1689:
1641:
1574:
1555:
1540:
536:
Condon J (February 2010). "Women's mental health: a "wish-list" for the DSM V".
408:
295:
1220:
816:
Andersen LB, Melvaer LB, Videbech P, Lamont RF, Joergensen JS (November 2012).
622:
1560:
1467:
1407:
1378:
1334:
1268:
1166:
1118:
929:
675:
549:
276:
182:
1175:
756:
Beck CT (January–February 2004). "Birth trauma: in the eye of the beholder".
501:
1604:
1463:
222:
210:
1415:
1386:
1360:"Pre- and postnatal psychological wellbeing in Africa: a systematic review"
1342:
1313:
1276:
1228:
1193:
1126:
1080:
1035:
937:
897:
843:
777:
693:
641:
557:
519:
459:
989:
1498:
2183:
Mental disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium
1150:"Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: a neglected cause"
181:
is a psychological disorder that can develop in women who have recently
1803:
218:
684:
1807:
230:
1207:
Montmasson H, Bertrand P, Perrotin F, El-Hage W (October 2012). "".
1766:
1737:
1570:
1209:
Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et
Biologie de la Reproduction
604:
Ertan D, Hingray C, Burlacu E, Sterlé A, El-Hage W (March 2021).
1435:
351:
Childbirth-related PTSD is not a recognized diagnosis in the
1705:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
258:
Medical complications before, during, or after childbirth:
2178:
Maternal disorders predominantly related to pregnancy
606:"Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth"
365:. These diagnoses can lead to inadequate treatment.
354:
2095:
2015:
1899:
1763:
1736:
1718:
1660:
1622:
1613:
1569:
1487:
1478:
1107:
918:
440:
191:
post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth
47:
42:
911:
909:
907:
2047:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1255:Beck CT (2009). "Birth trauma and its sequelae".
964:"Risk factors for postpartum depression in Japan"
713:
711:
179:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
90:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
43:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
378:, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
581:Perinatal Mental Health : a Clinical Guide
399:at six weeks, dropping to 13.6% at six months.
1009:
1007:
957:
955:
583:. Cumbria England: M & K Pub. p. 26.
1447:
822:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
720:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
486:"Paternal Mental Health: Why Is It Relevant?"
159:
8:
1100:
1098:
1047:
1045:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
531:
529:
233:, being irritated, and sleep disturbances.
1619:
1484:
1454:
1440:
1432:
657:
655:
653:
651:
305:Social, psychological, and other factors:
166:
152:
58:
39:
1183:
1165:
979:
962:Tamaki R, Murata M, Okano T (June 1997).
833:
683:
631:
621:
509:
254:The following are correlated with PTSD:
1358:Sawyer A, Ayers S, Smith H (June 2010).
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
430:
71:
66:
751:
749:
490:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
1685:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
1652:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
968:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
479:
477:
7:
1751:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
1323:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
1257:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
328:Social support following childbirth
85:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
32:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1700:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
1154:Frontiers in Global Women's Health
981:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02368.x
325:Parenting (infant caring) problems
25:
1958:Pain management during childbirth
1885:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1396:Archives of Women's Mental Health
1052:Ford E, Ayers S (December 2011).
538:Archives of Women's Mental Health
414:Pain management during childbirth
386:, and Narrative Exposure Therapy
2144:
2143:
2130:Sexual activity during pregnancy
1306:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05391.x
1028:10.1046/j.1523-536x.2000.00104.x
890:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2011.00475.x
835:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01476.x
770:10.1097/00006199-200401000-00005
120:Miscarriage and mental disorders
115:Breastfeeding and mental health
2173:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1632:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
1367:Journal of Affective Disorders
419:Miscarriage and mental illness
189:(PTSD). It may also be called
187:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
1834:Prelabor rupture of membranes
382:, Prolonged Exposure Therapy
300:Inadequate care during labour
2113:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1764:Maternal care related to the
1746:Gestational thrombocytopenia
1073:10.1080/08870446.2010.533770
732:10.1080/02646838.2011.623227
452:10.3109/0167482X.2010.503330
125:Pregnancy options counseling
1914:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1294:Journal of Advanced Nursing
67:Pregnancy and mental health
2199:
2025:Breastfeeding difficulties
1824:Constriction ring syndrome
1798:Braxton Hicks contractions
1221:10.1016/j.jgyn.2012.04.010
664:Clinical Psychology Review
623:10.1186/s12888-021-03158-6
130:Abortion and mental health
29:
2138:
2062:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
2052:Pubic symphysis diastasis
1408:10.1007/s00737-009-0118-x
1379:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.027
1335:10.1080/15299731003780887
1269:10.1080/15299730802624528
1167:10.3389/fgwh.2023.1273519
1119:10.1080/01674820600714632
930:10.3109/01674820209093413
676:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.002
550:10.1007/s00737-009-0114-1
213:, as well as symptoms of
1588:Gestational hypertension
502:10.1177/1559827616629895
285:Postpartum complications
281:Severe pain during birth
18:PTSD in postpartum women
1987:Umbilical cord prolapse
1909:Amniotic fluid embolism
1667:dermatoses of pregnancy
1061:Psychology & Health
262:Pregnancy complications
2103:Concomitant conditions
2082:Postpartum thyroiditis
1860:Circumvallate placenta
1680:Impetigo herpetiformis
1675:Gestational pemphigoid
1647:Hyperemesis gravidarum
1580:hypertensive disorders
484:Fisher SD (May 2017).
2072:Postpartum infections
2067:Postpartum depression
359:postpartum depression
272:Instrumental delivery
110:Gender disappointment
100:Postpartum depression
2077:Postpartum psychosis
1946:Obstetrical bleeding
1841:Obstetrical bleeding
1662:Integumentary system
1637:Gestational diabetes
1616:related to pregnancy
1614:Other, predominantly
363:adjustment disorders
340:Other life stressors
336:mental health issues
315:socioeconomic status
135:Infant mental health
105:Postpartum psychosis
80:Antenatal depression
2057:Postpartum bleeding
1880:Placental abruption
1865:Monochorionic twins
1695:Prurigo gestationis
267:Emergency C-section
140:Paternal depression
62:Articles related to
2087:Puerperal mastitis
2042:Breast engorgement
1829:Monoamniotic twins
1819:Chorionic hematoma
309:Unwanted pregnancy
203:intrusive symptoms
197:Signs and symptoms
53:OB/GYN, psychiatry
2160:
2159:
2118:Thyroid disorders
2108:Diabetes mellitus
1992:Uterine inversion
1924:Shoulder dystocia
1919:Obstructed labour
1895:
1894:
1759:
1758:
1728:Chorea gravidarum
1504:Ectopic pregnancy
1300:(10): 2142–2153.
1067:(12): 1553–1570.
828:(11): 1261–1272.
579:Martin C (2012).
176:
175:
57:
56:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2190:
2147:
2146:
1982:Postmature birth
1970:Placenta accreta
1875:Placenta praevia
1870:Placenta accreta
1814:Chorioamnionitis
1624:Digestive system
1620:
1546:Fetal resorption
1534:Rudimentary horn
1491:abortive outcome
1485:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1390:
1364:
1354:
1317:
1288:
1241:
1240:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1169:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1011:
1002:
1001:
983:
959:
950:
949:
913:
902:
901:
873:
856:
855:
837:
813:
790:
789:
758:Nursing Research
753:
744:
743:
715:
706:
705:
687:
659:
646:
645:
635:
625:
601:
595:
594:
576:
570:
569:
533:
524:
523:
513:
481:
472:
471:
435:
331:Cultural factors
168:
161:
154:
95:Postpartum blues
59:
40:
21:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2134:
2091:
2035:Cracked nipples
2030:Low milk supply
2011:
1997:Uterine rupture
1891:
1786:Oligohydramnios
1771:amniotic cavity
1765:
1755:
1732:
1714:
1665:
1656:
1615:
1609:
1578:
1565:
1551:Molar pregnancy
1490:
1474:
1460:
1430:
1393:
1362:
1357:
1320:
1291:
1254:
1250:
1248:Further reading
1245:
1244:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1013:
1012:
1005:
961:
960:
953:
915:
914:
905:
875:
874:
859:
815:
814:
793:
755:
754:
747:
717:
716:
709:
661:
660:
649:
603:
602:
598:
591:
578:
577:
573:
535:
534:
527:
483:
482:
475:
437:
436:
432:
427:
405:
396:
371:
349:
248:Premature birth
243:
199:
172:
38:
35:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2125:Maternal death
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
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2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:Fetal distress
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
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1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1791:Polyhydramnios
1788:
1780:amniotic fluid
1775:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1720:Nervous system
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
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1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:HELLP syndrome
1590:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:Pregnancy with
1482:
1476:
1475:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1391:
1373:(1–3): 17–29.
1355:
1329:(3): 266–283.
1318:
1289:
1263:(2): 189–203.
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1215:(6): 553–560.
1199:
1140:
1113:(2): 107–112.
1094:
1041:
1022:(2): 104–111.
1003:
951:
903:
884:(3): 216–227.
857:
791:
745:
726:(4): 364–373.
707:
647:
610:BMC Psychiatry
596:
589:
571:
525:
496:(3): 200–211.
473:
446:(3): 113–122.
429:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
404:
401:
395:
392:
370:
367:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
338:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:(first labour)
317:
311:
303:
302:
301:
298:
292:
290:Preterm labour
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68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
45:
44:
36:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2195:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
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2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
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2088:
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2075:
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2068:
2065:
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2055:
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2048:
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2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2007:Uterine atony
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Preterm birth
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1961:
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1942:
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1910:
1907:
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1904:
1902:
1898:
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1873:
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1868:
1866:
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1710:Stretch marks
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1593:Pre-eclampsia
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1462:Pathology of
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28:
19:
2149:
2142:
2046:
2002:Vasa praevia
1962:
1936:Locked twins
1852:
1802:
1778:
1524:Interstitial
1402:(1): 49–50.
1399:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1326:
1322:
1297:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1212:
1208:
1202:
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1153:
1143:
1110:
1106:
1064:
1060:
1019:
1015:
974:(3): 93–98.
971:
967:
924:(1): 31–39.
921:
917:
881:
877:
825:
821:
764:(1): 28–35.
761:
757:
723:
719:
667:
663:
613:
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541:
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397:
394:Epidemiology
372:
352:
350:
253:
244:
235:
200:
190:
178:
177:
89:
26:
1941:Nuchal cord
1690:Linea nigra
1642:Hepatitis E
1575:proteinuria
1556:Miscarriage
1541:Embryo loss
1519:Heterotopic
670:(1): 1–16.
544:(1): 5–10.
409:Miscarriage
334:History of
320:Primiparous
296:infertility
294:History of
217:(including
193:(PTSD-FC).
183:given birth
2167:Categories
1951:Postpartum
1846:Antepartum
1561:Stillbirth
1472:puerperium
1470:, and the
1468:childbirth
685:1874/16760
616:(1): 155.
425:References
277:Episiotomy
211:nightmares
207:flashbacks
2017:Puerperal
1605:Eclampsia
1509:Abdominal
1480:Pregnancy
1464:pregnancy
1237:196363612
1176:2673-5059
852:205802183
369:Treatment
347:Diagnosis
231:trembling
223:pregnancy
215:avoidance
49:Specialty
2151:Category
1964:placenta
1854:placenta
1514:Cervical
1499:Abortion
1424:11322225
1416:20127456
1387:19635636
1351:32719455
1343:20603762
1314:20636467
1285:26695075
1277:19333848
1229:22622194
1194:38130709
1185:10733854
1135:21859634
1127:16808085
1089:14015059
1081:21598181
1036:11251488
998:25412801
938:12061035
898:21884230
844:22670573
786:35279461
778:14726774
740:71379594
702:22137961
694:16176853
642:33726703
558:20127444
520:30202331
468:23594561
460:20653342
403:See also
227:sweating
205:such as
72:Overview
1804:chorion
1529:Ovarian
990:9225370
946:7762819
633:7962315
566:1102994
511:6125083
219:amnesia
1808:amnion
1422:
1414:
1385:
1349:
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1312:
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1275:
1235:
1227:
1192:
1182:
1174:
1133:
1125:
1087:
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1034:
996:
988:
944:
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850:
842:
784:
776:
738:
700:
692:
640:
630:
587:
564:
556:
518:
508:
466:
458:
380:(EMDR)
27:
2096:Other
1901:Labor
1767:fetus
1738:Blood
1577:, and
1571:Edema
1420:S2CID
1363:(PDF)
1347:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1233:S2CID
1131:S2CID
1085:S2CID
1057:(PDF)
1016:Birth
994:S2CID
942:S2CID
878:Birth
848:S2CID
782:S2CID
736:S2CID
698:S2CID
562:S2CID
464:S2CID
388:(NET)
376:(CBT)
241:Cause
1769:and
1412:PMID
1383:PMID
1339:PMID
1310:PMID
1273:PMID
1225:PMID
1190:PMID
1172:ISSN
1123:PMID
1077:PMID
1032:PMID
986:PMID
934:PMID
894:PMID
840:PMID
774:PMID
690:PMID
638:PMID
585:ISBN
554:PMID
516:PMID
456:PMID
384:(PE)
313:Low
209:and
1404:doi
1375:doi
1371:123
1331:doi
1302:doi
1265:doi
1217:doi
1180:PMC
1162:doi
1115:doi
1069:doi
1024:doi
976:doi
926:doi
886:doi
830:doi
766:doi
728:doi
680:hdl
672:doi
628:PMC
618:doi
546:doi
506:PMC
498:doi
448:doi
361:or
2169::
1806:/
1573:,
1466:,
1418:.
1410:.
1400:13
1398:.
1381:.
1369:.
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1327:11
1325:.
1308:.
1298:66
1296:.
1279:.
1271:.
1261:10
1259:.
1231:.
1223:.
1213:41
1211:.
1188:.
1178:.
1170:.
1160:.
1156:.
1152:.
1129:.
1121:.
1111:27
1109:.
1097:^
1083:.
1075:.
1065:26
1063:.
1059:.
1044:^
1030:.
1020:27
1018:.
1006:^
992:.
984:.
972:51
970:.
966:.
954:^
940:.
932:.
922:23
920:.
906:^
892:.
882:38
880:.
860:^
846:.
838:.
826:91
824:.
820:.
794:^
780:.
772:.
762:53
760:.
748:^
734:.
724:29
722:.
710:^
696:.
688:.
678:.
668:26
666:.
650:^
636:.
626:.
614:21
612:.
608:.
560:.
552:.
542:13
540:.
528:^
514:.
504:.
494:11
492:.
488:.
476:^
462:.
454:.
444:31
442:.
229:,
1664:/
1455:e
1448:t
1441:v
1426:.
1406::
1389:.
1377::
1353:.
1333::
1316:.
1304::
1287:.
1267::
1239:.
1219::
1196:.
1164::
1158:4
1137:.
1117::
1091:.
1071::
1038:.
1026::
1000:.
978::
948:.
928::
900:.
888::
854:.
832::
788:.
768::
742:.
730::
704:.
682::
674::
644:.
620::
593:.
568:.
548::
522:.
500::
470:.
450::
167:e
160:t
153:v
34:.
20:)
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