444:
855:, that they release at high concentrations in their sweat. Their perspiration unlike humans is created by apocrine glands. This protein, by wetting the horses' coat hairs facilitate water flow for cooling evaporation. The presence of this protein can be seen in the lathering that often occurs on the coats of sweating horses, especially when rubbed. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intensity exercise can lose 30 to 35 litres (6.6 to 7.7 imp gal; 7.9 to 9.2 US gal) of water and 100 grams (3.5 oz) of sodium, 198 grams (7.0 oz) of chloride and 45 grams (1.6 oz) of potassium.
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707:, feet, and hands, it is possible for someone to experience this condition over their whole body. The face is another common area for hyperhidrosis to be an issue. Sweating uncontrollably is not always expected and may be embarrassing to people with the condition. It can cause both physiological and emotional problems in patients. It is generally inherited. It is not life-threatening, but it is threatening to a person's quality of life. Treatments for hyperhidrosis include
41:
1113:. Sweat can be sampled and sensed non-invasively and continuously using electronic tattoos, bands, or patches. However, sweat as a diagnostic fluid presents numerous challenges as well, such as very small sample volumes and filtration (dilution) of larger-sized hydrophilic analytes. Currently the only major commercial application for sweat diagnostics is for infant cystic fibrosis testing based on sweat chloride concentrations.
740:
there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats caused by a medical condition or infection can be described as "severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to the environment". Some of the underlying medical conditions and infections that cause these severe night sweats can be life-threatening and should promptly be investigated by a medical practitioner.
391:
804:
If an individual weighs more, sweat rate is likely to increase because the body must exert more energy to function and there is more body mass to cool down. On the other hand, a fit person will start sweating earlier and more readily. As someone becomes fit, the body becomes more efficient at regulating the body's temperature and sweat glands adapt along with the body's other systems.
235:. The eccrine sweat glands are distributed over much of the body and are responsible for secreting the watery, brackish sweat most often triggered by excessive body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are restricted to the armpits and a few other areas of the body and produce an odorless, oily, opaque secretion which then gains its characteristic odor from bacterial decomposition.
2610:
988:). Probably many other less-abundant trace minerals leave the body through sweating with correspondingly lower concentrations. Some exogenous organic compounds make their way into sweat as exemplified by an unidentified odiferous "maple syrup" scented compound in several of the species in the mushroom genus
779:
Sweating causes a decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling at the skin surface. As high energy molecules evaporate from the skin, releasing energy absorbed from the body, the skin and superficial vessels decrease in temperature. Cooled venous blood then returns to the body's core and
1100:
Artificial skin capable of sweating similar to natural sweat rates and with the surface texture and wetting properties of regular skin has been developed for research purposes. Artificial perspiration is also available for in-vitro testing, and contains 19 amino acids and the most abundant minerals
803:
People have an average of two to four million sweat glands, but how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including sex, genetics, environmental conditions, age and fitness level. Two of the major contributors to sweat rate are an individual's fitness level and weight.
670:
is well known for its use as a diaphoretic, and was widely used in the 19th and early 20th century by physicians to "purge" the body of an illness. However, due to the high toxicity of mercury, secondary symptoms would manifest, which were erroneously attributed to the former disease that was being
739:
While night sweats might be relatively harmless, it can also be a sign of a serious underlying disease. It is important to distinguish night sweats due to medical causes from those that occur simply because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because
830:: the maximum rate of sweating increases and its solute composition decreases. The volume of water lost in sweat daily is highly variable, ranging from 100 to 8,000 millilitres per day (0.041 to 3.259 imp fl oz/ks). The solute loss can be as much as 350
246:, which is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2–4 litres (0.53–1.06 US gal) per hour or 10–14 litres (2.6–3.7 US gal) per day, but is less in children prior to puberty.
850:
Horses have a thick, waterproofed, hairy coat that would normally block the rapid translocation of sweat water from the skin to the surface of the hair required for evaporative cooling. To solve this, horses have evolved a detergent-like protein,
878:. A microfluidic model of the eccrine sweat gland provides details on what solutes partition into sweat, their mechanisms of partitioning, and their fluidic transport to the skin surface. Dissolved in the water are trace amounts of
842:
under the most extreme conditions. During average intensity exercise, sweat losses can average up to 2 litres (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal) of water/hour. In a cool climate and in the absence of
685:. The allergy is not due to the sweat itself but instead to an allergy-producing protein secreted by bacteria found on the skin. Tannic-acid has been found to suppress the allergic response along with showering.
783:
There are two situations in which the nerves will stimulate the sweat glands, causing perspiration: during physical heat and during emotional stress. In general, emotionally induced sweating is restricted to
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One of the most common causes of night sweats in women over 40 is the hormonal changes related to menopause and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during the menopausal transition years.
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Bandodkar AJ, Hung VW, Jia W, Ramirez GV, Windmiller JR, Martinez AG, Ramirez J, Chan G, Kagan K, Wang J (2013). "Tattoo-based potentiometric ion-selective sensors for epidermal pH monitoring".
925:
Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within
1956:
Kameia T, Tsudab T, Kitagawab S, Naitoha K, Nakashimaa K, Ohhashi T (5 June 1998). "Physical stimuli and emotional stress-induced sweat secretions in the human palm and forehead".
2392:
Hou L, Hagen J, Wang X, Papautsky I, Naik R, Kelley-Loughnane N, Heikenfeld J (2013-04-23). "Artificial microfluidic skin for in vitro perspiration simulation and testing".
678:(childhood mercury poisoning) is characterized by excessive perspiration. A clinician should immediately consider acrodynia in an afebrile child who is sweating profusely.
776:. Overall, however, the sweating response to a rise in hypothalamic ('core') temperature is much larger than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature.
733:
Night sweats, also known as nocturnal hyperhidrosis, is the occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep. The person may or may not also perspire excessively while awake.
459:, fever, ingestion of toxins or irritants, and high environmental temperature. Strong emotions (anger, fear, anxiety) and recall of past trauma can also trigger sweating.
106:
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481:
and hence are termed sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons.
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1338:
Sawka ML, Wenger CB, Pandolf KB (1996). "Thermoregulatory responses to acute exercise-heat stress and heat acclimation". In Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds.).
760:, where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the
847:, sodium loss can be very low (less than 5 mmol/d). Sodium concentration in sweat is 30–65 mmol/L, depending on the degree of acclimatisation.
338:
to an underlying condition (in which case it is called secondary hyperhidrosis) and usually involving the body as a whole (in which case it is called
756:
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the brain's
2018:
1811:
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703:, but more than half never receive treatment due to embarrassment, lack of awareness, or lack of concern. While it most commonly affects the
277:) produce sweat in order to cool down. In horses, such cooling sweat is created by apocrine glands and contains a wetting agent, the protein
2023:
1718:
Boron, Walter F., and Emile L. Boulpaep. "Sweating." Medical
Physiology. Updated 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2012. 1260–264. Print.
556:, which can result in serious sickness or even death. Diaphoresis can also be caused by many types of infections, often accompanied by
2278:
Robyn A Peterson, Audrey
Gueniche, Ségolène Adam de Beaumais, Lionel Breton, Maria Dalko-Csiba, Nicolle H Packer (17 November 2015).
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430:
262:, accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and
72:
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weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is produced. Animals with few sweat glands, such as
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1197:
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Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT (April 1989). "Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function".
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412:
105:
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568:. Most infections can cause some degree of diaphoresis and it is a very common symptom in some serious infections such as
408:
2492:
Heikenfeld J (2016). "Non-invasive
Analyte Access and Sensing through Eccrine Sweat: Challenges and Outlook circa 2016".
2052:"The microfluidics of the eccrine sweat gland, including biomarker partitioning, transport, and biosensing implications"
443:
940:
are also excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is (although measurements can vary fifteenfold)
29:
933:(ENaC) that are located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells that form the duct (see Fig. 9 of the reference).
3103:
2687:
2429:"A mass-customizable dermal patch with discrete colorimetric indicators for personalized sweat rate quantification"
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Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC (2007). "Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress".
930:
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549:
463:
401:
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339:
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Nadel ER, Bullard RW, Stolwijk JA (July 1971). "Importance of skin temperature in the regulation of sweating".
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2280:"Sweating the small stuff: Glycoproteins in human sweat and their unexplored potential for microbial adhesion"
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455:
or sign, which means that it has many possible causes. Some causes of diaphoresis include physical exertion,
369:. Medications that are used for other treatments and diet also affect odor. Some medical conditions, such as
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Sonner Z, Wilder E, Heikenfeld J, Kasting G, Beyette F, Swaile D, Sherman F, Joyce J, Hagen J (2015-05-01).
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that either bind directly to, or prevent the binding of microbes to, the skin and seem to form part of the
1958:
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sweat has a high concentration of Na ions. In the sweat ducts, the Na ions are re-absorbed into tissue by
22:
1239:"Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages"
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climate, adaptive changes occur in the sweating mechanisms of the person. This process is referred to as
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is increased or excessive sweating in certain regions such as the underarm, palms, soles, face, or groin.
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1059:, was shown to be effective at killing some species of bacteria and fungi that affect humans, including
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374:
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or differentiable from it only by clinical criteria involved in narrow specialist senses of the words).
1899:"The impact of hyperhidrosis on patients' daily life and quality of life: a qualitative investigation"
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Hidromeiosis is a reduction in sweating that is due to blockages of sweat glands in humid conditions.
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or other secretory fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, and milk). It does this through a combination of
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neurons; however, the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands secrete
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1004:). Sweat is found at moderately acidic to neutral pH levels, typically between 4.5 and 7.0.
647:
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Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals, relatively few (apart from humans,
243:
1309:
Mack GW, Nadel ER (1996). "Body fluid balance during heat stress in humans". In Fregly MJ,
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764:. High skin temperature reduces the hypothalamic set point for sweating and increases the
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Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A (January 2017).
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576:. In addition, pneumothorax can cause diaphoresis with splinting of the chest wall.
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Kamudoni P, Mueller B, Halford J, Schouveller A, Stacey B, Salek M (8 June 2017).
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McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ (1998). "Sweating: Fluid and Ion Losses and
Replacement".
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injections or surgical cutting of nerves that stimulate the excessive sweating (
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Cohn JR, Emmett EA (1978). "The excretion of traces of metals in human sweat".
811:; though it contains no protein, it always contains a small amount (0.2–1%) of
312:) or excessive perspiration (in which sense they can be either synonymous with
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2840:
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2679:
2452:
2179:"Sweat Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium and Chromium Levels in National Wrestler"
1915:
1543:
McDonald RE, Fleming RI, Beeley JG, et al. (2009). Koutsopoulos S (ed.).
1254:
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666:) also cause contraction of sweat gland smooth muscle leading to diaphoresis.
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2003:
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range of human sweat, where it was present at concentrations of 1–10 mg/ml.
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A substance or medicine that causes perspiration is a sudorific or sudatory.
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1371:" [Further research on the branched sweat glands in some mammals].
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and other malignant diseases (e.g. leukemias) can also cause diaphoresis.
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from skin. This protein, which could be cleaved into other antimicrobial
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890:. Although the mineral content varies, some measured concentrations are:
879:
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627:
603:
599:
538:
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362:
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157:
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711:, iontophoresis, and surgical removal of sweat glands. In severe cases,
610:, antidepressants and certain antipsychotics) may be causes, as well as
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852:
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have also been associated with diaphoresis. Diaphoresis due to ectopic
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510:
415: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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278:
274:
263:
49:
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1803:
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Yokozeki H, Murota H, Katayama I (1 September 2016). "Sweat
Allergy".
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Diaphoresis may be associated with some abnormal conditions, such as
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217:
1798:. Current Problems in Dermatology. Vol. 51. pp. 101–108.
1238:
800:, while physical heat-induced sweating occurs throughout the body.
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862:
808:
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651:
498:
442:
239:
161:
1447:
Jenkinson DM (April 1973). "Comparative
Physiology of Sweating".
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2109:
International
Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
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The vast majority of sweat glands in the body are innervated by
366:
213:
165:
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neurons. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically secrete
1193:"Simultaneous Study of Constituents of Urine and Perspiration"
384:
259:
34:
1626:
281:
which transfers from the skin to the surface of their coats.
28:"Perspire" redirects here. For the song by Gigolo Aunts, see
2369:"DCD dermcidin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI"
1672:"Maintaining health, comfort and productivity in heat waves"
1878:. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 7 June 2023
1340:
Handbook of
Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology
1315:
Handbook of
Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology
250:
of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to
2427:
Jain V, Ochoa M, Jiang H, Rahimi R, Ziaie B (2019-06-17).
1748:
Hiragun T, Hiragun M, Ishii K, Kan T, Hide M (July 2017).
1545:"Latherin: A Surfactant Protein of Horse Sweat and Saliva"
1373:
Bollettino della Società Italiana di
Biologia Sperimentale
447:
An athlete with sweat on his face after physical exertion.
2523:
Ferner S, Koszmagk R, Lehmann A, Heilmann W (1990). "".
1606:
1317:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–214.
1083:. It was active at high salt concentrations and in the
59:
541:, and chest discomfort, it suggests serious illness.
2620:
1640:
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1497:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
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The evaporation of sweat on the skin cools the body.
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1400:"Sweat gland function of the donkey (Equus asinus)"
189:
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1286:Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals
548:(heart attack), from the increased firing of the
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1785:
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493:and shock. If it is accompanied by unexplained
2575:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2525:Zeitschrift für Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane
2695:
8:
300:can both mean either perspiration (in which
21:"Sweat" redirects here. For other uses, see
2925:
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2723:
2702:
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2621:
322:is decreased sweating from whatever cause.
104:
87:
2468:
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2207:1986 Ten Speed Press, Berkeley California
2152:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
2083:
1932:
1914:
1765:
1695:
1578:
1568:
1423:
1398:Robertshaw D, Taylor CR (November 1969).
1210:
772:system in response to variations in core
431:Learn how and when to remove this message
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
2183:İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi
1750:"Sweat allergy: Extrinsic or intrinsic?"
1608:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1369:Cavia cobaya, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus
1729:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome~clinical
1183:
587:shots or oral medications may have low
16:Fluid secreted from sudoriferous glands
1870:
1868:
1866:
780:counteracts rising core temperatures.
2273:
2271:
2177:Saraymen R, Kılıç E, Yazar S (2004).
1743:
1741:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1342:. New York: Oxford University Press.
595:), which can also cause diaphoresis.
544:Diaphoresis is also seen in an acute
7:
413:adding citations to reliable sources
113:Droplets of perspiration on the skin
2203:Aurora, David "Lactarius fragilis"
2024:American College of Sports Medicine
1903:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
1648:. Allaboutsweat.com. Archived from
699:Millions of people are affected by
242:, sweating is primarily a means of
2433:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
1461:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07573.x
1051:, isolated a large protein called
485:Pathological sweating and symptoms
60:improve coverage for other species
14:
1754:Journal of Dermatological Science
717:endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
2608:
2321:"Bacteria killer found in sweat"
1109:There is interest in its use in
564:which can trigger the result of
389:
39:
1243:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
1198:Journal of Biological Chemistry
400:needs additional citations for
334:is excessive sweating, usually
99:Sweating, hidrosis, diaphoresis
1767:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.002
1449:British Journal of Dermatology
1416:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008952
578:Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
377:, can also affect sweat odor.
62:and discuss this issue on the
1:
2587:10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70063-3
2546:Journal of Applied Physiology
1980:10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00642-9
1509:10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30213-4
1212:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)76026-2
1191:Mosher HH (1 February 1933).
867:Beads of sweat emerging from
815:. When a person moves from a
2221:(6th ed.). p. 151.
1628:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
1570:10.1371/journal.pone.0005726
2711:Skin and related structures
208:, is the fluid secreted by
30:Tales from the Vinegar Side
3135:
2558:10.1152/jappl.1971.31.1.80
2337:10.1136/bmj.323.7323.1206c
1646:"Academy of Hyperhidrosis"
1363:Goglia G (January 1953). "
1101:and metabolites in sweat.
931:epithelial sodium channels
726:
692:
681:Some people can develop a
646:is a classic symptom of a
632:Sympathetic nervous system
550:sympathetic nervous system
473:and are named sympathetic
361:when it is metabolized by
27:
20:
2453:10.1038/s41378-019-0067-0
2319:Josefson D (2001-11-24).
2189:(1): 7–10. Archived from
1916:10.1186/s12955-017-0693-x
1404:The Journal of Physiology
1255:10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3
1045:Eberhard-Karls University
671:treated with mercurials.
630:painkiller dependencies.
340:generalized hyperhidrosis
273:, some primates and some
112:
103:
54:excessively human-centric
2017:Hansen J (22 May 2013).
1140:Hidradenitis suppurativa
1043:In 2001, researchers at
838:mmol/d acclimatised) of
807:Human sweat is not pure
227:can be found in humans:
2865:Loose connective tissue
2325:British Medical Journal
2121:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.574
1096:Artificial perspiration
1028:function, like that of
2988:Bulb with matrix cells
2506:10.1002/elan.201600018
2019:"The Science of Sweat"
1959:Analytica Chimica Acta
1368:
992:. In humans, sweat is
871:
753:
662:inhibitors (e.g. some
448:
23:Sweat (disambiguation)
2297:10.1093/glycob/cwv102
2205:Mushrooms Demystified
1795:Perspiration Research
1688:10.3402/gha.v2i0.2057
1074:Staphylococcus aureus
1068:Enterococcus faecalis
866:
751:
693:Further information:
583:Diabetics relying on
552:, and is frequent in
546:myocardial infarction
446:
375:diabetic ketoacidosis
357:Sweat contributes to
3011:Arrector pili muscle
2901:Apocrine sweat gland
2617:at Wikimedia Commons
2373:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2031:on 21 September 2013
1288:. Berlin: Springer.
1038:innate immune system
1007:Sweat contains many
946:0.4 milligrams/litre
796:, and sometimes the
768:of the hypothalamic
719:) may be an option.
660:Acetylcholinesterase
453:non-specific symptom
409:improve this article
2906:Eccrine sweat gland
2854:Panniculus carnosus
2849:Panniculus adiposus
2833:Subcutaneous tissue
2445:2019MicNa...5...29J
2246:2013Ana...138..123B
1972:1998AcAC..365..319K
1561:2009PLoSO...4.5726M
1111:wearable technology
1091:Society and culture
1024:Sweat may serve an
634:stimulants such as
511:shortness of breath
326:Focal hyperhidrosis
252:evaporative cooling
48:This article about
3021:Pilosebaceous unit
2870:Superficial fascia
2779:Basal keratinocyte
2746:Stratum granulosum
2654:External resources
2406:10.1039/C3LC41231H
2254:10.1039/c2an36422k
1676:Glob Health Action
1670:Parsons K (2009).
872:
754:
624:nonbenzodiazepines
554:serotonin syndrome
449:
353:Signs and symptoms
3104:Animal physiology
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3038:
3037:
2943:Inner root sheath
2938:Outer root sheath
2827:
2826:
2771:Basement membrane
2677:
2676:
2613:Media related to
2400:(10): 1868–1875.
2068:10.1063/1.4921039
1813:978-3-318-05904-5
1804:10.1159/000446788
1631:, Wolters Kluwer.
1349:978-0-19-507492-5
1324:978-0-19-507492-5
1295:978-3-540-41234-2
1284:Jessen C (2000).
1160:Sweat diagnostics
1049:Tübingen, Germany
598:Drugs (including
451:Diaphoresis is a
441:
440:
433:
199:
198:
85:Medical condition
83:
82:
75:
3126:
2926:
2885:
2860:Membranous layer
2756:Malpighian layer
2751:Stratum spinosum
2724:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2622:
2612:
2598:
2569:
2540:
2510:
2509:
2500:(6): 1242–1249.
2489:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2056:Biomicrofluidics
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2027:. Archived from
2014:
2008:
2007:
1966:(1–3): 319–326.
1953:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1745:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1188:
1080:Candida albicans
1062:Escherichia coli
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
921:
913:
905:
897:
874:Sweat is mostly
837:
833:
648:pheochromocytoma
436:
429:
425:
422:
416:
393:
385:
244:thermoregulation
204:, also known as
108:
88:
78:
71:
67:
43:
42:
35:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3083:
3034:
3030:sebaceous gland
3015:
2997:
2959:
2915:
2874:
2823:
2812:Dermal papillae
2793:
2765:
2741:Stratum lucidum
2736:Stratum corneum
2713:
2708:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2605:
2572:
2543:
2522:
2519:
2517:Further reading
2514:
2513:
2494:Electroanalysis
2491:
2490:
2486:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1876:"Hyperhidrosis"
1874:
1873:
1864:
1850:
1848:
1814:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1119:
1107:
1098:
1093:
1022:
1017:
1015:Other functions
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
919:
911:
903:
895:
861:
835:
831:
828:acclimatization
746:
731:
725:
713:botulinum toxin
709:antiperspirants
697:
691:
620:benzodiazepines
515:unconsciousness
491:hyperthyroidism
487:
437:
426:
420:
417:
406:
394:
383:
355:
287:
233:apocrine glands
172:
168:
164:
160:
86:
79:
68:
57:
44:
40:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:Huxley's layer
2950:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2761:Stratum basale
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:Classification
2619:
2618:
2604:
2603:External links
2601:
2600:
2599:
2570:
2541:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2484:
2419:
2384:
2360:
2331:(7323): 1206.
2311:
2290:(3): 218–229.
2267:
2224:
2219:BRS Physiology
2217:Constanzo LS.
2209:
2196:
2193:on 2011-08-20.
2169:
2142:
2115:(6): 574–582.
2099:
2042:
2009:
1948:
1889:
1862:
1812:
1781:
1737:
1720:
1711:
1662:
1634:
1623:Wolters Kluwer
1614:
1594:
1530:
1482:
1455:(4): 397–406.
1439:
1390:
1375:(in Italian).
1355:
1348:
1330:
1323:
1301:
1294:
1276:
1249:(6): 733–748.
1226:
1205:(3): 781–790.
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
938:trace elements
927:eccrine glands
896:0.9 gram/litre
869:eccrine glands
860:
857:
745:
742:
727:Main article:
724:
721:
690:
687:
486:
483:
471:norepinephrine
439:
438:
397:
395:
388:
382:
379:
371:kidney failure
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
343:
329:
323:
317:
286:
283:
229:eccrine glands
197:
196:
194:Antiperspirant
191:
187:
186:
184:Drinking water
181:
177:
176:
155:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
84:
81:
80:
47:
45:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3131:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2993:Hair follicle
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Henle's layer
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Lamina lucida
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:(4): 537–63.
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:(in German).
2526:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:Lab on a Chip
2388:
2385:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:(3): 031301.
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1652:on 2018-12-27
1651:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1170:Transpiration
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:glycoproteins
1031:
1027:
1026:antimicrobial
1020:Antimicrobial
1019:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1009:glycoproteins
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
923:
917:
909:
901:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
865:
858:
856:
854:
848:
846:
841:
834:mmol/d (or 90
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
750:
743:
741:
737:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:hyperhidrosis
696:
695:Hyperhidrosis
689:Hyperhidrosis
688:
686:
684:
683:sweat allergy
679:
677:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:adrenal gland
653:
649:
645:
644:catecholamine
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
482:
480:
479:acetylcholine
476:
472:
468:
465:
460:
458:
454:
445:
435:
432:
424:
414:
410:
404:
403:
398:This section
396:
392:
387:
386:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
347:
344:
341:
337:
333:
332:Hyperhidrosis
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
314:hyperhidrosis
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
288:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
223:Two types of
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
143:Complications
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
122:
120:
116:
111:
107:
102:
98:
94:
89:
77:
74:
65:
61:
55:
51:
46:
37:
36:
31:
24:
19:
2897:Sweat glands
2789:Lamina densa
2661:
2637:
2615:Perspiration
2578:
2574:
2549:
2545:
2528:
2524:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2287:
2284:Glycobiology
2283:
2240:(1): 123–8.
2237:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2191:the original
2186:
2182:
2172:
2158:(4): 270–5.
2155:
2151:
2145:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2022:
2012:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1857:Google Books
1855:– via
1849:. Retrieved
1794:
1757:
1753:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1627:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1555:(5): e5726.
1552:
1548:
1503:(1): 75–95.
1500:
1496:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1410:(1): 79–89.
1407:
1403:
1393:
1379:(1): 58–60.
1376:
1372:
1358:
1339:
1333:
1314:
1304:
1285:
1279:
1246:
1242:
1202:
1196:
1186:
1150:Hyponatremia
1145:Hyperthermia
1108:
1099:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1042:
1023:
1006:
1002:concentrated
996:relative to
989:
954:0.3–0.8 mg/L
935:
924:
873:
849:
806:
802:
782:
778:
758:hypothalamus
755:
738:
735:
732:
729:Night sweats
723:Night sweats
698:
680:
673:
664:insecticides
640:amphetamines
597:
593:hypoglycemia
582:
574:tuberculosis
566:hyperthermia
543:
507:palpitations
488:
461:
450:
427:
418:
407:Please help
402:verification
399:
356:
320:Hypohidrosis
309:
295:
291:
268:
254:. Hence, in
237:
225:sweat glands
222:
210:sweat glands
205:
202:Perspiration
201:
200:
170:Hyperthermia
91:Perspiration
69:
53:
18:
3109:Body fluids
3079:Hyponychium
3074:Paronychium
3052:Nail matrix
2930:Root sheath
2889:Skin glands
2663:MedlinePlus
2552:(1): 80–7.
2531:(2): 70–5.
1611:, Elsevier.
1311:Blatteis CM
1105:Diagnostics
1000:(i.e. less
994:hypoosmotic
936:Many other
884:lactic acid
859:Composition
774:temperature
589:blood sugar
527:muscle pain
495:weight loss
467:cholinergic
464:sympathetic
292:diaphoresis
285:Definitions
248:Evaporation
148:Dehydration
124:Dermatology
96:Other names
3098:Categories
3069:Eponychium
3057:Nail plate
2965:Hair shaft
2841:Panniculus
2378:2022-12-04
2035:13 January
1909:(1): 121.
1882:17 January
1851:13 January
1822:2016030383
1760:(1): 3–9.
1656:2014-04-05
1178:References
1165:Sauna suit
1155:Pheromones
920:0.0013 g/L
674:Infantile
612:withdrawal
558:high fever
475:adrenergic
421:March 2016
306:synonymous
290:The words
180:Prevention
3114:Excretion
2911:Sebaceous
2819:Reticular
2807:Papillary
2728:Epidermis
2461:2055-7434
2439:(1): 29.
2345:0959-8138
2076:1932-1058
1996:0003-2670
1988:1873-4324
1925:1477-7525
1838:40308286M
1830:958455309
1734:eMedicine
1517:0749-0739
1135:Deodorant
1130:Body odor
1053:dermcidin
990:Lactarius
986:0.05 mg/L
978:0.05 mg/L
916:magnesium
912:0.015 g/L
900:potassium
744:Mechanism
676:acrodynia
650:, a rare
523:dizziness
457:menopause
359:body odor
336:secondary
304:they are
190:Treatment
174:Hot flash
136:Body odor
119:Specialty
64:talk page
3119:Reflexes
2479:31240108
2414:23576120
2306:26582610
2262:23113321
2129:18156662
2094:26045728
2004:01716731
1943:28595584
1846:27584969
1776:28416076
1706:20052377
1682:: 2057.
1603:Elsevier
1589:19478940
1549:PLOS ONE
1477:35727313
1385:13066656
1313:(eds.).
1263:28130590
1221:43499897
1125:Apocrine
1117:See also
1057:peptides
970:0.1 mg/L
966:chromium
880:minerals
853:latherin
845:exercise
798:forehead
770:feedback
628:narcotic
604:morphine
600:caffeine
539:diarrhea
535:vomiting
505:, or by
363:bacteria
310:sweating
297:hidrosis
279:latherin
158:Exercise
131:Symptoms
2983:Medulla
2973:Cuticle
2644:D013546
2595:2654204
2566:5556967
2537:2264363
2470:6572848
2441:Bibcode
2354:1173041
2242:Bibcode
2234:Analyst
2137:3030692
2085:4433483
1968:Bibcode
1934:5465471
1697:2799322
1580:2684629
1557:Bibcode
1525:9561689
1469:4582049
1434:5347721
1425:1348626
1365:Italian
1271:8504408
1085:acidity
980:), and
914:), and
908:calcium
904:0.2 g/L
820:climate
794:armpits
705:armpits
668:Mercury
654:of the
636:cocaine
616:alcohol
608:alcohol
585:insulin
570:malaria
560:and/or
519:fatigue
365:on the
275:bovidae
264:pharynx
218:mammals
212:in the
58:Please
52:may be
50:biology
3062:Lunula
3003:Muscle
2978:Cortex
2880:Adnexa
2845:Pannus
2799:Dermis
2668:003218
2593:
2564:
2535:
2477:
2467:
2459:
2412:
2351:
2343:
2304:
2260:
2164:686643
2162:
2135:
2127:
2092:
2082:
2074:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1941:
1931:
1923:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1810:
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1704:
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1587:
1577:
1523:
1515:
1475:
1467:
1432:
1422:
1383:
1346:
1321:
1292:
1269:
1261:
1219:
1077:, and
1030:earwax
998:plasma
974:nickel
962:1 mg/L
950:copper
892:sodium
886:, and
840:sodium
836:
832:
813:solute
562:chills
531:nausea
503:chills
381:Causes
271:horses
240:humans
154:Causes
3028:Hair
2133:S2CID
1984:eISSN
1473:S2CID
1267:S2CID
1217:S2CID
876:water
822:to a
809:water
790:soles
786:palms
652:tumor
614:from
499:fever
308:with
302:sense
206:sweat
162:Fever
3044:Nail
2921:Hair
2719:Skin
2639:MeSH
2591:PMID
2562:PMID
2533:PMID
2475:PMID
2457:ISSN
2410:PMID
2341:ISSN
2302:PMID
2258:PMID
2160:PMID
2125:PMID
2090:PMID
2072:ISSN
2037:2023
2000:OCLC
1992:ISSN
1939:PMID
1921:ISSN
1884:2024
1853:2024
1842:PMID
1826:OCLC
1818:LCCN
1808:ISBN
1772:PMID
1702:PMID
1585:PMID
1521:PMID
1513:ISSN
1465:PMID
1430:PMID
1381:PMID
1344:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1259:PMID
982:lead
958:iron
942:zinc
888:urea
817:cold
766:gain
762:skin
638:and
572:and
373:and
367:skin
294:and
260:dogs
231:and
214:skin
166:Heat
2583:doi
2554:doi
2529:175
2502:doi
2465:PMC
2449:doi
2402:doi
2349:PMC
2333:doi
2329:323
2292:doi
2250:doi
2238:138
2117:doi
2080:PMC
2064:doi
1976:doi
1964:365
1929:PMC
1911:doi
1800:doi
1762:doi
1732:at
1692:PMC
1684:doi
1575:PMC
1565:doi
1505:doi
1457:doi
1420:PMC
1412:doi
1408:205
1251:doi
1247:147
1207:doi
1047:in
972:),
964:),
956:),
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906:),
898:),
824:hot
626:or
411:by
256:hot
238:In
216:of
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