34:
205:
177:
51:
923:
356:
41:
by the PUREX method, first developed in the 1940s to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons, was demonstrated commercially in
Belgium to partially re-fuel a LWR in the 1960s. This aqueous chemical process continues to be used commercially to separate
286:
Plutonium is separated from uranium by treating the TBP-kerosene solution with reducing agents to convert the plutonium to its +3 oxidation state, which will pass into the aqueous phase. Typical reducing agents include
806:
J.H. Burns (1983). "Solvent-extraction complexes of the uranyl ion. 2. Crystal and molecular structures of catena-bis(.mu.-di-n-butyl phosphato-O,O')dioxouranium(VI) and bis(.mu.-di-n-butyl phosphato-O,O')bis".
443:
indicated that radioactive pollutants are steadily released into the sea, and the air. Therefore, people living near these processing plants are exposed to higher radiation levels than the naturally occurring
344:
from the first cycle is the one which is most commonly known as PUREX raffinate. The other is from the medium-active cycle in which the uranium and plutonium are refined by a second
736:
Paiva, A. P.; Malik, P. (2004). "Recent advances on the chemistry of solvent extraction applied to the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels and radioactive wastes".
1033:
938:
921:, Anderson, Herbert H. and Asprey, Larned B. & Asprey, Larned B., "Solvent extraction process for plutonium", issued 1960-02-09
604:
283:, and the fission products remain in the aqueous phase. The nature of uranyl nitrate complexes with trialkyl phosphates has been characterized.
1009:
850:
720:
634:
An
Evaluation of the Proliferation Resistant Characteristics of Light Water Reactor Fuel with the Potential for Recycle in the United States
980:
National
Research Council, "Nuclear Wastes: Technologies for Separation and Transmutation", National Academy Press, Washington D.C. 1996.
1053:
1003:
575:
33:
570:
507:
898:
971:
I. Hensing and W Schultz, Economic
Comparison of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options, Energiewirtschaftlichen Instituts, Cologne, 1995.
771:
Burns, J. H.; Brown, G. M.; Ryan, R. R. (1985). "Structure of dinitratodioxobis(triisobutyl phosphate)uranium(VI) at 139 K".
525:
429:
was responsible for producing 'copious volumes of liquid wastes', resulting in the radioactive contamination of groundwater.
70:, consisting largely of plutonium and uranium though with important minor constituents, are extracted using electrorefining/
302:. Uranium is then stripped from the kerosene solution by back-extraction into nitric acid at a concentration around 0.2 M.
1063:
1017:
993:
548:
132:
974:
Cogema, Reprocessing-Recycling: the
Industrial Stakes, presentation to the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Bonn, 9 May 1995.
867:
1058:
1048:
520:
541:
949:
608:
469:
184:
The actinoid elements in this case consist primarily of the unconsumed remains of the original fuel (typically
612:
565:
43:
633:
20:
46:(RGPu) for reuse as MOX fuel. It remains controversial, as plutonium can be used to make nuclear weapons.
842:
473:
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108:
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38:
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concept of the 1990s. After the spent fuel is dissolved in molten salt, all of the recyclable
846:
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products (from stainless steel pipework), green are the major actinides, violet are the
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71:
55:
54:
The most developed, though commercially unfielded, alternative reprocessing method, is
682:
1042:
436:
334:
288:
146:
757:
176:
535:
426:
330:
204:
135:
120:
484:; their patent "Solvent Extraction Process for Plutonium" filed in 1947, mentions
355:
968:
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, The
Economics of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Paris, 1994
394:
367:
318:
240:
225:
213:
189:
169:) along with smaller amounts of material composed of lighter atoms, notably the
1014:
990:
792:
647:, Steve Fetter and Frank N. von Hippel, Arms Control Today, September 1, 2005.
515:
488:
as the major reactant which accomplishes the bulk of the chemical extraction.
449:
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128:
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74:. The resulting mixture keeps the plutonium at all times in an unseparated
67:
244:
221:
150:
103:
75:
820:
50:
977:
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Plutonium Fuel: An
Assessment, Paris, 1989.
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878:
410:
280:
193:
658:
502:
185:
175:
49:
32:
27:
16:
Spent fuel reprocessing process for plutonium and uranium recovery
773:
948:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 13–17. Archived from
511:
406:
366:(group I is Rb/Cs) (group II is Sr/Ba) (group III is Y and the
208:
Structure of uranyl nitrate complex that is extracted in PUREX.
333:
dissolution liquor. This mixture is often known as high level
659:"Thirty years of fuels and materials information from EBR-II"
220:. Solids are removed by filtration to avoid the formation of
78:
form, that is also mildly self-protecting in theft scenarios.
354:
1004:
Reactor-Grade
Plutonium and Development of Nuclear Weapons
697:
PUREX and PYRO are not the same, Hannum, Marsh, Stanford.
452:, this additional radiation is small but not negligible.
1028:
Disposal
Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium
58:, suggested as part of the depicted metallic-fueled,
1030:– Congressional Research Service Report for Congress
868:"History of Hanford Site Defense Production (Brief)"
340:
Two PUREX raffinates exist. The most highly active
937:P. Gary Eller; Bob Penneman & Bob Ryan (2005).
713:
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Third Edition
271:·2TBP complexes; plutonium is extracted as similar
738:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
547:Radiochemical Engineering Development Center,
362:Deep blue is the bulk ions, light blue is the
329:have been removed by the PUREX process from a
939:"Pioneer actinide chemist Larned Asprey dies"
259:ions are extracted in the organic phase as UO
180:A simplified plutonium extraction flow chart.
8:
393:. The first cycle PUREX raffinate is very
1006:, Analytical Center for Non-proliferation
899:"Greenpeace on La Hague (German version)"
203:
145:, which consists primarily of very high
1010:PUREX Process, European Nuclear Society
587:
413:, traces of uranium, plutonium and the
385:Currently PUREX raffinate is stored in
540:Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, (now
87:plutonium uranium reduction extraction
228:in the solvent extraction community.
7:
645:Is U.S. Reprocessing Worth The Risk?
657:L.C. Walters (September 18, 1998).
317:describes the mixture of metals in
275:. The heavier actinides, primarily
1034:Brief History of Fuel Reprocessing
750:10.1023/B:JRNC.0000034890.23325.b5
492:List of nuclear reprocessing sites
460:The PUREX process was invented by
14:
605:"Reprocessing plants, world-wide"
576:Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
76:gamma and alpha emitting actinide
571:Spent nuclear fuel shipping cask
508:Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant
991:Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel
946:The Actinide Research Quarterly
321:which are left behind when the
212:The fuel is first dissolved in
173:produced by reactor operation.
93:method used to purify fuel for
866:Gerber, M.S. (February 2001).
526:West Valley Reprocessing Plant
131:nuclear fuel). It is based on
1:
683:10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00760-0
549:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
663:Journal of Nuclear Materials
397:. It has almost all of the
216:at a concentration around 7
1024:– World Nuclear Association
1000:, World Nuclear Association
111:method for the recovery of
1090:
1054:Waste treatment technology
25:
18:
839:Chemistry of the Elements
837:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
793:10.1107/S0108270185008125
594:Greenwood, pp. 1255, 1261
542:Idaho National Laboratory
609:European Nuclear Society
578:announced February, 2006
470:Metallurgical Laboratory
133:liquid–liquid extraction
26:Not to be confused with
566:Nuclear breeder reactor
425:The PUREX plant at the
44:reactor grade plutonium
1015:Mixed Oxide Fuel (MOX)
711:; Jan Rydberg (2002).
583:References & notes
359:
209:
181:
79:
47:
21:Purex (disambiguation)
919:US patent 2924506
843:Butterworth-Heinemann
835:Greenwood, Norman N.
474:University of Chicago
358:
207:
179:
60:Integral fast reactor
53:
36:
1064:Nuclear reprocessing
498:COGEMA La Hague site
446:background radiation
391:converted into glass
141:PUREX is applied to
109:nuclear reprocessing
19:For other uses, see
821:10.1021/ic00150a006
809:Inorganic Chemistry
785:1985AcCrC..41.1446B
675:1999JNuM..270...39W
531:Savannah River Site
462:Herbert H. Anderson
389:tanks before being
378:and magenta is the
64:sodium fast reactor
1020:2013-03-01 at the
996:2007-02-04 at the
709:Jan-Olov Liljenzin
561:Nuclear fuel cycle
486:tributyl phosphate
360:
350:tributyl phosphate
237:tributyl phosphate
210:
182:
143:spent nuclear fuel
125:spent nuclear fuel
80:
48:
39:spent nuclear fuel
1059:Nuclear chemistry
1049:Radioactive waste
852:978-0-08-037941-8
779:(10): 1446–1448.
722:978-0-7506-7463-8
707:Gregory Choppin;
478:Manhattan Project
476:, as part of the
405:products such as
370:), orange is the
224:, referred to as
107:standard aqueous
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845:. p. 1261.
841:(2nd ed.).
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815:(8): 1174–1178.
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611:. Archived from
601:
595:
592:
482:Glenn T. Seaborg
466:Larned B. Asprey
435:measurements in
399:fission products
364:fission products
258:
257:
256:
235:consists of 30%
200:Chemical process
171:fission products
101:. PUREX is the
95:nuclear reactors
37:Reprocessing of
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1022:Wayback Machine
998:Wayback Machine
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963:Further reading
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715:. p. 610.
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615:on 22 June 2015
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448:. According to
423:
415:minor actinides
387:stainless steel
376:minor actinides
308:
306:PUREX raffinate
270:
266:
262:
255:
252:
251:
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233:organic solvent
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153:or "actinide")
99:nuclear weapons
31:
24:
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985:External links
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955:on 2014-02-01.
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380:neutron poison
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72:electrowinning
56:Pyroprocessing
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289:hydroxylamine
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247:. Uranyl(VI)
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40:
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950:the original
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902:. Retrieved
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882:. Retrieved
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669:(1): 39–48.
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662:
652:
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629:
617:. Retrieved
613:the original
599:
590:
536:Hanford Site
459:
431:
427:Hanford Site
424:
384:
361:
339:
331:nuclear fuel
311:
309:
287:N,N-diethyl-
285:
230:
226:third phases
211:
183:
140:
136:ion-exchange
121:nuclear fuel
102:
86:
82:
81:
395:radioactive
368:lanthanides
319:nitric acid
241:hydrocarbon
239:(TBP) in a
214:nitric acid
1043:Categories
904:2016-04-30
884:2009-10-01
516:Sellafield
450:Greenpeace
441:Sellafield
433:Greenpeace
346:extraction
296:sulphamate
129:irradiated
119:from used
1069:Plutonium
421:Pollution
403:corrosion
372:corrosion
342:raffinate
327:plutonium
314:raffinate
310:The term
300:hydrazine
277:americium
273:complexes
222:emulsions
192:, and/or
167:americium
163:plutonium
117:plutonium
68:actinides
1018:Archived
994:Archived
758:94173845
555:See also
437:La Hague
245:kerosene
243:such as
155:elements
151:actinoid
104:de facto
91:chemical
62:(IFR) a
1074:Uranium
781:Bibcode
671:Bibcode
619:29 July
472:at the
468:at the
456:History
323:uranium
293:ferrous
159:uranium
113:uranium
89:) is a
925:
879:US DOE
849:
756:
719:
480:under
411:nickel
312:PUREX
298:, and
281:curium
194:Pu-239
157:(e.g.
953:(PDF)
942:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
754:S2CID
503:Mayak
348:with
190:U-238
186:U-235
127:, or
83:PUREX
28:Pyrex
847:ISBN
717:ISBN
621:2008
512:B205
510:and
464:and
439:and
407:iron
325:and
279:and
231:The
115:and
817:doi
789:doi
746:doi
742:261
679:doi
667:270
514:at
263:(NO
196:).
97:or
1045::
944:.
877:/
873:.
813:22
811:.
787:.
777:41
775:.
752:.
740:.
677:.
665:.
661:.
607:.
417:.
401:,
382:)
352:.
337:.
291:,
249:UO
188:,
165:,
161:,
138:.
907:.
887:.
855:.
823:.
819::
795:.
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783::
760:.
748::
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681::
673::
623:.
544:)
409:/
269:2
267:)
265:3
261:2
254:2
218:M
149:(
123:(
85:(
30:.
23:.
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