4762:
1575:
111:
154:
1881:
1272:
364:
4184:
1449:
1903:
and the other giant lemurs immediately. Instead, many human-related factors, such as habitat loss, forest fragmentation, bushmeat hunting, and the introduction of invasive species, along with the gradual desiccation of certain parts of the island, caused their decline and eventual extinction over
3048:
Jungers, W.L.; Godfrey, L.R.; Simons, E.L.; Wunderlich, R.E.; Richmond, B.G.; Chatrath, P.S. (2001). "Chapter 10: Ecomorphology and
Behavior of Giant Extinct Lemurs from Madagascar". In Plavcan, J.M.; Kay, R.F.; Jungers, W.L.; et al. (eds.).
1915:
began within 500 years of human colonization, but prior to the establishment of large human settlements. Hunting in the
Central Highlands and the spiny thickets likely caused a substantial drop in its population. Large lemurs, including
1626:, conserve water by producing seeds with hooks and spines rather than fleshy fruits. These seeds attach themselves to the skin and fur of passing animals for dispersal, and are still dispersed by living lemur species as well as
1441:
of
Madagascar. Although it primarily ate fruit, it may have supplemented its diet with leaves and other foliage seasonally. Its teeth were similar in appearance to that of ruffed lemurs, while its
1154:. However, both names are based on material from the central plateau of Madagascar and Tattersall therefore presumed that they belong to the same species, which he could continue to call
516:
remains have been found primarily at sites in the central and southwestern parts of the island. Fragmentary and indeterminate remains have also been found in northern
Madagascar.
2991:
Godfrey, L.R.; Rasoazanabary, E. (2011). "Chapter 8: Demise of the Bet
Hedgers: A Case Study of Human Impacts on Past and Present Lemurs of Madagascar". In Sodikoff; G.M (eds.).
1240:
616:
1331:. However, there are some differences in tooth morphology from the living brown and ring-tailed lemurs, similar to those between the ruffed lemurs and the other genera. In
2708:
Burney, D. A.; Burney, L. P.; Godfrey, L. R.; Jungers, W. L.; Goodman, S. M.; Wright, H. T.; Jull, A. J. T. (July 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric
Madagascar".
1598:
would have been capable of swallowing even larger seeds. In the case of baobabs, the fruits have large seeds surrounded by a nutritious pulp and may have required
4886:
612:
2972:
Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Schwartz, G.T. (2006). "Chapter 3: Ecology and
Extinction of Madagascar's Subfossil Lemurs". In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.).
1594:
can swallow seeds with a diameter up to 30 millimeters (1.2 in), which is larger than any other living lemur. Having been more than twice as large,
3123:
Muldoon, K.M. (2010). "Paleoenvironment of
Ankilitelo Cave (late Holocene, southwestern Madagascar): Implications for the extinction of giant lemurs".
3317:
Yoder, A. D.; Irwin, J. A. (1999). "Phylogeny of the
Lemuridae: Effects of Character and Taxon Sampling on Resolution of Species Relationships within
4975:
4873:
3429:
4970:
1359:
and molars, and the buccal (outer) cusps on these teeth are located to the front of their lingual counterparts. Relative to the ruffed lemurs,
497:, they were also likely to have dispersed seeds evolved to attach to fur and be carried away. Unlike ruffed lemurs, the fore- and hindlimbs of
1195:
and lemurs. Several other authors mentioned this name in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but it is questionable that any rendered the name
3307:
3229:
3173:
3105:
3060:
3000:
2981:
2962:
2939:
2920:
2901:
1752:), although other indeterminate or fragmentary remains have been discovered at Ankilitelo Cave in southwestern Madagascar, as well as in the
1351:(a shelf on the inner, or lingual, side of the tooth) is expanded towards the front. The two species differ in details of tooth morphology.
1889:
4955:
3376:
3183:
Pastorini, J.; Forstner, M. R. J.; Martin, R. D. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships among
Lemuridae (Primates): Evidence from mtDNA".
2930:
Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Burney, D.A. (2010). "Chapter 21: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.).
1612:
suggests it had more widespread seed dispersal in the past, but today shows signs of more localized diversity when compared to African
2850:
Filhol, H. (1874). "Nouvelles observations sur les mammifères des gisements de phosphates de chaux (Lémuriens et Pachylémuriens)".
1285:
resembled the living ruffed lemurs but was three or four times larger, with an estimated body mass of 10 kg (22 lb) for
556:, although subfossil remains found in a cave pit in southwestern Madagascar may indicate that it survived up until 500 years ago.
1944:
have been found in Ankilitelo Cave (a pit cave in southwestern Madagascar), which is assumed to be less than 500 years old.
1753:
2745:
Crovella, S.; Montagnon, D.; Rakotosamimanana, B.; Rumpler, Y. (1994). "Molecular biology and systematics of an extinct Lemur:
4761:
1745:
1733:
1725:
1382:
are found. It had shorter and more robust limbs than the ruffed lemurs, and the fore- and hindlimbs were closer in length (
4965:
3070:
Lamberton, C. (1948). "Contribution à la connaissance de la faune subfossile de Madagascar: Note XVII. Les Pachylémurs".
1445:
and uneven dental wear suggest that it ate fewer leaves and more hard fruits and stems than today's brown lemur species.
1591:
1866:
lived alongside as many as 19 or 20 other lemur species, but now as few as 20% of those species remain in those areas.
4847:
3422:
3092:
1928:
out of 17 dated specimens came from Ankilibehandry in the succulent woodlands and dated between 680 and 780
1741:
4891:
153:
3097:
1721:
650:
3241:"On the morphology of the brain in the Mammalia, with special reference to that of the lemurs, recent and extinct"
2780:"A glance to the past: subfossils, stable isotopes, seed dispersal, and lemur species loss in Southern Madagascar"
4950:
1729:
1476:
1456:
490:
2953:; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S. (1997). "Chapter 8: Subfossil Lemurs". In Goodman, S.M.; Patterson, B.D. (eds.).
1920:, survived in the Central Highlands, succulent woodlands, and spiny thickets until around 950 CE. Based on
1717:
1696:
was probably diurnal as well, as were most of the giant, extinct lemurs. However, compared to similarly sized
501:
were nearly the same length, and therefore it was likely to be a slow, deliberate climber. However, both used
4555:
1608:
1200:
684:
470:
4800:
4262:
3415:
1583:
4852:
4960:
4912:
3595:
2821:
Crowley, B.E. (2010). "A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna".
1905:
1654:
1220:
1208:
600:
1804:
1808:
1348:
4860:
4310:
4276:
4183:
3330:
3192:
3132:
3087:
2889:
2830:
2717:
1855:
1844:
1796:
1328:
1151:
939:
796:
772:
724:
642:
604:
537:
524:
within its range, but in many of these locations, 20% or fewer of the original lemur species remain.
312:
2884:
Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2002). "Chapter 7: Quaternary fossil lemurs". In Hartwig, W.C. (ed.).
1757:
1063:. He noted similarities between this group and the ruffed lemurs, then considered a single species,
4415:
3083:
1851:
1670:
1658:
1052:
521:
502:
128:
4330:
4242:
3875:
3618:
2911:
Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2003). "Subfossil Lemurs". In Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P. (eds.).
1812:
3840:
3393:
3354:
3220:
Simons, E.L. (1997). "Chapter 6: Lemurs: Old and New". In Goodman, S.M.; Patterson, B.D. (eds.).
2809:
2766:
1921:
1824:
1816:
1800:
1780:
1646:
1627:
1498:
1493:, are suspected of having been large-seed dispersers, particularly for plants that use a form of
1383:
808:
683:
is sometimes referred to as a giant ruffed lemur. In addition to the morphological similarities,
407:
278:
148:
4917:
1820:
1788:
1677:
was a slow, deliberate climber unlike the ruffed lemurs, which leap and bound through the upper
1574:
1374:(eye sockets) are smaller and oriented more towards the front than in the ruffed lemurs. In the
110:
4385:
4348:
4320:
4061:
3266:"Rapport sur des ossements sub-fossiles provenant d'Ampasambazibma. 1. — Les Lémuriens (Suite)"
1114:
has generally been regarded as a distinct genus, but some classifications include the genus in
4899:
4742:
4617:
4583:
4576:
3697:
3346:
3303:
3265:
3240:
3225:
3208:
3169:
3148:
3111:
3101:
3056:
2996:
2977:
2958:
2935:
2916:
2897:
2801:
2733:
1638:
1603:
1549:
1084:
921:
716:
585:
571:
245:
4927:
4904:
1828:
1784:
4429:
3385:
3338:
3252:
3200:
3140:
3033:"Recherches sur les lémuriens disparus et en particulier sur ceux qui vivaient à Madagascar"
2838:
2791:
2758:
2725:
1765:
1678:
1398:
1143:
575:
4838:
489:, possibly for tree species with seeds too large for even ruffed lemurs to swallow. In the
457:, although there is some doubt as to whether or not they may actually be the same species.
4783:
4735:
4338:
4269:
3982:
3625:
3611:
1875:
1438:
1410:
1402:
435:
2064:
2062:
1936:
came from Ampasambazimba in the Central Highlands and dated between 620 and 680 CE.
3334:
3196:
3136:
2893:
2834:
2721:
4546:
4524:
4504:
4440:
4303:
4286:
4113:
4092:
4054:
3813:
3513:
3342:
3256:
3162:
1836:
1666:
1613:
1599:
1494:
1472:
1390:
1297:
1196:
1123:
646:
608:
486:
1880:
4944:
4721:
4664:
4405:
4012:
3927:
3886:
3827:
3718:
3690:
3646:
3632:
3496:
3483:
3438:
3358:
1701:
1442:
1422:
1340:
215:
61:
3397:
3282:
3032:
2842:
2813:
2770:
2360:
2358:
1319:—a comblike structure formed by the lower front teeth, characteristic of lemurs and
1170:(Grandidier, 1899)—but express doubt about the distinction between the two species.
595:, which was recognized as a genus by 1979. However, due to earlier uses of the name
465:, because although it and the living ruffed lemurs had similar teeth and skeletons,
4684:
4657:
4648:
4634:
4610:
4201:
4155:
3854:
3847:
3683:
3560:
3537:
3011:
2864:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1490:
1485:
1271:
1236:
1228:
1192:
1174:
1038:
1030:
957:
853:
748:
732:
696:
631:
582:
563:
533:
474:
439:
269:
3367:
1940:
is generally thought to have gone extinct between 680–960 CE, but remains of
3372:
Lamberton, 1948 (Primates, Lemuridae): proposed conservation of the generic name"
3144:
3050:
2729:
4832:
4778:
4712:
4569:
4562:
4514:
4463:
4375:
4026:
3964:
3950:
3895:
3868:
3797:
3783:
3776:
3755:
3725:
3711:
3581:
3523:
1792:
1543:
1513:
788:
36:
363:
4603:
4449:
4422:
4214:
4144:
4122:
4047:
4005:
3957:
3936:
3769:
3762:
3662:
3604:
3567:
1929:
1896:
1689:
1650:
1519:
1406:
1375:
1320:
984:
708:
553:
549:
529:
494:
137:
81:
46:
4823:
3115:
1685:
likely conserved energy because of its diet, small brain, and slow climbing.
4728:
4675:
4594:
4359:
4231:
4129:
4083:
4068:
4040:
4033:
4019:
3998:
3991:
3943:
3909:
3806:
3574:
3553:
2950:
1850:
In general, lemur diversity has declined since the arrival of humans due to
1840:
1555:
1531:
1507:
1452:
1433:, just like the closely related ruffed lemurs, but unlike most of the other
1430:
1344:
1316:
1312:
1042:
831:
784:
764:
700:
670:
578:
513:
225:
165:
86:
3350:
3212:
3204:
3152:
2805:
2737:
2598:
2596:
1657:—particularly the vertebrae and femur—suggests that it was a tree-dweller (
528:
went into decline following the arrival of humans in Madagascar around 350
3389:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
1505:. The plants that may have depended on these giant extinct lemurs include
1306:
1303:
4817:
4535:
4296:
4137:
3916:
3739:
3704:
3669:
3655:
3456:
1859:
1567:
1561:
1434:
1356:
1324:
1100:
589:
541:
185:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2068:
1688:
Because its eyes were comparable in size to those of modern day-living (
4878:
4497:
4099:
3902:
3861:
3676:
3546:
3468:
2762:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2404:
1620:
1525:
1467:
Because it ate larger, harder, more fibrous fruits than ruffed lemurs,
1336:
1219:
Lamberton, 1948, by half a century and thus takes precedence under the
205:
91:
66:
2796:
2779:
2237:
2235:
2233:
1924:
of subfossil remains collected as of 2010, the most recent remains of
1448:
607:
in 1905, and errors in Lamberton's 1948 description of the genus, the
4698:
4253:
3748:
3462:
3450:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1697:
1537:
1227:
Lamberton is itself unavailable because Lamberton failed to select a
1187:
195:
175:
4794:
2499:
2497:
2484:
2482:
1409:(thigh bone) was also relatively large. As of 2001, no bones of the
630:
was similar to but significantly larger and more robust than living
615:
was considered questionable. In 2011, a petition was filed with the
544:
hunting are thought to have been the reasons for its disappearance.
2993:
The Anthropology of Extinction: Essays on Culture and Species Death
2005:
4691:
4483:
4456:
4396:
1879:
1573:
1447:
1371:
1270:
776:
704:
635:
478:
443:
4865:
1673:
in order to reach fruit and leaves on smaller branches. However,
1475:
compared to the more folivorous extinct giant lemurs. Within the
3407:
1243:
in 2011. The petition asks the Commission to suppress the names
4798:
4199:
3481:
3411:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
669:) resembled that of ruffed lemurs more so than the rest of the
2449:
2376:
2364:
688:
1323:—is similar to that of other lemurids. The two halves of the
687:
also support a close relationship. Based on studies of their
807:), and in 1905, Grandidier himself considered the species a
485:
specialized in eating fruit, and was therefore an important
3283:"On recently discovered subfossil primates from Madagascar"
1619:
Many small trees and shrubs in the spiny thickets, such as
1138:
as a distinct genus or even subgenus. As Tattersall noted,
469:
was more robust and as much as three to four times larger.
2865:"Observations concernant les Mammifères contemporains des
2667:
2651:
2649:
2647:
574:
and other close relatives currently classified within the
703:. This sister group itself forms a sister group with the
562:
remains were first described in 1895 by French zoologist
2563:
1067:. In 1908, Standing named another species in the group,
2140:
1932:. Of eight dated specimens, the most recent remains of
1874:
Further information on subfossil lemur extinction:
3245:
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
2551:
2425:
2410:
2080:
1904:
more than a millennium. The same factors threaten all
1728:
are known. The two species are typically found in the
751:
was the first to scientifically describe a species of
3090:; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010).
2778:
Crowley, B. E.; Godfrey, L. R.; Irwin, M. T. (2011).
1634:
may also have helped disperse seeds in this fashion.
1185:
in 1874 for a group of primitive primates, including
4709:
4645:
4623:
4531:
4520:
4510:
4411:
4381:
4371:
4344:
4326:
4316:
4292:
4282:
4238:
4227:
4110:
4080:
3979:
3824:
3794:
3736:
3643:
3592:
3534:
3519:
3509:
3302:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 382.
3052:
Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record
2691:
2638:
2602:
2395:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2277:
2241:
2053:
1988:
1960:
870:
512:
was only found on the island of Madagascar, and its
304:
261:
4807:
4708:
4674:
4644:
4593:
4545:
4481:
4439:
4395:
4358:
4252:
4212:
4154:
4109:
4079:
3978:
3926:
3885:
3823:
3793:
3735:
3642:
3591:
3533:
3494:
3224:. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 142–166.
2957:. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 218–256.
2915:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1247–1252.
2614:
2515:
2503:
2488:
2473:
1241:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1055:had named a different species using the same name,
767:bones. Descriptions of other species now placed in
617:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
3161:
787:, central Madagascar, which he thought similar to
3037:Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle
699:relative to the rest of the lemurs in the family
3287:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
3168:(6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
3020:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2873:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2888:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–121.
2626:
2575:
2527:
2437:
2349:
2253:
2024:
1343:) is more elongate, and it is not lined by an
1259:Lamberton, 1948, retroactively available with
1239:, and Alex Dunkel submitted a petition to the
3423:
3366:Zijlstra, J.; Groves, C.; Dunkel, A. (2011).
3222:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
2955:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
1895:Humans arrived in Madagascar around 350
505:to reach fruit on small branches below them.
8:
1768:in the northern tip of the island (possibly
1653:. Yet more recent analysis of its axial and
1339:basin (a basin at the back end of the lower
1293:. In addition, the skeleton is more robust.
1083:was introduced for these animals in 1948 by
3096:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.).
1681:. Like both the living and extinct lemurs,
1289:and 13 kg (29 lb) for the larger
1251:Palmer, 1904 (based on Filhol's name), and
4795:
4489:
4364:
4220:
4209:
4196:
3832:
3502:
3491:
3478:
3430:
3416:
3408:
2265:
2152:
2128:
2104:
1616:that have not lost their seed dispersers.
1191:, that he considered intermediate between
1181:. First, Filhol had himself used the name
1177:problems with the current use of the name
649:) also suggest a close relation. In 1953,
566:and were originally included in the genus
362:
109:
20:
2795:
2224:
1421:Based on dental wear and the presence of
1363:has more massive jaws and larger molars.
1347:cusp. In the first two upper molars, the
603:of an alternative genus name proposed by
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
1847:in the central highlands of Madagascar.
477:relationship between these two types of
2679:
2655:
2587:
1974:
1952:
1203:. Still, this name potentially renders
2539:
2289:
2092:
1899:, but did not cause the extinction of
1831:in south and southwestern Madagascar.
2461:
2141:Pastorini, Forstner & Martin 2002
2116:
1736:of southern/southwestern Madagascar (
1581:may have spread seeds of plants like
7:
2552:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
2426:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
2411:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
2081:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
1033:are the closest living relatives of
3377:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1413:had been found for either species.
1393:of ruffed lemurs, the vertebrae of
1207:Lamberton, 1948, invalid under the
1158:. Recent classifications recognize
913:
906:
899:
845:
838:
827:
3343:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1999.tb00271.x
3257:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1903.tb00497.x
2934:. University of California Press.
2639:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
2603:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
2396:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
2338:Zijlstra, Groves & Dunkel 2011
2326:Zijlstra, Groves & Dunkel 2011
2314:Zijlstra, Groves & Dunkel 2011
2302:Zijlstra, Groves & Dunkel 2011
2278:Zijlstra, Groves & Dunkel 2011
2242:Zijlstra, Groves & Dunkel 2011
2054:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
1989:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
1961:Zijlstra, Groves & Dunkel 2011
1862:hunting. At some subfossil sites,
1162:as a valid genus with two species—
14:
2913:The Natural History of Madagascar
2615:Crowley, Godfrey & Irwin 2011
2516:Crowley, Godfrey & Irwin 2011
2504:Crowley, Godfrey & Irwin 2011
2489:Crowley, Godfrey & Irwin 2011
2474:Crowley, Godfrey & Irwin 2011
1890:Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
1876:Subfossil lemur § Extinction
1378:, the most distinctive traits of
799:placed this species in the genus
783:, on the basis of two teeth from
4760:
4182:
2852:Annales des Sciences Géologiques
2692:Godfrey & Rasoazanabary 2011
1600:seed dispersal through ingestion
1211:. In addition, the generic name
641:). In addition to their general
461:is sometimes referred to as the
152:
4976:Taxa named by Charles Lamberton
3270:Bulletin de l'Académie malgache
3072:Bulletin de l'Académie malgache
2843:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030
2784:American Journal of Primatology
1327:(lower jaw) do not fuse at the
671:lemurs classified in the genus
611:of the name under the rules of
2974:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation
2949:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.;
1587:by carrying them on their fur.
1479:of southwest Madagascar, only
1463:to distribute its large seeds.
1255:Grandidier, 1899, and to make
821:Phylogeny of family Lemuridae
763:in 1895 on the basis of a few
1:
4971:Fossil taxa described in 1948
3164:Walker's Mammals of the World
1614:species within the same genus
1602:. In western Madagascar, the
1592:Black-and-white ruffed lemurs
1370:is relatively broad, but the
679:Because of the similarities,
653:noted that the skull of both
481:. Like living ruffed lemurs,
3145:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.005
3012:"Description d'ossements de
2995:. Indiana University Press.
2976:. Springer. pp. 41–64.
2730:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005
1059:, and named another species
520:once lived in diverse lemur
438:most closely related to the
1760:in the northwest (possibly
1661:). Like the ruffed lemurs,
1215:Grandidier, 1899, predates
1150:Grandidier, 1899, and thus
771:quickly followed. In 1899,
707:(related group) containing
695:and ruffed lemurs form the
4992:
4956:Prehistoric primate genera
3300:The Primates of Madagascar
3185:Journal of Human Evolution
3125:Journal of Human Evolution
3098:Conservation International
2932:Cenozoic Mammals of Africa
2823:Quaternary Science Reviews
2710:Journal of Human Evolution
2627:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
2576:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
2528:Godfrey & Jungers 2003
2438:Godfrey & Jungers 2003
2350:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
2254:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
2025:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
1873:
1669:that frequently exhibited
1118:or the ruffed lemur genus
651:William Charles Osman Hill
645:, studies of their teeth (
588:placed the species in the
4773:
4758:
4492:
4367:
4223:
4208:
4195:
4180:
3835:
3505:
3490:
3477:
3445:
2886:The Primate Fossil Record
2352:, p. 106, table 7.1.
1712:The subfossil remains of
1457:Madagascar spiny thickets
981:
954:
936:
918:
911:
904:
897:
868:
850:
843:
836:
449:. Two species are known,
413:
406:
370:
361:
258:
253:
149:Scientific classification
147:
135:
126:
117:
108:
23:
1708:Distribution and habitat
1649:lemur due to its robust
1471:was likely an important
1459:may have once relied on
1405:had less anticliny. The
1126:recognized two species,
743:Taxonomic classification
548:is thought to have gone
118:Right profile view of a
3298:Tattersall, I. (1982).
3281:Standing, H.F. (1908).
3264:Standing, H.F. (1904).
3031:Grandidier, G. (1905).
3010:Grandidier, G. (1899).
2006:Mittermeier et al. 2010
1911:The initial decline of
1716:have been found in all
1231:. To conserve the name
1201:zoological nomenclature
1148:Palaeochirogalus jullyi
961:(lesser bamboo lemurs)
943:(greater bamboo lemur)
781:Palaeochirogalus jullyi
613:zoological nomenclature
325:Palaeochirogalus jullyi
16:Extinct genus of lemurs
3205:10.1006/jhev.2002.0587
2153:Yoder & Irwin 1999
1959:Spelling corrected by
1892:
1609:Commiphora guillaminii
1588:
1464:
1386:of approximately 97).
1279:
1267:Anatomy and physiology
619:to preserve the name.
4913:Paleobiology Database
3390:10.21805/bzn.v68i4.a4
1883:
1835:has been recorded at
1775:Subfossil sites with
1754:dry deciduous forests
1718:regions of Madagascar
1704:was relatively poor.
1665:was also an arboreal
1655:appendicular skeleton
1639:palaeoanthropologists
1577:
1451:
1439:extinct, giant lemurs
1274:
1263:as its type species.
1221:Principle of Priority
1209:Principle of Homonymy
4966:Holocene extinctions
3239:Smith, G.E. (1903).
3160:Nowak, R.M. (1999).
3093:Lemurs of Madagascar
2829:(19–20): 2591–2603.
2069:Crovella et al. 1994
1906:living lemur species
1856:forest fragmentation
1651:postcranial skeleton
1584:Uncarina roeoesliana
1489:, a type of extinct
1376:postcranial skeleton
1329:mandibular symphysis
1134:. He did not regard
1122:. In a 1982 review,
1051:Meanwhile, in 1904,
925:(ring-tailed lemur)
797:Grafton Elliot Smith
773:Guillaume Grandidier
725:greater bamboo lemur
623:Evolutionary history
605:Guillaume Grandidier
552:between 680 and 960
538:forest fragmentation
436:extinct, giant lemur
371:Subfossil sites for
32:Pleistocene–Holocene
4713:Palaeopropithecidae
3335:2002clad.book.....S
3197:2002JHumE..43..463P
3137:2010JHumE..58..338M
2894:2002prfr.book.....H
2863:Filhol, H. (1895).
2835:2010QSRv...29.2591C
2747:Pachylemur insignis
2722:2004JHumE..47...25B
2629:, pp. 117–118.
2605:, p. 354, 361.
2564:Godfrey et al. 1997
2450:Jungers et al. 2001
2398:, pp. 361–362.
2377:Jungers et al. 2001
2367:, pp. 391–392.
2365:Jungers et al. 2001
2316:, pp. 276–277.
2304:, pp. 275–276.
2268:, pp. 240–241.
1734:succulent woodlands
1722:eastern rainforests
1671:hindlimb suspension
1486:Archaeolemur majori
1355:had narrower lower
1277:Pachylemur insignis
1199:under the rules of
1166:(Filhol, 1895) and
1142:Standing, 1904, is
1071:, and included his
1053:Herbert F. Standing
508:Like other lemurs,
503:hindlimb suspension
451:Pachylemur insignis
420:G. Grandidier, 1899
328:G. Grandidier, 1899
129:Conservation status
120:Pachylemur insignis
3596:Ekgmowechashalidae
3014:Lémuriens disparus
2763:10.1007/BF02381961
2694:, p. 171–172.
2668:Burney et al. 2004
1922:radiocarbon dating
1893:
1628:introduced species
1589:
1465:
1384:intermembral index
1280:
1235:, Jelle Zijlstra,
1173:There are several
1037:, and both form a
731:), and the lesser
581:. In 1948, French
463:giant ruffed lemur
140: (680–960 CE)
4938:
4937:
4900:Open Tree of Life
4801:Taxon identifiers
4792:
4791:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4743:Palaeopropithecus
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4191:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
3974:
3973:
3309:978-0-231-04704-3
3231:978-1-56098-682-9
3175:978-0-8018-5789-8
3107:978-1-934151-23-5
3084:Mittermeier, R.A.
3062:978-0-306-46604-5
3002:978-0-253-22364-7
2983:978-0-387-34585-7
2964:978-1-56098-682-9
2941:978-0-520-25721-4
2922:978-0-226-30306-2
2903:978-0-521-66315-1
2797:10.1002/ajp.20817
2518:, pp. 33–34.
1805:Ambararata-Mahabo
1746:central highlands
1604:genetic diversity
1407:head of its femur
1085:Charles Lamberton
1049:
1048:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
970:
969:
886:
885:
761:Lemur intermedius
747:French zoologist
717:ring-tailed lemur
685:molecular studies
586:Charles Lamberton
572:ring-tailed lemur
570:, along with the
473:have confirmed a
455:Pachylemur jullyi
427:
426:
421:
353:
345:
337:
329:
316:
297:
293:Lemur intermedius
289:
273:
249:
142:
4983:
4951:Subfossil lemurs
4931:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4907:
4895:
4894:
4882:
4881:
4869:
4868:
4856:
4855:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4796:
4764:
4711:
4649:Archaeolemuridae
4647:
4625:
4533:
4522:
4512:
4490:
4430:Xanthonycticebus
4413:
4383:
4373:
4365:
4346:
4328:
4318:
4294:
4284:
4240:
4229:
4221:
4210:
4197:
4186:
4112:
4082:
3981:
3833:
3826:
3796:
3738:
3645:
3594:
3536:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3492:
3479:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3362:
3313:
3294:
3277:
3260:
3235:
3216:
3179:
3167:
3156:
3119:
3079:
3066:
3044:
3027:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2945:
2926:
2907:
2880:
2859:
2846:
2817:
2799:
2774:
2741:
2701:Literature cited
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2028:
2022:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1964:
1957:
1942:P. insignis
1926:P. insignis
1809:Ampoza-Ankazoabo
1777:P. insignis
1762:P. insignis
1742:subhumid forests
1738:P. insignis
1720:, except in the
1637:For many years,
1630:such as cattle.
1481:P. insignis
1431:fruit specialist
1399:vertebral bodies
1389:Compared to the
1353:P. insignis
1349:lingual cingulum
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1287:P. insignis
1253:Palaeochirogalus
1213:Palaeochirogalus
1164:P. insignis
914:
907:
900:
872:
857:(ruffed lemurs)
846:
839:
828:
818:
817:
655:P. insignis
493:of southwestern
419:
417:Palaeochirogalus
402:sp. (uncertain)
388:
382:P. insignis
378:
366:
351:
343:
335:
327:
310:
306:
295:
287:
267:
263:
244:
237:
157:
156:
141:
113:
103:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4926:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4890:
4885:
4877:
4872:
4864:
4859:
4851:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4784:Subfossil lemur
4765:
4748:
4736:Mesopropithecus
4704:
4670:
4640:
4589:
4541:
4486:
4469:
4435:
4391:
4354:
4248:
4217:
4204:
4187:
4170:
4150:
4105:
4075:
3983:Caenopithecidae
3970:
3922:
3881:
3819:
3789:
3731:
3638:
3626:Muangthanhinius
3612:Ekgmowechashala
3587:
3529:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3441:
3436:
3404:
3365:
3316:
3310:
3297:
3280:
3263:
3251:(10): 319–432.
3238:
3232:
3219:
3182:
3176:
3159:
3122:
3108:
3082:
3069:
3063:
3047:
3030:
3009:
3003:
2990:
2984:
2971:
2965:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2923:
2910:
2904:
2883:
2862:
2849:
2820:
2777:
2744:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:, p. 2601.
2654:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:, p. 1248.
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:, p. 1249.
2436:
2432:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2266:Tattersall 1982
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2129:Grandidier 1905
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2105:Grandidier 1899
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2031:
2023:
2012:
2004:
1995:
1987:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1878:
1872:
1845:Morarano-Betafo
1797:Manombo-Toliara
1783:, Beloha (near
1726:subfossil sites
1710:
1647:ground-dwelling
1503:carbon fixation
1502:
1419:
1403:spinous process
1302:
1301:
1275:Restoration of
1269:
1073:Lemur maziensis
1061:Lemur maziensis
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
988:(brown lemurs)
971:
887:
745:
625:
386:
376:
341:Lemur maxiensis
243:
235:
151:
143:
131:
104:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4909:
4896:
4883:
4870:
4857:
4844:
4829:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4547:Cheirogaleidae
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4525:Plesiopithecus
4518:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4443:
4441:Perodicticinae
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4409:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4335:
4324:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4290:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4224:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4116:
4114:Djebelemuridae
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4093:Algeripithecus
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4058:
4055:Mescalerolemur
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3814:Marcgodinotius
3810:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3514:Plesiopithecus
3506:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3384:(4): 275–280.
3363:
3329:(3): 351–361.
3314:
3308:
3295:
3278:
3261:
3236:
3230:
3217:
3191:(4): 463–478.
3180:
3174:
3157:
3131:(4): 338–352.
3120:
3106:
3080:
3067:
3061:
3045:
3028:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2946:
2940:
2927:
2921:
2908:
2902:
2881:
2860:
2847:
2818:
2775:
2757:(4): 519–522.
2742:
2716:(1–2): 25–63.
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2643:
2641:, p. 363.
2631:
2619:
2607:
2592:
2590:, p. 343.
2580:
2578:, p. 117.
2568:
2566:, p. 236.
2556:
2544:
2542:, p. 148.
2532:
2520:
2508:
2493:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2452:, p. 387.
2442:
2430:
2415:
2400:
2381:
2379:, p. 394.
2369:
2354:
2342:
2340:, p. 278.
2330:
2328:, p. 275.
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2256:, p. 105.
2246:
2244:, p. 277.
2229:
2225:Lamberton 1948
2217:
2215:, p. 121.
2205:
2203:, p. 119.
2193:
2191:, p. 305.
2181:
2179:, p. 309.
2169:
2167:, p. 306.
2157:
2155:, p. 358.
2145:
2143:, p. 471.
2133:
2121:
2119:, p. 337.
2109:
2107:, p. 345.
2097:
2085:
2073:
2071:, p. 519.
2058:
2056:, p. 361.
2029:
2027:, p. 114.
2010:
1993:
1991:, p. 354.
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1963:, p. 276.
1951:
1949:
1946:
1934:P. jullyi
1871:
1868:
1837:Ampasambazimba
1833:P. jullyi
1770:P. jullyi
1758:Amparihingidro
1750:P. jullyi
1730:spiny thickets
1709:
1706:
1700:primates, its
1500:
1495:photosynthesis
1477:spiny thickets
1473:seed disperser
1418:
1415:
1391:axial skeleton
1298:dental formula
1291:P. jullyi
1268:
1265:
1261:Lemur insignis
1247:Filhol, 1874,
1168:P. jullyi
1128:Lemur insignis
1124:Ian Tattersall
1089:Lemur insignis
1087:, who grouped
1077:L. jullyi
1047:
1046:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
990:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
963:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
826:
823:
822:
813:Lemur insignis
757:Lemur insignis
744:
741:
676:at that time.
667:L. jullyi
663:Lemur insignis
659:P. jullyi
647:dental anatomy
624:
621:
583:paleontologist
491:spiny thickets
487:seed disperser
425:
424:
423:
422:
411:
410:
404:
403:
392:P. jullyi
368:
367:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
352:Standing, 1908
346:
344:Standing, 1904
338:
336:Standing, 1904
330:
318:
317:
301:
300:
299:
298:
290:
285:Lemur insignis
275:
274:
256:
255:
251:
250:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
136:
133:
132:
127:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4988:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4763:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:Archaeoindris
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4665:Hadropithecus
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:Nycticeboides
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:Sciurocheirus
4336:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4185:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4013:Caenopithecus
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3928:Sivaladapinae
3925:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3887:Hoanghoniinae
3884:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Sivaladapidae
3822:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:Pronycticebus
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:Mazateronodon
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3647:Cercamoniidae
3641:
3635:
3634:
3633:Palaeohodites
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3497:Strepsirrhini
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:Strepsirrhini
3480:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:Strepsirrhini
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:à Madagascar"
2868:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2682:, Supp. data.
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:, p. 38.
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2617:, p. 28.
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:, p. 53.
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2506:, p. 34.
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:, p. 33.
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:, p. 31.
2475:
2470:
2467:
2464:, p. 77.
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2428:, p. 57.
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:, p. 50.
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2292:, p. 18.
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:Standing 1908
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:Standing 1908
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:Standing 1904
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:Standing 1904
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:Standing 1904
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2131:, p. 78.
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2095:, p. 12.
2094:
2089:
2086:
2083:, p. 43.
2082:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:, p. 35.
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1702:visual acuity
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:thought that
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:was likely a
1428:
1424:
1423:dental caries
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:The skull of
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:nomenclatural
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1103:of the genus
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1041:to the other
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:Ruffed lemurs
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:
989:
987:
986:
979:
978:
975:
974:
966:
965:
962:
960:
959:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
942:
941:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
924:
923:
916:
915:
909:
908:
902:
901:
895:
894:
891:
890:
882:
881:
878:
877:
876:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
856:
855:
848:
847:
841:
840:
833:
830:
829:
825:
824:
820:
819:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:and species,
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
740:
738:
734:
733:bamboo lemurs
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
674:
668:
664:
661:(then called
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
632:ruffed lemurs
629:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
440:ruffed lemurs
437:
433:
432:
418:
415:
414:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
379:
374:
369:
365:
360:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
314:
313:G. Grandidier
309:
303:
302:
294:
291:
286:
283:
282:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
260:
259:
257:
252:
247:
242:
241:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:Strepsirrhini
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
112:
107:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
4961:Lemur genera
4808:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4663:
4658:Archaeolemur
4656:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4563:Cheirogaleus
4561:
4554:
4534:
4523:
4513:
4503:
4496:
4462:
4457:Perodicticus
4455:
4448:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4404:
4384:
4374:
4347:
4337:
4331:Saharagalago
4329:
4319:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4243:Saharagalago
4241:
4230:
4202:Lemuriformes
4156:Lemuriformes
4143:
4136:
4128:
4121:
4098:
4091:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3876:Yunnanadapis
3874:
3867:
3860:
3855:Kyitchaungia
3853:
3848:Guangxilemur
3846:
3839:
3812:
3805:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3684:Donrussellia
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3631:
3624:
3619:Gatanthropus
3617:
3610:
3603:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3561:Hesperolemur
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:Notharctidae
3522:
3512:
3405:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3368:"Case 3563.
3326:
3322:
3318:
3299:
3293:(2): 59–162.
3290:
3286:
3273:
3269:
3248:
3244:
3221:
3188:
3184:
3163:
3128:
3124:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3055:. Springer.
3051:
3040:
3036:
3023:
3019:
3013:
2992:
2973:
2954:
2931:
2912:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2855:
2851:
2826:
2822:
2790:(1): 25–37.
2787:
2783:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2713:
2709:
2687:
2680:Crowley 2010
2675:
2663:
2656:Crowley 2010
2634:
2622:
2610:
2588:Muldoon 2010
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2372:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2227:, p. 7.
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
1955:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1863:
1852:habitat loss
1849:
1832:
1813:Belo-sur-mer
1776:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1713:
1711:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1662:
1642:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1607:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1491:monkey lemur
1484:
1480:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1426:
1420:
1397:had shorter
1394:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1332:
1311:, as in all
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:Colin Groves
1232:
1229:type species
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:Lemur jullyi
1155:
1147:
1140:Lemur jullyi
1139:
1135:
1132:Lemur jullyi
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Since 1979,
1109:
1104:
1097:Lemur jullyi
1096:
1093:Lemur majori
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:Lemur majori
1068:
1065:Lemur varius
1064:
1060:
1057:Lemur jullyi
1056:
1050:
1039:sister group
1034:
983:
982:
956:
955:
938:
937:
920:
919:
874:
873:
869:
852:
851:
812:
805:Lemur jullyi
804:
800:
795:). In 1903,
793:Cheirogaleus
792:
789:dwarf lemurs
780:
775:named a new
768:
760:
756:
752:
749:Henri Filhol
746:
736:
728:
720:
712:
709:brown lemurs
697:sister group
692:
680:
678:
672:
666:
662:
658:
654:
638:
627:
626:
609:availability
596:
592:
567:
564:Henri Filhol
559:
558:
545:
534:Habitat loss
525:
517:
509:
507:
498:
482:
475:sister group
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
430:
429:
428:
416:
399:
395:
391:
385:
381:
375:
372:
349:Lemur majori
348:
340:
333:Lemur jullyi
332:
324:
307:
296:Filhol, 1895
292:
288:Filhol, 1895
284:
264:
239:
238:
119:
24:
18:
4833:Wikispecies
4779:Adapiformes
4699:Propithecus
4515:Megaladapis
4498:Daubentonia
4464:Pseudopotto
4376:Mioeuoticus
4027:Europolemur
3965:Sivaladapis
3951:Siamoadapis
3896:Hoanghonius
3869:Paukkaungia
3841:Anthradapis
3798:Asiadapidae
3784:Palaeolemur
3777:Microadapis
3756:Cryptadapis
3726:Protoadapis
3712:Periconodon
3582:Smilodectes
3524:Sulaimanius
3088:Louis, E.E.
2540:Simons 1997
2290:Filhol 1874
2093:Filhol 1895
1886:P. insignis
1825:Tsiandroina
1817:Lamboharana
1801:Ambolisatra
1793:Andrahomana
1781:Andolonomby
1544:Pachypodium
1514:Cedrelopsis
1511:(baobabs),
1435:leaf-eating
1144:preoccupied
1079:. The name
755:; he named
522:communities
471:DNA studies
265:P. insignis
4945:Categories
4839:Pachylemur
4809:Pachylemur
4777:See also:
4628:Pachylemur
4570:Microcebus
4484:Lemuroidea
4450:Arctocebus
4423:Nycticebus
4311:Paragalago
4277:Galagoides
4215:Lorisoidea
4165:see below↓
4145:Shizarodon
4123:Djebelemur
4048:Masradapis
4006:Aframonius
3958:Sinoadapis
3937:Indraloris
3770:Magnadapis
3763:Leptadapis
3663:Anchomomys
3605:Bugtilemur
3568:Notharctus
3370:Pachylemur
3323:Cladistics
3276:: 305–310.
3026:: 344–348.
2951:Reed, K.E.
2858:(4): 1–36.
2462:Nowak 1999
2117:Smith 1903
1970:References
1938:Pachylemur
1918:Pachylemur
1913:Pachylemur
1901:Pachylemur
1870:Extinction
1864:Pachylemur
1821:Taolambiby
1789:Bemafandry
1740:) and the
1714:Pachylemur
1698:anthropoid
1694:Pachylemur
1692:) lemurs,
1683:Pachylemur
1675:Pachylemur
1663:Pachylemur
1643:Pachylemur
1632:Pachylemur
1596:Pachylemur
1579:Pachylemur
1562:Tamarindus
1520:Commiphora
1469:Pachylemur
1461:Pachylemur
1427:Pachylemur
1395:Pachylemur
1380:Pachylemur
1368:Pachylemur
1361:Pachylemur
1333:Pachylemur
1283:Pachylemur
1257:Pachylemur
1249:Pachylemur
1245:Pachylemur
1233:Pachylemur
1225:Pachylemur
1217:Pachylemur
1205:Pachylemur
1193:pachyderms
1183:Pachylemur
1179:Pachylemur
1160:Pachylemur
1136:Pachylemur
1112:Pachylemur
1081:Pachylemur
1035:Pachylemur
875:Pachylemur
769:Pachylemur
753:Pachylemur
693:Pachylemur
681:Pachylemur
643:morphology
628:Pachylemur
597:Pachylemur
593:Pachylemur
560:Pachylemur
546:Pachylemur
526:Pachylemur
518:Pachylemur
510:Pachylemur
499:Pachylemur
495:Madagascar
483:Pachylemur
467:Pachylemur
459:Pachylemur
431:Pachylemur
373:Pachylemur
321:Synonyms:
240:Pachylemur
212:Suborder:
25:Pachylemur
4729:Babakotia
4676:Indriidae
4611:Hapalemur
4595:Lemuridae
4556:Allocebus
4505:Lepilemur
4397:Lorisinae
4386:Namaloris
4360:Lorisidae
4349:Wadilemur
4321:Progalago
4254:Galagidae
4232:Karanisia
4130:Notnamaia
4084:Azibiidae
4069:Notnamaia
4062:Namadapis
4041:Mahgarita
4034:Godinotia
4020:Darwinius
3999:Afradapis
3992:Adapoides
3944:Ramadapis
3910:Rencunius
3807:Asiadapis
3575:Pelycodus
3554:Copelemur
3449:Kingdom:
3359:221580568
3116:670545286
1841:Antsirabe
1724:where no
1667:quadruped
1556:Strychnos
1550:Salvadora
1532:Diospyros
1508:Adansonia
1497:known as
1357:premolars
1345:entoconid
1321:lorisoids
1317:toothcomb
1197:available
958:Hapalemur
832:Lemuridae
785:Antsirabe
765:subfossil
737:Hapalemur
701:Lemuridae
579:Lemuridae
514:subfossil
308:P. jullyi
246:Lamberton
226:Lemuridae
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
4866:10647932
4818:Wikidata
4536:Propotto
4304:Otolemur
4297:Laetolia
4263:Euoticus
4138:Omanodon
3917:Wailekia
3740:Adapidae
3705:Panobius
3698:Nievesia
3670:Barnesia
3656:Agerinia
3469:Primates
3463:Mammalia
3457:Chordata
3455:Phylum:
3451:Animalia
3398:81099654
3351:34902953
3213:12393004
3153:20226497
3043:: 1–142.
2879:: 12–14.
2867:Æpyornis
2814:25469045
2806:20205184
2771:31774375
2751:Primates
2738:15288523
1888:skulls,
1860:bushmeat
1779:include
1766:Ankarana
1659:arboreal
1624:Uncarina
1568:Uncarina
1417:Behavior
1401:and the
1325:mandible
1313:lemurids
1101:subgenus
1043:lemurids
940:Prolemur
729:Prolemur
601:priority
590:subgenus
542:bushmeat
408:Synonyms
279:Synonyms
254:Species
222:Family:
206:Primates
196:Mammalia
186:Chordata
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
4928:4438771
4905:4941436
4892:1513474
4879:7237035
4824:Q292027
4635:Varecia
4604:Eulemur
4100:Azibius
3903:Lushius
3862:Laomaki
3677:Buxella
3547:Cantius
3467:Order:
3461:Class:
3331:Bibcode
3319:Eulemur
3193:Bibcode
3133:Bibcode
3078:: 7–22.
2890:Bibcode
2831:Bibcode
2718:Bibcode
1908:today.
1829:Tsirave
1785:Anavoha
1744:of the
1690:diurnal
1621:endemic
1526:Delonix
1455:in the
1453:Baobabs
1337:talonid
1307:2.1.3.3
1304:2.1.3.3
1152:invalid
1120:Varecia
985:Eulemur
854:Varecia
834:
809:synonym
723:), the
715:), the
713:Eulemur
639:Varecia
550:extinct
447:Varecia
315:, 1899)
272:, 1895)
232:Genus:
202:Order:
192:Class:
138:Extinct
98:↓
4925:uBio:
4918:143028
4853:903065
4584:Phaner
4270:Galago
3749:Adapis
3396:
3357:
3349:
3306:
3228:
3211:
3172:
3151:
3114:
3104:
3059:
2999:
2980:
2961:
2938:
2919:
2900:
2812:
2804:
2769:
2736:
1858:, and
1843:, and
1827:, and
1764:) and
1679:canopy
1645:was a
1565:, and
1538:Grewia
1443:molars
1411:digits
1372:orbits
1341:molars
1335:, the
1315:. The
1223:, and
1188:Adapis
1095:, and
599:, the
576:family
540:, and
434:is an
270:Filhol
248:, 1948
122:skull
4692:Indri
4685:Avahi
4618:Lemur
4577:Mirza
4406:Loris
4287:Komba
3394:S2CID
3355:S2CID
2810:S2CID
2767:S2CID
1948:Notes
1116:Lemur
1105:Lemur
1099:in a
922:Lemur
801:Lemur
777:genus
721:Lemur
705:clade
673:Lemur
636:genus
568:Lemur
479:lemur
444:genus
396:black
4887:NCBI
4874:GBIF
4848:BOLD
3347:PMID
3304:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3209:PMID
3170:ISBN
3149:PMID
3112:OCLC
3102:ISBN
3057:ISBN
2997:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2802:PMID
2734:PMID
1884:Two
1732:and
1483:and
1296:The
1130:and
803:(as
759:and
665:and
657:and
453:and
387:blue
37:PreꞒ
4861:EoL
3386:doi
3339:doi
3321:".
3253:doi
3201:doi
3141:doi
2839:doi
2792:doi
2759:doi
2749:".
2726:doi
1897:BCE
1787:),
1772:).
1756:at
1606:of
1300:is
1146:by
1075:in
811:of
739:).
689:DNA
530:BCE
442:of
377:red
4947::
4915::
4902::
4889::
4876::
4863::
4850::
4835::
4820::
3392:.
3382:68
3380:.
3374:.
3353:.
3345:.
3337:.
3327:15
3325:.
3291:18
3289:.
3285:.
3272:.
3268:.
3247:.
3243:.
3207:.
3199:.
3189:43
3187:.
3147:.
3139:.
3129:58
3127:.
3110:.
3100:.
3086:;
3076:27
3074:.
3039:.
3035:.
3022:.
3018:.
2896:.
2875:.
2871:.
2854:.
2837:.
2827:29
2825:.
2808:.
2800:.
2788:73
2786:.
2782:.
2765:.
2755:35
2753:.
2732:.
2724:.
2714:47
2712:.
2646:^
2595:^
2496:^
2481:^
2418:^
2403:^
2384:^
2357:^
2232:^
2061:^
2032:^
2013:^
1996:^
1977:^
1930:CE
1854:,
1839:,
1823:,
1819:,
1815:,
1811:,
1807:,
1803:,
1799:,
1795:,
1791:,
1571:.
1559:,
1553:,
1547:,
1541:,
1535:,
1529:,
1523:,
1517:,
1437:,
1425:,
1107:.
1091:,
1045:.
815:.
691:,
554:CE
536:,
532:.
400:P.
398:=
390:=
384:;
380:=
281::
87:Pg
4710:†
4646:†
4624:†
4532:†
4528:?
4521:†
4511:†
4412:†
4382:†
4372:†
4345:†
4334:?
4327:†
4317:†
4293:†
4283:†
4239:†
4235:?
4228:†
4133:?
4111:†
4081:†
4072:?
3980:†
3825:†
3795:†
3737:†
3644:†
3593:†
3535:†
3520:†
3510:†
3431:e
3424:t
3417:v
3400:.
3388::
3361:.
3341::
3333::
3312:.
3274:3
3259:.
3255::
3249:8
3234:.
3215:.
3203::
3195::
3178:.
3155:.
3143::
3135::
3118:.
3065:.
3041:7
3024:5
3016:"
3005:.
2986:.
2967:.
2944:.
2925:.
2906:.
2892::
2877:1
2856:5
2845:.
2841::
2833::
2816:.
2794::
2773:.
2761::
2740:.
2728::
2720::
2280:.
1748:(
1501:3
1499:C
871:†
791:(
735:(
727:(
719:(
711:(
634:(
394:;
311:(
305:†
268:(
262:†
236:†
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
