Slot machine - Knowledge (XXG)

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revealed. There are 13 possible payouts ranging from 1:1 to 2,400:1. The 1:1 payout comes every 8 plays. The 5:1 payout comes every 33 plays, whereas the 2:1 payout comes every 600 plays. Most players assume the likelihood increases proportionate to the payout. The one mid-size payout that is designed to give the player a thrill is the 80:1 payout. It is programmed to occur an average of once every 219 plays. The 80:1 payout is high enough to create excitement, but not high enough that it makes it likely that the player will take their winnings and abandon the game. More than likely the player began the game with at least 80 times his bet (for instance there are 80 quarters in $ 20). In contrast the 150:1 payout occurs only on average of once every 6,241 plays. The highest payout of 2,400:1 occurs only on average of once every 64 = 262,144 plays since the machine has 64 virtual stops. The player who continues to feed the machine is likely to have several mid-size payouts, but unlikely to have a large payout. He quits after he is bored or has exhausted his bankroll.

264:; the bell gave the machine its name. By replacing ten cards with five symbols and using three reels instead of five drums, the complexity of reading a win was considerably reduced, allowing Fey to design an effective automatic payout mechanism. Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels (50¢). Liberty Bell was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry. After a few years, the devices were banned in California, but Fey still could not keep up with the demand for them elsewhere. The Liberty Bell machine was so popular that it was copied by many slot machine manufacturers. The first of these, also called the "Liberty Bell", was produced by the manufacturer Herbert Mills in 1907. By 1908, "bell" machines had been installed in cigar stores, brothels and barber shops. Early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museum's Fey Collection. 455:"Multi-way" games eschew fixed paylines in favor of allowing symbols to pay anywhere, as long as there is at least one in at least three consecutive reels from left to right. Multi-way games may be configured to allow players to bet by-reel: for example, on a game with a 3x5 pattern (often referred to as a 243-way game), playing one reel allows all three symbols in the first reel to potentially pay, but only the center row pays on the remaining reels (often designated by darkening the unused portions of the reels). Other multi-way games use a 4x5 or 5x5 pattern, where there are up to five symbols in each reel, allowing for up to 1,024 and 3,125 ways to win respectively. The Australian manufacturer 811:

owner or into a channel that formed the payout reservoir, with the microprocessor monitoring the number of coins in this channel. The drums themselves were driven by stepper motors, controlled by the processor and with proximity sensors monitoring the position of the drums. A "look-up table" within the software allows the processor to know what symbols were being displayed on the drums to the gambler. This allowed the system to control the level of payout by stopping the drums at positions it had determined. If the payout channel had filled up, the payout became more generous; if nearly empty, the payout became less so (thus giving good control of the odds).

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combination that triggers the bonus), often with a different or modified set of winning combinations as the main game and/or other multipliers or increased frequencies of symbols, or a "hold and re-spin" mechanic in which specific symbols (usually marked with values of credits or other prizes) are collected and locked in place over a finite number of spins. In other bonus rounds, the player is presented with several items on a screen from which to choose. As the player chooses items, a number of credits is revealed and awarded. Some bonuses use a mechanical device, such as a spinning wheel, that works in conjunction with the bonus to display the amount won.

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Suppose that a certain slot machine costs $ 1 per spin and has a return to player (RTP) of 95%. It can be calculated that, over a sufficiently long period such as 1,000,000 spins, the machine will return an average of $ 950,000 to its players, who have inserted $ 1,000,000 during that time. In this (simplified) example, the slot machine is said to pay out 95%. The operator keeps the remaining $ 50,000. Within some EGM development organizations this concept is referred to simply as "par". "Par" also manifests itself to gamblers as promotional techniques: "Our 'Loose Slots' have a 93% payback! Play now!"

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with a bigger win (up to thirty times in craps). The player can choose what kind of wager he wants to make. A slot machine does not afford such an opportunity. Theoretically, the operator could make these probabilities available, or allow the player to choose which one so that the player is free to make a choice. However, no operator has ever enacted this strategy. Different machines have different maximum payouts, but without knowing the odds of getting the jackpot, there is no rational way to differentiate.

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the United States. Australia ranks 8th in total number of gaming machines after Japan, U.S.A., Italy, U.K., Spain and Germany. This primarily is because gaming machines have been legal in the state of New South Wales since 1956; over time, the number of machines has grown to 97,103 (at December 2010, including the Australian Capital Territory). By way of comparison, the U.S. State of Nevada, which legalised gaming including slots several decades before N.S.W., had 190,135 slots operating.

1779:. Machines commonly have three but can be found with four or five reels, each with 16–24 symbols printed around them. The reels are spun each play, from which the appearance of particular combinations of symbols result in payment of their associated winnings by the machine (or alternatively initiation of a subgame). These games often have many extra features, trails and subgames with opportunities to win money; usually more than can be won from just the payouts on the reel combinations. 1045:. Without revealing the proprietary information, he developed a program that would allow him to determine with usually less than a dozen plays on each machine which EPROM chip was installed. Then he did a survey of over 400 machines in 70 different casinos in Las Vegas. He averaged the data, and assigned an average payback percentage to the machines in each casino. The resultant list was widely publicized for marketing purposes (especially by the Palms casino which had the top ranking). 52: 1963:

casino. On January 7, 2013, the District 1 People's Court in Ho Chi Minh City decided that the casino had to pay the amount Ly claimed in full, not trusting the error report from an inspection company hired by the casino. Both sides appealed thereafter, and Ly asked for interest while the casino refused to pay him. In January, 2014, the news reported that the case had been settled out of court, and Ly had received an undisclosed sum.

775:– the original slot machine with three physical reels and 10 symbols on each reel had only 10 = 1,000 possible combinations. This limited the manufacturer's ability to offer large jackpots since even the rarest event had a likelihood of 0.1%. The maximum theoretical payout, assuming 100% return to player would be 1000 times the bet, but that would leave no room for other pays, making the machine very high risk, and also quite boring. 866: 1105:

computerized slot machines were sometimes defrauded through the use of cheating devices, such as the "slider", "monkey paw", "lightwand" and "the tongue". Many of these old cheating devices were made by the late Tommy Glenn Carmichael, a slot machine fraudster who reportedly stole over $ 5 million. In the modern day, computerized slot machines are fully deterministic and thus outcomes can be sometimes successfully predicted.

413:, into a designated slot on the machine. The machine is then activated by means of a lever or button (either physical or on a touchscreen), which activates reels that spin and stop to rearrange the symbols. If a player matches a winning combination of symbols, the player earns credits based on the paytable. Symbols vary depending on the theme of the machine. Classic symbols include objects such as fruits, bells, and stylized 1021:) are always being developed. The casino operator can choose which EPROM chip to install in any particular machine to select the payout desired. The result is that there is not really such a thing as a high payback type of machine, since every machine potentially has multiple settings. From October 2001 to February 2002, columnist Michael Shackleford obtained PAR sheets for five different nickel machines; four IGT games 4272: 4292: 1910: 444:

fixed payout values are multiplied by the number of coins per line that is being bet. In other words: on a reel machine, the odds are more favorable if the gambler plays with the maximum number of coins available. However, depending on the structure of the game and its bonus features, some video slots may still include features that improve chances at payouts by making increased wagers.

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land. Scatters are frequently used to trigger bonus games, such as free spins (with the number of spins multiplying based on the number of scatter symbols that land). The scatter symbol usually cannot be matched using wilds, and some games may require the scatter symbols to appear on consecutive reels in order to pay. On some multiway games, scatter symbols still pay in unused areas.

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However, the spin created by the plastic wire would cause the coin to exit through the reject chute into the payout tray. This particular scam has become obsolete due to improvements in newer slot machines. Another obsolete method of defeating slot machines was to use a light source to confuse the optical sensor used to count coins during payout.

1359:. In essence, the term "lottery scheme" used in the code means slot machines, bingo and table games normally associated with a casino. These fall under the jurisdiction of the province or territory without reference to the federal government; in practice, all Canadian provinces operate gaming boards that oversee lotteries, casinos and 1839: 1835:"repeat" prompt, for which a single credit is taken, regardless of whether this causes the reels to spin or not. Machines are also known to intentionally set aside money, which is later awarded in a series of wins, known as a "streak". The minimum payout percentage is 70%, with pubs often setting the payout at around 78%. 848:

is no difficulty for the manufacturer in allowing the player to take as many of the possible lines on offer as desired – the long-term return to the player will be the same. The difference for the player is that the more lines they play, the more likely they are to get paid on a given spin (because they are betting more).

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In Russia, "slot clubs" appeared quite late, only in 1992. Before 1992, slot machines were only in casinos and small shops, but later slot clubs began appearing all over the country. The most popular and numerous were "Vulcan 777" and "Taj Mahal". Since 2009, when gambling establishments were banned,

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found Crown Gaming to be unfit to hold a gaming license in WA, citing issues surrounding money laundering, failing to minimise harms from problem gambling, and the regulatory framework of the Gaming and Wagering Commission being considered outdated. To implement the recommendations of the Commission,

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Slot machines are typically programmed to pay out as winnings 0% to 99% of the money that is wagered by players. This is known as the "theoretical payout percentage" or RTP, "return to player". The minimum theoretical payout percentage varies among jurisdictions and is typically established by law or

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Each machine has a table that lists the number of credits the player will receive if the symbols listed on the pay table line up on the pay line of the machine. Some symbols are wild and can represent many, or all, of the other symbols to complete a winning line. Especially on older machines, the pay

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is a document provided by the manufacturer for every slot machine that indicates the theoretical percentage the machine should hold based on the amount paid in. The worksheet also indicates the reel strip settings, number of coins that may be played, the payout schedule, the number of reels and other

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developed the first fully electromechanical slot machine called Money Honey (although earlier machines such as Bally's High Hand draw-poker machine had exhibited the basics of electromechanical construction as early as 1940). Its electromechanical workings made Money Honey the first slot machine with

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In 1999 the Australian Productivity Commission reported that nearly half Australia's gaming machines were in New South Wales. At the time, 21% of all the gambling machines in the world were operating in Australia and, on a per capita basis, Australia had roughly five times as many gaming machines as

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wagers. In a more traditional wagering game like craps, the player knows that certain wagers have almost a 50/50 chance of winning or losing, but they only pay a limited multiple of the original bet (usually no higher than three times). Other bets have a higher house edge, but the player is rewarded

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is exactly 100%, but the game would be dull to play. Also, most people would not win anything, and having entries on the paytable that have a return of zero would be deceptive. As these individual probabilities are closely guarded secrets, it is possible that the advertised machines with high return

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is not the only statistic that is of interest. The probabilities of every payout on the pay table is also critical. For example, consider a hypothetical slot machine with a dozen different values on the pay table. However, the probabilities of getting all the payouts are zero except the largest one.

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83%, and in Mississippi 80%. The winning patterns on slot machines – the amounts they pay and the frequencies of those payouts – are carefully selected to yield a certain fraction of the money paid to the "house" (the operator of the slot machine) while returning the rest to the players during play.

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To avoid seeming as if the player's money is simply ebbing away (whereas a payout of 100 credits on a single-line machine would be 100 bets and the player would feel they had made a substantial win, on a 20-line machine, it would only be five bets and not seem as significant), manufacturers commonly

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Video slot machines typically encourage the player to play multiple "lines": rather than simply taking the middle of the three symbols displayed on each reel, a line could go from top left to the bottom right or any other pattern specified by the manufacturer. As each symbol is equally likely, there

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In the 1980s, however, slot machine manufacturers incorporated electronics into their products and programmed them to weight particular symbols. Thus the odds of losing symbols appearing on the payline became disproportionate to their actual frequency on the physical reel. A symbol would only appear

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brands games featuring this system as "Reel Power", "Xtra Reel Power" and "Super Reel Power" respectively. A variation involves patterns where symbols are adjacent to one another. Most of these games have a hexagonal reel formation, and much like multi-way games, any patterns not played are darkened

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It is known for machines to pay out multiple jackpots, one after the other (this is known as a "repeat") but each jackpot requires a new game to be played so as not to violate the law about the maximum payout on a single play. Typically this involves the player only pressing the Start button at the

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In the 1980s in the U.K., machines embodying microprocessors became common. These used a number of features to ensure the payout was controlled within the limits of the gambling legislation. As a coin was inserted into the machine, it could go either directly into the cashbox for the benefit of the

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is a pay combination based on occurrences of a designated symbol landing anywhere on the reels, rather than falling in sequence on the same payline. A scatter pay usually requires a minimum of three symbols to land, and the machine may offer increased prizes or jackpots depending on the number that

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is a special feature of the particular game theme, which is activated when certain symbols appear in a winning combination. Bonuses and the number of bonus features vary depending upon the game. Some bonus rounds are a special session of free spins (the number of which is often based on the winning

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Denominations can range from 1 cent ("penny slots") all the way up to $ 100.00 or more per credit. The latter are typically known as "high limit" machines, and machines configured to allow for such wagers are often located in dedicated areas (which may have a separate team of attendants to cater to

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vending machine was declared to be a gambling device because the machine would, by internally manufactured chance, occasionally give the next user several tokens exchangeable for more candy. Despite the display of the result of the next use on the machine, the courts ruled that "he machine appealed

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On October 25, 2009, while a Vietnamese American man, Ly Sam, was playing a slot machine in the Palazzo Club at the Sheraton Saigon Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, it displayed that he had hit a jackpot of US$ 55,542,296.73. The casino refused to pay, saying it was a machine error, Ly sued the

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card), usually excluding scatter and jackpot symbols (or offering a lower prize on non-natural combinations that include wilds). How jokers behave are dependent on the specific game and whether the player is in a bonus or free games mode. Sometimes wild symbols may only appear on certain reels, or

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are a common form of bonus, where a series of spins are automatically played at no charge at the player's current wager. Free spins are usually triggered via a scatter of at least three designated symbols (with the number of spins dependent on the number of symbols that land). Some games allow the

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Despite the state having praised its restrictions for keeping gaming machines from being widely available to the public as in other states, the machines have faced criticism for being almost indistinguishable to a normal slot machine, and thus having the same addictive qualities. In March 2022, a

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Poker machine playing is a mindless, repetitive and insidious form of gambling which has many undesirable features. It requires no thought, no skill or social contact. The odds are never about winning. Watching people playing the machines over long periods of time, the impressionistic evidence at

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casino resort, which is the only casino in Western Australia, and have a return rate of 90%. Many EGMs operate games that are nearly identical to slot machines, but with modifications to comply with state law: EGMs are prohibited from using spinning reels, and must not use symbols associated with

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Historically, many casinos, both online and offline, have been unwilling to publish individual game RTP figures, making it impossible for the player to know whether they are playing a "loose" or a "tight" game. Since the turn of the century, some information regarding these figures has started to

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as high as 300 million to 1 against – enough for even the largest jackpot. As there are so many combinations possible with five reels, manufacturers do not need to weight the payout symbols (although some may still do so). Instead, higher paying symbols will typically appear only once or twice on

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is a document used to record the replenishment of the coin in the coin hopper after it becomes depleted as a result of making payouts to players. The slip indicates the amount of coin placed into the hoppers, as well as the signatures of the employees involved in the transaction, the slot machine

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Modern slot machines are controlled by EPROM computer chips and, in large casinos, coin acceptors have become obsolete in favor of bill acceptors. These machines and their bill acceptors are designed with advanced anti-cheating and anti-counterfeiting measures and are difficult to defraud. Early

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In 2006, the Nevada Gaming Commission began working with Las Vegas casinos on technology that would allow the casino's management to change the game, the odds, and the payouts remotely. The change cannot be done instantaneously, but only after the selected machine has been idle for at least four

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machine. This game, in its original form, is obsolete, so these specific probabilities do not apply. He only published the odds after a fan of his sent him some information provided on a slot machine that was posted on a machine in the Netherlands. The psychology of the machine design is quickly

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refers to a partial payout made by a slot machine, which is less than the amount due to the player. This occurs if the coin hopper has been depleted as a result of making earlier payouts to players. The remaining amount due to the player is either paid as a hand pay or an attendant will come and

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One of the main differences between video slot machines and reel machines is in the way payouts are calculated. With reel machines, the only way to win the maximum jackpot is to play the maximum number of coins (usually three, sometimes four or even five coins per spin). With video machines, the

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Multi-line slot machines have become more popular since the 1990s. These machines have more than one payline, meaning that visible symbols that are not aligned on the main horizontal may be considered as winning combinations. Traditional three-reel slot machines commonly have one, three, or five

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Electronic slot machines can malfunction. When the displayed amount is smaller than the one it is supposed to be, the error usually goes unnoticed. When it happens the other way, disputes are likely. Below are some notable arguments caused by the owners of the machines saying that the displayed

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Casinos built under the provisions of the 1968 Act are allowed to house either up to twenty machines of categories B–D or any number of C–D machines. As defined by the 2005 Act, large casinos can have a maximum of one hundred and fifty machines in any combination of categories B–D (subject to a

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mechanical timers to prolong the automatic stopping of the reels. By the time the New Jersey Alcoholic Beverages Commission (ABC) had approved the conversion for use in New Jersey arcades, the word was out and every other distributor began adding skill stops. The machines were a huge hit on the

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Skill stop buttons predated the Bally electromechanical slot machines of the 1960s and 1970s. They appeared on mechanical slot machines manufactured by Mills Novelty Co. as early as the mid 1920s. These machines had modified reel-stop arms, which allowed them to be released from the timing bar,

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is a line that crosses through one symbol on each reel, along which a winning combination is evaluated. Classic spinning reel machines usually have up to nine paylines, while video slot machines may have as many as one hundred. Paylines could be of various shapes (horizontal, vertical, oblique,

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is a container located in a slot machine's base where excess coins are diverted from the hopper. Typically, a drop bucket is used for low-denomination slot machines and a drop box is used for high-denomination slot machines. A drop box contains a hinged lid with one or more locks whereas a drop

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In 1984, Inge Telnaes received a patent for a device titled, "Electronic Gaming Device Utilizing a Random Number Generator for Selecting the Reel Stop Positions" (US Patent 4448419), which states: "It is important to make a machine that is perceived to present greater chances of payoff than it

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refers to a payout made by an attendant or at an exchange point ("cage"), rather than by the slot machine itself. A hand pay occurs when the amount of the payout exceeds the maximum amount that was preset by the slot machine's operator. Usually, the maximum amount is set at the level where the

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Mechanical slot machines and their coin acceptors were sometimes susceptible to cheating devices and other scams. One historical example involved spinning a coin with a short length of plastic wire. The weight and size of the coin would be accepted by the machine and credits would be granted.

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gaming laws of the day which required that players were able to control the game in some way. The original conversion was applied to approximately 50 late-model Bally slot machines. Because the typical machine stopped the reels automatically in less than 10 seconds, weights were added to the

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The "slot machine" term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting and retrieving coins. "Fruit machine" comes from the traditional fruit images on the spinning reels such as lemons and cherries. Slot machines are also known pejoratively as "one-armed bandits", alluding to the large

700:", which would make or break a circuit when they were tilted or otherwise tampered with that triggered an alarm. While modern machines no longer have tilt switches, any kind of technical fault (door switch in the wrong state, reel motor failure, out of paper, etc.) is still called a "tilt". 502:

is a container where the coins that are immediately available for payouts are held. The hopper is a mechanical device that rotates coins into the coin tray when a player collects credits/coins (by pressing a "Cash Out" button). When a certain preset coin capacity is reached, a coin diverter

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to player simply increase the probabilities of these jackpots. The casino could legally place machines of a similar style payout and advertise that some machines have 100% return to player. The added advantage is that these large jackpots increase the excitement of the other players.

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Psychologists Robert Breen and Marc Zimmerman found that players of video slot machines reach a debilitating level of involvement with gambling three times as rapidly as those who play traditional casino games, even if they have engaged in other forms of gambling without problems.

1235:, which may contain restrictions on the types and quantity of such games. As a workaround, some casinos may operate slot machines as "Class II" games—a category that includes games where players play exclusively against at least one other opponent and not the house, such as 1425:, gaming machines must provide a minimum return rate of at least 85% (including jackpot contribution), are prohibited from accepting bills greater than $ 50 in denomination, and each wager must be manually initiated by the player (thus prohibiting "autoplay" mechanisms). 1381:

In Ontario, 4 April 2022 saw the re-introduction of the online gambling market. This became possible when the Canadian Criminal Code was amended to allow single-event wagering August 2021. The province is expected to generate about $ 800 million in gross revenue per year.

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Despite their confidentiality, occasionally a PAR sheet is posted on a website. They have limited value to the player, because usually a machine will have 8 to 12 different possible programs with varying payouts. In addition, slight variations of each machine (e.g., with

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is a light on top of the slot machine. It flashes to alert the operator that change is needed, hand pay is requested, a potential problem with the machine or the progressive jackpot has been won. It can be lit by the player by pressing the "service" or "help" button.

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A virtual reel that has 256 virtual stops per reel would allow up to 256 = 16,777,216 final positions. The manufacturer could choose to offer a $ 1 million jackpot on a $ 1 bet, confident that it will only happen, over the long term, once every 16.8 million plays.

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paylines while video slot machines may have 9, 15, 25, or as many as 1024 different paylines. Most accept variable numbers of credits to play, with 1 to 15 credits per line being typical. The higher the amount bet, the higher the payout will be if the player wins.

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led to indicated jackpots of $ 11 million and $ 42 million. Analysis of machine records by the state Gaming Commission revealed faults, with the true jackpot being substantially smaller. State gaming laws did not require a casino to honour payouts in that case.

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on foods, they displayed metrics such as volatility and frequency of payouts. OLG has also deployed electronic gaming machines with pre-determined outcomes based on a bingo or pull-tab game, initially branded as "TapTix", which visually resemble slot machines.

823:. As there are no mechanical constraints on the design of video slot machines, games often use at least five reels, and may also use non-standard layouts. This greatly expands the number of possibilities: a machine can have 50 or more symbols on a reel, giving 806:

now ubiquitous, the computers inside modern slot machines allow manufacturers to assign a different probability to every symbol on every reel. To the player, it might appear that a winning symbol was "so close", whereas in fact the probability is much lower.

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can also be made available on the internet or through emailed newsletters to subscribers. These cheats give the player the impression of an advantage, whereas in reality the payout percentage remains exactly the same. The most widely used cheat is known as

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Eye-tracking research in local bookkeepers' offices in the UK suggested that, in slots games, the reels dominated players' visual attention, and that problem gamblers looked more frequently at amount-won messages than did those without gambling problems.

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In Australia "Poker Machines" or "pokies" are officially termed "gaming machines". In Australia, gaming machines are a matter for state governments, so laws vary between states. Gaming machines are found in casinos (approximately one in each major city),

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free spins bonus to "retrigger", which adds additional spins on top of those already awarded. There is no theoretical limit to the number of free spins obtainable. Some games may have other features that can also trigger over the course of free spins.

1983:'s Department of Media, Culture and Communication, uses the term "machine zone" to describe the state of immersion that users of slot machines experience when gambling, where they lose a sense of time, space, bodily awareness, and monetary value. 239:

Because of the vast number of possible wins in the original poker-based game, it proved practically impossible to make a machine capable of awarding an automatic payout for all possible winning combinations. At some time between 1887 and 1895,

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when this feature was first introduced, it became so well known amongst players and widespread amongst new machine releases that it is now well-advertised on the machine during play. This is characterized by messages on the display such as

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one or more reels before spinning, meaning they will not be spun but instead retain their displayed symbols yet otherwise count normally for that play. This can sometimes increase the chance of winning, especially if two or more reels are

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Historically, all slot machines used revolving mechanical reels to display and determine results. Although the original slot machine used five reels, simpler, and therefore more reliable, three reel machines quickly became the standard.

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EGMs were limited to maximum bets of $ 10 beginning in July 2023, while also requiring the implementation of weekly limits on play and losses, and the implementation of cashless machines requiring pre-loaded player cards to function.

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the needs of those who play there). The machine automatically calculates the number of credits the player receives in exchange for the cash inserted. Newer machines often allow players to choose from a selection of denominations on a

299:. A bell was retained, and a picture of a stick of Bell-Fruit Gum, the origin of the bar symbol, was also present. This set of symbols proved highly popular and was used by other companies that began to make their own slot machines: 388:

in 1996. This type of machine had appeared in Australia from at least 1994 with the Three Bags Full game. With this type of machine, the display changes to provide a different game in which an additional payout may be awarded.

2649: 1844: 1243:). In these cases, the reels are an entertainment display with a pre-determined outcome based on a centralized game played against other players. Under the IGRA, Class II games are regulated by individual tribes and the 3117: 1529:

pandemic of 2020, every establishment in the country that facilitated poker machines was shut down, in an attempt to curb the spread of the virus, bringing Australia's usage of poker machines effectively to zero.

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table is listed on the face of the machine, usually above and below the area containing the wheels. On video slot machines, they are usually contained within a help menu, along with information on other features.

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automatically redirects, or "drops", excess coins into a "drop bucket" or "drop box". (Unused coin hoppers can still be found even on games that exclusively employ Ticket-In, Ticket-Out technology, as a vestige.)

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of multiple venues and thousands of machines, player return must usually be changed from a central computer rather than at each machine. A range of percentages is set in the game software and selected remotely.

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Dixon, Mike J.; Harrigan, Kevin A.; Sandhu, Rajwant; Collins, Karen; Fugelsang, Jonathan A. (October 2010). "Losses disguised as wins in modern multi-line video slot machines: Losses disguised as wins".

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color receiver for the display and logic boards for all slot-machine functions. The prototype was mounted in a full-size, show-ready slot-machine cabinet. The first production units went on trial at the

1347:, private ownership of any slot machine is completely prohibited. The remaining states allow slot machines of a certain age (typically 25–30 years) or slot machines manufactured before a specific date. 852:

offer bonus games, which can return many times their bet. The player is encouraged to keep playing to reach the bonus: even if they are losing, the bonus game could allow them to win back their losses.

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following a spin (or, in some machines, as a result in a subgame). A nudge is a step rotation of a reel chosen by the player (the machine may not allow all reels to be nudged for a particular play).

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commission. In Wisconsin, bars and taverns are allowed to have up to five machines. These machines usually allow a player to either take a payout, or gamble it on a double-or-nothing "side game".

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is a reference to the small amount often paid out to keep a player seated and continuously betting. Only rarely will machines fail to pay even the minimum out over the course of several pulls.

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refers to the measure of risk associated with playing a slot machine. A low-volatility slot machine has regular but smaller wins, while a high-variance slot machine has fewer but bigger wins.

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result. Wilkie immediately began forging ties with Xenophon as soon as it was apparent that he was elected. In exchange for Wilkie's support, the Labor government are attempting to implement

1117:"Skill stop" buttons were added to some slot machines by Zacharias Anthony in the early 1970s. These enabled the player to stop each reel, allowing a degree of "skill" so as to satisfy the 1271: 651:

refers to passive features on some slot machines, some of which able to trigger bonus payouts or other special features if certain conditions are met over time by players on that machine.

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least is that they are addictive to many people. Historically poker machines have been banned from Western Australia and we consider that, in the public interest, they should stay banned.

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and is a designed feature of the machine, not a cheat at all. Holding the same pair three times on three consecutive spins also gives a guaranteed win on most machines that offer holds.

1421:, gaming machines in pubs and clubs must provide a return rate of 85%, while machines located in casinos must provide a return rate of 90%. Most other states have similar provisions. In 1084:

In some cases multiple machines are linked across multiple casinos. In these cases, the machines may be owned by the manufacturer, who is responsible for paying the jackpot. The casinos

997:

The table of probabilities for a specific machine is called the Probability and Accounting Report or PAR sheet, also PARS commonly understood as Paytable and Reel Strips. Mathematician

1069:

minutes. After the change is made, the machine must be locked to new players for four minutes and display an on-screen message informing potential players that a change is being made.

220:

could pay out cigars or drinks; the prizes were wholly dependent upon what the establishment would offer. To improve the odds for the house, two cards were typically removed from the

3207: 2060: 1140: 3121: 3666:

Rogers, R. D., Butler, J., Millard, S., Cristino, F., Davitt, L. I., & Leek, E. C. (2018). A scoping investigation of eye-tracking in Electronic Gambling Machine (EGM) play.

1720:

Category B games are divided into subcategories. The differences between B1, B3 and B4 games are mainly the stake and prizes as defined in the above table. Category B2 games –

101:

A slot machine's standard layout features a screen displaying three or more reels that "spin" when the game is activated. Some modern slot machines still include a lever as a

778:

Although the number of symbols eventually increased to about 22, allowing 10,648 combinations, this still limited jackpot sizes as well as the number of possible outcomes.

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come into the public domain either through various casinos releasing them—primarily this applies to online casinos—or through studies by independent gambling authorities.

1414:

Revenue from gaming machines in pubs and clubs accounts for more than half of the $ 4 billion in gambling revenue collected by state governments in fiscal year 2002–03.

373:. After some modifications to defeat cheating attempts, the video slot machine was approved by the Nevada State Gaming Commission and eventually found popularity on the 1403:, when in 1956 they were made legal in all registered clubs in the state. There are suggestions that the proliferation of poker machines has led to increased levels of 876: 1843: 1688:

machine-to-table ratio of 5:1); small casinos can have a maximum of eighty machines in any combination of categories B–D (subject to a machine-to-table ratio of 2:1).

2255: 3443: 3671: 1201: 353:

a bottomless hopper and automatic payout of up to 500 coins without the help of an attendant. The popularity of this machine led to the increasing predominance of

1994:

coming from the machines. They "sought to show that these 'losses disguised as wins' (LDWs) would be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses."

200:, developed a gambling machine in 1891 that was a precursor to the modern slot machine. It contained five drums holding a total of 50 card faces and was based on 3414: 1002: 787: 378: 3271: 2943: 212:

and pull a lever, which would spin the drums and the cards that they held, the player hoping for a good poker hand. There was no direct payout mechanism, so a

2910: 136:. The machine pays out according to the pattern of symbols displayed when the reels stop "spinning". Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in 1743:

is used instead of a truly random one, probabilities are not independent since each number is determined at least in part by the one generated before it.

1990:, studies the relationship between slot players and machines. In one of Dixon's studies, players were observed experiencing heightened arousal from the 2435: 724:

is an American term referring to the total value of coins or tokens removed from a slot machine's drop bucket or drop box for counting by the casino's

1396: 1262:(with the player able to view selected details about the race and adjust their picks before playing the credit, or otherwise use an auto-bet system). 2684: 2965: 1232: 1077:

Some varieties of slot machines can be linked together in a setup sometimes known as a "community" game. The most basic form of this setup involves

828:

each reel, while more common symbols earning a more frequent payout will appear many times. Video slot machines usually make more extensive use of

421:, location, or character. Symbols and other bonus features of the game are typically aligned with the theme. Some themes are licensed from popular 1817:

and increases the chance that the player will win following an unsuccessful nudge. Machines from the early 1990s did not advertise the concept of

2712: 2337: 936:

is written. Changing the payout percentage after a slot machine has been placed on the gaming floor requires a physical swap of the software or

4144: 3182: 2234: 1366: 1208:

places significant restrictions on slot machine ownership, but the law is widely flouted and slot machines are common in bars and coffeeshops.

271:

used the same symbols on the reels as did Charles Fey's original. Soon afterward, another version was produced with patriotic symbols, such as

2807: 3527: 3231: 1037: 431: 4149: 2597: 1709: 1473: 1469: 1465: 3035: 3148: 2650:"The latest community slot games offer play mechanics and features designed to overcome the shortfalls of previous products and concepts" 1489: 1373:

developed by University of Waterloo professor Kevin Harrigan, as part of its PlaySmart initiative for responsible gambling. Inspired by

2205: 4154: 3785: 3493: 1060:

In many markets where central monitoring and control systems are used to link machines for auditing and security purposes, usually in

3468: 160:

affixed to the sides of early mechanical machines, and to the games' ability to empty players' pockets and wallets as thieves would.

3753: 3739: 3725: 2297: 1244: 947: 906: 4305: 1971: 3007: 1436:

poker machines used elsewhere. Each wager must take at least three seconds to play, and each wager must be initiated by the user.

1497: 1481: 2779: 1189:

has removed the requirement that casinos on the Gulf Coast operate on barges and now allows them on land along the shoreline.

4110: 3389: 2482: 1254:

terminals operate in a similar manner, with the machines using slots as an entertainment display for outcomes paid using the

1023: 185: 41: 3346: 2989: 1917: 1227:(IGRA), and sometimes promoted as "Vegas-style" slot machines. In order to offer Class III gaming, tribes must enter into a 2263: 1893:

game. Slot machines are a fairly new phenomenon and they can be found mostly in pachinko parlors and the adult sections of

143:

Digital technology has resulted in variations in the original slot machine concept. As the player is essentially playing a

4131: 3803: 1783: 1740: 1739:; thus each game's probability of getting the jackpot is independent of any other game: probabilities are all equal. If a 2517: 4346: 4326: 4159: 3074: 1224: 510:

is a display of the amount of money or number of credits on the machine. On mechanical slot machines, this is usually a

336: 1431:

has the most restrictive regulations on electronic gaming machines (EGMs) in general. They may only be operated at the

279:, on the wheels. Later, a similar machine called the Operator's Bell was produced that included the option of adding a 4022: 3927: 3422: 2374: 1721: 1114:

earlier than in a normal play, simply by pressing the buttons on the front of the machine, located between each reel.

310:

A commonly used technique to avoid gambling laws in several states was to award food prizes. For this reason, several

248:, California devised a much simpler automatic mechanism with three spinning reels containing a total of five symbols: 209: 176: 3371: 2860: 3093: 3321: 2030: 147:, manufacturers can offer more interactive elements, such as advanced bonus rounds and more varied video graphics. 3052: 2835: 2754: 236:

against winning a royal flush. The drums could also be rearranged to further reduce a player's chance of winning.

3872: 2160: 1158: 1153:

is the only state that has no significant restrictions against slot machines both for public and private use. In

32:"One-Armed Bandit", "Slot Machine", "Fruit machine", and "Pokies" redirect here. For the Jaga Jazzist album, see 3149:"WA is proudly poker machine free, but one expert says Perth's casino has the 'most addictive form of gambling'" 1782:

Fruit machines in the U.K. almost universally have the following features, generally selected at random using a

1547: 4027: 3964: 1736: 1236: 106: 33: 397: 2884: 786:

actually has within the legal limitations that games of chance must operate." The patent was later bought by

4351: 4341: 4208: 4182: 2333:

The Proposed Duty to Inquire as Affected by Recent Criminal Law Decisions in the United States Supreme Court

2165: 217: 213: 2417: 2400:"HALL OF FAME IN SLOT GAMES : Casino Player Magazine – Strictly Slots Magazine – Casino Gambling Tips" 384:

The first American video slot machine to offer a "second screen" bonus round was Reel ’Em In, developed by

105:

design trait to trigger play. However, the mechanical operations of early machines have been superseded by

4331: 3980: 3778: 2673: 2070: 1987: 1504: 1360: 1356: 1212: 638:

is a payback percentage based on a gambler using the optimal strategy in a skill-based slot machine game.

370: 361: 45: 3732:

The Slot Machine Answer Book: How They Work, How They've Changed, and How to Overcome the House Advantage

2289: 2011:

report "Slot Machines: The Big Gamble" focused on the link between slot machines and gambling addiction.

782:

once on the reel displayed to the player, but could, in fact, occupy several stops on the multiple reel.

4336: 4177: 4039: 3995: 3687: 3249: 2729: 1991: 1519: 1374: 511: 406: 268: 1555: 1439:

This policy has an extensive political history, reaffirmed by the 1974 Royal Commission into Gambling:

1088:

the machines rather than owning them outright. Casinos in New Jersey, Nevada, Louisiana, Arkansas, and

304: 4291: 2701: 1081:

that are shared between the bank of machines, but may include multiplayer bonuses and other features.

514:, but video slot machines typically use stylized text that suits the game's theme and user interface. 4285: 4257: 4049: 4017: 3985: 3922: 3867: 1764: 1571: 1422: 1228: 1144: 970: 735: 553:

operator must begin to deduct taxes. A hand pay could also be necessary as a result of a short pay.

283:-vending attachment. As the gum offered was fruit-flavored, fruit symbols were placed on the reels: 4105: 4075: 4059: 3959: 3648:

Breen, Robert B (2004). "Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers: A Replication".

3605:

Breen, Robert B; Zimmerman, M. (2002). "Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers".

3276: 3208:"$ 10 betting cap in force for electronic gaming machines at Crown | Western Australian Government" 2050: 1980: 1578: 1493: 1370: 1126:

and the remaining unconverted Bally machines were destroyed as they had become instantly obsolete.

1078: 998: 418: 349: 229: 205: 87: 37: 2535:

Electronic gaming device utilizing a random number generator for selecting the reel stop positions

377:

and in downtown casinos. Fortune Coin Co. and its video slot-machine technology were purchased by

4196: 4139: 4126: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4080: 4054: 4044: 4034: 3954: 3917: 3895: 3630: 2627: 2332: 2035: 1878: 1255: 1220: 1216: 837: 614:

og, depending on the jurisdiction or venue) is a log of the employee's entries into the machine.

456: 83: 2187: 989:

If the payout is 4,000 times the input amount, and it happens every 4,000 times on average, the

3551: 3032: 1539:

almost all slot clubs disappeared and are found only in a specially authorized gambling zones.

1048:

One reason that the slot machine is so profitable to a casino is that the player must play the

960:

Based on current technology, this is a time-consuming process and as such is done infrequently.

4275: 4085: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3990: 3877: 3771: 3749: 3735: 3721: 3622: 3587: 3533: 3523: 2578: 2293: 1567: 1560: 1477: 1428: 1182: 1061: 888: 117: 3183:"Crown deemed unsuitable to hold WA gaming licence, but will not be stripped of Perth casino" 2173: 526:

bucket does not contain a lid. The contents of drop buckets and drop boxes are collected and

436:

which has been one of the most popular lines of slot machines), entertainers, and musicians.

4252: 3887: 3844: 3614: 3579: 2784: 2674:"Division of Gaming Enforcement Announces Approval for Interstate Progressive Slot Machines" 2568: 2560: 2209: 2154: 2045: 1894: 1450: 1404: 1194: 334:

classes to illustrate the concept of reliance upon authority as it relates to the axiomatic

197: 184:'s San Francisco workshop, where he invented the three-reel slot machine. The location is a 2461: 2119: 1889:

from the words "pachinko" and "slot machine", are a descendant of the traditional Japanese

819:

Video slot machines do not use mechanical reels, but use graphical reels on a computerized

3822: 3675: 3444:"Vietnamese-American's suit to claim $ 55.5 mln jackpot at Sheraton casino to go to trial" 3039: 2341: 1697: 1508: 1400: 422: 374: 364:

by the Las Vegas–based Fortune Coin Co. This machine used a modified 19-inch (48 cm)

354: 315: 311: 253: 71: 1724:(FOBTs) – have quite different stake and prize rules: FOBTs are mainly found in licensed 1247:, and do not require any additional approval if the state already permits tribal gaming. 2702:"Division of Gaming Enforcement Announces Interstate Progressive Slots Link with Nevada" 685: 51: 4221: 3912: 3011: 2573: 2548: 2097: 1340: 1251: 963: 820: 803: 772: 697: 385: 292: 95: 1704:

being chosen as the single planned location, the development was cancelled soon after

4320: 4226: 3900: 3829: 3583: 1512: 1501: 1485: 1457: 1324: 966: 841: 465: 257: 245: 225: 3634: 4231: 3907: 2812: 2055: 1950: 1776: 1725: 1705: 1515:

technology for high-bet/high-intensity poker machines, against opposition from the

1308: 1123: 1089: 341: 331: 300: 261: 221: 3172:

Western Australia, Report of the Royal Commission into Gambling (1974), pp. 72–73.

1092:

now offer multi-state progressive jackpots, which now offer bigger jackpot pools.

1355:

The Government of Canada has minimal involvement in gambling beyond the Canadian

844:(which can provide a more immersive experience for the player) are not uncommon. 4216: 3245: 2076: 2065: 1516: 1432: 1328: 1205: 1186: 280: 241: 181: 110: 958:, depending on the capabilities of the machine and the applicable regulations. 4247: 3618: 2534: 2506: 2007: 1701: 1418: 1259: 1173:) allow slot machines (as well as any casino-style gambling) only on licensed 1154: 1147:

to regulate the possession and use of slot machines and other form of gaming.

1139:

In the United States, the public and private availability of slot machines is

1118: 932:

A slot machine's theoretical payout percentage is set at the factory when the

925: 829: 771:

A problem with three reel machines is that the number of combinations is only

725: 527: 495:

refers to a grouping of slot machines, usually in a circle or oval formation.

144: 133: 102: 3537: 4295: 1772: 1461: 1344: 1327:

place no restrictions on private ownership of slot machines. Conversely, in

1296: 1219:, slot machines played against the house and operating independently from a 1174: 1166: 748: 426: 365: 249: 56: 3626: 3591: 2582: 2378: 2780:"Russians Engineer a Brilliant Slot Machine Cheat—And Casinos Have No Fix" 1399:

clubs). The first Australian state to legalize this style of gambling was

447: 168: 3834: 3794: 2040: 1890: 1865: 1729: 1577:

Slot machines in the U.K. are categorised by definitions produced by the

1526: 1336: 1320: 1288: 1284: 1240: 1190: 1170: 938: 933: 833: 548: 193: 125: 91: 2966:"Electronic machines boost bingo business, but raise addiction concerns" 2598:"Slot machines perfected addictive gaming. Now, tech wants their tricks" 2564: 17: 3372:"Woman Who Thought She Won $ 42 Million At Casino Gets $ 20.18 Instead 3304:"Woman sues Isle after she's denied $ 42 million from slot malfunction" 2623:"From the Back Office, a Casino Can Change the Slot Machine in Seconds" 2025: 1280: 1162: 410: 129: 1407:; however, the precise nature of this link is still open to research. 1193:

allows slot machines at three horse tracks; they are regulated by the

3839: 3817: 2399: 2020: 1615:£10,000 or if the game has a progressive jackpot that can be £20,000 1332: 1300: 1276: 1150: 951: 921: 288: 276: 137: 3650:

ECommunity: The International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

3118:"James Packer handed plum casino deal by West Australian government" 2936:"Can 'calorie labels' on slot machines promote healthier gambling?" 1970: 1852: 1837: 1554: 1546: 1312: 1292: 1178: 1085: 977:

slot machines to ensure that they contain only approved software.

974: 943: 684: 446: 396: 284: 201: 175: 167: 157: 1712:. As a result, there are no lawful Category A games in the U.K. 1316: 1304: 824: 708:

information descriptive of the particular type of slot machine.

657:

is the process of dramatizing a win by playing sounds while the

414: 319: 296: 272: 233: 121: 3767: 1258:

system, based on results of randomly-selected, previously-held

1001:

revealed the PARS for one commercial slot machine, an original

3082:, Australian government Productivity Commission, 12 April 2005 2136: 2120:"Slot Machine – Definition of slot machine by Merriam-Webster" 1949:

Two such cases occurred in casinos in Colorado in 2010, where

1904: 1768: 1696:

Category A games were defined in preparation for the planned "

1392: 1157:, slot machines are only allowed in hotel casinos operated in 962:

In certain jurisdictions, such as New Jersey, the EPROM has a

955: 859: 734:

substitute for most other symbols in the game (similarly to a

140:

and contribute about 70% of the average U.S. casino's income.

405:

Depending on the machine, the player can insert cash or, in "

3746:

How to Win Millions Playing Slot Machines! ...Or Lose Trying

208:

in the city had one or more of them. Players would insert a

3763: 973:

officials. Other jurisdictions, including Nevada, randomly

2730:"Slot machine cheat bilked casinos with ingenious gadgets" 1941:

amounts were far larger than the ones patrons should get.

946:

but may be loaded onto non-volatile random access memory (

624:

slot machines include a stool so the player may sit down.

345:

to the player's propensity to gamble, and that is vice."

3718:

The American Mensa Guide to Casino Gambling: Winning Ways

3494:"Vietnamese American drops lawsuit over $ 55 mln jackpot" 2231:"The Long, Colorful, Profitable History of Slot Machines" 1500:. Wilkie was one of four crossbenchers who supported the 1369:

piloted a classification system for slot machines at the

1272:

United States slot machine ownership regulations by state

696:

is a term derived from electromechanical slot machines' "

340:("ignorance of the law is no excuse"). In these cases, a 2356:. 200 Iowa 1228, 206 N.W. 105. (Iowa, 1925). (citing to 2286:

Slot Machines A Pictorial History of the First 100 Years

172:

1899 "Liberty Bell" machine, manufactured by Charles Fey

3469:"Vietnamese American wins $ 55 mil casino jackpot case" 3347:"Casino calls Thornton woman's $ 42M jackpot a mistake" 2436:"Iconic Wheel of Fortune still top slot 25 years later" 1975:

Mills Novelty Co. Horse Head Bonus antique slot machine

1921: 884: 3042:, see Chapter 8, Productivity Commission Report no. 10 2990:"Ontario's online gambling market officially launches" 2208:. Casinogambling.about.com. 2009-06-22. Archived from 2061:

United States state slot machine ownership regulations

360:

The first video slot machine was developed in 1976 in

204:. The machine proved extremely popular, and soon many 55:

Row of digital-based slot machines inside a casino in

3232:"AFL clubs to face 'double hit' with pokies downturn" 2375:"Bally Technologies, Inc. | Company Information" 1395:

and clubs in some states (usually sports, social, or

2808:"Illegal slot machines threaten Puerto Rico casinos" 4240: 4207: 4191: 4170: 4119: 4068: 3973: 3947: 3940: 3886: 3860: 3853: 3810: 2861:"Slot machines ordered; Class II casinos explained" 1728:, or bookmakers, usually in the form of electronic 1551:

Row of old fruit machines in Teignmouth Pier, Devon

1231:(agreement) with the state that is approved by the 417:. Most slot games have a theme, such as a specific 318:were regarded with mistrust by the courts. The two 3520:Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas 2153: 401:A person playing a video slot machine in Las Vegas 2549:"Do slot machines play mind games with gamblers?" 739:have a chance to "stack" across the entire reel. 1986:Mike Dixon, PhD, professor of psychology at the 1488:, an anti-pokies campaigner, was elected to the 425:, including films, television series (including 3522:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 3390:"Man sues hotel over $ 55.5 mil in prize money" 2836:"10 Casinos You Can Gamble at in South Florida" 1441: 920:regulation. For example, the minimum payout in 357:, with the side lever soon becoming vestigial. 2098:"How slot machines give gamblers the business" 1876: 109:, and most are now operated using buttons and 3779: 3322:"$ 11 million casino jackpot likely an error" 873:The examples and perspective in this section 689:Display screen of a slot machine in tilt mode 451:A "multi-way" game with several winning lines 8: 3272:"Feature article: Impact of B2 stake change" 1223:are classified as "Class III" gaming by the 267:The first Liberty Bell machines produced by 216:might get the player a free beer, whereas a 3415:"US $ 55.5 million jackpot lawsuit delayed" 2364:, 169 Mo. App. 672, 155 S. W. 842. (1913).) 1979:Natasha Dow Schüll, associate professor in 969:and can only be changed in the presence of 381:(International Gaming Technology) in 1978. 120:that validate the form of payment, whether 3944: 3857: 3786: 3772: 3764: 2321:202 Iowa 1318, 210 N.W. 137. (Iowa, 1926). 2312:200 Iowa 1228, 206 N.W. 105. (Iowa, 1925). 2026:European Gaming & Amusement Federation 1751:Category C games are often referred to as 1700:". Despite a lengthy bidding process with 891:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 836:as bonuses. Modern cabinets typically use 661:count up to the amount that has been won. 536:is short for "Electronic Gaming Machine". 3010:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 2911:"Kentucky Downs kicks off instant racing" 2709:New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement 2681:New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement 2572: 907:Learn how and when to remove this message 632:slot machines are played while standing. 1767:). Fruit machines are commonly found in 1583: 50: 3556:Website of the Department of Psychology 3008:"Australian National Dictionary: Pokie" 2834:SouthFloridaReporter.com (2018-09-05). 2088: 1802:A player may also be given a number of 1484:on 14.8 percent. Independent candidate 728:team through the use of a weigh scale. 560:number and the location and the date. 3558:. University of Waterloo. 2013-04-04. 3143: 3141: 3139: 3055:. Fairfax Media. SMH. 17 January 2010 2483:"Slot machine trends featured at G2E" 2360:, 178 Ind. 568, 99 N. E. 806 (1912); 2233:. The Indian Observer. Archived from 1790:A player (known in the industry as a 1581:as part of the Gambling Act of 2005. 1141:highly regulated by state governments 7: 4281: 2909:Minor, Robyn L. (2 September 2011). 2778:Koerner, Brendan (8 February 2017). 2553:Canadian Medical Association Journal 2174:participating institution membership 1710:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1670:£100 or £200 If jackpot is repeated 1476:on 20.5 percent, and elected to the 1470:1997 South Australian state election 1466:South Australian Legislative Council 530:by the casino on a scheduled basis. 4301: 2885:"New Slot Machines Without Strings" 1490:Australian House of Representatives 3120:. Big News Network. Archived from 2859:Dryer, Carolyn (15 October 2015). 1967:Problem gambling and slot machines 1794:) may be given the opportunity to 1472:on 2.9 percent, re-elected at the 1041:and one game manufactured by WMS; 409:" machines, a paper ticket with a 116:Slot machines include one or more 25: 2755:"The Edison of the Slot Machines" 1870:Japanese slot machines, known as 1566:Slot machines are covered by the 1245:National Indian Gaming Commission 832:, and can feature more elaborate 4300: 4290: 4280: 4271: 4270: 3584:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03050.x 3302:Jeff Reinitz (2 February 2012). 2806:Coto, Danica (August 13, 2012). 2753:LaPointe, Michael (2020-02-04). 2718:from the original on 2015-02-21. 2690:from the original on 2014-07-01. 2523:from the original on 2006-09-09. 1908: 1593:Maximum prize (from April 2019) 1590:Maximum stake (from April 2019) 942:, which is usually stored on an 864: 3688:"Slot Machines: The Big Gamble" 3284:from the original on 2024-02-17 3053:"One pokie for every 110 of us" 2621:Richtel, Matt (12 April 2009). 2596:Thompson, Andrew (2015-05-06). 2377:. Ballytech.com. Archived from 1143:. Many states have established 1050:high house edge and high payout 1003:International Gaming Technology 180:Plaque marking the location of 3094:"Gambling Regulation Act 2003" 2934:Guesgen, Mirjam (2018-09-10). 2547:Collier, Roger (1 July 2008). 2096:Cooper, Marc (December 2005). 1460:was elected on an independent 1239:or any related games (such as 186:California Historical Landmark 42:Fruit machine (disambiguation) 1: 1784:pseudorandom number generator 1741:pseudorandom number generator 1054:low house edge and low payout 788:International Game Technology 3421:. 2012-06-26. Archived from 3308:Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier 2358:Ferguson v. State of Indiana 2256:"CM-5716-P-06 Machine, Slot" 2100:. The Atlantic Monthly Group 1722:Fixed odds betting terminals 1225:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 1217:Native American reservations 840:, but cabinets using larger 337:ignorantia juris non excusat 3607:Journal of Gambling Studies 1221:centralized computer system 887:, discuss the issue on the 4368: 3098:www.legislation.vic.gov.au 2964:Adler, Mike (2016-02-17). 2460:Harris, Tom (2002-02-26). 2188:"History of Slot Machines" 2031:List of probability topics 1863: 1363:under their jurisdiction. 1269: 1233:Department of the Interior 746: 705:theoretical hold worksheet 645:triangular, zigzag, etc.) 31: 4266: 3873:Mathematics of bookmaking 3801: 3668:Bangor: Bangor University 2362:City of Moberly v. Deskin 2192:Slot-machine-resource.com 2161:Oxford English Dictionary 1897:, known as game centers. 1877: 1735:The games are based on a 1507:government following the 3518:Schüll, Natasha (2012). 2915:Bowling Green Daily News 2462:"How Slot Machines Work" 2440:Las Vegas Review-Journal 1681:£8 cash or £50 non-cash 1252:historical race wagering 1177:or permanently anchored 107:random number generators 34:One-Armed Bandit (album) 3619:10.1023/A:1014580112648 2166:Oxford University Press 1737:random number generator 1570:, which superseded the 1361:video lottery terminals 790:and has since expired. 362:Kearny Mesa, California 151:Terms and their sources 94:machine that creates a 27:Casino gambling machine 2840:South Florida Reporter 2284:Fey, Marshall (1983). 2071:Video lottery terminal 1988:University of Waterloo 1976: 1856: 1563: 1552: 1446: 1052:wagers along with the 690: 452: 402: 371:Las Vegas Hilton Hotel 189: 173: 59: 46:Pokey (disambiguation) 40:. For other uses, see 3694:. 7 January 2011. CBS 3250:The Stationery Office 2381:on September 30, 2009 2206:"Charles Fey article" 1974: 1864:Further information: 1850: 1559:One armed bandits at 1558: 1550: 1522:and Clubs Australia. 1498:2010 federal election 1482:2007 federal election 1145:gaming control boards 688: 512:seven-segment display 450: 407:ticket-in, ticket-out 400: 179: 171: 54: 4258:Video game addiction 3868:Gambling mathematics 3804:Gambling terminology 3748:(Bonus Books, 2004) 3734:(Bonus Books, 2005) 1922:adding missing items 1765:amusement with prize 1079:progressive jackpots 971:Gaming Control Board 950:) or even stored on 885:improve this section 875:may not represent a 668:refill the machine. 192:Sittman and Pitt of 36:. For the band, see 4347:Commercial machines 4327:American inventions 3277:Gambling Commission 2565:10.1503/cmaj.080870 2330:Singer, Richard G. 2290:Liberty Belle Books 2260:Nevada State Museum 2237:on January 30, 2014 2164:(Online ed.). 2124:merriam-webster.com 2051:Progressive jackpot 1981:New York University 1579:Gambling Commission 1371:Grand River Raceway 999:Michael Shackleford 838:flat-panel displays 815:Video slot machines 98:for its customers. 88:New Zealand English 38:Slot Machine (band) 3918:Due Column betting 3896:Advantage gambling 3730:Grochowski, John. 3674:2020-03-19 at the 3124:on 17 January 2013 3038:2006-08-19 at the 2994:Toronto.ctvnews.ca 2628:The New York Times 2422:arcade-history.com 2340:2008-12-19 at the 2266:on October 1, 2015 2155:"one-armed bandit" 2036:Multi-armed bandit 1977: 1920:; you can help by 1857: 1819:hold after a nudge 1815:hold after a nudge 1564: 1553: 1256:parimutuel betting 1161:. Several states ( 1062:wide area networks 1006:Red White and Blue 691: 457:Aristocrat Leisure 453: 403: 328:State v. Striggles 190: 174: 118:currency detectors 84:Australian English 60: 4314: 4313: 4203: 4202: 3936: 3935: 3923:Labouchère system 3878:Poker probability 3720:(Stirling, 1999) 3716:Brisman, Andrew. 3578:(10): 1819–1824. 3529:978-0-69-116088-7 3246:"Gaming Act 2005" 3014:on 6 October 2014 2889:Los Angeles Times 2865:The Glendale Star 2172:(Subscription or 1938: 1937: 1895:amusement arcades 1851:Slot machines in 1848: 1757:one-armed bandits 1685: 1684: 1587:Machine category 1568:Gambling Act 2005 1561:Wookey Hole Caves 1478:Australian Senate 1429:Western Australia 1266:Private ownership 1183:Hurricane Katrina 917: 916: 909: 856:Payout percentage 330:are both used in 16:(Redirected from 4359: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4284: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4253:Problem gambling 3945: 3858: 3845:Riverboat casino 3788: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3234:. 16 March 2020. 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3145: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3076:Gambling revenue 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2942:. Archived from 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2759:The Paris Review 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2576: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2511: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2406:. 10 April 2010. 2404:casinocenter.com 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2371: 2365: 2351: 2345: 2344:. 24 April 2000. 2328: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2262:. Archived from 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2093: 2046:Problem gambling 1992:sensory stimulus 1933: 1930: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1901:Jackpot disputes 1884: 1882: 1881: 1849: 1584: 1451:royal commission 1405:problem gambling 1375:nutrition labels 1038:Wheel of Fortune 991:return to player 986:return to player 961: 912: 905: 901: 898: 892: 868: 867: 860: 649:Persistent state 557:Hopper fill slip 432:Wheel of Fortune 423:media franchises 355:electronic games 316:vending machines 21: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4262: 4236: 4199: 4187: 4166: 4160:Atlantic Canada 4115: 4064: 3969: 3932: 3882: 3849: 3806: 3797: 3792: 3762: 3744:Legato, Frank. 3713: 3708: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3676:Wayback Machine 3665: 3661: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3552:"Mike J. Dixon" 3550: 3549: 3545: 3530: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3351:The Denver Post 3345: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3326:The Denver Post 3320: 3319: 3315: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3040:Wayback Machine 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2996:. 4 April 2022. 2988: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2514:gaming.unlv.edu 2509: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2352: 2348: 2342:Wayback Machine 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2135: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2017: 1969: 1960: 1951:software errors 1947: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1909: 1903: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1838: 1749: 1718: 1694: 1572:Gaming Act 1968 1545: 1536: 1509:hung parliament 1401:New South Wales 1388: 1353: 1274: 1268: 1137: 1132: 1111: 1098: 1075: 1073:Linked machines 1019:five times play 1015:double jackpots 959: 913: 902: 896: 893: 882: 869: 865: 858: 817: 804:microprocessors 800: 798:Computerization 765: 760: 751: 745: 474: 395: 375:Las Vegas Strip 232:, doubling the 166: 153: 72:British English 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4365: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4352:Gambling games 4349: 4344: 4342:Gaming devices 4339: 4334: 4329: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4288: 4278: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4222:Game of chance 4219: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4155:Western Canada 4152: 4147: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4111:United Kingdom 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3913:Asian handicap 3910: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3761: 3760:External links 3758: 3757: 3756: 3742: 3728: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3679: 3659: 3640: 3597: 3561: 3543: 3528: 3510: 3498:ThanhNien News 3485: 3473:ThanhNien News 3460: 3448:ThanhNien News 3435: 3419:ThanhNien News 3406: 3394:ThanhNien News 3381: 3378:. 25 May 2010. 3363: 3338: 3313: 3294: 3263: 3237: 3223: 3199: 3174: 3165: 3135: 3109: 3085: 3066: 3044: 3025: 2999: 2981: 2956: 2926: 2901: 2876: 2851: 2826: 2798: 2770: 2745: 2721: 2693: 2665: 2654:Casino Journal 2641: 2613: 2588: 2539: 2526: 2498: 2487:Casino Journal 2474: 2452: 2427: 2409: 2391: 2366: 2354:State v. Ellis 2346: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2298: 2276: 2247: 2222: 2197: 2179: 2145: 2129: 2111: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2013: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1946: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1929:September 2021 1915: 1913: 1902: 1899: 1861: 1858: 1832: 1831: 1824:DON'T HOLD ANY 1807: 1800: 1753:fruit machines 1748: 1745: 1717: 1714: 1693: 1690: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1544: 1543:United Kingdom 1541: 1535: 1532: 1464:ticket in the 1387: 1384: 1352: 1349: 1341:South Carolina 1267: 1264: 1213:tribal casinos 1211:In regards to 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1110: 1107: 1097: 1094: 1074: 1071: 1029:Fortune Cookie 964:tamper-evident 915: 914: 879:of the subject 877:worldwide view 872: 870: 863: 857: 854: 842:curved screens 816: 813: 799: 796: 764: 761: 759: 756: 747:Main article: 744: 741: 608:uthorization 473: 470: 394: 391: 386:WMS Industries 366:Sony Trinitron 324:State v. Ellis 230:jack of hearts 165: 162: 152: 149: 96:game of chance 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4364: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4332:Slot machines 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4277: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4227:Game of skill 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4192:South America 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4132:United States 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120:North America 4118: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3901:Card counting 3899: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830:Online casino 3828: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3759: 3755: 3754:1-56625-216-4 3751: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3740:1-56625-235-0 3737: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3726:0-8069-4837-X 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3511: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3425:on 2021-09-01 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3374:IEEE Spectrum 3367: 3364: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3213: 3212:www.wa.gov.au 3209: 3203: 3200: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2946:on 2023-02-02 2945: 2941: 2940:TheRecord.com 2937: 2930: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2771: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2418:"3 Bags Full" 2413: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2299:0-9623852-7-1 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2212:on 2009-02-26 2211: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1945:United States 1944: 1942: 1932: 1923: 1919: 1916:This list is 1914: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1873: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 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