91:
231:
513:
537:
501:
245:
66:
42:
591:. It grows from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the north of the range, and to 610β2,000 m (2,000β6,560 ft) in the south of the range. Populations on the east slope of the Cascades are confined to elevations above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Washington and 1,160 m (3,810 ft) in Oregon.
525:
667:
In addition to medicinal uses, hardened pitch of the plant was also sometimes chewed for pleasure by the
Ditidaht Peoples. The foliage has an attractive scent and was admired for its scent long before the arrival of European settlers in its native range. Ditidaht Peoples brought boughs into their
614:
in the extreme southern area of its range. Western hemlock is equally shade tolerant, but
Pacific silver fir saplings are more resilient of ground obstacles. Though its thin bark makes it susceptible to fire, the slow-growing saplings succeed less shade-tolerant species. It survives well at high
385:
below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they lie flat to either side of and above the shoot, with none below the shoot. The shoots are orange-red with dense velvety pubescence. The
646:
is nearly absent in the western hemlock-Pacific silver fir forest type, and there is no evidence of a transitional stage between the two types. It has been hypothesized that, once established, these forest types are self-sustaining and are unlikely to change unless a major
663:
or Silver Fir for medicinal purposes. Ethnobotanist Daniel
Moerman notes, for example, that Nuxalk Peoples mixed mountain goat tallow with liquid pitch to treat sore throat. An infusion of bark, by contrast, may have been used to address stomach issues.
642:) also occurs in the area. The two forest types occur in areas with very similar environmental conditions and are separated by sharp boundaries, often less than 10 metres (33 ft) wide. Western redcedar
324:
growing to 30β45 metres (98β148 feet), exceptionally 72 m (236 ft) tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in), exceptionally 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in). The
694:
in large parks, though its requirement for cool, humid summers limits the areas where it grows well; successful growth away from its native range is restricted to areas like western
632:
On northeastern
Vancouver Island, Pacific silver fir grows along with western hemlock in dense forests with sparse understory vegetation. Another type of forest dominated by
1285:
811:
1350:
524:
1522:
1401:
1233:
1298:
1246:
947:
1422:
878:
969:
991:
Weber, Adrian; Kimmins, J. P.; Gilbert, Benjamin; Lo, Yueh-Hsin; Blanco, Juan A. (October 2014). "Multiple-pathway succession in coastal
1005:
1532:
1537:
1060:
1272:
1158:
1303:
1337:
943:
1448:
1014:
819:
679:
making, packing crates, and other cheap construction work. The lumber is often paired with that of western hemlock.
446: in) broad, dark purple before maturity; the scale bracts are short, and hidden in the closed cone. The winged
1435:
1355:
1542:
668:
homes as an air freshener, whereas NlakaΚΌpamux
Peoples boiled boughs to create unique plant-based hair perfumes.
929:
683:
217:
1440:
512:
90:
1225:
921:
902:
1220:
1078:
536:
648:
643:
201:
1137:
1365:
1251:
1184:
595:
564:
274:
1212:
598:
with relatively high precipitation and cool, humid summers. Growing in dense stands, it prospers in
1386:
1176:
1116:
500:
55:
1329:
751:
1494:
870:
638:
611:
603:
580:
85:
1427:
1290:
977:
659:
Indigenous
Nations, including but not limited to the Nuxalk, Haisla, and Kitasoo Nations, used
1373:
1145:
1056:
884:
874:
556:
266:
1476:
636:
and western hemlock with more open canopies and an understories composed primarily of salal (
1391:
1378:
1026:
1018:
939:
746:
633:
576:
230:
1316:
691:
599:
450:
are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6β7 months after pollination.
1414:
1527:
1409:
707:
625:
457:
115:
1516:
1311:
737:
568:
560:
326:
278:
270:
75:
70:
728:
244:
1499:
1150:
387:
17:
1163:
864:
1486:
1342:
1324:
1259:
1110:
778:
699:
607:
530:
Close-up of shoot from below, showing shoot pubescence and white stomatal bands
1453:
888:
588:
128:
1101:
1197:
703:
620:
318:
1466:
1022:
1127:
866:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
682:
Seeds were not brought to
England for cultivation until the 19th century.
675:
is soft and not very strong; settlers thus tended to use this species for
333:
blisters. On older trees, it darkens and develops scales and furrows. The
1461:
1095:
695:
616:
467:, which is distinguished by its slightly shorter leavesβ1.5β2.5 cm (
221:
168:
1238:
1171:
321:
158:
148:
138:
1031:
970:"California Buckeye (Aesculus californica) β photo/images/information"
41:
1264:
584:
572:
381: in) thick, matte dark green above, and with two white bands of
334:
1072:
1277:
1202:
1055:(14th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. p. 33.
676:
464:
382:
330:
306:
243:
102:
1189:
672:
447:
1076:
262:
178:
1003:
forests on northeastern
Vancouver Island, British Columbia".
477:β1 in)βand smaller cones, which are 5β11 cm (2β
903:"Abies amabilis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org"
329:
on younger trees is light grey, thin and covered with
920:
Crawford, Peggy D.; Oliver, Chadwick
Dearing (1990).
928:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
281:. It is also commonly referred to in English as the
1085:
863:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
337:are needle-like, flattened, 2β4.5 centimetres (
686:first transported seed abroad in 1825. Today,
623:, in addition to diseases and insects such as
456:Pacific silver fir is very closely related to
752:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42271A2968657.en
8:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
1073:
229:
64:
40:
31:
1030:
750:
690:or Silver Fir is sometimes planted as an
453:The tree can live to over 400 years old.
948:United States Department of Agriculture
719:
496:
958:– via Southern Research Station.
615:elevation, but eventually succumbs to
49:Pacific silver fir foliage from above
602:and snow. Common associate trees are
7:
1366:d86c5f0e-be87-49dc-b05c-de4695aac903
1046:
1044:
1042:
773:
771:
769:
1523:IUCN Red List least concern species
1006:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
976:. November 22, 2012. Archived from
799:The epithet amabilis means 'lovely.
738:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
702:. Silver Fir is sometimes used for
361: in) long and 2 millimetres (
25:
869:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
812:"Interactive Distribution Map of
1441:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325658-2
535:
523:
511:
499:
418: in) long and 4β6 cm (
89:
371: in) wide by 0.5 mm (
587:, to the extreme northwest of
571:from the extreme southeast of
1:
555:The species is native to the
944:United States Forest Service
1053:Native American Ethnobotany
1015:Canadian Science Publishing
1559:
1533:Trees of Northern America
237:
228:
207:
200:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1538:Plants described in 1839
1051:Moerman, Daniel (2020).
936:Silvics of North America
551:Distribution and ecology
257:, commonly known as the
1023:10.1139/cjfr-2014-0060
706:decoration, including
610:in central areas, and
594:It is always found in
305:. The species name is
249:
596:temperate rainforests
247:
873:. pp. 123β128.
745:: e.T42271A2968657.
606:in northern ranges,
565:Pacific Coast Ranges
317:The tree is a large
275:Pacific Coast Ranges
787:Gymnosperm Database
727:Farjon, A. (2013).
563:, occurring in the
273:, occurring in the
56:Conservation status
35:Pacific silver fir
993:Tsuga heterophylla
974:GlobalTwitcher.com
871:Mountaineers Books
639:Gaultheria shallon
612:California buckeye
575:, through western
390:are 9β17 cm (
259:Pacific silver fir
250:
27:Species of conifer
18:Pacific silver fir
1510:
1509:
1374:Open Tree of Life
1079:Taxon identifiers
880:978-1-68051-329-5
557:Pacific Northwest
267:Pacific Northwest
242:
241:
79:
16:(Redirected from
1550:
1543:Ornamental trees
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1343:NHMSYS0000494913
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1034:
988:
982:
981:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
940:Washington, D.C.
917:
911:
910:
899:
893:
892:
860:
831:
830:
828:
827:
818:. Archived from
808:
802:
801:
796:
794:
775:
764:
763:
761:
759:
754:
724:
634:western redcedar
577:British Columbia
539:
527:
515:
503:
491: in) long.
490:
489:
485:
482:
476:
475:
471:
445:
444:
440:
437:
431:
430:
426:
423:
417:
416:
412:
409:
403:
402:
398:
395:
380:
379:
375:
370:
369:
365:
360:
359:
355:
352:
346:
345:
341:
233:
213:
193:A. amabilis
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1040:
990:
989:
985:
968:
967:
963:
953:
951:
938:. Vol. 1.
919:
918:
914:
907:www.efloras.org
901:
900:
896:
881:
862:
861:
834:
825:
823:
810:
809:
805:
792:
790:
777:
776:
767:
757:
755:
726:
725:
721:
716:
708:Christmas trees
692:ornamental tree
657:
604:western hemlock
553:
548:
547:
546:
543:
540:
531:
528:
519:
516:
507:
504:
487:
483:
480:
478:
473:
469:
468:
442:
438:
435:
433:
428:
424:
421:
419:
414:
410:
407:
405:
400:
396:
393:
391:
377:
373:
372:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
350:
348:
343:
339:
338:
315:
224:
215:
209:
196:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:wfo-0000510989
1491:
1481:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1402:abies-amabilis
1396:
1392:Abies amabilis
1383:
1370:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1243:
1230:
1217:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1117:Abies amabilis
1107:
1091:
1089:
1087:Abies amabilis
1083:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1038:
1001:Abies amabilis
983:
980:on 2012-11-22.
961:
924:Abies amabilis
912:
894:
879:
832:
814:Abies amabilis
803:
781:Abies amabilis
765:
731:Abies amabilis
718:
717:
715:
712:
688:Abies amabilis
661:Abies amabilis
656:
653:
626:Adelges piceae
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
534:
532:
529:
522:
520:
518:Foliage bottom
517:
510:
508:
505:
498:
495:
494:
493:
314:
311:
309:for 'lovely'.
265:native to the
254:Abies amabilis
240:
239:
235:
234:
226:
225:
216:
211:Abies amabilis
205:
204:
198:
197:
190:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1555:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1064:
1062:9780881924534
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:: 1145β1155.
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:Thuja plicata
994:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
965:
962:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
925:
916:
913:
908:
904:
898:
895:
890:
886:
882:
876:
872:
868:
867:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
833:
822:on 2015-10-23
821:
817:
815:
807:
804:
800:
788:
784:
782:
774:
772:
770:
766:
753:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
732:
723:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
698:and southern
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:David Douglas
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
662:
654:
652:
650:
645:
641:
640:
635:
630:
628:
627:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Cascade Range
566:
562:
561:North America
558:
550:
538:
533:
526:
521:
514:
509:
502:
497:
492:
466:
462:
459:
454:
451:
449:
389:
384:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Cascade Range
276:
272:
271:North America
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
246:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
206:
203:
202:Binomial name
199:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:Tracheophytes
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1086:
1052:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
978:the original
973:
964:
952:. Retrieved
935:
930:
923:
915:
906:
897:
865:
824:. Retrieved
820:the original
813:
806:
798:
791:. Retrieved
786:
780:
756:. Retrieved
742:
736:
730:
722:
687:
681:
670:
666:
660:
658:
637:
631:
624:
593:
554:
460:
455:
452:
316:
302:
299:Cascades fir
298:
295:amabilis fir
294:
290:
286:
282:
258:
253:
252:
251:
210:
208:
192:
191:
179:
129:Gymnospermae
122:
109:
29:
1415:kew-2609703
1325:NatureServe
1260:iNaturalist
1111:Wikispecies
793:December 3,
758:19 November
700:New Zealand
649:disturbance
644:recruitment
608:Douglas-fir
542:Foliage top
461:A. mariesii
458:Maries' fir
313:Description
248:Cone growth
1517:Categories
1410:Plant List
1135:Calflora:
1032:2454/19816
889:1141235469
826:2010-07-12
714:References
589:California
581:Washington
303:silver fir
291:lovely fir
135:Division:
1226:233500001
704:Christmas
621:heart rot
319:evergreen
283:white fir
187:Species:
149:Pinopsida
139:Pinophyta
99:Kingdom:
1484:VASCAN:
1467:24900242
1462:Tropicos
1330:2.143719
1291:10761794
1278:325658-2
1125:BioLib:
1096:Wikidata
954:23 April
946:(USFS),
931:Conifers
696:Scotland
651:occurs.
567:and the
277:and the
222:J.Forbes
169:Pinaceae
165:Family:
76:IUCN 3.1
1477:4963860
1239:2685524
1190:1033071
1172:Ecocrop
1102:Q936498
486:⁄
472:⁄
441:⁄
427:⁄
413:⁄
399:⁄
383:stomata
376:⁄
366:⁄
356:⁄
342:⁄
322:conifer
287:red fir
261:, is a
218:Douglas
175:Genus:
159:Pinales
155:Order:
145:Class:
103:Plantae
74: (
1474:uBio:
1423:PLANTS
1379:876303
1363:NZOR:
1304:181824
1213:abiama
1210:FEIS:
1177:196860
1128:125600
1059:
1013:(10).
999:, and
950:(USDA)
887:
877:
789:. 2011
585:Oregon
573:Alaska
335:leaves
238:Range
1528:Abies
1399:PPE:
1356:97174
1317:42271
1286:IRMNG
1265:75240
1203:ABIAM
1151:63Z5D
677:paper
600:shade
465:Japan
463:from
448:seeds
388:cones
331:resin
307:Latin
301:, or
180:Abies
123:Clade
110:Clade
1487:7158
1436:POWO
1428:ABAM
1387:PfaF
1351:NCBI
1312:IUCN
1299:ITIS
1273:IPNI
1247:GRIN
1234:GBIF
1198:EPPO
1159:CNPS
1057:ISBN
956:2023
885:OCLC
875:ISBN
795:2021
760:2021
743:2013
673:wood
671:The
655:Uses
617:root
583:and
506:Bark
327:bark
1495:WFO
1449:RHS
1338:NBN
1252:633
1221:FNA
1185:EoL
1146:CoL
1027:hdl
1019:doi
747:doi
710:..
619:or
559:of
269:of
263:fir
220:ex
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439:1
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434:2
432:β
429:2
425:1
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420:1
415:4
411:3
408:+
406:6
404:β
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397:1
394:+
392:3
374:1
364:1
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354:3
351:+
349:1
347:β
344:4
340:3
78:)
20:)
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