260:'s policy of tolerance, which threatened the OUN's position in Ukrainian society. The organization reacted by adopting a tactic designed to radicalize Ukrainian public opinion and block any form of compromise with Polish authorities. The OUN used terrorism and sabotage in order to force the Polish government into reprisals so fierce that they would cause the more moderate Ukrainian groups ready to negotiate with the Polish state to lose support. OUN directed its violence not only against the Poles but also against all Ukrainians wishing for a peaceful settlement of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict.
219:. After the war, in 1920–1921, approximately 19,000 Ukrainians were interned in Camps for interned soldiers of the UNR army by the Polish government, where they were often denied food and medicine; some of them died from starvation, disease or suicide. The victims included not only soldiers and officers but also priests, lawyers and doctors who had supported the Ukrainian cause. The death toll at these camps from diseases was estimated at 20,000 people (during the war, the Ukrainian government had interned 25,000 Poles).
424:, which in its response disapproved the methods used by the Polish authorities, but also put blame on the Ukrainian extremist elements for consciously provoking this reaction from the Polish government. The committee concluded that the pacification did not constitute the governmental policy of persecution of the Ukrainian minority.
39:
403:
were searched, which included the tearing up of floors and ceilings. During the course of the search, the furniture and property inside the houses were often destroyed. Policemen found about 100 kilograms of explosives and weapons (1287 rifles, 566 revolvers, 31 grenades). Also, during the searches,
484:
Snyder writes: "In July 1930, Ukrainian nationalists began sabotage actions in
Galicia, destroying Polish properties and homes throughout the region in hundreds of terrorist actions. In September, Piłsudski ordered the pacification of Galicia, sending a thousand policemen to search 450 villages for
667:
Myroslav
Shkandrij. (2015) Ukrainian Nationalism: Politics, Ideology, and Literature, 1929-1956. New Haven: Yale University Press pg. 19 Cited passage states "After the war, in 1920-1921, Polish concentration camps held over one hundred thousand people. In many cases prisoners were denied food and
432:
One of the unintended consequences of the action, from the point of view of Polish authorities, was that previously allegedly "moderately oriented" Ukrainians became radicalized, and even those who had previously felt loyalty to the Polish state began supporting separation. The OUN continued its
398:
The pacification was carried out by first surrounding a village with police units, then calling out the village elder or an administrator of the village. He in turn was informed about the purpose of the operation and was ordered to give up any weapons or explosives hidden in the village. All
105:
677:
Jochen Böhler. (2019). Civil War in
Central Europe, 1918-1921: The Reconstruction of Poland. Oxford University Press, pg. 81 "19,000 Ukrainians were subsequently interred in the camps of the ultimately victorious Polish Army. One fifth of them fell to infectious
245:(OUN) began sabotage actions, during which warehouses and cereal fields owned by Poles were burned, Polish homes were destroyed, bridges were blown up, state institutions, rail lines and telephone connections were damaged. The organizer of the action was
668:
medical attention. Some starved; others died of disease or committed suicide. Among the interned were Jews and others of other nationalities who supported
Ukrainian independence, and Jews figured among the witnesses who described the murder and abuse."
338:), 3 from Lwów Voivodeship, 2.5 from Stanisławów Voivodeship, 2.5 from Tarnopol Voivodeship (a total of 1,041 policemen and officers). The main operations with the participation of military units took place in the first half of October.
494:
According to the 1921 Polish census in
Eastern Galician voivodeships: 29.9% Poles, 58.2% Ukrainians. According to the 1931 Polish census: 36% Poles, 54.3% Ukrainians. This includes territories of Lwów voivodship west of the Curzon
238:, leading to much economic disruption, hitting hard, particularly the rural areas. In this atmosphere, radical Ukrainian nationalists propagating active resistance to Polish domination found a ready response from Ukrainian youth.
294:
of the Second Polish
Republic. Recognizing that terrorist actions carried out by the OUN did not amount to an insurrection, Piłsudski ordered a police action, rather than a military one, and deputized the Minister of Interior,
416:
estimates the number of victims at 7. Additional punishments included levying special "contributions" on the villages and stationing regiments of cavalry in the village, which had to be fed and quartered by the villages.
363:
The operation was carried out in three stages. First, a basic edict was issued authorizing a particular action. Second, police units were brought in. Third units of the regular army carried out "operational maneuvers".
735:
Burning and damaging property owned by Poles, according to the logic of the perpetrators, maintained the
Ukrainians' "revolutionary attitude" and strengthened the OUN's position in Ukrainian society
371:) were based. During the search, the buildings, belongings, and property of Ukrainians were destroyed and the inhabitants were often beaten and arrested. Several Ukrainian schools (in Rohat,
279:(Lviv). Government offices and mail trucks were attacked. This situation lasted until September, with some sporadic incidents happening as late as November. The terror action was limited to
1099:
1104:
468:, "collective punishment" meted out on thousands of "mostly innocent peasants" resulted in the exacerbation of animosity between the Polish state and the Ukrainian minority.
290:
In response, Polish authorities decided to pacify the turbulent province. The decision to carry out the action was made by
Marshal Józef Piłsudski in his capacity as
1089:
1109:
624:
Ostanek, Adrian Adam (2017). "Stosunki polsko‑ukraińskie a bezpieczeństwo II Rzeczypospolitej w kontekście wydarzeń 1930 roku w Małopolsce
Wschodniej".
234:
was banned in government agencies in 1924 and support was steadily withdrawn from
Ukrainian schools. Polish-Ukrainian relations deteriorated during the
400:
392:
242:
145:
95:
725:
Lagzi, Gábor (2004). "The Ukrainian Radical National Movement in Inter-War Poland. The Case of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)".
322:(Polish parliament) deputies were arrested. The action itself began on 14 September 1930, in several villages of Lwów Voivodeship, where the
355:
Or in total 494 villages. Timothy Snyder and other sources give the figure of 1000 policemen used in the operation, affecting 450 villages.
334:
From 20 to 29 September, 17 companies of police (60 policemen each) were used. Of these, 9 came from the police academy in Mosty Wielkie (
449:, the Polish interior minister. The OUN also killed moderate Ukrainian figures such as the respected teacher (and former officer of the
989:
454:
216:
405:
1049:
922:
881:
850:
819:
788:
706:
548:
1018:
954:
577:
296:
433:
terroristic activities and engaged in numerous assassinations. Some of those murdered by the OUN after the Pacification included
253:
485:
nationalist agitators... "In 1930, as the OUN terrorized the Galician countryside...Volhynia remained comparatively peaceful..."
368:
367:
The pacification involved the search of private homes as well as buildings in which Ukrainian organizations (including the
43:
Prosvita society reading room demolished during Pacification in September–October of 1930. Knyahynychi, today Rohatyn Raion
1119:
345:
Lwów Voivodeship: police action - 206 places in 9 different counties, military action - 78 places in 8 different counties.
323:
304:
117:
873:
842:
698:
17:
1114:
1094:
946:
943:
Ukraińska partyzantka, 1942-1960: działalność Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii
914:
780:
252:
The main reason behind the sabotage campaign was the mainstream Ukrainian parties' decision to participate in the
268:
212:
981:
291:
280:
137:
566:
Działalność terrorystyczna i sabotażowa nacjonalistycznych organizacji ukraińskich w Polsce w latach 1922-1939
420:
Ukrainian nationalists lodged an official complaint regarding the "pacification" action to a committee of the
299:
with its organization. Sławoj Składkowski in turn ordered regional police commanders to prepare for it in the
203:
Eastern Galicia, with the ethnic composition of about two thirds Ukrainians and one third Poles, east of the
1084:
570:
Activities of terrorism and sabotage by Ukrainian nationalist organizations in Poland in the years 1922-1939
450:
348:
Stanisławów Voivodeship: police action - 56 places in 2 counties, military action - 33 places in one county
1010:
399:
villagers were to remain in their houses. Subsequently, the houses of those suspected of cooperation with
351:
Tarnopol Voivodeship - police action - 63 places in 4 counties, military action - 57 places in 5 counties.
144:
from September until November 1930 in reaction to a wave of sabotage and terrorist attacks perpetrated by
141:
121:
540:
656:
446:
441:'s Polish police commissioner, Alexei Mailov, a Soviet consular official killed in retaliation for the
434:
312:
257:
308:
113:
413:
326:
was directed, even though the detailed plan for the action was not established until 18 September.
300:
109:
1064:
Alexander Motyl. (1985). Ukrainian Nationalist Political Violence in Inter-War Poland, 1921-1939.
900:
231:
172:
1045:
1035:
1014:
985:
975:
950:
918:
908:
877:
846:
836:
815:
784:
774:
755:
702:
606:
583:
573:
544:
421:
246:
167:
province. Therefore, in Ukrainian and Polish literature this event is called "Pacification in
867:
805:
534:
235:
104:
938:
384:
318:
Before the action commenced, around 130 Ukrainian activists, including a few dozen former
272:
223:
208:
188:
180:
168:
52:
249:. Financing was provided and weaponry was illegally smuggled with Weimar German support.
646:. United States. Department of State U.S. Government Printing Office. 1934. p. 790.
465:
408:, there were no fatalities, while, according to Ukrainian historian and an OUN member,
1078:
601:
Pisuliński, Jan (2003). "Pacyfikacja w Małopolsce Wschodniej na forum Ligi Narodów".
409:
164:
404:
physical force was used and many people were beaten. According to Polish historian
335:
227:
971:
536:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
204:
160:
156:
750:
Mazur, Grzegorz (2001). "Problem Pacyfikacji Małopolski Wschodniej w 1930 r.".
230:, while others kept in contact with the new Soviet government to the east. The
904:
572:] (in Polish) (1st ed.). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 212.
458:
311:. The commander of the planned action was Lwów Voivodeship's chief of police,
133:
759:
610:
587:
1041:
811:
442:
372:
380:
284:
83:
869:
The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
437:, a Polish promoter of Ukrainian/Polish compromise, Emilian Czechowski,
438:
276:
264:
152:
80:
38:
388:
103:
376:
319:
222:
Many Ukrainian organizations continued close contact with the
263:
Over time, local Ukrainians, many of whom saw the Poles as
118:
Stanisławów (Stanyslaviv, now Ivano-Frankivsk) Voivodeships
977:
The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization
387:) were closed and the Ukrainian Youth Scout organization
207:, was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic after
120:- territories inhabited by the Ukrainian minority in the
267:, joined the action. Offices of the Polish paramilitary
727:
Regio - Minorities, Politics, Society - English Edition
412:, 35 Ukrainian civilians died during the pacification.
910:
The National Question in Europe in Historical Context
658:
Camps for interned soldiers of the UNR army in Poland
72:
Mass searches, arrests, destruction of property, food
18:
Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia (1930)
807:
Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After
90:
76:
66:
58:
48:
31:
1100:Ukrainian minority in the Second Polish Republic
391:was outlawed. On 10 September, five deputies of
1105:Military history of the Second Polish Republic
187:) or "Pacification of Eastern Lesser Poland" (
130:Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia
32:Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia
8:
835:Hann, C. M.; Magocsi, Paul R., eds. (2005).
754:(in Polish) (135). Instytut Literacki: 4–5.
605:(in Polish) (144). Instytut Literacki: 110.
140:, carried out by police and military of the
688:
686:
684:
464:According to Ukrainian-Canadian historian,
37:
28:
241:In July 1930, activists of the extremist
179:) and "Pacification of Eastern Galicia" (
108:Eastern Lesser Poland / Eastern Galicia:
895:
893:
866:Paczkowski, Andrzej; Cane, Jave (2003).
745:
743:
720:
718:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
124:and affected by the pacification in 1930
776:The Roots of Ethnic Cleansing in Europe
508:
477:
271:were burned, as were the stands of the
644:Foreign Relations of the United States
401:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
393:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
243:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
96:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
7:
1090:History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)
1110:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Europe
132:was a punitive action against the
25:
193:Pacyfikacja Małopolski Wschodniej
455:West Ukrainian People's Republic
217:West Ukrainian People's Republic
369:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
62:16 September − 30 November 1930
341:Overall, the action affected:
185:Pacyfikacja Galicji Wschodniej
177:Пацифікація у Східній Галичині
163:part of the so-called Eastern
1:
1037:Poland and the European Union
838:Galicia: A Multicultured Land
324:14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment
1007:Genocide and Rescue in Wolyn
1005:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2000).
773:Bulutgil, H. Zeynep (2016).
283:, and did not take place in
1034:Cordell, Karl, ed. (2000).
874:Penn State University Press
843:University of Toronto Press
699:University of Toronto Press
626:Studia Historica Gedanensia
297:Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
151:It took place in 16 Polish
1136:
915:Cambridge University Press
781:Cambridge University Press
406:Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski
1068:, 19:1 (1985:Spring) p.45
564:Lucyna, Kulińska (2009).
176:
36:
982:Indiana University Press
804:Crampton, R. J. (1994).
693:Subtelny, Orest (1994).
533:Snyder, Timothy (2007).
1066:East European Quarterly
543:. pp. 75–76, 157.
451:Ukrainian Galician Army
305:Stanisławów Voivodeship
265:occupiers of their land
159:. This area was in the
269:Riflemen's Association
192:
184:
155:of three southeastern
146:Ukrainian nationalists
142:Second Polish Republic
125:
122:Second Polish Republic
541:Yale University Press
428:Effects of the action
107:
1120:Punitive expeditions
701:. pp. 429–431.
359:Nature of the action
309:Tarnopol Voivodeship
752:Zeszyty Historyczne
603:Zeszyty Historyczne
445:, and most notably
273:popular trade fairs
215:of the short-lived
114:Tarnopol (Ternopil)
695:Ukraine. A history
447:Bronisław Pieracki
232:Ukrainian language
126:
98:terrorist campaign
1115:Counterinsurgency
1095:Conflicts in 1930
422:League of Nations
313:Czesław Grabowski
247:Yevhen Konovalets
195:), respectively.
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
1127:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1002:
996:
995:
967:
961:
960:
939:Motyka, Grzegorz
935:
929:
928:
897:
888:
887:
863:
857:
856:
841:(1st ed.).
832:
826:
825:
801:
795:
794:
770:
764:
763:
747:
738:
737:
722:
713:
712:
690:
679:
675:
669:
665:
659:
654:
648:
647:
640:
634:
633:
621:
615:
614:
598:
592:
591:
561:
555:
554:
530:
496:
492:
486:
482:
301:Lwów Voivodeship
254:Polish elections
236:Great Depression
211:'s collapse and
178:
41:
29:
21:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:. p. 187.
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:. p. 226.
1004:
1003:
999:
992:
991:978-025335084-8
984:. p. 148.
974:, eds. (2008).
969:
968:
964:
957:
937:
936:
932:
925:
917:. p. 309.
907:, eds. (1993).
899:
898:
891:
884:
865:
864:
860:
853:
845:. p. 148.
834:
833:
829:
822:
803:
802:
798:
791:
783:. p. 103.
772:
771:
767:
749:
748:
741:
724:
723:
716:
709:
692:
691:
682:
676:
672:
666:
662:
655:
651:
642:
641:
637:
623:
622:
618:
600:
599:
595:
580:
563:
562:
558:
551:
532:
531:
510:
505:
500:
499:
493:
489:
483:
479:
474:
435:Tadeusz Hołówko
430:
395:were arrested.
361:
332:
330:Forces involved
258:Józef Piłsudski
256:, coupled with
224:Weimar Republic
209:Austria-Hungary
201:
169:Eastern Galicia
69:
53:Eastern Galicia
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:1930 in Poland
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1051:978-0415238854
1050:
1026:
1019:
997:
990:
970:Brandon, Ray;
962:
955:
949:. p. 57.
930:
924:978-0521367134
923:
901:Teich, Mikuláš
889:
883:978-0271023083
882:
876:. p. 48.
858:
852:978-0802037817
851:
827:
821:978-0415053464
820:
814:. p. 50.
796:
790:978-1107135864
789:
765:
739:
714:
708:978-0802071910
707:
680:
670:
660:
649:
635:
616:
593:
578:
556:
550:978-0300125993
549:
507:
506:
504:
501:
498:
497:
487:
476:
475:
473:
470:
466:Orest Subtelny
429:
426:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
346:
331:
328:
292:Prime Minister
200:
197:
100:
99:
92:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1132:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1020:0-7864-0773-5
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
998:
993:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
966:
963:
958:
956:83-7399-163-8
952:
948:
945:(in Polish).
944:
940:
934:
931:
926:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
896:
894:
890:
885:
879:
875:
871:
870:
862:
859:
854:
848:
844:
840:
839:
831:
828:
823:
817:
813:
809:
808:
800:
797:
792:
786:
782:
778:
777:
769:
766:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
715:
710:
704:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
681:
674:
671:
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
645:
639:
636:
631:
628:(in Polish).
627:
620:
617:
612:
608:
604:
597:
594:
589:
585:
581:
579:9788371881473
575:
571:
567:
560:
557:
552:
546:
542:
538:
537:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
509:
502:
491:
488:
481:
478:
471:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
427:
425:
423:
418:
415:
414:Stephan Horak
411:
410:Petro Mirchuk
407:
402:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
358:
356:
350:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
337:
329:
327:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
174:
170:
166:
165:Lesser Poland
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
1065:
1060:
1036:
1029:
1006:
1000:
976:
972:Lower, Wendy
965:
942:
933:
909:
868:
861:
837:
830:
806:
799:
775:
768:
751:
734:
730:
726:
694:
673:
663:
652:
643:
638:
629:
625:
619:
602:
596:
569:
565:
559:
535:
490:
480:
463:
431:
419:
397:
366:
362:
354:
340:
336:Velyki Mosty
333:
317:
289:
262:
251:
240:
228:Nazi Germany
221:
202:
157:voivodeships
150:
129:
127:
94:Response to
77:Perpetrators
26:
905:Porter, Roy
385:Stanisławów
205:Curzon line
161:interbellum
110:Lwów (Lviv)
68:Attack type
1079:Categories
733:(1): 201.
678:diseases."
503:References
459:Ivan Babij
213:the defeat
199:Background
134:Ukrainians
1042:Routledge
1011:McFarland
812:Routledge
760:0406-0393
611:0406-0393
588:613214866
443:Holodomor
373:Drohobycz
173:Ukrainian
941:(2006).
381:Tarnopol
285:Volhynia
226:, later
153:counties
84:Sanation
49:Location
453:of the
281:Galicia
138:Galicia
1048:
1017:
988:
953:
921:
880:
849:
818:
787:
758:
705:
632:: 164.
609:
586:
576:
547:
189:Polish
181:Polish
91:Motive
86:regime
81:Polish
568:[
495:line.
472:Notes
389:Plast
1046:ISBN
1015:ISBN
986:ISBN
951:ISBN
919:ISBN
878:ISBN
847:ISBN
816:ISBN
785:ISBN
756:ISSN
703:ISBN
630:VIII
607:ISSN
584:OCLC
574:ISBN
545:ISBN
439:Lwów
383:and
377:Lwów
320:Sejm
307:and
277:Lwów
128:The
116:and
59:Date
947:PAN
731:VII
275:in
171:" (
136:in
1081::
1040:.
1009:.
980:.
913:.
903:;
892:^
872:.
810:.
779:.
742:^
729:.
717:^
697:.
683:^
582:.
539:.
511:^
461:.
457:)
379:,
375:,
315:.
303:,
287:.
191::
183::
175::
148:.
112:,
1054:.
1023:.
994:.
959:.
927:.
886:.
855:.
824:.
793:.
762:.
711:.
613:.
590:.
553:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
