1945:
395:
1786:
1875:
1848:
936:
1933:
1909:
696:
1921:
1813:
704:
1957:
280:
1894:
1863:
123:
1428:
1311:
468:
1115:). These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel. Each has an essential function: identification codes either relate product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes allow for the automated input of identification codes and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners within the distribution channel.
803:
438:
4750:
1226:
1096:
40:
1575:
1202:
1214:
1190:
1238:
3127:
1829:
793:– Packaging and labels are increasingly used to go beyond marketing to brand positioning, with the materials used and design chosen key to the storytelling element of brand development. Due to the increasingly fragmented media landscape in the digital age this aspect of packaging is of growing importance.
786:
packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-liter bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own
1502:
is encouraged. Returnable packaging has long been useful (and economically viable) for closed-loop logistics systems. Inspection, cleaning, repair, and recouperage are often needed. Some manufacturers re-use the packaging of the incoming parts for a product, either as packaging for the outgoing
1052:
Several aspects of consumer package labeling are subject to regulation. One of the most important is to accurately state the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the package contents. Consumers expect that the label accurately reflects the actual contents. Manufacturers and packagers must have
1510:
is the reprocessing of materials (pre- and post-consumer) into new products. Emphasis is focused on recycling the largest primary components of a package: steel, aluminum, papers, plastics, etc. Small components can be chosen which are not difficult to separate and do not contaminate recycling
1487:
is a primary goal. Packaging should be used only where needed. Proper packaging can also help prevent waste. Packaging plays an important part in preventing loss or damage to the packaged product (contents). Usually, the energy content and material usage of the product being packaged are much
524:. In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits is expected to have a major impact on the market.
370:
printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, he was once printing an order of seed bags, and the metal ruler, commonly used to crease bags, shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes.
599:– liquids and powders need to be contained for shipment and sale. Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of storage and selling efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 marbles requires less physical handling than 1000 single marbles.
1334:. When the distribution system includes individual shipments by a small parcel carrier, the sorting, handling, and mixed stacking make severe demands on the strength and protective ability of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of uniform palletized
339:
78:
of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing,
1495:. The mass and volume of packaging (per unit of contents) can be measured and used as criteria for minimizing the package in the design process. Usually "reduced" packaging also helps minimize costs. Packaging engineers continue to work toward reduced packaging.
1559:
Sustainability is the fastest-growing driver for packaging development, particularly for packaging manufacturers that work with the world's leading brands, as their CSR (Corporate Social
Responsibility) targets often exceed those of the EU Directive.
909:
can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when used to combine smaller packages, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate some types of distribution, such as to affix a number of cartons on a pallet.
1266:
process. Alternatively, the development of a package (or component) can be a separate process but must be linked closely with the product to be packaged. Package design starts with the identification of all the requirements: structural design,
1170:
have special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. On transport packages, standardized symbols are also used to communicate handling needs. Some are defined in the
459:
In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years: since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to
479:
Many prominent innovations in the packaging industry were developed first for military use. Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport
492:
or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to
1338:, the structural design of the package can be designed to meet those specific needs, such as vertical stacking for a longer time frame. A package designed for one mode of shipment may not be suited to another.
322:, UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans. In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States by
83:, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and for personal use.
2119:
1785:
1488:
greater than that of the package. A vital function of the package is to protect the product for its intended use: if the product is damaged or degraded, its entire energy and material content may be lost.
872:
Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.
307:
and John Hall, who refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on
Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for the
252:
for making "Pontypoole Plates". The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was possible with the former practice of
1874:
1944:
1384:: These intentionally make the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, might be disabled or elderly and unable to readily open the package. Meeting all goals is a challenge.
593:
is a primary function. A barrier is also implemented in cases where segregation of two materials prior to end use is required, as in the case of special paints, glues, medical fluids, etc.
1072:
has
Handbook 133, Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods. This is a procedural guide for compliance testing of net contents and is referenced by several other regulatory agencies.
699:
Permanent, tamper evident voiding label with a dual number tab to help keep packaging secure with the additional benefit of being able to track and trace parcels and packages.
1536:
are undertaken for some materials. Certain US states regulate packages for toxic contents, which have the potential to contaminate emissions and ash from incineration and
947:
Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized. For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications (such as the
109:. Many countries or regions have regulations governing the content of package labels. Merchandising, branding, and persuasive graphics are not covered in this article.
1126:
item identification codes, the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code), the SSCC-18 (Serial
Shipping Container Codes), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated
739:, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be minimized or prevented with such anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include
2717:
2134:
1075:
Other regions and countries have their own regulatory requirements. For example, the UK has its
Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations as well as several
3204:
1341:
With some types of products, the design process involves detailed regulatory requirements for the packaging. For example, any package components that may contact
1176:
1932:
1812:
1828:
1593:, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements,
1847:
691:. Most packaging is designed to reflect the brand's message and identity on the one hand while highlighting the respective product concept on the other hand.
2931:
4967:
4338:
1908:
2985:
2847:
735:
or the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage than other types, and some have pilfer-indicating seals.
759:
tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means of
394:
5008:
4248:
1076:
2784:
Yoxall, A.; Janson, R.; Bradbury, S.R.; Langley, J.; Wearn, J.; Hayes, S. (2006). "Openability: producing design limits for consumer packaging".
935:
497:
experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials,
3100:
3080:
2431:
2354:
2329:
2302:
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1920:
303:
in 1810. After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other
Englishmen,
1893:
1291:), completion time targets, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and agreed upon. Package design processes often employ
3650:
2641:
3159:
1464:
which considers the material and energy inputs and outputs to the package, the packaged product (contents), the packaging process, the
4917:
4785:
4634:
3115:
Tweede, Selke, Cartons, Crates And
Corrugated Board: Handbook of Paper And Wood Packaging Technology, Destech Pub ,2014, 2nd edition,
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1761:
996:
4937:
4604:
3452:
3110:
3090:
3067:
3056:
2507:
Lee, Ki-Eun; Kim; An; Lyu; Lee (1998). "Effectiveness of modified atmosphere packaging in preserving a prepared ready-to-eat food".
2076:
2049:
971:
that notes conformance to EU weights and measures accuracy regulations. Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include the
930:
2905:
2725:
2393:
1862:
366:
box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as a result of an accident: as a
4574:
1956:
875:
Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, and may be used to prevent pilferage or to group primary packages together.
2739:
Rodgers, G.B. (1996). "The safety effects of child-resistant packaging for oral prescription drugs. Two decades of experience".
4932:
4308:
4162:
4007:
2966:
1065:
756:
489:
4962:
4413:
1148:
1010:
752:
773:
in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, using, dispensing, reusing, recycling, and ease of
509:) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements.
4524:
3477:
2819:
Zabaniotou, A; Kassidi (2003). "Life cycle assessment applied to egg packaging made from polystyrene and recycled paper".
2414:
Y. Schneider; C. Kluge; U. Weiß; H. Rohm (2010). "Packaging
Materials and Equipment". In Barry A. Law, A.Y. Tamime (ed.).
1627:
948:
245:
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1300:
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4569:
4453:
3685:
3467:
1416:
1366:
1112:
4212:
2472:
Choi, Seung-Jin; Burgess (2007). "Practical mathematical model to predict the performance of insulating packages".
1976:
1900:
736:
431:
31:
2615:
1585:
Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety,
963:, etc. Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, for example the
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3347:
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on the packaging, and in the case of food products, medicine, and some chemicals the packaging often contains an
449:
2879:
695:
4554:
4423:
4022:
3442:
3412:
3302:
680:
2982:
2854:
1597:
of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity,
1472:, etc. It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use.
2542:
Severin, J (2007). "New
Methodology for Whole-Package Microbial Challenge Testing for Medical Device Trays".
4957:
4584:
4207:
4127:
3987:
3515:
3152:
1590:
1263:
995:, products of animal origin which are intended to be consumed by humans have to carry standard, oval-shaped
548:
494:
484:, supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in
731:
features indicating that tampering has taken place. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of
203:, noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.
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585:
or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh,
453:
200:
102:
3131:
1411:
methodology is required for all but the simplest package design and development programs. An effective
4702:
4564:
4092:
3407:
3239:
2011:
2006:
1602:
1511:
operations. Packages can sometimes be designed to separate components to better facilitate recycling.
1453:
1372:
Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory. For example, regulations for an
1225:
3002:
Bickford, Michalina (2009). "Kirk‐Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Recycling, Packaging".
2753:
4942:
4589:
4398:
4197:
4037:
3917:
3377:
2602:
1981:
1569:
1522:
1304:
642:
582:
517:
703:
539:– The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanical
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1996:
1986:
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1666:
1525:
in approved facilities make use of the heat available from incinerating the packaging components.
1499:
1412:
1408:
1358:
1172:
1058:
984:
834:
819:
708:
638:
604:
461:
154:, woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed: first
1237:
1189:
318:. Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road,
279:
2423:
679:
and physical design have been important and constantly evolving phenomena for several decades.
661:, usually in a shorthand form. Packages may indicate their construction material with a symbol.
434:
were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality.
122:
4912:
4871:
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4771:
4722:
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4408:
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2072:
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to assure that they comply with regulations that have the well being of the consumer in mind.
1292:
1276:
1131:
1054:
1044:
includes many symbols, many of them covered by international standards, foremost ISO 15223-1.
1022:
960:
744:
732:
724:
608:
540:
292:
3026:
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1991:
1819:
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1404:
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2716:
Sotomayor, Rene E.; Arvidson, Kirk; Mayer, Julie; McDougal, Andrew; Sheu, Chingju (2007).
1704:
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260:
237:
98:
2909:
2848:"Life Cycle Inventory of Packaging Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods"
1427:
905:
These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on the use, a
467:
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4624:
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3307:
2174:
King, P.W. (1988), "Wolverley Lower Mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry",
1838:
1449:
1377:
1354:
1284:
1159:, has also moved in this direction and is putting pressure on its suppliers to comply.
1030:
992:
968:
842:
830:
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684:
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521:
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received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats. Scottish-born
351:
347:
192:
169:
The first usage of paper for packaging was sheets of treated mulberry bark used by the
2832:
1361:
need to verify that the completed package will keep the product safe for its intended
437:
338:
5043:
5018:
4977:
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2416:
2321:
Cartons, crates and corrugated board: handbook of paper and wood packaging technology
2016:
2001:
1834:
1745:
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1365:
with normal usage. Packaging processes, labeling, distribution, and sale need to be
1330:
An example of how package design is affected by other factors is its relationship to
1156:
783:
650:
383:
3011:
2963:
2528:
1663:, case, tray, and carrier forming, packing, unpacking, closing, and sealing machines
1357:
need to verify that such packaging materials are allowed by applicable regulations.
220:
for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacturing of tinplate was the
4258:
4187:
4117:
4107:
4097:
4082:
4017:
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3775:
3765:
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3665:
3590:
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3525:
3492:
3392:
3367:
1644:
1529:
1387:
Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external
1350:
1323:
498:
485:
472:
304:
300:
241:
177:
48:
271:
in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards.
2319:
2292:
2266:
1057:
procedures and accurate equipment; even so, there is inherent variability in all
4998:
4902:
4881:
4841:
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4504:
4378:
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3432:
3317:
1881:
1800:
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1733:
1400:
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906:
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used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a
802:
770:
748:
566:
552:
423:
359:
163:
44:
39:
3095:
Robertson, G.L., "Food Packaging: Principles and Practice", 3rd edition, 2013,
2570:
2243:
1262:
Package design and development are often thought of as an integral part of the
4982:
4619:
4599:
4489:
4358:
4283:
4172:
4087:
3952:
3912:
3887:
3852:
3822:
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3720:
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3540:
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2093:
2021:
1963:
1792:
1698:
1677:
1654:
1623:
1598:
1574:
1396:
1362:
1287:, end-use, environmental, etc. The design criteria, performance (specified by
1272:
964:
850:
829:
Packaging may be described in relation to the type of product being packaged:
658:
654:
626:
590:
570:
415:
363:
315:
308:
139:
75:
56:
2762:
1419:
protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all.
240:
brought the method to England where it was improved by ironmasters including
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4712:
4519:
4313:
4202:
4192:
4182:
4137:
4112:
3957:
3842:
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1771:
1719:
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1507:
1465:
1457:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1280:
1268:
1108:
1018:
1014:
956:
913:
Packaging can also have categories based on the package form. For example,
894:
887:
883:
879:
672:
622:
574:
544:
427:
319:
314:
The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the
249:
191:
The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a
80:
3126:
2770:
2450:
The Packaging Matrix: Linking Package Design Criteria to the Marketing Mix
2159:
Brown, P.J. (1988), "Andrew Yarranton and the British tinplate industry",
1399:, vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, total
4922:
4856:
4821:
4811:
4534:
4484:
4393:
4263:
4222:
4052:
3977:
3967:
3872:
3807:
3710:
3695:
3640:
3580:
3457:
3422:
3322:
2127:
Conference on Historical Analysis & Research in Marketing Proceedings
1853:
1631:
1537:
1533:
1152:
1142:
940:
846:
720:
634:
481:
407:
367:
284:
233:
221:
135:
1475:
The traditional "three R's" of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a
1175:
D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods",
856:
It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function:
512:
As of 2003, the packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the
17:
4907:
4886:
4851:
4273:
4268:
4217:
3927:
3675:
3530:
1767:
1739:
1657:
equipment, over-capping, lidding, closing, seaming and sealing machines
1127:
1100:
1026:
1002:
586:
379:
375:
268:
225:
217:
185:
181:
147:
67:
27:
Enclosure or protection of products for distribution, storage, and sale
2589:
2555:
1107:
Technologies related to shipping containers are identification codes,
645:
by government legislation. Some packages and labels also are used for
4687:
4072:
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3595:
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1715:
1541:
1319:
891:
600:
562:
441:
419:
411:
253:
159:
151:
131:
130:
The first packages used the natural materials available at the time:
52:
2797:
2718:"Regulatory Report, Assessing the Safety of Food Contact Substances"
2520:
2485:
1618:
manufactured or modified by in-house engineers and maintenance staff
952:
4836:
4831:
4802:
4794:
4077:
3997:
3897:
3620:
2616:"Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods, Handbook 133 - 2020"
1885:
1775:
1726:
1573:
1426:
1309:
1244:
1137:
Small parcel carriers often have their own formats. For example,
1094:
1064:
Regulations attempt to handle both sides of this. In the US, the
934:
801:
751:. Packages also can include anti-theft devices such as dye-packs,
702:
694:
668:
618:
466:
436:
393:
278:
196:
155:
121:
106:
38:
1695:: handling dry, powdered, solid, liquid, gas, or viscous products
422:. These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved
3907:
3847:
3585:
1342:
1069:
630:
291:
With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for
143:
4767:
3141:
2571:"Effective Vulnerability Assessment of Tamper-Indicating Seals"
1615:
purchased custom-made or custom-tailored to specific operations
1013:
labels are common to allow automated information management in
4002:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3575:
3545:
1660:
1318:
system. Packages designed for controlled shipments of uniform
1151:
labels for shipping containers are also increasingly used. A
1123:
452:
became the first university in the world to offer a degree in
162:
vessels. The study of old packages is an essential aspect of
71:
675:
to encourage potential buyers to purchase a product. Package
3137:
1674:
Coding, printing, marking, stamping, and imprinting machines
1479:
which may be considered in product and package development.
810:
Packaging may be of several different types. For example, a
346:
Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern
4763:
2933:
Use Reusables: Fundamentals of Reusable Transport Packaging
2370:
687:
are applied to the surface of the package and often to the
299:, the tin canning process was patented by British merchant
2939:, US Environmental Protection Agency, 2012, archived from
2668:
The Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations 2006
2202:
History of the British iron and steel industry ... to 1775
1637:
Packaging machines may be of the following general types:
406:
Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included
173:
to wrap foods as early as the first or second century BC.
3072:
Meisner, "Transport Packaging", Third Edition, IoPP, 2016
3062:
Dean, D.A., 'Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology", 2000,
2061:
Brennan, James G.; Day, Brian P. F. (2005). "Packaging".
1068:
provides requirements for many types of products. Also,
1037:
and other printing calibration and troubleshooting cues.
826:
as one which is directed toward a consumer or household.
259:
Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the
176:
The usage of paper-like material in Europe was when the
2622:, US National Institute of Science and Technology, 2020
2244:"BBC News - The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't"
747:
to help indicate that the package and contents are not
719:– Packaging can play an important role in reducing the
532:
Packaging and package labeling have several objectives
267:. By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported.
723:
risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved
573:
is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain
386:
patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852.
3075:
Morris, S.A., "Food and Package Engineering", 2011,
2992:. Newsroom-magazine.com. Retrieved on June 27, 2012.
2394:"The History and Significance of Military Packaging"
1837:
applicator applying a label to adjacent panels of a
1556:, governments, consumers, packagers, and retailers.
4991:
4895:
4801:
4643:
4462:
4231:
3861:
3506:
3293:
3175:
1491:Minimization (also "source reduction") – Eliminate
1179:780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods", and
3085:Pilchik, R., "Validating Medical Packaging" 2002,
2297:. Taylor & Francis Group. September 27, 2004.
1671:Cleaning, sterilizing, cooling and drying machines
1083:, products with hazardous formulas need to have a
1134:, and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards.
374:Commercial paper bags were first manufactured in
1689:Feeding, orienting, placing and related machines
1322:loads may not be suited to mixed shipments with
1025:labeling is often used. Some products might use
3205:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
3004:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
2324:. DEStech Publications. pp. 41–42, 55–56.
1452:, environmental responsibility, and applicable
1448:Package development involves considerations of
1314:Transport packaging needs to be matched to its
999:for food safety and quality insurance reasons.
806:Various types of household packaging for foods.
464:, consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure.
105:on the package or on a separate but associated
2671:, UK Statutory Instruments, 2006 No. 659, 2006
2642:"WEIGHING YOUR OPTIONS WITH NIST HANDBOOK 133"
2447:Bix, L; Rifon; Lockhart; de la Fuente (2003).
1612:purchased as standard, off-the-shelf equipment
354:was produced commercially in 1817 in England.
126:Bronze wine container from the 9th century BC.
4779:
3153:
1938:Shrink film wrap being applied on PET bottles
727:to deter manipulation and they can also have
625:, or dispose of the package or product. With
8:
2178:, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 104–113
1914:Equipment for thermoforming packages at NASA
1118:Elements of these core technologies include
528:The purposes of packaging and package labels
4968:United Kingdom food information regulations
4339:Hazard analysis and critical control points
2318:Diana Twede & Susan E.M. Selke (2005).
2232:(CD-ROM, University of Wolverhampton 1995).
2113:
2111:
569:, sunlight, dust, etc., is often required.
520:. About half of this market was related to
4786:
4772:
4764:
3160:
3146:
3138:
2691:"Sam's Club Tells Suppliers to Tag or Pay"
2418:Technology of Cheesemaking: Second Edition
2163:, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 42–48
878:Tertiary or transit packaging is used for
589:and safe for the duration of the intended
5009:Automatic identification and data capture
4249:Automatic identification and data capture
2752:
1503:product or as part of the product itself.
51:, which was itself packaged in a folding
2216:The British tinplate industry: a history
1926:Automated labeling line for wine bottles
641:products, some types of information are
337:
263:in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from
3105:Selke, S., "Plastics Packaging", 2004,
2964:"HP DeskJet 1200C Printer Architecture"
2044:, Institute of Packaging Professionals
2033:
1781:
1552:is an area of considerable interest to
1253:List of symbols § Consumer_symbols
1185:
2230:et al., Gloucester Port Books Database
2120:"The Origins of Paper Based Packaging"
1884:components and molding packaging from
1701:: visual, sound, metal detecting, etc.
1540:from landfill. Packages should not be
769:– Packages can have features that add
444:bottle and carton, early 20th century.
356:Corrugated (also called pleated) paper
2218:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 10
1754:Wrapping machines: stretch wrapping,
1103:) label application to a pallet load.
1099:"Print & Apply" corner wrap UCC (
7:
3651:Flexible intermediate bulk container
2973:. (PDF). Retrieved on June 27, 2012.
2885:. US Environmental Protection Agency
2689:Bacheldor, Beth (January 11, 2008).
2371:"Michigan State School of Packaging"
2347:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology
2188:
2042:Fundamentals of Packaging Technology
1818:High speed conveyor with stationary
1712:Package filling and closing machines
890:shipping. The most common form is a
1686:, accumulating and related machines
1641:Accumulating and collating machines
1111:, and electronic data interchange (
925:Labels and symbols used on packages
649:purposes. Most items include their
621:communicate how to use, transport,
426:. As additional materials such as
287:with instructions for home canning.
4635:Vertical form fill sealing machine
2906:"The Incredible Shrinking Package"
2603:How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work”
1868:Automatic stretch wrapping machine
1258:Package development considerations
997:EC identification and health marks
25:
4938:List of food labeling regulations
4605:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
3453:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
2880:"SmartWay Transport Partnerships"
2578:Journal of Testing and Evaluation
2544:Journal of Testing and Evaluation
2345:Brody, A. L; Marsh, K. S (1997).
2242:Geoghegan, Tom (April 21, 2013).
931:List of food labeling regulations
101:) is any written, electronic, or
4749:
4748:
4575:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
3125:
2904:DeRusha, Jason (July 16, 2007).
2786:Packaging Technology and Science
2509:Packaging Technology and Science
2474:Packaging Technology and Science
2228:Data extracted from D.P. Hussey
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1892:
1873:
1861:
1846:
1827:
1811:
1784:
1709:Orienting, unscrambling machines
1376:might require the package to be
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
342:Packing folding cartons of salt.
283:1914 magazine advertisement for
4933:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
4309:Electronic article surveillance
4163:Shock and vibration data logger
4008:Linear low-density polyethylene
3012:10.1002/0471238961.recypack.a01
2294:Encyclopedia of Kitchen History
1778:cutters, parts attachment, etc.
1066:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
757:electronic article surveillance
4963:Radio-frequency identification
4414:Radio-frequency identification
3027:"Leftover Straw Gets New Life"
2640:Hines, A (February 18, 2019).
2401:Defence Packaging Policy Group
1628:programmable logic controllers
1532:, and placement in a sanitary
1460:regulations. It may involve a
1145:2-D code for parcel tracking.
350:date back to 1839. The first
195:traveller visiting markets in
1:
4525:Extended core stretch wrapper
3478:Single-serve coffee container
2833:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00076-8
2821:Journal of Cleaner Production
2646:Food Safety Net Services News
1950:Pharmaceutical packaging line
1651:and vacuum packaging machines
1033:. Packaging may have visible
3681:Insulated shipping container
2265:William H. Chaloner (1963).
2092:Paula, Hook (May 11, 2017).
1762:Form, fill and seal machines
1608:Packaging machinery can be:
1423:Environmental considerations
1403:, etc. Some sort of formal
1301:computer-aided manufacturing
921:describe broad usage areas.
597:Containment or agglomeration
382:, in 1844, and the American
180:used low grade and recycled
4847:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
4570:Material-handling equipment
4454:Verification and validation
3686:Intermediate bulk container
3468:Self-heating food packaging
3025:Wood, Marcia (April 2002).
2422:. Wiley-Blackwell. p.
2403:. Defence Logistics Agency.
2392:Maloney, J.C. (July 2003).
2373:. Michigan State University
1766:Other specialty machinery:
1417:Verification and Validation
1091:Shipping container labeling
943:on a can of condensed milk.
787:bottles to fill themselves.
782:– Single serving or single
581:to help extend shelf life.
5076:
4213:Time temperature indicator
2271:. Routledge. p. 107.
2133:: 288–300 . Archived from
1977:Brazilian packaging market
1901:rotary arm stretch wrapper
1880:Equipment used for making
1622:Efforts at packaging line
1567:
1437:
1250:
987:. Food packaging may show
928:
737:Counterfeit consumer goods
32:Packaging (disambiguation)
29:
4746:
4668:Environmental engineering
4630:Turntable stretch wrapper
4560:Lineshaft roller conveyor
4550:Injection molding machine
3488:Toothpaste pump dispenser
3348:Disposable food packaging
3190:Child-resistant packaging
2214:Minchinton, W.W. (1957),
1048:Consumer package contents
981:resin identification code
707:A single-serving shampoo
551:, abrasion, compression,
450:Michigan State University
228:for a long time; in 1667
4555:Label printer applicator
4424:Shearing (manufacturing)
4023:Low-density polyethylene
3443:Pharmaceutical packaging
3413:Low plastic water bottle
3303:Alternative wine closure
3049:What Is Packaging Design
2988:August 26, 2010, at the
2983:"Footprints In The Sand"
2763:10.1001/jama.275.21.1661
2094:"A History of Packaging"
2064:Food Processing Handbook
1725:Product identification:
897:that packs tightly into
681:Marketing communications
615:Information transmission
418:overwraps and panels on
4958:Plain tobacco packaging
4918:Cigarette warning label
4585:Orbital stretch wrapper
4208:Temperature data logger
4128:Pressure-sensitive tape
3988:Humidity indicator card
3516:Aerosol spray dispenser
2846:Franklin (April 2004).
2569:Johnston, R.G. (1997).
2096:. Ohio State University
1856:used to palletize bread
1554:standards organizations
1393:independent contractors
1264:new product development
1007:Universal Product Codes
659:expiry/best-before date
549:electrostatic discharge
398:A packet advertising a
4304:Die forming (plastics)
4013:Liquid packaging board
3716:Multilayered packaging
3448:Plastic milk container
3428:Optical disc packaging
2908:. WCCO. Archived from
1962:Filling machinery for
1582:
1435:
1347:food contact materials
1327:
1104:
944:
807:
761:retail loss prevention
712:
700:
514:gross national product
476:
445:
403:
343:
328:Waterbury, Connecticut
288:
265:Newport, Monmouthshire
248:had a rolling mill at
127:
60:
4953:Nutrition facts label
4733:Sustainable packaging
4683:Life-cycle assessment
4663:Closed-loop box reuse
4610:Seed-counting machine
3943:Corrugated fiberboard
3893:Biodegradable plastic
3616:Corrugated box design
3270:Sustainable packaging
3260:Shelf-ready packaging
3235:Packaging engineering
3031:Agricultural Research
2969:June 7, 2011, at the
2268:People and Industries
2176:Historical Metallurgy
2161:Historical Metallurgy
1577:
1550:sustainable packaging
1462:life cycle assessment
1444:sustainable packaging
1430:
1389:packaging engineering
1374:over-the-counter drug
1313:
1297:computer-aided design
1283:, legal, regulatory,
1251:Further information:
1181:GHS hazard pictograms
1139:United Parcel Service
1098:
989:food contact material
938:
839:over-the-counter drug
805:
706:
698:
689:point of sale display
495:operations in Iceland
471:A pill box made from
470:
454:Packaging Engineering
440:
397:
362:invented the pre-cut
341:
334:Paper-based packaging
282:
184:for the packaging of
134:of reeds, wineskins (
125:
103:graphic communication
42:
4703:PET bottle recycling
4565:Logistics automation
4093:Plastic-coated paper
3240:Resealable packaging
3134:at Wikimedia Commons
3051:, Rotovision. 2004,
2860:on December 17, 2008
2118:Diana Twede (2005).
2071:. pp. 291–350.
2022:Zero-waste lifestyle
2012:Resealable packaging
2007:Polypropylene raffia
1603:return on investment
915:thermoform packaging
816:distribution package
791:Branding/Positioning
583:Modified atmospheres
113:History of packaging
30:For other uses, see
4943:Mandatory labelling
4755:Category: Packaging
4590:Packaging machinery
4399:Product development
4198:Tamper-evident band
4038:Modified atmosphere
3378:Foam food container
2946:on January 14, 2015
2728:on August 26, 2009.
2697:on January 22, 2008
2605:, HowStuffWorks.com
1982:Document automation
1744:Weighing machines:
1570:Packaging machinery
1564:Packaging machinery
1523:refuse-derived fuel
1359:Packaging engineers
1305:document automation
1164:hazardous materials
537:Physical protection
518:developed countries
295:by French inventor
5060:Product management
4827:In-mould labelling
4718:Reusable packaging
4678:Industrial ecology
4439:Ultrasonic welding
4404:Production control
4354:Injection moulding
4239:Aseptic processing
3948:Corrugated plastic
3818:Steel and tin cans
3788:Shipping container
3726:Packet (container)
3463:Seasonal packaging
3363:Evidence packaging
3343:Currency packaging
3338:Cosmetic packaging
3245:Reusable packaging
1997:Package cushioning
1987:In-mould labelling
1732:Sealing machines:
1667:Cartoning machines
1589:, serviceability,
1583:
1500:Reusable packaging
1436:
1413:quality management
1409:project management
1328:
1105:
1035:registration marks
979:(which could be a
945:
919:flexible packaging
841:packaging, retail
820:shipping container
808:
713:
701:
609:granular materials
559:Barrier protection
477:
462:curbside recycling
446:
404:
344:
289:
128:
61:
47:Tablets 2000 in a
5037:
5036:
4913:Country of origin
4872:Security printing
4862:Security hologram
4817:Die cutting (web)
4761:
4760:
4723:Reverse logistics
4708:Plastic recycling
4580:Multihead weigher
4500:Cartoning machine
4495:Cap torque tester
4409:Quality assurance
4384:Plastic extrusion
4349:Induction sealing
4319:Extrusion coating
4178:Staple (fastener)
4148:Security printing
3983:Hot-melt adhesive
3556:Biodegradable bag
3398:Glass milk bottle
3280:Tamper resistance
3220:Package pilferage
3195:Contract packager
3130:Media related to
3101:978-1-4398-6241-4
3081:978-0-8138-1479-7
2590:10.1520/JTE11883J
2556:10.1520/JTE100869
2433:978-1-4051-8298-0
2356:978-0-471-06397-1
2331:978-1-932078-42-8
2304:978-1-57958-380-4
2278:978-0-7146-1284-3
1899:A semi-automatic
1750:multihead weigher
1740:Slitting machines
1718:, depalletizing,
1626:increasingly use
1293:rapid prototyping
1277:quality assurance
1077:other regulations
1055:quality assurance
1040:The labelling of
1023:Country-of-origin
961:proof of purchase
812:transport package
745:security printing
733:package pilferage
725:tamper resistance
611:need containment.
490:Military Standard
293:food preservation
16:(Redirected from
5067:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4765:
4752:
4751:
4738:Waste management
4728:Source reduction
4545:Industrial robot
4449:Vacuum packaging
4374:Package tracking
4329:Glass production
4289:Corona treatment
4279:Containerization
4143:Screw cap (wine)
4058:Oxygen scavenger
3521:Aluminium bottle
3473:Screw cap (wine)
3418:Luxury packaging
3250:Reuse of bottles
3215:Package delivery
3200:Edible packaging
3185:Active packaging
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2980:
2974:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2912:on July 17, 2007
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2853:. Archived from
2852:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2724:. Archived from
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2693:. Archived from
2686:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2421:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2140:on July 16, 2011
2139:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2058:
2052:
2038:
1992:Packing problems
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1896:
1877:
1865:
1850:
1831:
1820:bar code scanner
1815:
1795:by shrink film,
1788:
1693:Filling machines
1485:Waste prevention
1470:waste management
1405:project planning
1240:
1231:Fragile material
1228:
1216:
1204:
1195:Flammable liquid
1192:
991:symbols. In the
973:recycling symbol
853:packaging, etc.
833:packaging, bulk
824:consumer package
667:– Packaging and
579:oxygen absorbers
432:types of plastic
230:Andrew Yarranton
91:American English
87:Package labeling
21:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5029:Track and trace
5014:Label dispenser
4987:
4928:EU energy label
4891:
4797:
4792:
4762:
4757:
4742:
4698:Paper recycling
4693:Packaging waste
4673:Glass recycling
4645:
4639:
4595:Pallet inverter
4515:Conveyor system
4470:Barcode printer
4458:
4434:Track and trace
4389:Plastic welding
4324:Flame treatment
4294:Curtain coating
4227:
4048:Nonwoven fabric
4033:Metallised film
3938:Container glass
3865:
3863:
3857:
3833:Tub (container)
3731:Padded envelope
3502:
3328:Case-ready meat
3295:
3289:
3225:Package testing
3177:
3171:
3166:
3122:
3044:
3042:Further reading
3039:
3038:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2990:Wayback Machine
2981:
2977:
2971:Wayback Machine
2962:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2798:10.1002/pts.725
2783:
2782:
2778:
2754:10.1.1.507.3265
2747:(21): 1661–65.
2738:
2737:
2733:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2521:10.1002/pts.821
2506:
2505:
2501:
2486:10.1002/pts.762
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2453:. IDS Packaging
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2200:H.R. Schubert,
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2030:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1924:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1789:
1729:, marking, etc.
1705:Label dispenser
1587:maintainability
1572:
1566:
1548:Development of
1519:Waste-to-energy
1515:Energy recovery
1477:waste hierarchy
1446:
1440:Packaging waste
1438:Main articles:
1433:waste hierarchy
1425:
1382:child resistant
1355:food scientists
1345:are designated
1289:package testing
1260:
1255:
1247:
1243:Keep away from
1241:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1168:dangerous goods
1093:
1050:
1042:medical devices
1031:matrix barcodes
933:
927:
800:
798:Packaging types
780:Portion control
671:can be used by
647:track and trace
627:pharmaceuticals
617:– Packages and
561:– A barrier to
530:
507:shipping crates
503:antistatic bags
400:patent medicine
392:
348:folding cartons
336:
297:Nicholas Appert
277:
261:Bristol Channel
238:Ambrose Crowley
214:
209:
120:
115:
99:British English
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5073:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5004:Authentication
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4877:Security label
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:Can collecting
4655:
4653:Biodegradation
4649:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4625:Tape dispenser
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Barcode reader
4472:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:Vacuum forming
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4334:Graphic design
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Blow fill seal
4251:
4246:
4244:Authentication
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4158:Shock detector
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Pump dispenser
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:Plastic pallet
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:Package handle
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Aluminium foil
3875:
3869:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Stand-up pouch
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Plastic bottle
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Folding carton
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Euro container
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:Disposable cup
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Antistatic bag
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Fuel container
3385:
3383:Food packaging
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Ammunition box
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Tamper-evident
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3121:
3120:External links
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3060:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3017:
2994:
2975:
2956:
2923:
2896:
2871:
2838:
2827:(5): 549–559.
2811:
2792:(4): 183–243.
2776:
2731:
2708:
2681:
2658:
2632:
2607:
2595:
2561:
2534:
2499:
2480:(6): 369–380.
2464:
2439:
2432:
2406:
2384:
2362:
2355:
2337:
2330:
2310:
2303:
2284:
2277:
2257:
2234:
2221:
2206:
2193:
2181:
2166:
2151:
2107:
2084:
2077:
2067:(1 ed.).
2053:
2040:Soroka (2002)
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1839:corrugated box
1833:
1826:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1684:Conveyor belts
1681:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1580:bottling lines
1568:Main article:
1565:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1526:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1450:sustainability
1424:
1421:
1378:tamper-evident
1285:graphic design
1259:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1092:
1089:
1049:
1046:
993:European Union
977:recycling code
969:estimated sign
929:Main article:
926:
923:
903:
902:
876:
873:
851:pharmaceutical
843:food packaging
831:medical device
799:
796:
795:
794:
788:
777:
764:
743:seals and use
741:authentication
729:tamper-evident
693:
692:
685:graphic design
677:graphic design
662:
612:
594:
556:
529:
526:
522:food packaging
505:, and various
414:, transparent
391:
388:
352:corrugated box
335:
332:
276:
273:
213:
210:
208:
205:
119:
116:
114:
111:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5072:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Label printer
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Warning label
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Release liner
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Shrink tunnel
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Check weigher
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Bottling line
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Thermoforming
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Roll slitting
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Laser cutting
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Hermetic seal
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:Security tape
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Polypropylene
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Packaging gas
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Shipping tube
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Flexible tank
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Package theft
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Overpackaging
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3111:1-56990-372-7
3108:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:1-56676-807-1
3088:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:0-7484-0440-6
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:2-88046-618-0
3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2550:(4): 100869.
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2457:September 16,
2452:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:, p. 109
2190:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:9783527307197
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:1-930268-25-4
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Gift wrapping
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Pallet collar
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:Label printer
1830:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:shrinkwrapped
1791:Bakery goods
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:check weigher
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:or glue units
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:Blister packs
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:overpackaging
1490:
1486:
1483:Prevention –
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:environmental
1451:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:Toxicologists
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1162:Shipments of
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
937:
932:
924:
922:
920:
916:
911:
908:
900:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:bulk handling
877:
874:
871:
870:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
804:
797:
792:
789:
785:
781:
778:
776:
772:
768:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
705:
697:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:field rations
496:
491:
487:
483:
474:
469:
465:
463:
457:
455:
451:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
396:
389:
387:
385:
384:Francis Wolle
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
340:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:, an English
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
124:
117:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5023:
4805:construction
4644:Environment,
4259:Blow molding
4188:Stretch wrap
4118:Polyethylene
4108:Plastic wrap
4098:Plastic film
4083:Paper pallet
4018:Living hinge
3923:Coated paper
3803:Spray bottle
3783:Security bag
3776:Water sachet
3766:Salvage drum
3761:Retort pouch
3666:Glass bottle
3561:Blister pack
3526:Aluminum can
3493:Water bottle
3393:Gas cylinder
3368:Field ration
3265:Shelf-stable
3168:
3048:
3047:Calver, G.,
3030:
3020:
3003:
2997:
2978:
2959:
2948:, retrieved
2941:the original
2932:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2910:the original
2899:
2889:December 22,
2887:. Retrieved
2874:
2864:December 13,
2862:. Retrieved
2855:the original
2841:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2726:the original
2721:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:the original
2684:
2673:, retrieved
2667:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:
2635:
2624:, retrieved
2619:
2610:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2564:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2449:
2442:
2417:
2409:
2400:
2387:
2377:February 11,
2375:. Retrieved
2365:
2346:
2340:
2320:
2313:
2293:
2287:
2267:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2237:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2130:
2126:
2100:December 29,
2098:. Retrieved
2087:
2063:
2056:
2041:
2036:
1636:
1621:
1607:
1584:
1558:
1547:
1530:Incineration
1506:Recycling –
1474:
1447:
1386:
1371:
1340:
1329:
1261:
1161:
1147:
1136:
1117:
1106:
1074:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1001:
946:
918:
914:
912:
904:
886:storage and
865:
861:
857:
855:
828:
823:
815:
811:
809:
790:
779:
766:
716:
664:
614:
596:
558:
536:
531:
511:
486:World War II
478:
473:polyethylene
458:
447:
430:and several
410:closures on
405:
390:20th century
373:
345:
313:
305:Bryan Donkin
301:Peter Durand
290:
269:Tobacconists
258:
246:John Hanbury
242:Philip Foley
215:
190:
175:
168:
140:wooden boxes
129:
94:
86:
85:
63:
62:
49:blister pack
36:
4999:Advertising
4903:Advertising
4882:Smart label
4842:Perforation
4540:Heat sealer
4505:Case sealer
4379:Papermaking
4299:Die cutting
4264:Calendering
4168:Shrink wrap
4043:Molded pulp
4028:Meat diaper
3993:Kraft paper
3973:Foam peanut
3963:Double seam
3933:Coextrusion
3903:Bubble wrap
3883:Bail handle
3828:Thermal bag
3751:Plastic bag
3566:Boil-in-bag
3498:Wine bottle
3483:Spray paint
3438:Popcorn bag
3433:Oyster pail
3318:Beer bottle
2722:Food Safety
2701:January 17,
2246:. Bbc.co.uk
1882:molded pulp
1822:for sorting
1801:heat tunnel
1797:heat sealer
1772:perforating
1756:shrink wrap
1734:heat sealer
1716:Palletizing
1655:Bottle caps
1591:reliability
1528:Disposal –
1415:system and
1401:outsourcing
1397:consultants
1219:This way up
1132:symbologies
1130:) bar code
1029:or similar
985:"Green Dot"
983:), and the
907:shrink wrap
849:packaging,
845:, military
837:packaging,
818:can be the
771:convenience
767:Convenience
749:counterfeit
655:lot numbers
567:water vapor
553:temperature
424:food safety
360:Robert Gair
324:Ezra Warner
244:. By 1697,
216:The use of
164:archaeology
118:Ancient era
5044:Categories
4983:Wine label
4620:Staple gun
4600:Palletizer
4490:Can seamer
4359:Lamination
4284:Converting
4173:Slip sheet
4088:Paperboard
3953:Cushioning
3913:Cellophane
3888:Bioplastic
3866:components
3853:Wooden box
3823:Tetra Brik
3746:Paper sack
3721:Multi-pack
3671:Gunny sack
3541:Bag-in-box
3508:Containers
3373:Flour sack
3358:Egg carton
3333:Coffee bag
3313:Banana box
3255:Shelf life
2584:(4): 451.
2515:(7): 417.
2028:References
1964:bag-in-box
1803:on roller
1699:Inspecting
1678:Converting
1649:skin packs
1624:automation
1599:ergonomics
1363:shelf life
1336:unit loads
1273:shelf life
1207:Explosives
1157:Sam's Club
1155:division,
1053:effective
965:CE marking
957:trademarks
899:containers
892:palletized
591:shelf life
575:desiccants
571:Permeation
416:cellophane
364:paperboard
316:can opener
309:Royal Navy
207:Modern era
201:Arab Egypt
146:, ceramic
142:, pottery
76:technology
57:paperboard
5050:Packaging
5024:Packaging
4948:Nameplate
4713:Recycling
4520:Drum pump
4463:Machinery
4314:Extrusion
4232:Processes
4203:Tear tape
4193:Susceptor
4183:Strapping
4138:Screw cap
4113:Polyester
3958:Desiccant
3862:Materials
3843:Unit load
3798:Skin pack
3741:Paper bag
3611:Clamshell
3353:Drink can
3285:Wrap rage
3169:Packaging
3132:Packaging
2806:110144652
2749:CiteSeerX
2494:136558384
2189:King 1988
2144:March 20,
1758:, banding
1720:unit load
1508:Recycling
1466:logistics
1458:recycling
1367:validated
1332:logistics
1326:carriers.
1316:logistics
1281:logistics
1269:marketing
1109:bar codes
1079:. In the
1059:processes
1019:retailing
1015:logistics
1003:Bar codes
895:unit load
888:transport
884:warehouse
862:secondary
755:tags, or
673:marketers
665:Marketing
545:vibration
448:In 1952,
320:Middlesex
254:hammering
250:Pontypool
150:, wooden
136:bota bags
95:labelling
81:logistics
64:Packaging
45:Risperdal
4923:Ecolabel
4857:Printing
4822:Hologram
4812:Adhesive
4795:Labeling
4646:post-use
4535:Heat gun
4485:Calender
4394:Printing
4223:Velostat
4218:Tinplate
4053:Overwrap
3978:Gel pack
3968:Flip-top
3873:Adhesive
3808:Squround
3711:Mesh bag
3696:Jerrycan
3641:Envelope
3581:Bulk box
3458:Sand bag
3423:Milk bag
3408:Juicebox
3323:Box wine
3296:packages
2986:Archived
2967:Archived
2950:June 30,
2916:July 16,
2675:April 8,
2651:April 8,
2626:April 8,
2529:98181751
1971:See also
1805:conveyor
1768:slitters
1727:labeling
1722:assembly
1680:machines
1632:robotics
1542:littered
1538:leachate
1534:landfill
1498:Reuse –
1468:system,
1153:Wal-Mart
1143:MaxiCode
1027:QR codes
955:marks),
941:bar code
866:tertiary
847:materiel
835:chemical
775:disposal
721:security
717:Security
643:required
639:chemical
482:materiel
475:in 1936.
428:aluminum
408:Bakelite
368:Brooklyn
285:cookware
234:engineer
222:monopoly
218:tinplate
212:Tinplate
148:amphorae
55:made of
18:Packaged
4908:Barcode
4896:Content
4887:Sticker
4852:Plastic
4369:Molding
4274:Coating
4269:Canning
3928:Coating
3918:Closure
3676:Inhaler
3531:Ampoule
3403:Growler
3294:Product
3176:General
2771:8637140
2250:June 4,
1605:, etc.
1595:quality
1324:express
1128:GS1-128
1101:GS1-128
967:or the
858:primary
635:medical
623:recycle
605:powders
601:Liquids
587:sterile
488:led to
420:cartons
412:bottles
380:England
376:Bristol
275:Canning
226:Bohemia
193:Persian
186:incense
182:papyrus
171:Chinese
152:barrels
132:baskets
68:science
66:is the
5055:Labels
4753:
4688:Litter
4530:Filler
4073:Pallet
3771:Sachet
3636:Endcap
3601:Carton
3596:Carboy
3571:Bottle
3551:Barrel
3178:topics
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3066:
3055:
2804:
2769:
2751:
2527:
2492:
2430:
2353:
2328:
2301:
2275:
2204:, 429.
2075:
2048:
1854:Robots
1320:pallet
1141:has a
1009:, and
975:, the
939:A UPC
868:,etc.
784:dosage
709:packet
669:labels
651:serial
637:, and
619:labels
607:, and
563:oxygen
555:, etc.
442:Heroin
236:, and
178:Romans
160:bronze
53:carton
4837:Paper
4832:Label
4803:Label
4078:Paper
3998:Label
3898:BoPET
3621:Crate
2944:(PDF)
2937:(PDF)
2883:(PDF)
2858:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2802:S2CID
2574:(PDF)
2525:S2CID
2490:S2CID
2397:(PDF)
2138:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2069:Wiley
1886:straw
1776:laser
1578:Beer
1343:foods
1245:water
541:shock
197:Cairo
156:glass
144:vases
107:label
93:) or
3908:Bung
3848:Vial
3838:Tube
3736:Pail
3631:Drum
3606:Chub
3591:Case
3586:Cage
3107:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3053:ISBN
2952:2014
2918:2007
2891:2008
2866:2008
2767:PMID
2741:JAMA
2703:2008
2677:2020
2653:2020
2628:2020
2620:Nist
2459:2017
2428:ISBN
2379:2012
2351:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2252:2013
2146:2010
2102:2020
2073:ISBN
2046:ISBN
1799:and
1630:and
1521:and
1456:and
1442:and
1431:The
1407:and
1380:and
1353:and
1303:and
1173:ASTM
1149:RFID
1122:and
1070:NIST
1017:and
1011:RFID
951:and
917:and
753:RFID
683:and
653:and
631:food
158:and
74:and
4992:Use
4973:UPC
4003:Lid
3864:and
3706:Keg
3701:Jug
3691:Jar
3576:Box
3546:Bag
3008:doi
2829:doi
2794:doi
2759:doi
2745:275
2586:doi
2552:doi
2517:doi
2482:doi
2424:413
1661:Box
1177:ISO
1166:or
1124:EAN
1120:UPC
1113:EDI
1085:UFI
1081:EEA
953:TÜV
949:FCC
814:or
577:or
516:in
326:of
224:of
138:),
72:art
43:UK
5046::
3029:.
3006:.
2825:11
2823:.
2800:.
2790:16
2788:.
2765:.
2757:.
2743:.
2720:.
2644:.
2618:,
2582:25
2580:.
2576:.
2548:35
2546:.
2523:.
2513:21
2511:.
2488:.
2478:20
2476:.
2426:.
2399:.
2349:.
2131:12
2129:.
2125:.
2110:^
1774:,
1770:,
1748:,
1647:,
1634:.
1601:,
1517:–
1395:,
1391::
1349:.
1307:.
1299:,
1295:,
1279:,
1275:,
1271:,
1183:.
1087:.
1061:.
1021:.
1005:,
959:,
882:,
864:,
860:,
633:,
629:,
603:,
565:,
547:,
543:,
501:,
456:.
378:,
330:.
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