1974:
395:
1459:
1815:
1904:
1877:
936:
1962:
1938:
696:
1950:
1842:
704:
1325:
1986:
280:
1923:
1892:
123:
1467:
468:
1115:). These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel. Each has an essential function: identification codes either relate product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes allow for the automated input of identification codes and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners within the distribution channel.
803:
438:
4787:
1226:
1096:
40:
1316:
1604:
1202:
1214:
1190:
1238:
3164:
1858:
793:– Packaging and labels are increasingly used to go beyond marketing to brand positioning, with the materials used and design chosen key to the storytelling element of brand development. Due to the increasingly fragmented media landscape in the digital age this aspect of packaging is of growing importance.
786:
packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-liter bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own
1531:
is encouraged. Returnable packaging has long been useful (and economically viable) for closed-loop logistics systems. Inspection, cleaning, repair, and recouperage are often needed. Some manufacturers re-use the packaging of the incoming parts for a product, either as packaging for the outgoing
1052:
Several aspects of consumer package labeling are subject to regulation. One of the most important is to accurately state the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the package contents. Consumers expect that the label accurately reflects the actual contents. Manufacturers and packagers must have
1539:
is the reprocessing of materials (pre- and post-consumer) into new products. Emphasis is focused on recycling the largest primary components of a package: steel, aluminum, papers, plastics, etc. Small components can be chosen which are not difficult to separate and do not contaminate recycling
1516:
is a primary goal. Packaging should be used only where needed. Proper packaging can also help prevent waste. Packaging plays an important part in preventing loss or damage to the packaged product (contents). Usually, the energy content and material usage of the product being packaged are much
524:. In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits is expected to have a major impact on the market.
370:
printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, he was once printing an order of seed bags, and the metal ruler, commonly used to crease bags, shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes.
599:– liquids and powders need to be contained for shipment and sale. Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of storage and selling efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 marbles requires less physical handling than 1000 single marbles.
1355:. When the distribution system includes individual shipments by a small parcel carrier, the sorting, handling, and mixed stacking make severe demands on the strength and protective ability of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of uniform palletized
339:
78:
of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing,
1524:. The mass and volume of packaging (per unit of contents) can be measured and used as criteria for minimizing the package in the design process. Usually "reduced" packaging also helps minimize costs. Packaging engineers continue to work toward reduced packaging.
1588:
Sustainability is the fastest-growing driver for packaging development, particularly for packaging manufacturers that work with the world's leading brands, as their CSR (Corporate Social
Responsibility) targets often exceed those of the EU Directive.
909:
can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when used to combine smaller packages, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate some types of distribution, such as to affix a number of cartons on a pallet.
1266:
process. Alternatively, the development of a package (or component) can be a separate process but must be linked closely with the product to be packaged. Package design starts with the identification of all the requirements: structural design,
1170:
have special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. On transport packages, standardized symbols are also used to communicate handling needs. Some are defined in the
459:
In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years: since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to
479:
Many prominent innovations in the packaging industry were developed first for military use. Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport
492:
or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to
1359:, the structural design of the package can be designed to meet those specific needs, such as vertical stacking for a longer time frame. A package designed for one mode of shipment may not be suited to another.
322:, UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans. In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States by
83:, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and for personal use.
2156:
1814:
1517:
greater than that of the package. A vital function of the package is to protect the product for its intended use: if the product is damaged or degraded, its entire energy and material content may be lost.
872:
Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.
307:
and John Hall, who refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on
Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for the
252:
for making "Pontypoole Plates". The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was possible with the former practice of
1903:
1973:
1405:: These intentionally make the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, might be disabled or elderly and unable to readily open the package. Meeting all goals is a challenge.
593:
is a primary function. A barrier is also implemented in cases where segregation of two materials prior to end use is required, as in the case of special paints, glues, medical fluids, etc.
1072:
has
Handbook 133, Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods. This is a procedural guide for compliance testing of net contents and is referenced by several other regulatory agencies.
699:
Permanent, tamper evident voiding label with a dual number tab to help keep packaging secure with the additional benefit of being able to track and trace parcels and packages.
1565:
are undertaken for some materials. Certain US states regulate packages for toxic contents, which have the potential to contaminate emissions and ash from incineration and
947:
Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized. For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications (such as the
109:. Many countries or regions have regulations governing the content of package labels. Merchandising, branding, and persuasive graphics are not covered in this article.
1126:
item identification codes, the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code), the SSCC-18 (Serial
Shipping Container Codes), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated
739:, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be minimized or prevented with such anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include
2754:
2171:
1075:
Other regions and countries have their own regulatory requirements. For example, the UK has its
Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations as well as several
3241:
1362:
With some types of products, the design process involves detailed regulatory requirements for the packaging. For example, any package components that may contact
1176:
1961:
1841:
1857:
1622:, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements,
1876:
691:. Most packaging is designed to reflect the brand's message and identity on the one hand while highlighting the respective product concept on the other hand.
2968:
5004:
4375:
1937:
3022:
2884:
735:
or the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage than other types, and some have pilfer-indicating seals.
759:
tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means of
394:
5045:
4285:
1076:
2821:
Yoxall, A.; Janson, R.; Bradbury, S.R.; Langley, J.; Wearn, J.; Hayes, S. (2006). "Openability: producing design limits for consumer packaging".
935:
497:
experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials,
3137:
3117:
2468:
2391:
2366:
2339:
2313:
1949:
303:
in 1810. After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other
Englishmen,
1922:
1291:), completion time targets, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and agreed upon. Package design processes often employ
3687:
2678:
3196:
1493:
which considers the material and energy inputs and outputs to the package, the packaged product (contents), the packaging process, the
4954:
4822:
4671:
3152:
Tweede, Selke, Cartons, Crates And
Corrugated Board: Handbook of Paper And Wood Packaging Technology, Destech Pub ,2014, 2nd edition,
2727:
1790:
996:
4974:
4641:
3489:
3147:
3127:
3104:
3093:
2544:
Lee, Ki-Eun; Kim; An; Lyu; Lee (1998). "Effectiveness of modified atmosphere packaging in preserving a prepared ready-to-eat food".
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2078:
971:
that notes conformance to EU weights and measures accuracy regulations. Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include the
930:
2942:
2762:
2430:
1891:
1458:
366:
box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as a result of an accident: as a
4611:
1985:
875:
Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, and may be used to prevent pilferage or to group primary packages together.
2776:
Rodgers, G.B. (1996). "The safety effects of child-resistant packaging for oral prescription drugs. Two decades of experience".
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4345:
4199:
4044:
3003:
1065:
756:
489:
4999:
4450:
1148:
1010:
752:
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in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, using, dispensing, reusing, recycling, and ease of
509:) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements.
4561:
3514:
2856:
Zabaniotou, A; Kassidi (2003). "Life cycle assessment applied to egg packaging made from polystyrene and recycled paper".
2451:
Y. Schneider; C. Kluge; U. Weiß; H. Rohm (2010). "Packaging
Materials and Equipment". In Barry A. Law, A.Y. Tamime (ed.).
1656:
948:
245:
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4883:
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3722:
3504:
1437:
1387:
1112:
4249:
2509:
Choi, Seung-Jin; Burgess (2007). "Practical mathematical model to predict the performance of insulating packages".
2005:
1929:
736:
431:
31:
2652:
1614:
Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety,
963:, etc. Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, for example the
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on the packaging, and in the case of food products, medicine, and some chemicals the packaging often contains an
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695:
4591:
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4059:
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3339:
680:
3019:
2891:
1626:
of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity,
1501:, etc. It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use.
2579:
Severin, J (2007). "New
Methodology for Whole-Package Microbial Challenge Testing for Medical Device Trays".
4994:
4621:
4244:
4164:
4024:
3552:
3189:
1619:
1263:
995:, products of animal origin which are intended to be consumed by humans have to carry standard, oval-shaped
548:
494:
484:, supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in
731:
features indicating that tampering has taken place. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of
203:, noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.
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585:
or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh,
453:
200:
102:
3168:
1432:
methodology is required for all but the simplest package design and development programs. An effective
4739:
4601:
4129:
3444:
3276:
2040:
2035:
1631:
1540:
operations. Packages can sometimes be designed to separate components to better facilitate recycling.
1482:
1393:
Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory. For example, regulations for an
1225:
3039:
Bickford, Michalina (2009). "Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Recycling, Packaging".
2790:
4979:
4626:
4435:
4234:
4074:
3954:
3414:
2639:
2010:
1598:
1551:
1304:
642:
582:
517:
703:
539:– The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanical
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2025:
2015:
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in approved facilities make use of the heat available from incinerating the packaging components.
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1433:
1429:
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1172:
1058:
984:
834:
819:
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638:
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461:
154:, woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed: first
1324:
1237:
1189:
318:. Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road,
279:
2460:
679:
and physical design have been important and constantly evolving phenomena for several decades.
661:, usually in a shorthand form. Packages may indicate their construction material with a symbol.
434:
were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality.
122:
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4908:
4898:
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3316:
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to assure that they comply with regulations that have the well being of the consumer in mind.
1292:
1276:
1131:
1054:
1044:
includes many symbols, many of them covered by international standards, foremost ISO 15223-1.
1022:
960:
744:
732:
724:
608:
540:
292:
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2020:
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2753:
Sotomayor, Rene E.; Arvidson, Kirk; Mayer, Julie; McDougal, Andrew; Sheu, Chingju (2007).
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260:
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98:
2946:
2885:"Life Cycle Inventory of Packaging Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods"
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905:
These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on the use, a
467:
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4689:
4661:
4511:
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3344:
2211:
King, P.W. (1988), "Wolverley Lower Mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry",
1867:
1478:
1398:
1375:
1284:
1159:, has also moved in this direction and is putting pressure on its suppliers to comply.
1030:
992:
968:
842:
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521:
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received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats. Scottish-born
351:
347:
192:
169:
The first usage of paper for packaging was sheets of treated mulberry bark used by the
2869:
1382:
need to verify that the completed package will keep the product safe for its intended
437:
338:
5080:
5055:
5014:
4913:
4903:
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4546:
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3829:
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3439:
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3246:
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2485:
2453:
2358:
Cartons, crates and corrugated board: handbook of paper and wood packaging technology
2045:
2030:
1863:
1774:
1712:
1608:
1521:
1386:
with normal usage. Packaging processes, labeling, distribution, and sale need to be
1351:
An example of how package design is affected by other factors is its relationship to
1156:
783:
650:
383:
3048:
3000:
2565:
1692:, case, tray, and carrier forming, packing, unpacking, closing, and sealing machines
1378:
need to verify that such packaging materials are allowed by applicable regulations.
220:
for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacturing of tinplate was the
4295:
4224:
4154:
4144:
4134:
4119:
4054:
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3839:
3819:
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3802:
3797:
3702:
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3597:
3562:
3529:
3429:
3404:
1673:
1558:
1408:
Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external
1371:
1342:
498:
485:
472:
304:
300:
241:
177:
48:
271:
in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards.
2356:
2329:
2303:
1057:
procedures and accurate equipment; even so, there is inherent variability in all
5035:
4939:
4918:
4878:
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4204:
4079:
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4029:
4009:
3999:
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3919:
3864:
3787:
3602:
3534:
3519:
3469:
3354:
1910:
1829:
1825:
1784:
1762:
1421:
1095:
906:
822:
used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a
802:
770:
748:
566:
552:
423:
359:
163:
44:
39:
17:
3132:
Robertson, G.L., "Food Packaging: Principles and Practice", 3rd edition, 2013,
2607:
2280:
1262:
Package design and development are often thought of as an integral part of the
5019:
4656:
4636:
4526:
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4320:
4209:
4124:
3989:
3949:
3924:
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3782:
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3707:
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2050:
1992:
1821:
1727:
1706:
1683:
1652:
1627:
1603:
1417:
1383:
1315:
1287:, end-use, environmental, etc. The design criteria, performance (specified by
1272:
964:
850:
829:
Packaging may be described in relation to the type of product being packaged:
658:
654:
626:
590:
570:
415:
363:
315:
308:
139:
75:
56:
2799:
1440:
protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all.
240:
brought the method to England where it was improved by ironmasters including
4984:
4749:
4556:
4350:
4239:
4229:
4219:
4174:
4149:
3994:
3879:
3834:
3777:
3544:
3389:
3321:
1800:
1748:
1677:
1536:
1494:
1486:
1356:
1352:
1334:
1280:
1268:
1108:
1018:
1014:
956:
913:
Packaging can also have categories based on the package form. For example,
894:
887:
883:
879:
672:
622:
574:
544:
427:
319:
314:
The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the
249:
191:
The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a
80:
2105:
3163:
2807:
2487:
The Packaging Matrix: Linking Package Design Criteria to the Marketing Mix
2196:
Brown, P.J. (1988), "Andrew Yarranton and the British tinplate industry",
1420:, vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, total
4959:
4893:
4858:
4848:
4571:
4521:
4430:
4300:
4259:
4089:
4014:
4004:
3909:
3844:
3747:
3732:
3677:
3617:
3494:
3459:
3359:
2164:
Conference on Historical Analysis & Research in Marketing Proceedings
1882:
1660:
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1562:
1152:
1142:
940:
846:
720:
634:
481:
407:
367:
284:
233:
221:
135:
1504:
The traditional "three R's" of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a
1175:
D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods",
856:
It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function:
512:
As of 2003, the packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the
4944:
4923:
4888:
4310:
4305:
4254:
3964:
3712:
3567:
1796:
1768:
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equipment, over-capping, lidding, closing, seaming and sealing machines
1127:
1100:
1026:
1002:
586:
379:
375:
268:
225:
217:
185:
181:
147:
67:
27:
Enclosure or protection of products for distribution, storage, and sale
2626:
2592:
1107:
Technologies related to shipping containers are identification codes,
645:
by government legislation. Some packages and labels also are used for
4724:
4109:
3807:
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3637:
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3607:
3587:
1744:
1570:
1338:
891:
600:
562:
441:
419:
411:
253:
159:
151:
131:
130:
The first packages used the natural materials available at the time:
52:
2834:
2755:"Regulatory Report, Assessing the Safety of Food Contact Substances"
2557:
2522:
1647:
manufactured or modified by in-house engineers and maintenance staff
952:
4873:
4868:
4839:
4831:
4114:
4034:
3934:
3657:
2653:"Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods, Handbook 133 - 2020"
1914:
1804:
1755:
1602:
1465:
1457:
1244:
1137:
Small parcel carriers often have their own formats. For example,
1094:
1064:
Regulations attempt to handle both sides of this. In the US, the
934:
801:
751:. Packages also can include anti-theft devices such as dye-packs,
702:
694:
668:
618:
466:
436:
393:
337:
278:
196:
155:
121:
106:
38:
1724:: handling dry, powdered, solid, liquid, gas, or viscous products
422:. These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved
3944:
3884:
3622:
1363:
1069:
630:
291:
With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for
143:
4804:
3178:
2608:"Effective Vulnerability Assessment of Tamper-Indicating Seals"
1644:
purchased custom-made or custom-tailored to specific operations
1013:
labels are common to allow automated information management in
4039:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3612:
3582:
1689:
1337:
system. Packages designed for controlled shipments of uniform
1151:
labels for shipping containers are also increasingly used. A
1123:
452:
became the first university in the world to offer a degree in
162:
vessels. The study of old packages is an essential aspect of
71:
675:
to encourage potential buyers to purchase a product. Package
3174:
1703:
Coding, printing, marking, stamping, and imprinting machines
1508:
which may be considered in product and package development.
810:
Packaging may be of several different types. For example, a
346:
Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern
4800:
2970:
Use Reusables: Fundamentals of Reusable Transport Packaging
2407:
687:
are applied to the surface of the package and often to the
299:, the tin canning process was patented by British merchant
2976:, US Environmental Protection Agency, 2012, archived from
2705:
The Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations 2006
2239:
History of the British iron and steel industry ... to 1775
1666:
Packaging machines may be of the following general types:
406:
Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included
173:
to wrap foods as early as the first or second century BC.
3109:
Meisner, "Transport Packaging", Third Edition, IoPP, 2016
3099:
Dean, D.A., 'Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology", 2000,
2090:
Brennan, James G.; Day, Brian P. F. (2005). "Packaging".
1068:
provides requirements for many types of products. Also,
1037:
and other printing calibration and troubleshooting cues.
826:
as one which is directed toward a consumer or household.
259:
Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the
176:
The usage of paper-like material in Europe was when the
2659:, US National Institute of Science and Technology, 2020
2281:"BBC News - The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't"
1341:
loads (left) may not be suited to mixed shipments with
747:
to help indicate that the package and contents are not
719:– Packaging can play an important role in reducing the
532:
Packaging and package labeling have several objectives
267:. By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported.
723:
risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved
573:
is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain
386:
patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852.
3112:
Morris, S.A., "Food and Package Engineering", 2011,
3029:. Newsroom-magazine.com. Retrieved on June 27, 2012.
2431:"The History and Significance of Military Packaging"
1866:
applicator applying a label to adjacent panels of a
1585:, governments, consumers, packagers, and retailers.
5028:
4932:
4838:
4680:
4499:
4268:
3898:
3543:
3330:
3212:
1520:Minimization (also "source reduction") – Eliminate
1179:780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods", and
3122:Pilchik, R., "Validating Medical Packaging" 2002,
2334:. Taylor & Francis Group. September 27, 2004.
1700:Cleaning, sterilizing, cooling and drying machines
1083:, products with hazardous formulas need to have a
1134:, and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards.
374:Commercial paper bags were first manufactured in
1718:Feeding, orienting, placing and related machines
1025:labeling is often used. Some products might use
3242:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
3041:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
2361:. DEStech Publications. pp. 41–42, 55–56.
1481:, environmental responsibility, and applicable
1477:Package development involves considerations of
1333:Transport packaging needs to be matched to its
999:for food safety and quality insurance reasons.
806:Various types of household packaging for foods.
464:, consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure.
105:on the package or on a separate but associated
2708:, UK Statutory Instruments, 2006 No. 659, 2006
2679:"WEIGHING YOUR OPTIONS WITH NIST HANDBOOK 133"
2484:Bix, L; Rifon; Lockhart; de la Fuente (2003).
1641:purchased as standard, off-the-shelf equipment
1462:Kg of waste generated from packaging in Europe
354:was produced commercially in 1817 in England.
126:Bronze wine container from the 9th century BC.
4816:
3190:
1967:Shrink film wrap being applied on PET bottles
727:to deter manipulation and they can also have
625:, or dispose of the package or product. With
8:
2215:, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 104–113
1943:Equipment for thermoforming packages at NASA
1118:Elements of these core technologies include
528:The purposes of packaging and package labels
5005:United Kingdom food information regulations
4376:Hazard analysis and critical control points
2355:Diana Twede & Susan E.M. Selke (2005).
2269:(CD-ROM, University of Wolverhampton 1995).
2150:
2148:
569:, sunlight, dust, etc., is often required.
520:. About half of this market was related to
4823:
4809:
4801:
3197:
3183:
3175:
2728:"Sam's Club Tells Suppliers to Tag or Pay"
2455:Technology of Cheesemaking: Second Edition
2200:, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 42–48
878:Tertiary or transit packaging is used for
589:and safe for the duration of the intended
5046:Automatic identification and data capture
4286:Automatic identification and data capture
2789:
1532:product or as part of the product itself.
51:, which was itself packaged in a folding
2253:The British tinplate industry: a history
1955:Automated labeling line for wine bottles
641:products, some types of information are
263:in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from
3142:Selke, S., "Plastics Packaging", 2004,
3001:"HP DeskJet 1200C Printer Architecture"
2073:, Institute of Packaging Professionals
2062:
1810:
1581:is an area of considerable interest to
1253:List of symbols § Consumer_symbols
1185:
2267:et al., Gloucester Port Books Database
2157:"The Origins of Paper Based Packaging"
1913:components and molding packaging from
1730:: visual, sound, metal detecting, etc.
1569:from landfill. Packages should not be
769:– Packages can have features that add
444:bottle and carton, early 20th century.
356:Corrugated (also called pleated) paper
2255:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 10
1783:Wrapping machines: stretch wrapping,
1103:) label application to a pallet load.
1099:"Print & Apply" corner wrap UCC (
7:
3688:Flexible intermediate bulk container
3010:. (PDF). Retrieved on June 27, 2012.
2922:. US Environmental Protection Agency
2726:Bacheldor, Beth (January 11, 2008).
2408:"Michigan State School of Packaging"
2384:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology
2225:
2071:Fundamentals of Packaging Technology
1847:High speed conveyor with stationary
1741:Package filling and closing machines
890:shipping. The most common form is a
1715:, accumulating and related machines
1670:Accumulating and collating machines
1111:, and electronic data interchange (
925:Labels and symbols used on packages
649:purposes. Most items include their
621:communicate how to use, transport,
426:. As additional materials such as
287:with instructions for home canning.
4672:Vertical form fill sealing machine
2943:"The Incredible Shrinking Package"
2640:How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work”
1897:Automatic stretch wrapping machine
1258:Package development considerations
997:EC identification and health marks
25:
4975:List of food labeling regulations
4642:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
3490:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
2917:"SmartWay Transport Partnerships"
2615:Journal of Testing and Evaluation
2581:Journal of Testing and Evaluation
2382:Brody, A. L; Marsh, K. S (1997).
2279:Geoghegan, Tom (April 21, 2013).
931:List of food labeling regulations
101:) is any written, electronic, or
4786:
4785:
4612:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
3162:
2941:DeRusha, Jason (July 16, 2007).
2823:Packaging Technology and Science
2546:Packaging Technology and Science
2511:Packaging Technology and Science
2265:Data extracted from D.P. Hussey
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1921:
1902:
1890:
1875:
1856:
1840:
1813:
1738:Orienting, unscrambling machines
1397:might require the package to be
1323:
1314:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
283:1914 magazine advertisement for
4970:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
4346:Electronic article surveillance
4200:Shock and vibration data logger
4045:Linear low-density polyethylene
3049:10.1002/0471238961.recypack.a01
2331:Encyclopedia of Kitchen History
1807:cutters, parts attachment, etc.
1066:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
757:electronic article surveillance
342:Packing folding cartons of salt
5000:Radio-frequency identification
4451:Radio-frequency identification
3064:"Leftover Straw Gets New Life"
2677:Hines, A (February 18, 2019).
2438:Defence Packaging Policy Group
1657:programmable logic controllers
1561:, and placement in a sanitary
1489:regulations. It may involve a
1145:2-D code for parcel tracking.
350:date back to 1839. The first
195:traveller visiting markets in
1:
4562:Extended core stretch wrapper
3515:Single-serve coffee container
2870:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00076-8
2858:Journal of Cleaner Production
2683:Food Safety Net Services News
1979:Pharmaceutical packaging line
1680:and vacuum packaging machines
1033:. Packaging may have visible
3718:Insulated shipping container
2302:William H. Chaloner (1963).
2129:Paula, Hook (May 11, 2017).
1791:Form, fill and seal machines
1637:Packaging machinery can be:
1444:Environmental considerations
1424:, etc. Some sort of formal
1301:computer-aided manufacturing
921:describe broad usage areas.
597:Containment or agglomeration
382:, in 1844, and the American
180:used low grade and recycled
4884:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
4607:Material-handling equipment
4491:Verification and validation
3723:Intermediate bulk container
3505:Self-heating food packaging
3062:Wood, Marcia (April 2002).
2459:. Wiley-Blackwell. p.
2440:. Defence Logistics Agency.
2429:Maloney, J.C. (July 2003).
2410:. Michigan State University
1795:Other specialty machinery:
1438:Verification and Validation
1091:Shipping container labeling
943:on a can of condensed milk.
787:bottles to fill themselves.
782:– Single serving or single
581:to help extend shelf life.
5113:
4250:Time temperature indicator
2308:. Routledge. p. 107.
2170:: 288–300 . Archived from
2006:Brazilian packaging market
1930:rotary arm stretch wrapper
1909:Equipment used for making
1651:Efforts at packaging line
1596:
1447:
1250:
987:. Food packaging may show
928:
737:Counterfeit consumer goods
32:Packaging (disambiguation)
29:
4783:
4705:Environmental engineering
4667:Turntable stretch wrapper
4597:Lineshaft roller conveyor
4587:Injection molding machine
3525:Toothpaste pump dispenser
3385:Disposable food packaging
3227:Child-resistant packaging
2251:Minchinton, W.W. (1957),
1048:Consumer package contents
981:resin identification code
707:A single-serving shampoo
551:, abrasion, compression,
450:Michigan State University
228:for a long time; in 1667
4592:Label printer applicator
4461:Shearing (manufacturing)
4060:Low-density polyethylene
3480:Pharmaceutical packaging
3450:Low plastic water bottle
3340:Alternative wine closure
3086:What Is Packaging Design
3025:August 26, 2010, at the
3020:"Footprints In The Sand"
2800:10.1001/jama.275.21.1661
2131:"A History of Packaging"
2093:Food Processing Handbook
1754:Product identification:
897:that packs tightly into
681:Marketing communications
615:Information transmission
418:overwraps and panels on
4995:Plain tobacco packaging
4955:Cigarette warning label
4622:Orbital stretch wrapper
4245:Temperature data logger
4165:Pressure-sensitive tape
4025:Humidity indicator card
3553:Aerosol spray dispenser
2883:Franklin (April 2004).
2606:Johnston, R.G. (1997).
2133:. Ohio State University
1885:used to palletize bread
1583:standards organizations
1414:independent contractors
1264:new product development
1007:Universal Product Codes
659:expiry/best-before date
549:electrostatic discharge
398:A packet advertising a
4341:Die forming (plastics)
4050:Liquid packaging board
3753:Multilayered packaging
3485:Plastic milk container
3465:Optical disc packaging
2945:. WCCO. Archived from
2106:10.1002/3527607579.ch9
1991:Filling machinery for
1611:
1474:
1463:
1368:food contact materials
1104:
944:
807:
761:retail loss prevention
712:
700:
514:gross national product
476:
445:
403:
343:
328:Waterbury, Connecticut
288:
265:Newport, Monmouthshire
248:had a rolling mill at
127:
60:
4990:Nutrition facts label
4770:Sustainable packaging
4720:Life-cycle assessment
4700:Closed-loop box reuse
4647:Seed-counting machine
3980:Corrugated fiberboard
3930:Biodegradable plastic
3653:Corrugated box design
3307:Sustainable packaging
3297:Shelf-ready packaging
3272:Packaging engineering
3068:Agricultural Research
3006:June 7, 2011, at the
2305:People and Industries
2213:Historical Metallurgy
2198:Historical Metallurgy
1606:
1579:sustainable packaging
1491:life cycle assessment
1469:
1461:
1454:sustainable packaging
1410:packaging engineering
1395:over-the-counter drug
1297:computer-aided design
1283:, legal, regulatory,
1251:Further information:
1181:GHS hazard pictograms
1139:United Parcel Service
1098:
989:food contact material
938:
839:over-the-counter drug
805:
706:
698:
689:point of sale display
495:operations in Iceland
471:A pill box made from
470:
454:Packaging Engineering
440:
397:
362:invented the pre-cut
341:
334:Paper-based packaging
282:
184:for the packaging of
134:of reeds, wineskins (
125:
103:graphic communication
42:
4740:PET bottle recycling
4602:Logistics automation
4130:Plastic-coated paper
3277:Resealable packaging
3171:at Wikimedia Commons
3088:, Rotovision. 2004,
2897:on December 17, 2008
2155:Diana Twede (2005).
2100:. pp. 291–350.
2051:Zero-waste lifestyle
2041:Resealable packaging
2036:Polypropylene raffia
1632:return on investment
915:thermoform packaging
816:distribution package
791:Branding/Positioning
583:Modified atmospheres
113:History of packaging
30:For other uses, see
4980:Mandatory labelling
4792:Category: Packaging
4627:Packaging machinery
4436:Product development
4235:Tamper-evident band
4075:Modified atmosphere
3415:Foam food container
2983:on January 14, 2015
2765:on August 26, 2009.
2734:on January 22, 2008
2642:, HowStuffWorks.com
2011:Document automation
1773:Weighing machines:
1599:Packaging machinery
1593:Packaging machinery
1552:refuse-derived fuel
1380:Packaging engineers
1305:document automation
1164:hazardous materials
537:Physical protection
518:developed countries
295:by French inventor
5097:Product management
4864:In-mould labelling
4755:Reusable packaging
4715:Industrial ecology
4476:Ultrasonic welding
4441:Production control
4391:Injection moulding
4276:Aseptic processing
3985:Corrugated plastic
3855:Steel and tin cans
3825:Shipping container
3763:Packet (container)
3500:Seasonal packaging
3400:Evidence packaging
3380:Currency packaging
3375:Cosmetic packaging
3282:Reusable packaging
2026:Package cushioning
2016:In-mould labelling
1761:Sealing machines:
1696:Cartoning machines
1618:, serviceability,
1612:
1529:Reusable packaging
1475:
1464:
1434:quality management
1430:project management
1105:
1035:registration marks
979:(which could be a
945:
919:flexible packaging
841:packaging, retail
820:shipping container
808:
713:
701:
609:granular materials
559:Barrier protection
477:
462:curbside recycling
446:
404:
344:
289:
128:
61:
47:Tablets 2000 in a
5074:
5073:
4950:Country of origin
4909:Security printing
4899:Security hologram
4854:Die cutting (web)
4798:
4797:
4760:Reverse logistics
4745:Plastic recycling
4617:Multihead weigher
4537:Cartoning machine
4532:Cap torque tester
4446:Quality assurance
4421:Plastic extrusion
4386:Induction sealing
4356:Extrusion coating
4215:Staple (fastener)
4185:Security printing
4020:Hot-melt adhesive
3593:Biodegradable bag
3435:Glass milk bottle
3317:Tamper resistance
3257:Package pilferage
3232:Contract packager
3167:Media related to
3138:978-1-4398-6241-4
3118:978-0-8138-1479-7
2627:10.1520/JTE11883J
2593:10.1520/JTE100869
2470:978-1-4051-8298-0
2393:978-0-471-06397-1
2368:978-1-932078-42-8
2341:978-1-57958-380-4
2315:978-0-7146-1284-3
1928:A semi-automatic
1779:multihead weigher
1769:Slitting machines
1747:, depalletizing,
1655:increasingly use
1293:rapid prototyping
1277:quality assurance
1077:other regulations
1055:quality assurance
1040:The labelling of
1023:Country-of-origin
961:proof of purchase
812:transport package
745:security printing
733:package pilferage
725:tamper resistance
611:need containment.
490:Military Standard
293:food preservation
16:(Redirected from
5104:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4775:Waste management
4765:Source reduction
4582:Industrial robot
4486:Vacuum packaging
4411:Package tracking
4366:Glass production
4326:Corona treatment
4316:Containerization
4180:Screw cap (wine)
4095:Oxygen scavenger
3558:Aluminium bottle
3510:Screw cap (wine)
3455:Luxury packaging
3287:Reuse of bottles
3252:Package delivery
3237:Edible packaging
3222:Active packaging
3199:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3166:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3036:
3030:
3017:
3011:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2949:on July 17, 2007
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2890:. Archived from
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2793:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:. Archived from
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2730:. Archived from
2723:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2612:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:on July 16, 2011
2176:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2087:
2081:
2067:
2021:Packing problems
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1925:
1906:
1894:
1879:
1860:
1849:bar code scanner
1844:
1824:by shrink film,
1817:
1722:Filling machines
1514:Waste prevention
1499:waste management
1426:project planning
1345:carriers (right)
1327:
1318:
1240:
1231:Fragile material
1228:
1216:
1204:
1195:Flammable liquid
1192:
991:symbols. In the
973:recycling symbol
853:packaging, etc.
833:packaging, bulk
824:consumer package
667:– Packaging and
579:oxygen absorbers
432:types of plastic
230:Andrew Yarranton
91:American English
87:Package labeling
21:
18:Packing material
5112:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5066:Track and trace
5051:Label dispenser
5024:
4965:EU energy label
4928:
4834:
4829:
4799:
4794:
4779:
4735:Paper recycling
4730:Packaging waste
4710:Glass recycling
4682:
4676:
4632:Pallet inverter
4552:Conveyor system
4507:Barcode printer
4495:
4471:Track and trace
4426:Plastic welding
4361:Flame treatment
4331:Curtain coating
4264:
4085:Nonwoven fabric
4070:Metallised film
3975:Container glass
3902:
3900:
3894:
3870:Tub (container)
3768:Padded envelope
3539:
3365:Case-ready meat
3332:
3326:
3262:Package testing
3214:
3208:
3203:
3159:
3081:
3079:Further reading
3076:
3075:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3027:Wayback Machine
3018:
3014:
3008:Wayback Machine
2999:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2835:10.1002/pts.725
2820:
2819:
2815:
2791:10.1.1.507.3265
2784:(21): 1661–65.
2775:
2774:
2770:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2558:10.1002/pts.821
2543:
2542:
2538:
2523:10.1002/pts.762
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2490:. IDS Packaging
2483:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2237:H.R. Schubert,
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1818:
1758:, marking, etc.
1734:Label dispenser
1616:maintainability
1601:
1595:
1577:Development of
1548:Waste-to-energy
1544:Energy recovery
1506:waste hierarchy
1472:waste hierarchy
1456:
1450:Packaging waste
1448:Main articles:
1446:
1403:child resistant
1376:food scientists
1366:are designated
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1289:package testing
1260:
1255:
1247:
1243:Keep away from
1241:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1168:dangerous goods
1093:
1050:
1042:medical devices
1031:matrix barcodes
933:
927:
800:
798:Packaging types
780:Portion control
671:can be used by
647:track and trace
627:pharmaceuticals
617:– Packages and
561:– A barrier to
530:
507:shipping crates
503:antistatic bags
400:patent medicine
392:
348:folding cartons
336:
297:Nicholas Appert
277:
261:Bristol Channel
238:Ambrose Crowley
214:
209:
120:
115:
99:British English
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5110:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:Authentication
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4914:Security label
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Can collecting
4692:
4690:Biodegradation
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4662:Tape dispenser
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Barcode reader
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Vacuum forming
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Graphic design
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Blow fill seal
4288:
4283:
4281:Authentication
4278:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4195:Shock detector
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Pump dispenser
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4140:Plastic pallet
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4100:Package handle
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Aluminium foil
3912:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Stand-up pouch
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Plastic bottle
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Folding carton
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:Euro container
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Disposable cup
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Antistatic bag
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Fuel container
3422:
3420:Food packaging
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Ammunition box
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Tamper-evident
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3158:
3157:External links
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3110:
3107:
3097:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3054:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2960:
2933:
2908:
2875:
2864:(5): 549–559.
2848:
2829:(4): 183–243.
2813:
2768:
2745:
2718:
2695:
2669:
2644:
2632:
2598:
2571:
2536:
2517:(6): 369–380.
2501:
2476:
2469:
2443:
2421:
2399:
2392:
2374:
2367:
2347:
2340:
2321:
2314:
2294:
2271:
2258:
2243:
2230:
2218:
2203:
2188:
2144:
2121:
2114:
2096:(1 ed.).
2082:
2069:Soroka (2002)
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1868:corrugated box
1862:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1713:Conveyor belts
1710:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1609:bottling lines
1597:Main article:
1594:
1591:
1575:
1574:
1555:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1479:sustainability
1445:
1442:
1399:tamper-evident
1332:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1285:graphic design
1259:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1092:
1089:
1049:
1046:
993:European Union
977:recycling code
969:estimated sign
929:Main article:
926:
923:
903:
902:
876:
873:
851:pharmaceutical
843:food packaging
831:medical device
799:
796:
795:
794:
788:
777:
764:
743:seals and use
741:authentication
729:tamper-evident
693:
692:
685:graphic design
677:graphic design
662:
612:
594:
556:
529:
526:
522:food packaging
505:, and various
414:, transparent
391:
388:
352:corrugated box
335:
332:
276:
273:
213:
210:
208:
205:
119:
116:
114:
111:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5109:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Label printer
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Warning label
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Release liner
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4793:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Shrink tunnel
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Check weigher
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Bottling line
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Thermoforming
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Roll slitting
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Laser cutting
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:Hermetic seal
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Security tape
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Polypropylene
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Packaging gas
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Shipping tube
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Flexible tank
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Package theft
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Overpackaging
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3148:1-56990-372-7
3145:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:1-56676-807-1
3125:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:0-7484-0440-6
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:2-88046-618-0
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2587:(4): 100869.
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2494:September 16,
2489:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2228:, p. 109
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2115:9783527307197
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:1-930268-25-4
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Gift wrapping
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Pallet collar
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Label printer
1859:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:shrinkwrapped
1820:Bakery goods
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:check weigher
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:or glue units
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:Blister packs
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:overpackaging
1519:
1515:
1512:Prevention –
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:environmental
1480:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Toxicologists
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1162:Shipments of
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
937:
932:
924:
922:
920:
916:
911:
908:
900:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:bulk handling
877:
874:
871:
870:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
804:
797:
792:
789:
785:
781:
778:
776:
772:
768:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
705:
697:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:field rations
496:
491:
487:
483:
474:
469:
465:
463:
457:
455:
451:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
396:
389:
387:
385:
384:Francis Wolle
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
340:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:, an English
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
124:
117:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5060:
4842:construction
4681:Environment,
4296:Blow molding
4225:Stretch wrap
4155:Polyethylene
4145:Plastic wrap
4135:Plastic film
4120:Paper pallet
4055:Living hinge
3960:Coated paper
3840:Spray bottle
3820:Security bag
3813:Water sachet
3803:Salvage drum
3798:Retort pouch
3703:Glass bottle
3598:Blister pack
3563:Aluminum can
3530:Water bottle
3430:Gas cylinder
3405:Field ration
3302:Shelf-stable
3205:
3085:
3084:Calver, G.,
3067:
3057:
3040:
3034:
3015:
2996:
2985:, retrieved
2978:the original
2969:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2936:
2926:December 22,
2924:. Retrieved
2911:
2901:December 13,
2899:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2878:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2763:the original
2758:
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:the original
2721:
2710:, retrieved
2704:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2661:, retrieved
2656:
2647:
2635:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2486:
2479:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2424:
2414:February 11,
2412:. Retrieved
2402:
2383:
2377:
2357:
2350:
2330:
2324:
2304:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2274:
2266:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2167:
2163:
2137:December 29,
2135:. Retrieved
2124:
2092:
2085:
2070:
2065:
1665:
1650:
1636:
1613:
1587:
1576:
1559:Incineration
1535:Recycling –
1503:
1476:
1407:
1392:
1361:
1350:
1261:
1161:
1147:
1136:
1117:
1106:
1074:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1001:
946:
918:
914:
912:
904:
886:storage and
865:
861:
857:
855:
828:
823:
815:
811:
809:
790:
779:
766:
716:
664:
614:
596:
558:
536:
531:
511:
486:World War II
478:
473:polyethylene
458:
447:
430:and several
410:closures on
405:
390:20th century
373:
345:
313:
305:Bryan Donkin
301:Peter Durand
290:
269:Tobacconists
258:
246:John Hanbury
242:Philip Foley
215:
190:
175:
168:
140:wooden boxes
129:
94:
86:
85:
63:
62:
49:blister pack
36:
5036:Advertising
4940:Advertising
4919:Smart label
4879:Perforation
4577:Heat sealer
4542:Case sealer
4416:Papermaking
4336:Die cutting
4301:Calendering
4205:Shrink wrap
4080:Molded pulp
4065:Meat diaper
4030:Kraft paper
4010:Foam peanut
4000:Double seam
3970:Coextrusion
3940:Bubble wrap
3920:Bail handle
3865:Thermal bag
3788:Plastic bag
3603:Boil-in-bag
3535:Wine bottle
3520:Spray paint
3475:Popcorn bag
3470:Oyster pail
3355:Beer bottle
2759:Food Safety
2738:January 17,
2283:. Bbc.co.uk
1911:molded pulp
1851:for sorting
1830:heat tunnel
1826:heat sealer
1801:perforating
1785:shrink wrap
1763:heat sealer
1745:Palletizing
1684:Bottle caps
1620:reliability
1557:Disposal –
1436:system and
1422:outsourcing
1418:consultants
1219:This way up
1132:symbologies
1130:) bar code
1029:or similar
985:"Green Dot"
983:), and the
907:shrink wrap
849:packaging,
845:, military
837:packaging,
818:can be the
771:convenience
767:Convenience
749:counterfeit
655:lot numbers
567:water vapor
553:temperature
424:food safety
360:Robert Gair
324:Ezra Warner
244:. By 1697,
216:The use of
164:archaeology
118:Ancient era
5081:Categories
5020:Wine label
4657:Staple gun
4637:Palletizer
4527:Can seamer
4396:Lamination
4321:Converting
4210:Slip sheet
4125:Paperboard
3990:Cushioning
3950:Cellophane
3925:Bioplastic
3903:components
3890:Wooden box
3860:Tetra Brik
3783:Paper sack
3758:Multi-pack
3708:Gunny sack
3578:Bag-in-box
3545:Containers
3410:Flour sack
3395:Egg carton
3370:Coffee bag
3350:Banana box
3292:Shelf life
2621:(4): 451.
2552:(7): 417.
2057:References
1993:bag-in-box
1832:on roller
1728:Inspecting
1707:Converting
1678:skin packs
1653:automation
1628:ergonomics
1384:shelf life
1357:unit loads
1273:shelf life
1207:Explosives
1157:Sam's Club
1155:division,
1053:effective
965:CE marking
957:trademarks
899:containers
892:palletized
591:shelf life
575:desiccants
571:Permeation
416:cellophane
364:paperboard
316:can opener
309:Royal Navy
207:Modern era
201:Arab Egypt
146:, ceramic
142:, pottery
76:technology
57:paperboard
5087:Packaging
5061:Packaging
4985:Nameplate
4750:Recycling
4557:Drum pump
4500:Machinery
4351:Extrusion
4269:Processes
4240:Tear tape
4230:Susceptor
4220:Strapping
4175:Screw cap
4150:Polyester
3995:Desiccant
3899:Materials
3880:Unit load
3835:Skin pack
3778:Paper bag
3648:Clamshell
3390:Drink can
3322:Wrap rage
3206:Packaging
3169:Packaging
2843:110144652
2786:CiteSeerX
2531:136558384
2386:. Wiley.
2226:King 1988
2181:March 20,
1787:, banding
1749:unit load
1537:Recycling
1495:logistics
1487:recycling
1388:validated
1353:logistics
1335:logistics
1281:logistics
1269:marketing
1109:bar codes
1079:. In the
1059:processes
1019:retailing
1015:logistics
1003:Bar codes
895:unit load
888:transport
884:warehouse
862:secondary
755:tags, or
673:marketers
665:Marketing
545:vibration
448:In 1952,
320:Middlesex
254:hammering
250:Pontypool
150:, wooden
136:bota bags
95:labelling
81:logistics
64:Packaging
45:Risperdal
4960:Ecolabel
4894:Printing
4859:Hologram
4849:Adhesive
4832:Labeling
4683:post-use
4572:Heat gun
4522:Calender
4431:Printing
4260:Velostat
4255:Tinplate
4090:Overwrap
4015:Gel pack
4005:Flip-top
3910:Adhesive
3845:Squround
3748:Mesh bag
3733:Jerrycan
3678:Envelope
3618:Bulk box
3495:Sand bag
3460:Milk bag
3445:Juicebox
3360:Box wine
3333:packages
3023:Archived
3004:Archived
2987:June 30,
2953:July 16,
2712:April 8,
2688:April 8,
2663:April 8,
2566:98181751
2000:See also
1834:conveyor
1797:slitters
1756:labeling
1751:assembly
1709:machines
1661:robotics
1571:littered
1567:leachate
1563:landfill
1527:Reuse –
1497:system,
1153:Wal-Mart
1143:MaxiCode
1027:QR codes
955:marks),
941:bar code
866:tertiary
847:materiel
835:chemical
775:disposal
721:security
717:Security
643:required
639:chemical
482:materiel
475:in 1936.
428:aluminum
408:Bakelite
368:Brooklyn
285:cookware
234:engineer
222:monopoly
218:tinplate
212:Tinplate
148:amphorae
55:made of
4945:Barcode
4933:Content
4924:Sticker
4889:Plastic
4406:Molding
4311:Coating
4306:Canning
3965:Coating
3955:Closure
3713:Inhaler
3568:Ampoule
3440:Growler
3331:Product
3213:General
2808:8637140
2287:June 4,
1634:, etc.
1624:quality
1343:express
1128:GS1-128
1101:GS1-128
967:or the
858:primary
635:medical
623:recycle
605:powders
601:Liquids
587:sterile
488:led to
420:cartons
412:bottles
380:England
376:Bristol
275:Canning
226:Bohemia
193:Persian
186:incense
182:papyrus
171:Chinese
152:barrels
132:baskets
68:science
66:is the
5092:Labels
4790:
4725:Litter
4567:Filler
4110:Pallet
3808:Sachet
3673:Endcap
3638:Carton
3633:Carboy
3608:Bottle
3588:Barrel
3215:topics
3146:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3103:
3092:
2841:
2806:
2788:
2564:
2529:
2467:
2390:
2365:
2338:
2312:
2241:, 429.
2112:
2077:
1883:Robots
1339:pallet
1141:has a
1009:, and
975:, the
939:A UPC
868:,etc.
784:dosage
709:packet
669:labels
651:serial
637:, and
619:labels
607:, and
563:oxygen
555:, etc.
442:Heroin
236:, and
178:Romans
160:bronze
53:carton
4874:Paper
4869:Label
4840:Label
4115:Paper
4035:Label
3935:BoPET
3658:Crate
2981:(PDF)
2974:(PDF)
2920:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2888:(PDF)
2839:S2CID
2611:(PDF)
2562:S2CID
2527:S2CID
2434:(PDF)
2175:(PDF)
2160:(PDF)
2098:Wiley
1915:straw
1805:laser
1607:Beer
1364:foods
1245:water
541:shock
197:Cairo
156:glass
144:vases
107:label
93:) or
3945:Bung
3885:Vial
3875:Tube
3773:Pail
3668:Drum
3643:Chub
3628:Case
3623:Cage
3144:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3090:ISBN
2989:2014
2955:2007
2928:2008
2903:2008
2804:PMID
2778:JAMA
2740:2008
2714:2020
2690:2020
2665:2020
2657:NIST
2496:2017
2465:ISBN
2416:2012
2388:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2289:2013
2183:2010
2139:2020
2110:ISBN
2075:ISBN
1828:and
1659:and
1550:and
1485:and
1470:The
1452:and
1428:and
1401:and
1374:and
1303:and
1173:ASTM
1149:RFID
1122:and
1070:NIST
1017:and
1011:RFID
951:and
917:and
753:RFID
683:and
653:and
631:food
158:and
74:and
5029:Use
5010:UPC
4040:Lid
3901:and
3743:Keg
3738:Jug
3728:Jar
3613:Box
3583:Bag
3045:doi
2866:doi
2831:doi
2796:doi
2782:275
2623:doi
2589:doi
2554:doi
2519:doi
2461:413
2102:doi
1690:Box
1177:ISO
1166:or
1124:EAN
1120:UPC
1113:EDI
1085:UFI
1081:EEA
953:TÜV
949:FCC
814:or
577:or
516:in
326:of
224:of
138:),
72:art
43:UK
5083::
3066:.
3043:.
2862:11
2860:.
2837:.
2827:16
2825:.
2802:.
2794:.
2780:.
2757:.
2681:.
2655:,
2619:25
2617:.
2613:.
2585:35
2583:.
2560:.
2550:21
2548:.
2525:.
2515:20
2513:.
2463:.
2436:.
2168:12
2166:.
2162:.
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