275:
461:, was sent along. Lacking sources of information on the disposition of his own troops at the time, Valdan relied on that supplied by von Moltke in demarcating the lines of control of the two sides. Both sides were to withdraw ten miles from the lines of control and the area between the German siege works and the disarmed Parisian forts was to be neutral. When Valdan had completed the technical military matters, Favre and Bismarck signed the final document on 28 January 1871. It immediately came into effect in Paris, and on 31 January in the other pertinent areas.
441:
54:
302:. When Thiers reported the results of his mission to the cabinet that evening, they agreed that an armistice was needed. Thiers volunteered to negotiate it, and was duly deputised. He was given two conditions that any armistice should meet: it should allow for free elections (including in France's occupied territories) to be held and it should allow the provisioning of Paris. On the morning of 31 October, the
214:, Favre did not believe France held a realistic chance of winning the war or even of defending Paris. Soon after the formation of the new government, Favre proposed to the cabinet that Germany be offered an indemnity in return for evacuating French territory. This was rejected, and Favre opened a channel of communications with Bismarck through the British ambassador in Paris,
387:—and on 25 January the government authorised Favre to sign an armistice for three weeks. On 26 January Bismarck graciously offered to cease the bombardment of Paris and Favre accepted. A general Parisian ceasefire was agreed for midnight (27 January) and commanders on both sides were given advanced notice. "A few stray shots were fired after the deadline", the armistice was
40:
330:, between the German and French lines, Thiers met Favre and counselled acceptance of Bismarck's terms. He offered to take "the responsibility and odium of signing a treaty", according to a letter of Lord Lyons, but Favre would not agree. On 6 November Thiers was back at Versailles when Favre ordered him to break off negotiations and go to
261:
and
Colonel Paul Forbes, were granted permission by the Germans to visit Paris as observers. When they returned they reported to the Germans the French conditions for an armistice: that it last two weeks, that elections be held, that Paris be revictualled and that no territory be ceded—although Favre
244:
Favre argued that an armistice would allow the French to hold elections to an assembly that would have political legitimacy. Bismarck agreed, but refused to sign an armistice for such elections unless certain
Parisian forts were surrendered in compensation for the advantage France would gain in time.
508:
Let us make use of the
Armistice as a school for instruction for our young troops. . . In place of the reactionary and cowardly Assembly of which the enemy dreams, let us install an Assembly that is truly national and republican, desiring peace, if peace assures our honour ... but capable of willing
371:
Favre admitted to the
Germans that Paris was starving, and at Bismarck's request he wrote down an outline of an armistice, including in it the cession of one of the Parisian forts, which would effectively end the siege of Paris in Germany's favour. Bismarck agreed not to enter Paris and to allow the
363:
On 23 January, Favre was empowered by the cabinet to seek a general armistice, as opposed to the armistice limited to Paris that Trochu favoured. Such a local ceasefire, Favre argued, would only give the
Germans the freedom to concentrate their military power on the provincial armies. Favre was not
536:
The armistice remained in effect even after the preliminary treaty of 26 February. Either was permitted to denounce it any day after 3 March, and to renew the fighting three days after that. On 1 March the
Germans began their occupation of Paris. On 3 March they began to pull their troops out, yet
499:
On 2 February news reached
Versailles that on 27 January the Delegation of the Government of National Defence at Bordeaux had publicly proclaimed that "e cannot believe that negotiations of this kind could have been undertaken without the Delegation being previously notified." The late arrival of
309:
Thiers arrived at
Versailles on 31 October and negotiations began the next day (1 November). Thiers initially asked for a 28-day armistice with provisioning of Paris and all besieged cities. Bismarck refused and countered by asking for one of the Parisian forts to balance the military advantages
249:
if its defenders received the honours of war. Bismarck demanded they become prisoners of war and discussion broke off. Before leaving
Bismarck, Favre wept. On 20 September Favre reported his results to the cabinet, and Bismarck's terms were rejected completely. On 24 September the government
168:
with a white pennant crossed the lines to seek an armistice "equally acceptable to both armies", bearing a formal letter to that effect. Wimpffen, who would have signed the local armistice, only learned of the effort when he saw the white flag moving along the road. He refused to allow it.
321:
Having failed to reach an agreement on armistice terms, Thiers tried to uncover the
Germans' intentions for the peace treaty. Bismarck threatened that the terms for peace would get harsher the longer the war lasted. As of 5 November, he was demanding Alsace with Strasbourg, part of
241:, but refused Bismarck's request for territorial concessions. Favre's early public pronouncement that "We will not surrender an inch of our territory, nor a stone of our fortresses!" had become a slogan in Paris and was posted all over the city in September–October 1870.
359:
on 19 January. They were defeated. On 20 January Trochu asked for a local armistice to bury the dead, but Bismarck refused. The French president resigned, and on 22 January when a council of war proposed a second mass sortie, there was no officer willing to lead it.
452:
returned to Versailles on 27 January, but, according to German accounts, the latter got drunk at the dinner celebration and Favre had to get a postponement of the final negotiations to the next day (28 January). On this second try a more competent officer,
472:, still operating in Jura, Doubs and CĂ´te-d'Or, was not informed that the armistice did not apply to its area. Favre had neglected to inform the government in Bordeaux. It mistakenly halted and was surrounded by the better-informed German troops of the
368:, whose disarming was either feared lest it result in a popular uprising or promoted lest the Guard initiate an uprising. He was not to concede the Germans entry into Paris. He arrived at Versailles under a safe conduct later that evening.
318:(No armistice!)—had been a response to rumours of Thiers's negotiations. According to Thiers it caused Bismarck to increase his demands, but Lord Lyons believed that the chancellor was merely looking for an excuse to break off talks.
500:
this news had no effect on the armistice, and in the interim the Delegation had obeyed the order from Versailles to publish the armistice, inform the provincial armies and begin preparations for a general election. Nonetheless, when
218:. Bismarck questioned the legitimacy of the French government. On 17 September, Favre left Paris for the Prussian military headquarters to confer with Bismarck about an armistice. Only President Trochu and Minister of War
354:
had begun to strike the Parisian fortresses, the city was facing famine and loss of morale. On 5 January the residential areas of the city fell under bombardment. The last gasp of French military resistance came at the
372:
defenders to remain in the city; he would permit a free election and allow the Guard and one regular division to remain armed. The disarming of the rest made it impossible later on for the government to suppress the
1021:
Les troupes françaises internées en Suisse à la fin de la guerre franco-allemande en 1871: rapport rédigé par ordre du Département Militaire Fédéral sur les documents officiels déposés dans ses archives
266:. The American effort had no effect but to clarify to each side what was unacceptable to the other: the revictualling of Paris to the Germans and territorial concessions to the French.
206:
Favre, a staunch republican, was appointed vice president and minister of foreign affairs in the provisional government declared on 4 September 1870, after the capture of the Emperor
184:, who carried a letter offering to surrender. After reading it, von Moltke sent Reille back with a letter of acceptance. Wimpffen was ordered to arrange the surrender. This day,
274:
525:
was finally incorporated into the armistice. Its defenders marched out with the honours of war on 18 February. On 19 February the members of the National Assembly swore the "
484:
and having received from his government confirmation that no armistice for his zone would be forthcoming, Clinchant signed a convention with the Swiss at the border post of
449:
364:
empowered to negotiate a treaty, since that was supposed to only follow elections to a national assembly. He was to permit the disarming of regular soldiers, but not of the
237:, where two full days were exhausted in discussion, but no armistice was arranged before Favre returned to Paris on 19 September. Favre offered an indemnity of 500,000,000
310:
France would accrue from a ceasefire. Thiers rejected the surrender of any fortress. He later claimed that Bismarck had been amenable to French demands until news of
1034:
521:
took place. The body met in Bordeaux on 12 February. It had a monarchist majority and a mandate for peace. On 15 February the fort of Belfort under Colonel
287:
514:
194:), became a holiday in the German Empire. The first, brief attempt to avoid disaster through an armistice had failed and the emperor had become a
108:
was signed on 10 May. Although technically an armistice, the military position of France at the time and the terms were such that it was
334:. He was escorted to the French lines by German soldiers and from there took a train to Tours. He arrived sitting atop a heap of coal.
1078:
522:
428:. The primary source for the extent of the agreement reached on the date of the ceasefire is the diary of the future German emperor
311:
254:, "We could not have elections without an armistice, and the effect of an armistice would be to relax the efforts of the defence."
342:
There was no effort to end the war by diplomatic means between 6 November 1870 and 23 January 1871. During that period Favre and
96:
and her allies. The suspension of hostilities initially lasted until 19 February, when it was extended through 26 February, when
177:
454:
81:
181:
1103:
429:
408:
These terms were to be in effect until 19 February. Owing to a lack of information about operations in the departments of
448:
In Paris Favre requested an officer to help him negotiate the technical articles of the formal armistice. He and General
295:
1098:
1093:
504:, representing the government, met the Delegation in Bordeaux on 31 January, he ordered removed the placards that read:
173:
421:
97:
440:
991:
Kyte, George Wallace (1946). "The Vanquished Must Surrender: Jules Favre and the Franco-German Armistice of 1871".
298:, he briefly met Bismarck, only to tell him that he was unauthorised to speak to the enemy. Bismarck told him that
234:
105:
473:
356:
401:
An elected assembly was to vote on whether to end the war or continue it before the expiration of the armistice.
1088:
518:
165:
157:
1083:
365:
141:
160:
disclaimed any authority to do so because he had already been countermanded once by his superior, General
530:
493:
384:
380:
477:
465:
373:
299:
283:
161:
153:
101:
28:
1073:
323:
133:
73:
290:
offered to help negotiate an armistice, which offer was never taken up. When Thiers was granted a
1028:
211:
137:
93:
149:
282:
After the failure of the first effort at an armistice, the Government of National Defence sent
496:
by men of the reserve, who held off the Germans before joining their comrades in Switzerland.
409:
327:
85:
59:
53:
1000:
526:
485:
469:
425:
258:
251:
219:
195:
121:
417:
379:
On 24 January Bismarck agreed to abandon his other negotiations—with the exiled Empress
180:
to find out what it meant. Napoleon sent him back with one of his own officers, General
1004:
492:
to the border was filled with retreating troops, and the last skirmish of the war was
488:, allowing his army to retreat across the frontier. On 1 February the whole road from
420:, these areas were exempted from the general armistice terms in order to preserve the
1067:
343:
331:
226:
89:
391:
in effect from that moment. The oral accord in effect from this time mandated that:
152:
refused to sign any such agreement on behalf of the nominal, but wounded commander,
458:
291:
207:
125:
72:
that came into effect on 28 January 1871 brought to an end the active phase of the
480:. On 31 January, having already negotiated safe passage for wounded soldiers into
326:
not including Metz and an indemnity of 4,000,000,000 francs. On that date, on the
501:
481:
77:
45:
17:
513:
On 6 February the leader of the Delegation, Gambetta, resigned. On 8 February
509:
war also, ready for anything rather than lend a hand in the murder of France.
489:
246:
215:
148:) to the Prussians with a request for an armistice. The chief of staff of the
129:
351:
186:
39:
346:
were the only voices in the government advocating a capitulation or a
286:
on a diplomatic mission to the capitals of neutral Europe. At London
263:
250:
indefinitely postponed local and national elections. In the words of
238:
230:
376:, whose uprising was possible because the Guard retained its arms.
439:
413:
273:
306:
carried the first public notice that an armistice may be sought.
278:
German headquarters at Versailles during the Franco-Prussian War
222:
of all the members of the government had knowledge of his plan.
1053:
Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters
1051:
Winnacker, Rudolph A. (1937). "The French Election of 1871".
1044:
Jules Favre and the Armistice Negotiations of the War of 1870
984:
The Franco-Prussian War: German Invasion of France, 1870–1871
899:
897:
895:
112:
a conditional surrender by the vanquished to the victors.
537:
riots erupted in Paris as the German troops marched out.
962:
960:
870:
868:
676:
674:
404:
An indemnity of 200,000,000 francs was levied on France.
314:
had reached him. This uprising—accompanied by shouts of
843:
841:
839:
826:
824:
751:
749:
350:, a major military undertaking. By 27 December, when
589:
587:
585:
257:
On 1 October two neutral American officers, General
233:. From there they proceeded to the headquarters at
136:. The emperor then order the commander of the
395:Hostilities were to cease on land and at sea.
8:
457:, chief of staff to the commander of Paris,
1033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
398:The Parisian forts were to be surrendered.
262:had apparently come to accept the loss of
1046:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California.
529:", a truce between the parties until the
120:On the morning of 2 September, with the
545:
432:, based on his contacts with Bismarck.
1026:
966:
951:
939:
927:
903:
886:
874:
815:
767:
680:
653:
641:
629:
564:
552:
225:Favre crossed the German lines with a
88:, chancellor of the newly established
80:, foreign minister in the provisional
245:Finally, Favre offered to surrender
7:
915:
859:
847:
830:
803:
791:
779:
755:
740:
728:
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704:
692:
665:
617:
605:
593:
576:
128:, Emperor of the French, ordered a
1005:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1946.tb01102.x
444:The Government of National Defence
25:
523:Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau
52:
38:
178:Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf
450:Charles de Beaufort d'Hautpoul
176:, saw the white flag, he sent
82:Government of National Defence
1:
1042:Kyte, George Wallace (1941).
436:Fourth and final negotiations
312:the popular uprising in Paris
172:When the Prussian commander,
164:. Nevertheless, Lebrun and a
422:fortified region of Belfort
1120:
98:a preliminary peace treaty
26:
1079:1871 in military history
982:Howard, Michael (1961).
383:and her representative,
296:siege lines around Paris
166:non-commissioned officer
158:Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot
144:, to send a negotiator (
27:Not to be confused with
455:Charles Horix de Valdan
76:. The signatories were
70:Armistice of Versailles
986:. New York: Routledge.
515:the promised elections
511:
445:
279:
506:
443:
277:
84:, for the French and
1104:Palace of Versailles
478:Edwin von Manteuffel
300:Metz had surrendered
284:Louis Adolphe Thiers
235:Château de Ferrières
229:and met Bismarck at
162:Emmanuel de Wimpffen
154:Patrice de Mac-Mahon
100:was signed, also at
29:Treaty of Versailles
1099:January 1871 events
1094:Franco-Prussian War
1019:Davall, E. (1873).
862:, p. 34 n. 58.
782:, p. 30 n. 46.
731:, p. 27 n. 33.
707:, p. 26 n. 29.
348:sortie torrentielle
294:through the German
270:Second negotiations
106:Treaty of Frankfurt
74:Franco-Prussian War
906:, pp. 430–31.
770:, pp. 438–39.
644:, pp. 330–31.
608:, p. 21 n. 9.
494:fought at La Cluse
446:
357:battle of Buzenval
338:Third negotiations
280:
212:Louis Jules Trochu
202:First negotiations
190:in German (French
174:Helmuth von Moltke
132:hoisted above the
124:raging about him,
806:, pp. 31–32.
668:, pp. 24–25.
533:was established.
519:National Assembly
474:Army of the South
385:Clément Duvernois
210:. Like President
142:Barthélémy Lebrun
134:fortress of Sedan
104:. The definitive
86:Otto von Bismarck
60:Otto von Bismarck
16:(Redirected from
1111:
1060:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1008:
987:
970:
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955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
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851:
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633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
527:Pact of Bordeaux
470:Justin Clinchant
466:Army of the East
316:Pas d'armistice!
304:Journal officiel
259:Ambrose Burnside
192:journée de Sedan
56:
42:
21:
18:Pact of Bordeaux
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1089:1871 in Prussia
1064:
1063:
1050:
1041:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1013:Further reading
990:
981:
978:
973:
965:
958:
950:
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938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
902:
893:
885:
881:
873:
866:
858:
854:
846:
837:
829:
822:
818:, pp. 440.
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778:
774:
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762:
754:
747:
739:
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592:
583:
575:
571:
563:
559:
551:
547:
543:
438:
340:
272:
204:
196:prisoner of war
182:A.-C.-V. Reille
150:Army of Châlons
122:battle of Sedan
118:
66:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
49:
48:
43:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:1871 in France
1081:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1039:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
988:
977:
974:
972:
971:
969:, p. 449.
956:
954:, p. 448.
944:
942:, p. 444.
932:
930:, p. 443.
920:
908:
891:
889:, p. 442.
879:
877:, p. 441.
864:
852:
835:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
683:, p. 337.
670:
658:
656:, p. 336.
646:
634:
632:, p. 239.
622:
610:
598:
581:
569:
567:, p. 219.
557:
555:, p. 218.
544:
542:
539:
531:Third Republic
476:under General
468:under General
437:
434:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
366:National Guard
339:
336:
328:Pont de Sèvres
288:Lord Granville
271:
268:
203:
200:
156:, and General
117:
114:
58:
51:
50:
44:
37:
36:
35:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
945:
941:
936:
933:
929:
924:
921:
918:, p. 35.
917:
912:
909:
905:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
850:, p. 34.
849:
844:
842:
840:
836:
833:, p. 33.
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
800:
797:
794:, p. 30.
793:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
758:, p. 29.
757:
752:
750:
746:
743:, p. 28.
742:
737:
734:
730:
725:
722:
719:, p. 27.
718:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
695:, p. 26.
694:
689:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
662:
659:
655:
650:
647:
643:
638:
635:
631:
626:
623:
620:, p. 23.
619:
614:
611:
607:
602:
599:
596:, p. 22.
595:
590:
588:
586:
582:
579:, p. 21.
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573:
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538:
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532:
528:
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520:
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505:
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486:Les Verrières
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
451:
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435:
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430:Frederick III
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411:
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374:Paris Commune
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361:
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353:
349:
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344:Ernest Picard
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255:
253:
252:LĂ©on Gambetta
248:
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236:
232:
228:
227:flag of truce
223:
221:
220:Adolphe LeFlĂ´
217:
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146:parlementaire
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131:
127:
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116:First attempt
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:German Empire
87:
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79:
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71:
61:
55:
47:
41:
30:
19:
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512:
507:
498:
463:
459:Joseph Vinoy
447:
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362:
347:
341:
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308:
303:
292:safe conduct
281:
256:
243:
224:
208:Napoleon III
205:
191:
185:
171:
145:
126:Napoleon III
119:
109:
69:
67:
967:Howard 1961
952:Howard 1961
940:Howard 1961
928:Howard 1961
904:Howard 1961
887:Howard 1961
875:Howard 1961
816:Howard 1961
768:Howard 1961
681:Howard 1961
654:Howard 1961
642:Howard 1961
630:Howard 1961
565:Howard 1961
553:Howard 1961
502:Jules Simon
482:Switzerland
426:under siege
78:Jules Favre
46:Jules Favre
1074:Armistices
1068:Categories
490:Pontarlier
247:Strasbourg
216:Lord Lyons
140:, General
130:white flag
102:Versailles
1059:: 477–83.
1029:cite book
999:: 19–36.
993:Historian
916:Kyte 1946
860:Kyte 1946
848:Kyte 1946
831:Kyte 1946
804:Kyte 1946
792:Kyte 1946
780:Kyte 1946
756:Kyte 1946
741:Kyte 1946
729:Kyte 1946
717:Kyte 1946
705:Kyte 1946
693:Kyte 1946
666:Kyte 1946
618:Kyte 1946
606:Kyte 1946
594:Kyte 1946
577:Kyte 1946
418:CĂ´te-d'Or
352:howitzers
138:XII Corps
389:de facto
324:Lorraine
187:Sedantag
110:de facto
1023:. Bern.
976:Sources
517:to the
424:, then
381:Eugénie
94:Prussia
264:Alsace
239:francs
231:Montry
92:, for
541:Notes
414:Doubs
332:Tours
1035:link
464:The
416:and
410:Jura
68:The
1001:doi
1070::
1057:22
1055:.
1031:}}
1027:{{
995:.
959:^
894:^
867:^
838:^
823:^
748:^
673:^
584:^
412:,
198:.
1037:)
1007:.
1003::
997:9
31:.
20:)
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