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908:(Zen) sect developed a new 'seven part structure' for temples. The seven parts—the Buddha hall, dharma hall, monks' quarters, depository, gate, pure land hall and toilet facilities—completely exclude pagodas, and can be seen to represent the final triumph of the traditional Chinese palace/courtyard system over the original central-pagoda tradition established 1000 years earlier by the
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Chinese Origin of the Term Pagoda: Liang
Sicheng's Proposed Etymology Authors: David Robbins Tien Publication: Acta Orientalia, volume 77 (2016), pp 133–144 David Robbins Tien, Gerald Leonard Cohen Publication: Arts, Languages and Philosophy Faculty Research & Creative Works DownloadTien, D. R.,
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collapsed in 1210, local inhabitants believed the disaster correlated with the recent failure of many exam candidates in the prefectural examinations The pagoda was rebuilt in 1223 and had a list inscribed on it of the recently successful examination candidates, in hopes that it would reverse the
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The oldest and tallest pagodas were built of wood, but most that survived were built of brick or stone. Some pagodas are solid with no interior. Hollow pagodas have no higher floors or rooms, but the interior often contains an altar or a smaller pagoda, as well as a series of staircases for the
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Examples of Han dynasty era tower architecture predating
Buddhist influence and the full-fledged Chinese pagoda can be seen in the four pictures below. Michael Loewe writes that during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) period, multi-storied towers were erected for religious purposes, as
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The design of temples was also influenced by the use of traditional
Chinese residences as shrines, after they were philanthropically donated by the wealthy or the pious. In such pre-configured spaces, building a central pagoda might not have been either desirable or possible.
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is not an accurate word to describe a
Buddhist vihara. The architectural structure of the stupa has spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms specific to each region. Many Philippine bell towers are highly influenced by pagodas through Chinese workers hired by the
990:
1351:
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622:, pagodas were mostly built of wood, as were other ancient Chinese structures. Wooden pagodas are resistant to earthquakes, and no Japanese pagoda has been destroyed by an earthquake, but they are prone to fire, natural rot, and insect infestation.
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Yingde pagoda, Qingyuan, Guangdong
Province, China, from Johan Nieuhof (1618–1672); Jean-Baptiste Le Carpentier (1606 – c. 1670): L'ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine,
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and standing at a total height of 84 m (275 ft). Although it no longer stands, the tallest pre-modern pagoda in
Chinese history was the 100-metre-tall wooden pagoda (330 ft) of
750:(reigned 581–604) once issued a decree for all counties and prefectures to build pagodas to a set of standard designs, however since they were all built of wood none have survived. Only the
1147:
Pagodas of the Five
Dynasties, Northern and Southern Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties incorporated many new styles, with a greater emphasis on hexagonal and octagonal bases for pagodas:
256:. In addition to religious use, since ancient times Chinese pagodas have been praised for the spectacular views they offer, and many classical poems attest to the joy of scaling pagodas.
2364:
369:(3rd century BCE). The stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used as a commemorative monument to house sacred relics and writings. In East Asia, the architecture of Chinese towers and
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visitor to climb to see the view from an opening on one side of each tier. Most have between three and 13 tiers (almost always an odd number) and the classic gradual tiered eaves.
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dynasties (386–618) experiments began with the construction of brick and stone pagodas. Even at the end of the Sui, however, wood was still the most common material. For example,
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774:, and has survived for 15 centuries. Much like the later pagodas found during the following Tang dynasty, this temple featured tiers of eaves encircling its frame, as well as a
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dynasties. During the Tang, the importance of the main hall was elevated and the pagoda was moved beside the hall, or out of the temple compound altogether. In the early Tang,
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Wooden pagodas possess certain characteristics thought to resist earthquake damage. These include the friction damping and sliding effect of the complex wooden
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has been one of the most famous brick and stone pagoda in China throughout history. The Zhou dynasty started making the ancient pagodas about 3,500 years ago.
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Hymes, Robert P. (1986). Statesmen and
Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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in 67. Although they were built outside of the main temple itself, large pagodas in the tradition of the past were still built. This includes the two
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A Western-Han model of a watchtower with human figures on its balconies (including crossbowmen) and a gatehouse and courtyard on the first floor.
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In some countries, the term may refer to other religious structures. In
Vietnam and Cambodia, due to French translation, the English term
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Hanazato, Toshikazu; Minowa, Chikahiro; Niitsu, Yasushi; Nitto, Kazuhiko; Kawai, Naohito; Maekawa, Hideyuki; Morii, Masayuki (2010).
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blended into pagoda architecture, eventually also spreading to
Southeast Asia. Their construction was popularized by the efforts of
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Pagodas in the Ming and Qing dynasties generally inherited the styles of previous eras, although there were some minor variations:
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decoration of the top of the structure can seize demons. Today many pagodas have been fitted with wires making the finial into a
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at roughly 137 metres. The tallest pre-modern pagoda still standing is the Liaodi Pagoda. In April 2007 a new wooden pagoda
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in Shanghai follows the Song dynasty multi-courtyard design, and does not feature a pagoda. The main hall is at the center.
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in Taiwan, record setter for height (508 m) in 2004 and currently (2021) the world's tenth tallest completed building
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Pagodas built during the Sui and Tang dynasty usually had a square base, with a few exceptions such as the Daqin Pagoda:
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Side view of a Han pottery tower model with a mid-floor balcony and a courtyard gatehouse flanked by smaller towers; the
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crowning the top. Its walls are 2.5 m thick, with a ground floor diameter of 10.6 m. Another early brick pagoda is the
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The literature of subsequent eras also provides evidence of the domination of wooden pagoda construction. The famous
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Among a large set of architectural models, three Eastern Han dynasty watchtowers stand in the rear of this display.
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The Bei-Hai (Beijing), The Flower Pagoda (Guangdong), The Great Gander Pagoda (Xian), The White Pagoda (Liaoyang)
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1980:
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by Henry Yule & Arthur Coke Burnell, first printed 1896, reprinted by Wordsworth Editions, 1996, p. 291.
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joints, the structural isolation of floors, the effects of wide eaves analogous to a balancing toy, and the
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20:
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Fu, Xinian. (2002). "The Three Kingdoms, Western and Eastern Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties," in
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and other East Asian pagoda architectures. Also prominent is Buddhist iconography such as the image of the
412:-base towers emerging in the 5th–10th centuries. The highest Chinese pagoda from the pre-modern age is the
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Pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels, a notable exception being the eighteenth-century
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805:. Like the Songyue Pagoda, it also features a spire at its top, and is built in the pavilion style.
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2800:
2623:. Michael W. Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional.
2001:, the tallest pagoda in the world since its completion in April 2007, stands at 153.7 m in height.
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Structures not generally thought of as pagodas, but which have some pagoda-like characteristics:
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One of the earliest brick and stone pagodas was a three-storey construction built in the (first)
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Some believed reverence at pagodas could bring luck to students taking the Chinese civil service
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Structure of Pagodas, including the underground palace, base, body and steeple, at China.org.cn
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2095:, Myanmar. It is the most sacred Buddhist pagoda for the Burmese with relics of the past four
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before he ascended the throne. It was donated for use as a lamasery after his death in 1735.
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214:, and other parts of Asia. Most pagodas were built to have a religious function, most often
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The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum
2154:
of Sanssouci Park, an eighteenth-century German attempt at imitating Chinese architecture
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3134:
2875:"EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF ANCIENT FIVE-STORY PAGODA STRUCTURE OF HORYU-JI TEMPLE IN JAPAN"
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The Sun and Moon Pagodas lighted at night and reflected in Lake Shanhu in November 2017.
71:
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110:
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297:
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1529:
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was opened to the public, the tallest in China, standing 154 m (505 ft).
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2873:
Koji NAKAHARA, Toshiharu HISATOKU, Tadashi NAGASE and Yoshinori TAKAHASHI (2000).
2667:"Seismic and Wind Performance of Five-Storied Pagoda of Timber Heritage Structure"
2666:
2551:. David Robbins Tien. Comments on Etymology, October 2014, Vol.44, no. 1, pp. 2–6.
2548:
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1773:
1632:, Japan, built in the 7th century, one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world
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Places called "pagoda" but which are not tiered structures with multiple eaves:
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Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC
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The earliest styles of Chinese pagodas were square-base and circular-base, with
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phenomenon that the center column is bolted to the rest of the superstructure.
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1955:
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954:
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51:
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2020:, Indonesia, tallest pagoda in Indonesia, stands at 45 meters, built in 2004.
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Japan has a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before 1850.
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was fused with native Chinese traditions into a unique system of symbolism.
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A prominent, later example of converting a palace to a temple is Beijing's
80:
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3032:, 61–90. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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in 1790. If completed, it would be the largest in the world at 150 meters.
60:
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Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220
2857:"2,500-year-old Chinese wood joints that make buildings earthquake-proof"
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2008:
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26:"Five-storied pagoda" redirects here. It should not be confused with the
2161:. This 13-story pagoda, used as the control tower for races such as the
1890:
984:, 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD, excavated by archaeologists in 1993.
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in which the main hall replaced the pagoda as the center of the temple.
545:
Pagodas come in many different sizes, with taller ones often attracting
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211:
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3103:
Culzean Pagoda (Monkey House) – the only stone built pagoda in Britain
2880:. No. 1229/11/A. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
2165:, has been transformed several times since it was first built in 1913.
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2123:, Myanmar, built from 2006 to 2009, which houses a Buddha tooth relic
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38:
957:, or as ornate buildings that were believed to attract the favor of
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has survived, a circular-based pagoda built out of brick in 523 AD.
377:, pilgrims, rulers, and ordinary devotees to honor Buddhist relics.
292:
pronunciation of the term for an eight-cornered tower, Chinese:
1819:
in the 14th century, with the rishi being present in the form of a
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5459:
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2377:, Myanmar. The whole structure is coated with 60 tons of pure gold
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1829:, built between 1402 and 1424, a wonder of the medieval world in
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2714:
By John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press.
3148:
2754:. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press.
2734:. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press.
770:. This curved, circle-based pagoda was built in 523 during the
5294:
3830:
2998:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
2065:
905:
694:
The oldest standing fully wooden pagoda in China today is the
2586:
3011:
Fazio, Michael W., Moffett, Marian and Wodehouse, Lawrence.
2816:
Splendour of Buddhism in Burma: A Journey to the Golden Land
2048:, the largest unsupported domed stone structure in the world
1542:, Nepal, originally built in 4th century CE, rebuilt in 1702
3080:. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1962:, Malaysia, exhibits a combination of Chinese, Burmese and
1666:, South Korea, built in 751, made of granite. In 1966, the
875:, were generally placed in the center of temples until the
2505:"Pagoda | History, Design & Construction | Britannica"
2466:– Chinese Muslim mausoleum with pagoda-style architecture
689:
uncountable towers and pagodas stand in the misty rain.
2142:. It was built in 1049, destroyed, and rebuilt in 1954.
2957:"Indianapolis 500 Traditions :: Indianapolis 500"
762:
The earliest extant brick pagoda is the 40-metre-tall
2979:
China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty
361:
pagoda tiers labelled with their architectural styles
342:: "relic womb/chamber" or "reliquary shrine", i.e. a
3047:. 1976, Emeryville, California. Dharma Publications.
5737:
5652:
5567:
5265:
5167:
5050:
4747:
4675:
4502:
4375:
4315:
3950:
3816:
3756:
3601:
3493:
3423:
3277:
3222:
3108:"Why so few Japanese pagodas have ever fallen down"
916:pagodas of Famen Temple and the Chongwen Pagoda in
848:(652 AD), built during the early Tang dynasty. The
593:, very different from Chinese and Japanese styles.
3063:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2752:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2732:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2712:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2641:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
614:of 523 AD, the oldest extant stone pagoda in China
2933:
2931:
890:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction
3065:. Published 2003. Princeton University Press .
2565:, Second Edition. Random House, New York, 1993.
2549:http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/artlan_phil_facwork
2054:, a monumental uncompleted stupa began by King
844:dynasty pagoda construction. An example is the
687:480 Buddhist temples of the Southern Dynasties,
684:
330:Yet another etymology is from the Sinhala word
2157:The Panasonic Pagoda, or Pagoda Tower, at the
2109:, Myanmar. Completed during the reign of King
871:Pagodas, in keeping with the tradition of the
726:, built by 652 and rebuilt in 704, during the
365:The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the
3160:
3045:Psycho-cosmic symbolism of the Buddhist stupa
2911:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia
2868:
2866:
2113:in 1102, it is a prototype of Burmese stupas.
2087:, a 98-metre (322 ft) gilded pagoda and
1893:, Vietnam, built in 1844 on the order of the
1815:in India. The temple was constructed by Raja
525:trend and win the county supernatural favor.
8:
3942:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3017:. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional.
3001:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2890:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2831:"Japanese Temple Architecture in 60 Seconds"
2195:The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests at the
1767:, Zhejiang, China, built in 1165 during the
702:, built in the 11th century during the Song/
230:, while its design was developed in ancient
2779:
2777:
2146:Structures that evoke pagoda architecture:
793:The earliest large-scale stone pagoda is a
537:Floor-support structure in a corner of the
432:, and possibly the short-lived 6th century
3167:
3153:
3145:
2575:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary
589:The pagodas in Himalayas are derived from
2682:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.79
976:model of two residential towers, made of
663:Stories About Buddhist Temples in Luoyang
404:, with little change in later renovations
2171:in Shanghai, built between 1994 and 1999
2077:the highest pagoda or stupa in Thailand
5129:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3087:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2496:
2207:
1727:, built in 1055 during the Song dynasty
1582:, Korea, built in the early 7th century
1376:
1149:
1123:
1038:
963:
226:. The pagoda traces its origins to the
5332:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2883:
2597:
2595:
501:In an article on Buddhist elements in
420:, completed in the year 1055 AD under
267:is a more generic term referring to a
2855:Tokmakova, Anastasia (24 July 2017).
1002:support brackets are clearly visible.
520:. When a pagoda of Yihuang County in
400:, Hebei, built in 1045 AD during the
109:Clockwise from upper left: Pagoda of
7:
1966:Buddhist architecture, built in 1930
1282:Pagoda of Tianning Temple in Beijing
828:Brick and stone went on to dominate
801:, Shandong, built in 611 during the
222:, and were often located in or near
3083:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997).
2981:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2643:. John Kieschnick. Published 2003.
2527:. W.T. Comstock. 1896. p. 245.
1521:Tiered towers with multiple eaves:
5119:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3130:The Songyue Pagoda at China.org.cn
2562:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
2030:, Guangxi, China, twin pagodas on
1913:, the tallest wooden structure in
1853:, Nepal, built in 16th century by
1668:Mugujeonggwang Great Dharani Sutra
1098:Pagoda, built in early 8th century
14:
3120:Chinese pagoda gallery (211 pics)
2818:. Partridge Publishing Singapore.
1552:, Nepal, built in the 5th century
549:, inspiring a tradition that the
288:One proposed etymology is from a
5800:
5790:
5789:
5347:Thai temple art and architecture
5092:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3332:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3198:
3185:
3175:
2434:Architecture of the Song dynasty
2415:
2403:
2394:
2382:
2363:
2348:
2329:
2310:
2294:
2275:
2262:
2246:
2230:
2210:
2068:, pagoda, and stupa in Laos, in
1733:, built in 1056 in Ying County,
1475:
1459:
1443:
1427:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1350:
1335:
1320:
1304:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1244:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1152:
1126:
1103:
1088:
1072:
1056:
1041:
1019:
1007:
989:
966:
825:. However, it is now destroyed.
610:The 40-metre-tall (130 ft)
509:suggests that in these temples,
416:of Kaiyuan Monastery, Dingxian,
312:. Another proposed etymology is
99:
90:
79:
70:
59:
50:
3199:
3014:A World History of Architecture
2620:A World History of Architecture
1757:, Jiangsu, China, built in 1162
1747:, Shandong, China, 11th century
1452:Lianhua Pagoda of Lianhua Hills
1388:Flower Pagoda of Liurong Temple
959:spirits, deities, and immortals
620:Southern and Northern dynasties
5868:Japanese architectural history
5337:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5139:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4219:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3410:Places where the Buddha stayed
2179:tallest buildings in the world
2119:, a 325-foot tall landmark in
1882:(Canton), China, built in 1600
1827:The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
248:
1:
5863:Chinese architectural history
5352:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2485:Guanghui Temple Huatai Pagoda
2355:The Bombardier Pagoda at the
2253:Wooden three-story pagoda of
1878:on Whampoa (Huangpu) Island,
1704:, Hebei, China, built in 1045
1436:Sarira Stupa of Tayuan Temple
931:, which was the residence of
714:Transition to brick and stone
651:
468:, built in 636 AD during the
129:, China; Phước Duyên Pagoda,
5858:Indian architectural history
5109:Buddhism and the Roman world
5085:Decline of Buddhism in India
5080:History of Buddhism in India
3180: Topics in
2959:. 1 May 2008. Archived from
2799:. Houghton Mifflin. p.
2305:, Hebei, China, built in 636
1714:, built in 1049, during the
1614:Wooden nine-story pagoda on
1602:, Hebei, China, built in 636
1572:, Henan, China, built in 523
625:Examples of wooden pagodas:
252:) are a traditional part of
4307:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4047:
2674:Advanced Materials Research
2579:Online Etymology Dictionary
2357:Indianapolis Motor Speedway
2324:, Nepal, built in 1701–1702
2159:Indianapolis Motor Speedway
1942:, London, UK, built in 1762
1870:Gokarneshwor Mahadev temple
1811:Prashar, the patron of the
1503:, a 16th-century temple in
1114:, built between 862 and 888
850:Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing
5909:
5257:The unanswerable questions
2645:Princeton University Press
2587:http://www.etymonline.com/
2547:& Cohen, G. L. (2017)
2475:List of pagodas in Beijing
2011:, Australia built for the
1977:, Singapore, built in 1975
1843:, Hong Kong, built in 1486
1763:(Six Harmonies Pagoda) of
1690:, built in 961 outside of
1638:, made of brick, built in
951:astronomical observatories
304:), standing just south of
36:
25:
18:
16:Towers native to East Asia
5785:
5342:Buddhist temples in Korea
3905:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3808:Three planes of existence
3415:Buddha in world religions
3194:
3098:Oriental architecture.com
2814:Christel, Pascal (2020).
2793:Terry, T. Philip (1914).
2524:Architecture and Building
2138:, Vietnam, is an icon of
1903:, a five-story pagoda at
1807:temple, dedicated to the
1486:, Shanghai, built in 1884
1484:Square Tower of Songjiang
301:
293:
239:
28:Zhenhai Tower (Guangzhou)
5124:Persecution of Buddhists
4345:Four stages of awakening
3726:Three marks of existence
3312:Physical characteristics
3076:Loewe, Michael. (1968).
2589:(Accessed 29 April 2016)
2581:by Douglas Harper, s.v.
2410:Peace Pagoda - Sri Lanka
1994:, Florida, built in 1982
1981:Dragon and Tiger Pagodas
1801:, Vietnam, built in 1305
1794:(about the 13th century)
1790:, Vietnam, built in the
1137:, 9th and 10th centuries
346:, by way of Portuguese.
334:, derived from Sanskrit
37:Not to be confused with
5878:Architecture in Vietnam
4487:Ten principal disciples
3370:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2796:Terry's Japanese Empire
2607:Encyclopædia Britannica
2257:in Japan, built in 1171
2046:Global Vipassana Pagoda
1992:Japan Pavilion at Epcot
1987:, Taiwan, built in 1976
1969:Seven-storey Pagoda in
1731:Pagoda of Fogong Temple
1646:Small Wild Goose Pagoda
1636:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
1562:, Vietnam, built in 545
1532:, Vietnam, built in 187
1505:Kathmandu Durbar Square
1420:Pagoda of Cishou Temple
1359:Flower Pagoda Guangzhou
1357:Photographer unknown, "
1343:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
1221:Pagoda of Fogong Temple
1191:Luohanyuan Twin Pagodas
1081:Small Wild Goose Pagoda
846:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
724:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
696:Pagoda of Fugong Temple
660:Many of the pagodas in
422:Emperor Renzong of Song
123:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
32:The Five-Storied Pagoda
21:Pagoda (disambiguation)
5197:Buddhism and democracy
4710:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4705:Chinese Buddhist canon
3937:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3932:Early Buddhist schools
2977:Benn, Charles (2002).
2454:Kath-Kuni architecture
2225:, China, built in 1049
1931:built during 1701–1702
1917:, Japan, built in 1644
1885:Phước Duyên Pagoda of
1872:, Nepal, built in 1582
1866:, Nepal, built in 1564
1786:of Vĩnh Khánh Temple,
1780:, Japan, built in 1171
1608:in China, built in 640
1518:
1507:
868:
731:
722:The brick-constructed
692:
629:White Horse Pagoda at
615:
597:Construction materials
542:
473:
456:Symbolism and geomancy
405:
362:
327:, "temple, dwelling."
167:
5888:Architecture in Nepal
5873:Architecture in Korea
5853:Buddhist architecture
5207:Eight Consciousnesses
3317:Life of Buddha in art
2914:. BRILL. p. 28.
2237:Five-story pagoda of
2177:in Kuala Lumpur, the
2018:Pagoda Avalokitesvara
2005:Nepalese Peace Pagoda
1950:Reading, Pennsylvania
1907:, Korea built in 1605
1684:, Korea, built in 751
1622:, Korea, built in 645
1592:, Korea, built in 634
1536:Changu Narayan Temple
1515:Changu Narayan Temple
1513:
1499:
1468:Fragrant Hills Pagoda
1143:Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan
863:
856:De-emphasis over time
815:Jin dynasty (266–420)
766:in Dengfeng Country,
721:
609:
536:
463:
391:
375:Buddhist missionaries
357:
158:
5684:East Asian religions
5114:Buddhism in the West
4685:Early Buddhist texts
4300:Four Right Exertions
3766:Ten spiritual realms
3259:Noble Eightfold Path
3030:Chinese Architecture
2480:Chaoyang North Tower
2459:Chinese architecture
2024:Sun and Moon Pagodas
1837:Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda
1546:Pashupatinath Temple
772:Northern Wei dynasty
580:Sir William Chambers
254:Chinese architecture
19:For other uses, see
5807:Religion portal
5554:Temple of the Tooth
5433:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4472:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3965:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
3748:Two truths doctrine
3568:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3368:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1797:Phổ Minh pagoda of
591:Newari architecture
430:Emperor Yang of Sui
234:. Chinese pagodas (
5838:Buddhist buildings
5729:Western philosophy
5327:Dzong architecture
5149:Vipassana movement
5144:Buddhist modernism
4572:Emperor Wen of Sui
4340:Pratyekabuddhayāna
4273:Threefold Training
4075:Vipassana movement
3791:Hungry Ghost realm
3611:Avidyā (Ignorance)
3558:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
3307:Great Renunciation
3302:Eight Great Events
3184:
3061:Kieschnick, John.
2946:Loewe (1968), 133.
2676:. 133–134: 79–95.
2509:www.britannica.com
2320:Temple located in
2140:Vietnamese culture
2117:Uppatasanti Pagoda
2075:Phra Pathommachedi
2052:Mingun Pahtodawgyi
2041:called "pagodas":
1958:'s main pagoda in
1847:Bajrayogini Temple
1626:Pagoda at Hōryū-ji
1519:
1517:, Bhaktapur, Nepal
1508:
910:White Horse Temple
873:White Horse Temple
869:
865:Jade Buddha Temple
732:
631:White Horse Temple
616:
543:
511:Buddhist symbolism
474:
406:
363:
168:
30:or with the novel
5815:
5814:
5453:Om mani padme hum
5159:Women in Buddhism
5075:Buddhist councils
4945:Western countries
4733:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
4494:Shaolin Monastery
4071:Samatha-vipassanā
3681:Pratītyasamutpāda
3485:Metteyya/Maitreya
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3232:Four Noble Truths
3085:Liao Architecture
2283:One Pillar Pagoda
2181:from 1998 to 2004
2132:One Pillar Pagoda
2099:enshrined within.
1688:Tiger Hill Pagoda
1049:Four Gates Pagoda
933:Yongzheng Emperor
795:Four Gates Pagoda
708:Song architecture
547:lightning strikes
482:is noticeable in
371:Chinese pavilions
310:Whampoa Anchorage
5900:
5893:Religious towers
5843:Buddhist temples
5805:
5804:
5793:
5792:
5632:Sacred languages
5480:Maya Devi Temple
5443:Mahabodhi Temple
5247:Secular Buddhism
5212:Engaged Buddhism
4052:
3900:Tibetan Buddhism
3851:Vietnamese Thiền
3450:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3179:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3146:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2937:Steinhardt, 383.
2935:
2926:
2925:
2906:Chihara, Daigorō
2902:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2749:
2743:
2729:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2638:
2632:
2616:
2610:
2599:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:Steinhardt, 387.
2535:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2419:
2407:
2398:
2386:
2371:Shwedagon Pagoda
2367:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2298:
2279:
2266:
2250:
2234:
2214:
2197:Temple of Heaven
2103:Shwezigon Pagoda
2085:Shwedagon Pagoda
1929:Kathmandu Valley
1556:Trấn Quốc Pagoda
1479:
1463:
1447:
1431:
1415:
1399:
1383:
1354:
1339:
1324:
1313:Chengling Pagoda
1308:
1293:
1278:
1263:
1248:
1232:
1217:
1202:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1130:
1107:
1092:
1076:
1060:
1045:
1023:
1011:
993:
970:
904:(960–1279), the
698:in Ying County,
656:
653:
303:
295:
269:place of worship
250:
241:
218:, but sometimes
160:Shwedagon Pagoda
147:Himachal Pradesh
103:
94:
83:
74:
63:
54:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5799:
5781:
5733:
5648:
5563:
5300:Ordination hall
5261:
5163:
5134:Buddhist crisis
5046:
4743:
4695:Mahayana sutras
4671:
4667:Thích Nhất Hạnh
4498:
4371:
4311:
4261:Bodhisattva vow
3946:
3812:
3752:
3711:Taṇhā (Craving)
3646:Five hindrances
3597:
3489:
3419:
3273:
3218:
3190:
3173:
3094:
3043:Govinda, A. B.
2974:
2969:
2968:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2639:
2635:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2593:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2470:Japanese pagoda
2430:
2423:
2420:
2411:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2387:
2378:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2301:The nine-story
2299:
2290:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2215:
2175:Petronas Towers
1999:Tianning Temple
1952:, built in 1908
1887:Thiên Mụ Temple
1799:Phổ Minh Temple
1784:Bình Sơn Pagoda
1698:Lingxiao Pagoda
1494:
1492:Notable pagodas
1487:
1480:
1471:
1470:, built in 1780
1464:
1455:
1454:, built in 1612
1448:
1439:
1438:, built in 1582
1432:
1423:
1422:, built in 1576
1416:
1407:
1406:, built in 1473
1400:
1391:
1390:, built in 1373
1384:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1345:, built by 1330
1340:
1331:
1330:, built in 1270
1325:
1316:
1315:, built in 1189
1309:
1300:
1299:, built in 1153
1294:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1269:, built in 1103
1264:
1255:
1254:, built by 1063
1249:
1240:
1239:, built in 1055
1233:
1224:
1223:, built in 1056
1218:
1209:
1208:, built in 1009
1206:Ruiguang Pagoda
1203:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1115:
1112:Baoguang Temple
1108:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
974:Ancient Chinese
971:
946:
941:
858:
811:
809:Brick and stone
791:
760:
716:
691:
688:
654:
646:, built in the
604:
599:
531:
458:
446:Tianning Temple
434:Yongning Pagoda
394:Lingxiao Pagoda
386:
352:
286:
153:
152:
151:
150:
141:, South Korea;
131:Thiên Mụ Temple
106:
105:
104:
96:
95:
86:
85:
84:
76:
75:
66:
65:
64:
56:
55:
42:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5883:Building types
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5820:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5797:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5364:Greco-Buddhist
5356:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5315:Burmese pagoda
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5097:Greco-Buddhism
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5030:United Kingdom
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Czech Republic
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4739:Abhidharmadīpa
4736:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:B. R. Ambedkar
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Songtsen Gampo
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Eight precepts
4253:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4027:Five Strengths
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Mental factors
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Mahamoggallāna
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3433:Avalokiteśvara
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3092:External links
3090:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3059:
3048:
3041:
3026:
3009:
2993:Brook, Timothy
2990:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:on 1 May 2008.
2948:
2939:
2927:
2920:
2897:
2862:
2847:
2829:Spacey, John.
2821:
2806:
2785:
2773:
2764:
2744:
2724:
2704:
2695:
2657:
2633:
2611:
2591:
2567:
2553:
2539:
2530:
2514:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:Altar in Korea
2199:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2100:
2082:
2072:
2064:, the holiest
2062:Pha That Luang
2059:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2013:World Expo '88
2002:
1995:
1990:The pagoda of
1988:
1978:
1971:Chinese Garden
1967:
1953:
1946:Reading Pagoda
1943:
1932:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1862:, a temple in
1857:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1802:
1795:
1781:
1771:
1758:
1748:
1745:Lingyan Temple
1738:
1728:
1718:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1671:
1653:
1652:, China in 709
1643:
1642:, China in 704
1633:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1566:Songyue Pagoda
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:Zhenjue Temple
1401:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:Haotian Pagoda
1265:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:, built in 982
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:, built in 977
1176:Longhua Pagoda
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:, built in 961
1158:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1110:Pagoda of the
1109:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:, built in 709
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:, built in 640
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:, built in 611
1047:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1004:
995:
988:
986:
972:
965:
945:
942:
940:
939:Styles of eras
937:
857:
854:
810:
807:
790:
787:
785:built in 597.
783:Guoqing Pagoda
764:Songyue Pagoda
759:
756:
752:Songyue Pagoda
715:
712:
685:
682:, once wrote:
672:
671:
658:
648:Three Kingdoms
637:
612:Songyue Pagoda
603:
600:
598:
595:
539:Horyuji temple
530:
527:
492:Gautama Buddha
457:
454:
385:
382:
351:
348:
300:(Chinese:
285:
282:
178:with multiple
108:
107:
98:
97:
89:
88:
87:
78:
77:
69:
68:
67:
58:
57:
49:
48:
47:
46:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5905:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5569:Miscellaneous
5566:
5560:
5559:Vegetarianism
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:Buddha in art
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:United States
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Padmasambhava
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4504:Major figures
4501:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4450:Western tulku
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
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4251:Five precepts
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4229:Dhamma vicaya
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3998:
3997:Buddhābhiṣeka
3995:
3991:
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3642:
3641:Enlightenment
3639:
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3634:
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3631:Dhamma theory
3629:
3627:
3626:Buddha-nature
3624:
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3465:Samantabhadra
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3141:
3138:
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3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:The Economist
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
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3086:
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3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:0-691-09676-7
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:0-521-30631-0
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:0-300-09559-7
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:0-07-141751-6
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3007:0-520-22154-0
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:0-19-517665-0
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2921:90-04-10512-3
2917:
2913:
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2898:
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2760:0-691-09676-7
2757:
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2745:
2741:
2740:0-691-09676-7
2737:
2733:
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2725:
2721:
2720:0-691-09676-7
2717:
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2705:
2699:
2696:
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2658:
2654:
2653:0-691-09676-7
2650:
2646:
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2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:0-07-141751-6
2626:
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2397:
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2389:Pagoda Mumbai
2385:
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2186:
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2173:
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2169:Jin Mao Tower
2167:
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2156:
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2149:
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2147:
2141:
2137:
2133:
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2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
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2083:
2080:
2079:Nakhon Pathom
2076:
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2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
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1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
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1947:
1944:
1941:
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1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
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1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:Pazhou Pagoda
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:Taleju Temple
1858:
1856:
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1726:
1722:
1721:Liaodi Pagoda
1719:
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1699:
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1630:Ikaruga, Nara
1627:
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1501:Taleju Temple
1498:
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1437:
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1405:
1398:
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1377:
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1370:Ming and Qing
1369:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1328:Wuying Pagoda
1323:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:Liaodi Pagoda
1231:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1135:Three Pagodas
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:Fawang Temple
1091:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1022:
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1005:
1001:
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983:
979:
975:
969:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
943:
938:
936:
934:
930:
929:Yonghe Temple
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
894:
892:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
862:
855:
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843:
839:
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741:
737:
729:
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720:
713:
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709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
683:
681:
677:
669:
665:
664:
659:
649:
645:
641:
640:Futuci Pagoda
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
613:
608:
601:
596:
594:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:lightning rod
552:
548:
540:
535:
528:
526:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
471:
467:
462:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Liaodi Pagoda
411:
403:
399:
395:
390:
383:
381:
378:
376:
372:
368:
360:
356:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
323:, "idol" and
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
299:
291:
290:South Chinese
283:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
255:
251:
245:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
161:
157:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
93:
82:
73:
62:
53:
44:
40:
33:
29:
22:
5747:Bodhisattvas
5667:Christianity
5662:Baháʼí Faith
5527:Dharmachakra
5517:Prayer wheel
5507:Prayer beads
5309:
5275:Architecture
5154:969 Movement
4938:Saudi Arabia
4916:Central Asia
4909:South Africa
4731:
4714:
4647:Panchen Lama
4552:Buddhapālita
4148:Satipatthana
4143:Mindful Yoga
4056:Recollection
3970:Brahmavihara
3841:Japanese Zen
3836:Chinese Chan
3796:Animal realm
3603:Key concepts
3425:Bodhisattvas
3237:Three Jewels
3111:
3084:
3077:
3062:
3044:
3029:
3012:
2996:
2978:
2961:the original
2951:
2942:
2910:
2900:
2859:. Archinect.
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2795:
2788:
2767:
2751:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2673:
2660:
2640:
2636:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2556:
2542:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2239:Mount Haguro
2190:
2152:Dragon House
2145:
2126:
2037:
1936:Great Pagoda
1855:Pratap Malla
1813:Mandi region
1805:Prashar Lake
1792:Trần dynasty
1778:Kasai, Hyōgo
1769:Song dynasty
1761:Liuhe Pagoda
1751:Beisi Pagoda
1741:Pizhi Pagoda
1716:Song dynasty
1616:Hwangnyongsa
1612:Hwangnyongsa
1606:Daqin Pagoda
1520:
1373:
1297:Beisi Pagoda
1252:Pizhi Pagoda
1146:
1120:Dali kingdom
1065:Daqin Pagoda
1035:
1032:Sui and Tang
997:
947:
926:
914:Ming dynasty
902:Song dynasty
899:
895:
888:
870:
827:
812:
792:
761:
736:Northern Wei
733:
728:Tang dynasty
704:Liao dynasty
693:
686:
676:Tang dynasty
673:
668:Northern Wei
661:
624:
617:
588:
578:designed by
570:
559:
544:
529:Architecture
518:examinations
515:
497:abhaya mudra
495:
475:
470:Tang dynasty
407:
402:Song dynasty
379:
364:
339:
335:
331:
329:
324:
320:
316:
287:
272:
264:
262:
258:
247:
174:is a tiered
171:
169:
143:Prashar Lake
115:Liuhe Pagoda
43:
5592:Dharma talk
5421:Asalha Puja
5217:Eschatology
5020:Switzerland
5000:New Zealand
4928:Middle East
4837:Philippines
4757:Afghanistan
4562:Bodhidharma
4547:Buddhaghosa
4467:Householder
4377:Monasticism
4330:Bodhisattva
4185:Prostration
4138:Mindfulness
4066:Anapanasati
4049:Kammaṭṭhāna
3846:Korean Seon
3786:Asura realm
3781:Human realm
3721:Ten Fetters
3676:Parinirvana
3578:Uppalavanna
3543:Mahākaccana
3528:Mahākassapa
3460:Kṣitigarbha
3455:Ākāśagarbha
3352:Suddhodāna
3297:Four sights
3224:Foundations
2373:located in
2303:Xumi Pagoda
2219:Iron Pagoda
2091:located in
1975:Jurong East
1940:Kew Gardens
1901:Palsangjeon
1708:Iron Pagoda
1648:, built in
1596:Xumi Pagoda
1161:Huqiu Tower
982:Han dynasty
980:during the
978:earthenware
955:watchtowers
944:Han dynasty
803:Sui dynasty
780:Sui dynasty
748:Sui dynasty
744:Emperor Wen
734:During the
618:During the
586:in London.
584:Kew Gardens
573:orientalist
566:Shinbashira
503:Han dynasty
480:iconography
466:Xumi Pagoda
428:, built by
340:dhātugabbha
336:dhātugarbha
298:"Pázhōu tǎ"
271:, although
133:, Vietnam;
5822:Categories
5709:Psychology
5689:Gnosticism
5677:Comparison
5672:Influences
5654:Comparison
5537:Bhavacakra
5495:Kushinagar
5470:Pilgrimage
5416:Māgha Pūjā
5371:Bodhi Tree
5187:Buddhology
5177:Abhidharma
5169:Philosophy
5102:Menander I
4970:Costa Rica
4921:Uzbekistan
4762:Bangladesh
4716:Dhammapada
4700:Pali Canon
4662:Ajahn Chah
4642:Dalai Lama
4542:Kumārajīva
4537:Vasubandhu
4512:The Buddha
4420:Zen master
4355:Sakadagami
4335:Buddhahood
4266:Pratimokṣa
4081:Shikantaza
4037:Meditation
4012:Deity yoga
3883:Madhyamaka
3776:Deva realm
3671:Mindstream
3621:Bodhicitta
3533:Aṅgulimāla
3400:Devadatta
3376:Yaśodharā
3279:The Buddha
3269:Middle Way
2995:. (1998).
2972:References
2835:Japan Talk
2783:Hymes, 30.
2337:Taipei 101
2185:Taipei 101
2111:Kyanzittha
2081:, Thailand
1997:Pagoda of
1956:Kek Lok Si
1586:Bunhwangsa
1570:Mount Song
1526:Dâu Temple
655: 220
488:Shakyamuni
359:Kek Lok Si
182:common to
5777:Festivals
5757:Buddhists
5719:Theosophy
5522:Symbolism
5512:Hama yumi
5485:Bodh Gaya
5252:Socialism
5227:Evolution
5202:Economics
5040:Venezuela
4955:Australia
4950:Argentina
4874:Sri Lanka
4869:Singapore
4787:Indonesia
4749:Countries
4690:Tripiṭaka
4652:Ajahn Mun
4527:Nagarjuna
4522:Aśvaghoṣa
4405:Anagārika
4400:Śrāmaṇerī
4395:Śrāmaṇera
4390:Bhikkhunī
4350:Sotāpanna
4239:Passaddhi
4180:Offerings
4155:Nekkhamma
4032:Iddhipada
3952:Practices
3922:Theravada
3895:Vajrayana
3888:Yogachara
3858:Pure Land
3771:Six Paths
3758:Cosmology
3538:Anuruddha
3513:Sāriputta
3503:Kaundinya
3495:Disciples
3470:Vajrapāṇi
3322:Footprint
3287:Tathāgata
2886:cite news
2840:7 January
2771:Brook, 7.
2762:. page 84
2742:. page 83
2702:Benn, 62.
2690:135707895
2322:Bhaktapur
2318:Nyatapola
2289:, Vietnam
2255:Ichijō-ji
2121:Naypyidaw
2070:Vientiane
2056:Bodawpaya
2032:Shan Lake
1985:Kaohsiung
1925:Bhaktapur
1921:Nyatapola
1895:Thiệu Trị
1880:Guangzhou
1864:Kathmandu
1851:Kathmandu
1841:Ping Shan
1788:Vĩnh Phúc
1774:Ichijō-ji
1702:Zhengding
1656:Seokgatap
1600:Zhengding
1550:Kathmandu
1540:Bhaktapur
1361:," n.d.,
823:Xiangyang
450:Changzhou
410:octagonal
398:Zhengding
306:Guangzhou
284:Etymology
278:Spaniards
166:, Myanmar
135:Seokgatap
121:, China;
113:, Japan;
5795:Category
5724:Violence
5694:Hinduism
5642:Sanskrit
5597:Hinayana
5582:Amitābha
5542:Swastika
5411:Uposatha
5401:Holidays
5386:Calendar
5232:Humanism
5070:Kanishka
5060:Timeline
4884:Thailand
4852:Kalmykia
4847:Buryatia
4832:Pakistan
4817:Mongolia
4812:Maldives
4807:Malaysia
4772:Cambodia
4637:Shamarpa
4632:Nichiren
4582:Xuanzang
4517:Nagasena
4435:Rinpoche
4165:Pāramitā
4007:Devotion
3927:Navayana
3915:Dzogchen
3878:Nichiren
3826:Mahayana
3818:Branches
3696:Saṅkhāra
3445:Mañjuśrī
3402:(cousin)
3394:(cousin)
3362:(mother)
3354:(father)
3342:Miracles
3292:Birthday
3209:Glossary
3182:Buddhism
2908:(1996).
2722:. p. 83
2449:Pyatthat
2428:See also
2343:, Taiwan
2202:Wongudan
2163:Indy 500
2107:Nyaung-U
2009:Brisbane
1905:Beopjusa
1833:, China.
1765:Hangzhou
1725:Dingzhou
1682:Gyeongju
1678:Bulguksa
1664:Gyeongju
1660:Bulguksa
1620:Gyeongju
1590:Gyeongju
1576:Mireuksa
1530:Bắc Ninh
918:Jingyang
887:wrote a
819:Wang Jun
650:period (
426:Chang'an
338:or Pali
216:Buddhist
188:Cambodia
184:Thailand
149:, India.
145:temple,
139:Bulguksa
119:Hangzhou
111:Hōryū-ji
5828:Pagodas
5772:Temples
5752:Buddhas
5714:Science
5704:Judaism
5699:Jainism
5617:Lineage
5577:Abhijñā
5547:Thangka
5490:Sarnath
5475:Lumbini
5396:Funeral
5391:Cuisine
5267:Culture
5242:Reality
5192:Creator
5182:Atomism
5052:History
5025:Ukraine
4985:Germany
4904:Senegal
4894:Vietnam
4822:Myanmar
4622:Shinran
4612:Karmapa
4587:Shandao
4557:Dignāga
4482:Śrāvaka
4462:Donchee
4457:Kappiya
4415:Sayadaw
4385:Bhikkhu
4360:Anāgāmi
4317:Nirvana
4283:Samadhi
4170:Paritta
4111:Tonglen
4106:Mandala
4061:Smarana
4042:Mantras
3990:Upekkha
3960:Bhavana
3910:Shingon
3863:Tiantai
3716:Tathātā
3706:Śūnyatā
3701:Skandha
3691:Saṃsāra
3686:Rebirth
3661:Kleshas
3651:Indriya
3553:Subhūti
3438:Guanyin
3392:Ānanda
3384:Rāhula
3264:Nirvana
3204:Outline
2604:at the
2464:Gongbei
2444:Chaitya
2241:, Japan
2223:Kaifeng
2097:Buddhas
1897:Emperor
1831:Nanjing
1817:Ban Sen
1737:, China
1712:Kaifeng
1694:, China
1674:Dabotap
999:dougong
922:Shaanxi
900:In the
885:Daoxuan
799:Licheng
746:of the
635:Luoyang
562:dougong
507:Wu Hung
494:in the
484:Chinese
477:Chinese
442:Luoyang
350:History
319:, from
317:butkada
314:Persian
236:Chinese
224:viharas
212:Vietnam
208:Myanmar
5848:Towers
5833:Stupas
5767:Sutras
5762:Suttas
5627:Siddhi
5612:Koliya
5587:Brahmā
5502:Poetry
5448:Mantra
5438:Kasaya
5310:Pagoda
5290:Kyaung
5285:Vihāra
5280:Temple
5222:Ethics
5065:Ashoka
5015:Sweden
5010:Poland
5005:Norway
4995:Mexico
4980:France
4965:Canada
4960:Brazil
4899:Africa
4879:Taiwan
4842:Russia
4767:Bhutan
4727:Vinaya
4607:Naropa
4597:Saraha
4532:Asanga
4288:Prajñā
4197:Refuge
4160:Nianfo
4121:Tertön
4116:Tantra
4101:Ganana
4091:Tukdam
4017:Dhyāna
3985:Mudita
3980:Karuṇā
3873:Risshū
3868:Huayan
3801:Naraka
3741:Anattā
3736:Dukkha
3731:Anicca
3636:Dharma
3588:Channa
3523:Ānanda
3508:Assaji
3475:Skanda
3378:(wife)
3347:Family
3327:Relics
3252:Sangha
3247:Dharma
3242:Buddha
3069:
3054:
3036:
3021:
3005:
2985:
2918:
2758:
2738:
2718:
2688:
2651:
2627:
2602:Pagoda
2583:pagoda
2439:Cetiya
2375:Yangon
2341:Taipei
2093:Yangon
2039:Stupas
2028:Guilin
1960:Penang
1823:stone.
1755:Suzhou
1735:Shanxi
1692:Suzhou
1284:, 1120
700:Shanxi
678:poet,
644:Xuzhou
576:pagoda
551:finial
522:Fuzhou
332:dāgaba
273:pagoda
265:pagoda
246::
244:pinyin
238::
220:Taoist
172:pagoda
164:Yangon
39:Pagode
5739:Lists
5607:Kalpa
5602:Iddhi
5465:Music
5460:Mudra
5426:Vassa
5406:Vesak
5376:Budai
5322:Candi
5305:Stupa
5237:Logic
4990:Italy
4889:Tibet
4827:Nepal
4797:Korea
4792:Japan
4782:India
4777:China
4722:Sutra
4677:Texts
4627:Dōgen
4617:Hōnen
4602:Atiśa
4567:Zhiyi
4477:Achar
4445:Tulku
4440:Geshe
4425:Rōshi
4410:Ajahn
4365:Arhat
4325:Bodhi
4295:Vīrya
4212:Sacca
4207:Satya
4202:Sādhu
4190:Music
4133:Merit
4126:Terma
4086:Zazen
4022:Faith
3975:Mettā
3656:Karma
3616:Bardo
3583:Asita
3573:Khema
3563:Upāli
3548:Nanda
3386:(son)
3360:Māyā
3337:Films
3214:Index
2878:(PDF)
2686:S2CID
2670:(PDF)
2585:, at
2491:Notes
2287:Hanoi
2136:Hanoi
2089:stupa
1915:Kyoto
1911:Tō-ji
1889:, in
1821:pindi
1809:Rishi
1650:Xi'an
1640:Xi'an
1580:Iksan
1560:Hanoi
953:, as
817:, by
789:Stone
776:spire
768:Henan
758:Brick
706:(see
680:Du Mu
657:–265)
505:art,
440:) of
418:Hebei
384:China
367:stupa
344:stupa
232:India
228:stupa
204:Korea
200:Japan
196:China
192:Nepal
180:eaves
176:tower
127:Xi'an
5637:Pāḷi
5622:Māra
5532:Flag
4933:Iran
4857:Tuva
4802:Laos
4430:Lama
4278:Śīla
4246:Śīla
4234:Pīti
4224:Sati
4175:Puja
4096:Koan
4002:Dāna
3593:Yasa
3480:Tārā
3067:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3034:ISBN
3019:ISBN
3003:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2892:link
2842:2021
2756:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2270:1665
2217:The
2150:The
1964:Thai
1934:The
1482:The
1466:The
1450:The
1434:The
1418:The
1402:The
1386:The
1311:The
1235:The
1159:The
1133:The
1079:The
1063:The
906:Chan
881:Tang
879:and
840:and
838:Liao
834:Song
830:Tang
738:and
670:text
666:, a
602:Wood
490:and
464:The
438:永宁宝塔
392:The
325:kada
5359:Art
5295:Wat
3831:Zen
2801:257
2678:doi
2339:in
2221:of
2105:in
2066:wat
2026:in
2007:in
1983:in
1973:at
1948:of
1938:at
1923:at
1891:Huế
1839:in
1753:at
1743:of
1723:of
1710:of
1700:at
1676:on
1658:on
1598:at
1588:at
1578:at
1568:on
920:of
877:Sui
842:Jin
821:of
797:at
740:Sui
710:).
642:in
582:at
448:of
396:of
321:but
308:at
302:琶洲塔
294:八角塔
162:of
137:of
125:of
5824::
4861:ru
2930:^
2888:}}
2884:{{
2865:^
2833:.
2776:^
2684:.
2672:.
2647:.
2594:^
2507:.
2285:,
2134::
1927:,
1849:,
1776:,
1680:,
1662:,
1628:,
1618:,
1558:,
1548:,
1538:,
1528:,
961:.
924:.
836:,
832:,
652:c.
633:,
557:.
280:.
249:Tǎ
242:;
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
170:A
117:,
4863:)
4859:(
4077:)
4073:(
3168:e
3161:t
3154:v
3116:)
3110:(
3073:.
3058:.
3040:.
3025:.
2989:.
2924:.
2894:)
2844:.
2803:.
2692:.
2680::
2655:.
2631:.
2511:.
730:.
541:.
499:.
472:.
436:(
240:塔
41:.
34:.
23:.
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