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919:(Zen) sect developed a new 'seven part structure' for temples. The seven parts—the Buddha hall, dharma hall, monks' quarters, depository, gate, pure land hall and toilet facilities—completely exclude pagodas, and can be seen to represent the final triumph of the traditional Chinese palace/courtyard system over the original central-pagoda tradition established 1000 years earlier by the
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Chinese Origin of the Term Pagoda: Liang
Sicheng's Proposed Etymology Authors: David Robbins Tien Publication: Acta Orientalia, volume 77 (2016), pp 133–144 David Robbins Tien, Gerald Leonard Cohen Publication: Arts, Languages and Philosophy Faculty Research & Creative Works DownloadTien, D. R.,
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collapsed in 1210, local inhabitants believed the disaster correlated with the recent failure of many exam candidates in the prefectural examinations The pagoda was rebuilt in 1223 and had a list inscribed on it of the recently successful examination candidates, in hopes that it would reverse the
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The oldest and tallest pagodas were built of wood, but most that survived were built of brick or stone. Some pagodas are solid with no interior. Hollow pagodas have no higher floors or rooms, but the interior often contains an altar or a smaller pagoda, as well as a series of staircases for the
959:
Examples of Han dynasty era tower architecture predating
Buddhist influence and the full-fledged Chinese pagoda can be seen in the four pictures below. Michael Loewe writes that during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) period, multi-storied towers were erected for religious purposes, as
907:
The design of temples was also influenced by the use of traditional
Chinese residences as shrines, after they were philanthropically donated by the wealthy or the pious. In such pre-configured spaces, building a central pagoda might not have been either desirable or possible.
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is not an accurate word to describe a
Buddhist vihara. The architectural structure of the stupa has spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms specific to each region. Many Philippine bell towers are highly influenced by pagodas through Chinese workers hired by the
1001:
1362:
1195:
1031:
978:
633:, pagodas were mostly built of wood, as were other ancient Chinese structures. Wooden pagodas are resistant to earthquakes, and no Japanese pagoda has been destroyed by an earthquake, but they are prone to fire, natural rot, and insect infestation.
1210:
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Yingde pagoda, Qingyuan, Guangdong
Province, China, from Johan Nieuhof (1618–1672); Jean-Baptiste Le Carpentier (1606 – c. 1670): L'ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine,
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and standing at a total height of 84 m (275 ft). Although it no longer stands, the tallest pre-modern pagoda in
Chinese history was the 100-metre-tall wooden pagoda (330 ft) of
761:(reigned 581–604) once issued a decree for all counties and prefectures to build pagodas to a set of standard designs, however since they were all built of wood none have survived. Only the
1158:
Pagodas of the Five
Dynasties, Northern and Southern Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties incorporated many new styles, with a greater emphasis on hexagonal and octagonal bases for pagodas:
267:. In addition to religious use, since ancient times Chinese pagodas have been praised for the spectacular views they offer, and many classical poems attest to the joy of scaling pagodas.
2375:
380:(3rd century BCE). The stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used as a commemorative monument to house sacred relics and writings. In East Asia, the architecture of Chinese towers and
271:
visitor to climb to see the view from an opening on one side of each tier. Most have between three and 13 tiers (almost always an odd number) and the classic gradual tiered eaves.
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dynasties (386–618) experiments began with the construction of brick and stone pagodas. Even at the end of the Sui, however, wood was still the most common material. For example,
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785:, and has survived for 15 centuries. Much like the later pagodas found during the following Tang dynasty, this temple featured tiers of eaves encircling its frame, as well as a
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dynasties. During the Tang, the importance of the main hall was elevated and the pagoda was moved beside the hall, or out of the temple compound altogether. In the early Tang,
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Wooden pagodas possess certain characteristics thought to resist earthquake damage. These include the friction damping and sliding effect of the complex wooden
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has been one of the most famous brick and stone pagoda in China throughout history. The Zhou dynasty started making the ancient pagodas about 3,500 years ago.
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3312:
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1100:
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Hymes, Robert P. (1986). Statesmen and
Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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in 67. Although they were built outside of the main temple itself, large pagodas in the tradition of the past were still built. This includes the two
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A Western-Han model of a watchtower with human figures on its balconies (including crossbowmen) and a gatehouse and courtyard on the first floor.
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In some countries, the term may refer to other religious structures. In
Vietnam and Cambodia, due to French translation, the English term
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Hanazato, Toshikazu; Minowa, Chikahiro; Niitsu, Yasushi; Nitto, Kazuhiko; Kawai, Naohito; Maekawa, Hideyuki; Morii, Masayuki (2010).
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blended into pagoda architecture, eventually also spreading to
Southeast Asia. Their construction was popularized by the efforts of
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Pagodas in the Ming and Qing dynasties generally inherited the styles of previous eras, although there were some minor variations:
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decoration of the top of the structure can seize demons. Today many pagodas have been fitted with wires making the finial into a
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at roughly 137 metres. The tallest pre-modern pagoda still standing is the Liaodi Pagoda. In April 2007 a new wooden pagoda
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in Shanghai follows the Song dynasty multi-courtyard design, and does not feature a pagoda. The main hall is at the center.
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in Taiwan, record setter for height (508 m) in 2004 and currently (2021) the world's tenth tallest completed building
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Pagodas built during the Sui and Tang dynasty usually had a square base, with a few exceptions such as the Daqin Pagoda:
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Side view of a Han pottery tower model with a mid-floor balcony and a courtyard gatehouse flanked by smaller towers; the
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crowning the top. Its walls are 2.5 m thick, with a ground floor diameter of 10.6 m. Another early brick pagoda is the
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The literature of subsequent eras also provides evidence of the domination of wooden pagoda construction. The famous
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Among a large set of architectural models, three Eastern Han dynasty watchtowers stand in the rear of this display.
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The Bei-Hai (Beijing), The Flower Pagoda (Guangdong), The Great Gander Pagoda (Xian), The White Pagoda (Liaoyang)
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1981:
1946:
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38:
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1991:
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1681:, the oldest extant woodblock print, was found with several other treasures in the second story of this pagoda.
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by Henry Yule & Arthur Coke Burnell, first printed 1896, reprinted by Wordsworth Editions, 1996, p. 291.
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joints, the structural isolation of floors, the effects of wide eaves analogous to a balancing toy, and the
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31:
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Fu, Xinian. (2002). "The Three Kingdoms, Western and Eastern Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties," in
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and other East Asian pagoda architectures. Also prominent is Buddhist iconography such as the image of the
423:-base towers emerging in the 5th–10th centuries. The highest Chinese pagoda from the pre-modern age is the
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Pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels, a notable exception being the eighteenth-century
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816:. Like the Songyue Pagoda, it also features a spire at its top, and is built in the pavilion style.
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2634:. Michael W. Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional.
2012:, the tallest pagoda in the world since its completion in April 2007, stands at 153.7 m in height.
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Structures not generally thought of as pagodas, but which have some pagoda-like characteristics:
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One of the earliest brick and stone pagodas was a three-storey construction built in the (first)
641:
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Some believed reverence at pagodas could bring luck to students taking the Chinese civil service
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Structure of Pagodas, including the underground palace, base, body and steeple, at China.org.cn
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2106:, Myanmar. It is the most sacred Buddhist pagoda for the Burmese with relics of the past four
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before he ascended the throne. It was donated for use as a lamasery after his death in 1735.
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381:
324:
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225:, and other parts of Asia. Most pagodas were built to have a religious function, most often
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365:
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The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum
2165:
of Sanssouci Park, an eighteenth-century German attempt at imitating Chinese architecture
1798:
1788:
3145:
2886:"EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF ANCIENT FIVE-STORY PAGODA STRUCTURE OF HORYU-JI TEMPLE IN JAPAN"
2841:
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2433:
The Sun and Moon Pagodas lighted at night and reflected in Lake Shanhu in November 2017.
82:
5772:
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658:
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502:
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121:
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1521:
166:
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939:
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424:
308:
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3721:
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1540:
5632:
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5537:
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5369:
5164:
4657:
4158:
4153:
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480:
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was opened to the public, the tallest in China, standing 154 m (505 ft).
412:
153:
125:
4415:
4400:
4360:
3297:
2884:
Koji NAKAHARA, Toshiharu HISATOKU, Tadashi NAGASE and Yoshinori TAKAHASHI (2000).
2678:"Seismic and Wind Performance of Five-Storied Pagoda of Timber Heritage Structure"
2677:
2562:. David Robbins Tien. Comments on Etymology, October 2014, Vol.44, no. 1, pp. 2–6.
2559:
2265:
1784:
1643:, Japan, built in the 7th century, one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world
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4148:
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2313:
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Places called "pagoda" but which are not tiered structures with multiple eaves:
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1911:
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1606:
1374:
Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC
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790:
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The earliest styles of Chinese pagodas were square-base and circular-base, with
300:
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3746:
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1507:
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phenomenon that the center column is bolted to the rest of the superstructure.
5547:
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1966:
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369:
62:
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2031:, Indonesia, tallest pagoda in Indonesia, stands at 45 meters, built in 2004.
391:
Japan has a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before 1850.
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1995:
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was fused with native Chinese traditions into a unique system of symbolism.
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316:
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145:
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A prominent, later example of converting a palace to a temple is Beijing's
91:
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3043:, 61–90. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2069:
in 1790. If completed, it would be the largest in the world at 150 meters.
71:
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Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220
2868:"2,500-year-old Chinese wood joints that make buildings earthquake-proof"
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2019:
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37:"Five-storied pagoda" redirects here. It should not be confused with the
2172:. This 13-story pagoda, used as the control tower for races such as the
1901:
995:, 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD, excavated by archaeologists in 1993.
904:
in which the main hall replaced the pagoda as the center of the temple.
556:
Pagodas come in many different sizes, with taller ones often attracting
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222:
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17:
3114:
Culzean Pagoda (Monkey House) – the only stone built pagoda in Britain
2891:. No. 1229/11/A. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
2176:, has been transformed several times since it was first built in 1913.
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2134:, Myanmar, built from 2006 to 2009, which houses a Buddha tooth relic
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1970:
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710:
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968:, or as ornate buildings that were believed to attract the favor of
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has survived, a circular-based pagoda built out of brick in 523 AD.
388:, pilgrims, rulers, and ordinary devotees to honor Buddhist relics.
303:
pronunciation of the term for an eight-cornered tower, Chinese:
1830:
in the 14th century, with the rishi being present in the form of a
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2388:, Myanmar. The whole structure is coated with 60 tons of pure gold
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1840:, built between 1402 and 1424, a wonder of the medieval world in
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By John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press.
3159:
2765:. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press.
2745:. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press.
781:. This curved, circle-based pagoda was built in 523 during the
5305:
3841:
3009:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
2076:
916:
705:
The oldest standing fully wooden pagoda in China today is the
2597:
3022:
Fazio, Michael W., Moffett, Marian and Wodehouse, Lawrence.
2827:
Splendour of Buddhism in Burma: A Journey to the Golden Land
2059:, the largest unsupported domed stone structure in the world
1553:, Nepal, originally built in 4th century CE, rebuilt in 1702
3091:. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1973:, Malaysia, exhibits a combination of Chinese, Burmese and
1677:, South Korea, built in 751, made of granite. In 1966, the
886:, were generally placed in the center of temples until the
2516:"Pagoda | History, Design & Construction | Britannica"
2477:– Chinese Muslim mausoleum with pagoda-style architecture
700:
uncountable towers and pagodas stand in the misty rain.
2153:. It was built in 1049, destroyed, and rebuilt in 1954.
2968:"Indianapolis 500 Traditions :: Indianapolis 500"
773:
The earliest extant brick pagoda is the 40-metre-tall
2990:
China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty
372:
pagoda tiers labelled with their architectural styles
353:: "relic womb/chamber" or "reliquary shrine", i.e. a
3058:. 1976, Emeryville, California. Dharma Publications.
5748:
5663:
5578:
5276:
5178:
5061:
4758:
4686:
4513:
4386:
4326:
3961:
3827:
3767:
3612:
3504:
3434:
3288:
3233:
3119:"Why so few Japanese pagodas have ever fallen down"
927:pagodas of Famen Temple and the Chongwen Pagoda in
859:(652 AD), built during the early Tang dynasty. The
604:, very different from Chinese and Japanese styles.
3074:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2763:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2743:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2723:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2652:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
625:of 523 AD, the oldest extant stone pagoda in China
2944:
2942:
901:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction
3076:. Published 2003. Princeton University Press .
2576:, Second Edition. Random House, New York, 1993.
2560:http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/artlan_phil_facwork
2065:, a monumental uncompleted stupa began by King
855:dynasty pagoda construction. An example is the
698:480 Buddhist temples of the Southern Dynasties,
695:
341:Yet another etymology is from the Sinhala word
2168:The Panasonic Pagoda, or Pagoda Tower, at the
2120:, Myanmar. Completed during the reign of King
882:Pagodas, in keeping with the tradition of the
737:, built by 652 and rebuilt in 704, during the
376:The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the
3171:
3056:Psycho-cosmic symbolism of the Buddhist stupa
2922:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia
2879:
2877:
2124:in 1102, it is a prototype of Burmese stupas.
2098:, a 98-metre (322 ft) gilded pagoda and
1904:, Vietnam, built in 1844 on the order of the
1826:in India. The temple was constructed by Raja
536:trend and win the county supernatural favor.
8:
3953:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3028:. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional.
3012:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2901:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2842:"Japanese Temple Architecture in 60 Seconds"
2206:The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests at the
1778:, Zhejiang, China, built in 1165 during the
713:, built in the 11th century during the Song/
241:, while its design was developed in ancient
2790:
2788:
2157:Structures that evoke pagoda architecture:
804:The earliest large-scale stone pagoda is a
548:Floor-support structure in a corner of the
443:, and possibly the short-lived 6th century
3178:
3164:
3156:
2586:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary
600:The pagodas in Himalayas are derived from
2693:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.79
987:model of two residential towers, made of
674:Stories About Buddhist Temples in Luoyang
415:, with little change in later renovations
2182:in Shanghai, built between 1994 and 1999
2088:the highest pagoda or stupa in Thailand
5140:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3098:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2507:
2218:
1738:, built in 1055 during the Song dynasty
1593:, Korea, built in the early 7th century
1387:
1160:
1134:
1049:
974:
237:. The pagoda traces its origins to the
5343:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2894:
2608:
2606:
512:In an article on Buddhist elements in
431:, completed in the year 1055 AD under
278:is a more generic term referring to a
2866:Tokmakova, Anastasia (24 July 2017).
1013:support brackets are clearly visible.
531:. When a pagoda of Yihuang County in
411:, Hebei, built in 1045 AD during the
120:Clockwise from upper left: Pagoda of
7:
1977:Buddhist architecture, built in 1930
1293:Pagoda of Tianning Temple in Beijing
839:Brick and stone went on to dominate
812:, Shandong, built in 611 during the
233:, and were often located in or near
3094:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997).
2992:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2654:. John Kieschnick. Published 2003.
2538:. W.T. Comstock. 1896. p. 245.
1532:Tiered towers with multiple eaves:
5130:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3141:The Songyue Pagoda at China.org.cn
2573:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
2041:, Guangxi, China, twin pagodas on
1924:, the tallest wooden structure in
1864:, Nepal, built in 16th century by
1679:Mugujeonggwang Great Dharani Sutra
1109:Pagoda, built in early 8th century
25:
3131:Chinese pagoda gallery (211 pics)
2829:. Partridge Publishing Singapore.
1563:, Nepal, built in the 5th century
560:, inspiring a tradition that the
299:One proposed etymology is from a
5811:
5801:
5800:
5358:Thai temple art and architecture
5103:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3343:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3209:
3196:
3186:
2445:Architecture of the Song dynasty
2426:
2414:
2405:
2393:
2374:
2359:
2340:
2321:
2305:
2286:
2273:
2257:
2241:
2221:
2079:, pagoda, and stupa in Laos, in
1744:, built in 1056 in Ying County,
1486:
1470:
1454:
1438:
1422:
1406:
1390:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1315:
1300:
1285:
1270:
1255:
1239:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1163:
1137:
1114:
1099:
1083:
1067:
1052:
1030:
1018:
1000:
977:
836:. However, it is now destroyed.
621:The 40-metre-tall (130 ft)
520:suggests that in these temples,
427:of Kaiyuan Monastery, Dingxian,
323:. Another proposed etymology is
110:
101:
90:
81:
70:
61:
3210:
3025:A World History of Architecture
2631:A World History of Architecture
1768:, Jiangsu, China, built in 1162
1758:, Shandong, China, 11th century
1463:Lianhua Pagoda of Lianhua Hills
1399:Flower Pagoda of Liurong Temple
970:spirits, deities, and immortals
631:Southern and Northern dynasties
5879:Japanese architectural history
5348:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5150:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4230:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3421:Places where the Buddha stayed
2190:tallest buildings in the world
2130:, a 325-foot tall landmark in
1893:(Canton), China, built in 1600
1838:The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
259:
1:
5874:Chinese architectural history
5363:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2496:Guanghui Temple Huatai Pagoda
2366:The Bombardier Pagoda at the
2264:Wooden three-story pagoda of
1889:on Whampoa (Huangpu) Island,
1715:, Hebei, China, built in 1045
1447:Sarira Stupa of Tayuan Temple
942:, which was the residence of
725:Transition to brick and stone
662:
479:, built in 636 AD during the
140:, China; Phước Duyên Pagoda,
5869:Indian architectural history
5120:Buddhism and the Roman world
5096:Decline of Buddhism in India
5091:History of Buddhism in India
3191: Topics in
2970:. 1 May 2008. Archived from
2810:. Houghton Mifflin. p.
2316:, Hebei, China, built in 636
1725:, built in 1049, during the
1625:Wooden nine-story pagoda on
1613:, Hebei, China, built in 636
1583:, Henan, China, built in 523
636:Examples of wooden pagodas:
263:) are a traditional part of
4318:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4058:
2685:Advanced Materials Research
2590:Online Etymology Dictionary
2368:Indianapolis Motor Speedway
2335:, Nepal, built in 1701–1702
2170:Indianapolis Motor Speedway
1953:, London, UK, built in 1762
1881:Gokarneshwor Mahadev temple
1822:Prashar, the patron of the
1514:, a 16th-century temple in
1125:, built between 862 and 888
861:Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing
5920:
5268:The unanswerable questions
2656:Princeton University Press
2598:http://www.etymonline.com/
2558:& Cohen, G. L. (2017)
2486:List of pagodas in Beijing
2022:, Australia built for the
1988:, Singapore, built in 1975
1854:, Hong Kong, built in 1486
1774:(Six Harmonies Pagoda) of
1701:, built in 961 outside of
1649:, made of brick, built in
962:astronomical observatories
315:), standing just south of
47:
36:
29:
27:Towers native to East Asia
5796:
5353:Buddhist temples in Korea
3916:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3819:Three planes of existence
3426:Buddha in world religions
3205:
3109:Oriental architecture.com
2825:Christel, Pascal (2020).
2804:Terry, T. Philip (1914).
2535:Architecture and Building
2149:, Vietnam, is an icon of
1914:, a five-story pagoda at
1818:temple, dedicated to the
1497:, Shanghai, built in 1884
1495:Square Tower of Songjiang
312:
304:
250:
39:Zhenhai Tower (Guangzhou)
5135:Persecution of Buddhists
4356:Four stages of awakening
3737:Three marks of existence
3323:Physical characteristics
3087:Loewe, Michael. (1968).
2600:(Accessed 29 April 2016)
2592:by Douglas Harper, s.v.
2421:Peace Pagoda - Sri Lanka
2005:, Florida, built in 1982
1992:Dragon and Tiger Pagodas
1812:, Vietnam, built in 1305
1805:(about the 13th century)
1801:, Vietnam, built in the
1148:, 9th and 10th centuries
357:, by way of Portuguese.
345:, derived from Sanskrit
48:Not to be confused with
5889:Architecture in Vietnam
4498:Ten principal disciples
3381:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2807:Terry's Japanese Empire
2618:Encyclopædia Britannica
2268:in Japan, built in 1171
2057:Global Vipassana Pagoda
2003:Japan Pavilion at Epcot
1998:, Taiwan, built in 1976
1980:Seven-storey Pagoda in
1742:Pagoda of Fogong Temple
1657:Small Wild Goose Pagoda
1647:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
1573:, Vietnam, built in 545
1543:, Vietnam, built in 187
1516:Kathmandu Durbar Square
1431:Pagoda of Cishou Temple
1370:Flower Pagoda Guangzhou
1368:Photographer unknown, "
1354:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
1232:Pagoda of Fogong Temple
1202:Luohanyuan Twin Pagodas
1092:Small Wild Goose Pagoda
857:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
735:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
707:Pagoda of Fugong Temple
671:Many of the pagodas in
433:Emperor Renzong of Song
134:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
43:The Five-Storied Pagoda
32:Pagoda (disambiguation)
5208:Buddhism and democracy
4721:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4716:Chinese Buddhist canon
3948:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3943:Early Buddhist schools
2988:Benn, Charles (2002).
2465:Kath-Kuni architecture
2236:, China, built in 1049
1942:built during 1701–1702
1928:, Japan, built in 1644
1896:Phước Duyên Pagoda of
1883:, Nepal, built in 1582
1877:, Nepal, built in 1564
1797:of Vĩnh Khánh Temple,
1791:, Japan, built in 1171
1619:in China, built in 640
1529:
1518:
879:
742:
733:The brick-constructed
703:
640:White Horse Pagoda at
626:
608:Construction materials
553:
484:
467:Symbolism and geomancy
416:
373:
338:, "temple, dwelling."
178:
5899:Architecture in Nepal
5884:Architecture in Korea
5864:Buddhist architecture
5218:Eight Consciousnesses
3328:Life of Buddha in art
2925:. BRILL. p. 28.
2248:Five-story pagoda of
2188:in Kuala Lumpur, the
2029:Pagoda Avalokitesvara
2016:Nepalese Peace Pagoda
1961:Reading, Pennsylvania
1918:, Korea built in 1605
1695:, Korea, built in 751
1633:, Korea, built in 645
1603:, Korea, built in 634
1547:Changu Narayan Temple
1526:Changu Narayan Temple
1524:
1510:
1479:Fragrant Hills Pagoda
1154:Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan
874:
867:De-emphasis over time
826:Jin dynasty (266–420)
777:in Dengfeng Country,
732:
620:
547:
474:
402:
386:Buddhist missionaries
368:
169:
5695:East Asian religions
5125:Buddhism in the West
4696:Early Buddhist texts
4311:Four Right Exertions
3777:Ten spiritual realms
3270:Noble Eightfold Path
3041:Chinese Architecture
2491:Chaoyang North Tower
2470:Chinese architecture
2035:Sun and Moon Pagodas
1848:Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda
1557:Pashupatinath Temple
783:Northern Wei dynasty
591:Sir William Chambers
265:Chinese architecture
30:For other uses, see
5818:Religion portal
5565:Temple of the Tooth
5444:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4483:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3976:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
3759:Two truths doctrine
3579:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3379:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1808:Phổ Minh pagoda of
602:Newari architecture
441:Emperor Yang of Sui
245:. Chinese pagodas (
5849:Buddhist buildings
5740:Western philosophy
5338:Dzong architecture
5160:Vipassana movement
5155:Buddhist modernism
4583:Emperor Wen of Sui
4351:Pratyekabuddhayāna
4284:Threefold Training
4086:Vipassana movement
3802:Hungry Ghost realm
3622:Avidyā (Ignorance)
3569:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
3318:Great Renunciation
3313:Eight Great Events
3195:
3072:Kieschnick, John.
2957:Loewe (1968), 133.
2687:. 133–134: 79–95.
2520:www.britannica.com
2331:Temple located in
2151:Vietnamese culture
2128:Uppatasanti Pagoda
2086:Phra Pathommachedi
2063:Mingun Pahtodawgyi
2052:called "pagodas":
1969:'s main pagoda in
1858:Bajrayogini Temple
1637:Pagoda at Hōryū-ji
1530:
1528:, Bhaktapur, Nepal
1519:
921:White Horse Temple
884:White Horse Temple
880:
876:Jade Buddha Temple
743:
642:White Horse Temple
627:
554:
522:Buddhist symbolism
485:
417:
374:
179:
41:or with the novel
5826:
5825:
5464:Om mani padme hum
5170:Women in Buddhism
5086:Buddhist councils
4956:Western countries
4744:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
4505:Shaolin Monastery
4082:Samatha-vipassanā
3692:Pratītyasamutpāda
3496:Metteyya/Maitreya
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3243:Four Noble Truths
3096:Liao Architecture
2294:One Pillar Pagoda
2192:from 1998 to 2004
2143:One Pillar Pagoda
2110:enshrined within.
1699:Tiger Hill Pagoda
1060:Four Gates Pagoda
944:Yongzheng Emperor
806:Four Gates Pagoda
719:Song architecture
558:lightning strikes
493:is noticeable in
382:Chinese pavilions
321:Whampoa Anchorage
16:(Redirected from
5911:
5904:Religious towers
5854:Buddhist temples
5816:
5815:
5804:
5803:
5643:Sacred languages
5491:Maya Devi Temple
5454:Mahabodhi Temple
5258:Secular Buddhism
5223:Engaged Buddhism
4063:
3911:Tibetan Buddhism
3862:Vietnamese Thiền
3461:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2948:Steinhardt, 383.
2946:
2937:
2936:
2917:Chihara, Daigorō
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2740:
2734:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2649:
2643:
2627:
2621:
2610:
2601:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2548:Steinhardt, 387.
2546:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2430:
2418:
2409:
2397:
2382:Shwedagon Pagoda
2378:
2363:
2344:
2325:
2309:
2290:
2277:
2261:
2245:
2225:
2208:Temple of Heaven
2114:Shwezigon Pagoda
2096:Shwedagon Pagoda
1940:Kathmandu Valley
1567:Trấn Quốc Pagoda
1490:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1426:
1410:
1394:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1324:Chengling Pagoda
1319:
1304:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1243:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1167:
1141:
1118:
1103:
1087:
1071:
1056:
1034:
1022:
1004:
981:
915:(960–1279), the
709:in Ying County,
667:
664:
314:
306:
280:place of worship
261:
252:
229:, but sometimes
171:Shwedagon Pagoda
158:Himachal Pradesh
114:
105:
94:
85:
74:
65:
21:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5810:
5792:
5744:
5659:
5574:
5311:Ordination hall
5272:
5174:
5145:Buddhist crisis
5057:
4754:
4706:Mahayana sutras
4682:
4678:Thích Nhất Hạnh
4509:
4382:
4322:
4272:Bodhisattva vow
3957:
3823:
3763:
3722:Taṇhā (Craving)
3657:Five hindrances
3608:
3500:
3430:
3284:
3229:
3201:
3184:
3105:
3054:Govinda, A. B.
2985:
2980:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2650:
2646:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2604:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2481:Japanese pagoda
2441:
2434:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2398:
2389:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2345:
2336:
2326:
2317:
2312:The nine-story
2310:
2301:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2226:
2186:Petronas Towers
2010:Tianning Temple
1963:, built in 1908
1898:Thiên Mụ Temple
1810:Phổ Minh Temple
1795:Bình Sơn Pagoda
1709:Lingxiao Pagoda
1505:
1503:Notable pagodas
1498:
1491:
1482:
1481:, built in 1780
1475:
1466:
1465:, built in 1612
1459:
1450:
1449:, built in 1582
1443:
1434:
1433:, built in 1576
1427:
1418:
1417:, built in 1473
1411:
1402:
1401:, built in 1373
1395:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1357:
1356:, built by 1330
1351:
1342:
1341:, built in 1270
1336:
1327:
1326:, built in 1189
1320:
1311:
1310:, built in 1153
1305:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1280:, built in 1103
1275:
1266:
1265:, built by 1063
1260:
1251:
1250:, built in 1055
1244:
1235:
1234:, built in 1056
1229:
1220:
1219:, built in 1009
1217:Ruiguang Pagoda
1214:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1126:
1123:Baoguang Temple
1119:
1110:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
985:Ancient Chinese
982:
957:
952:
869:
822:
820:Brick and stone
802:
771:
727:
702:
699:
665:
657:, built in the
615:
610:
542:
469:
457:Tianning Temple
445:Yongning Pagoda
405:Lingxiao Pagoda
397:
363:
297:
164:
163:
162:
161:
152:, South Korea;
142:Thiên Mụ Temple
117:
116:
115:
107:
106:
97:
96:
95:
87:
86:
77:
76:
75:
67:
66:
53:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5917:
5915:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5894:Building types
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5808:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5375:Greco-Buddhist
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5326:Burmese pagoda
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5108:Greco-Buddhism
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:United Kingdom
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4986:Czech Republic
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4750:Abhidharmadīpa
4747:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:B. R. Ambedkar
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4588:Songtsen Gampo
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:Eight precepts
4264:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4038:Five Strengths
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Mental factors
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Mahamoggallāna
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3444:Avalokiteśvara
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3103:External links
3101:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3070:
3059:
3052:
3037:
3020:
3004:Brook, Timothy
3001:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:on 1 May 2008.
2959:
2950:
2938:
2931:
2908:
2873:
2858:
2840:Spacey, John.
2832:
2817:
2796:
2784:
2775:
2755:
2735:
2715:
2706:
2668:
2644:
2622:
2602:
2578:
2564:
2550:
2541:
2525:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:Altar in Korea
2210:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2111:
2093:
2083:
2075:, the holiest
2073:Pha That Luang
2070:
2060:
2047:
2046:
2032:
2026:
2024:World Expo '88
2013:
2006:
2001:The pagoda of
1999:
1989:
1982:Chinese Garden
1978:
1964:
1957:Reading Pagoda
1954:
1943:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1873:, a temple in
1868:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1782:
1769:
1759:
1756:Lingyan Temple
1749:
1739:
1729:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1682:
1664:
1663:, China in 709
1654:
1653:, China in 704
1644:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1577:Songyue Pagoda
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:Zhenjue Temple
1412:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1278:Haotian Pagoda
1276:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:, built in 982
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:, built in 977
1187:Longhua Pagoda
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:, built in 961
1169:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1121:Pagoda of the
1120:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1094:, built in 709
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:, built in 640
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:, built in 611
1058:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1006:
999:
997:
983:
976:
956:
953:
951:
950:Styles of eras
948:
868:
865:
821:
818:
801:
798:
796:built in 597.
794:Guoqing Pagoda
775:Songyue Pagoda
770:
767:
763:Songyue Pagoda
726:
723:
696:
693:, once wrote:
683:
682:
669:
659:Three Kingdoms
648:
623:Songyue Pagoda
614:
611:
609:
606:
550:Horyuji temple
541:
538:
503:Gautama Buddha
468:
465:
396:
393:
362:
359:
311:(Chinese:
296:
293:
189:with multiple
119:
118:
109:
108:
100:
99:
98:
89:
88:
80:
79:
78:
69:
68:
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5916:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5580:Miscellaneous
5577:
5571:
5570:Vegetarianism
5568:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Buddha in art
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:United States
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Padmasambhava
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4515:Major figures
4512:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4461:Western tulku
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
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4262:Five precepts
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4240:Dhamma vicaya
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4009:
4008:Buddhābhiṣeka
4006:
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3999:
3997:
3994:
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3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Enlightenment
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Dhamma theory
3640:
3638:
3637:Buddha-nature
3635:
3633:
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3476:Samantabhadra
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3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:The Economist
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:0-691-09676-7
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:0-521-30631-0
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:0-300-09559-7
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:0-07-141751-6
3031:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3018:0-520-22154-0
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:0-19-517665-0
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2932:90-04-10512-3
2928:
2924:
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2771:0-691-09676-7
2768:
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2752:
2751:0-691-09676-7
2748:
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2736:
2732:
2731:0-691-09676-7
2728:
2724:
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2716:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
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2672:
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2665:
2664:0-691-09676-7
2661:
2657:
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2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:0-07-141751-6
2637:
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2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:Pagoda Mumbai
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2362:
2357:
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2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:Jin Mao Tower
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:Nakhon Pathom
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
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1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:Pazhou Pagoda
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:Taleju Temple
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
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1733:
1732:Liaodi Pagoda
1730:
1728:
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1714:
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1641:Ikaruga, Nara
1638:
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1512:Taleju Temple
1509:
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1404:
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1393:
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1386:
1381:Ming and Qing
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1339:Wuying Pagoda
1334:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1248:Liaodi Pagoda
1242:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1146:Three Pagodas
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:Fawang Temple
1102:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1048:
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1021:
1016:
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994:
990:
986:
980:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
954:
949:
947:
945:
941:
940:Yonghe Temple
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
873:
866:
864:
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842:
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768:
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716:
712:
708:
701:
694:
692:
688:
680:
676:
675:
670:
660:
656:
652:
651:Futuci Pagoda
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
624:
619:
612:
607:
605:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
566:lightning rod
563:
559:
551:
546:
539:
537:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
482:
478:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Liaodi Pagoda
422:
414:
410:
406:
401:
394:
392:
389:
387:
383:
379:
371:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
334:, "idol" and
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
310:
302:
301:South Chinese
294:
292:
290:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
262:
256:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
176:
172:
168:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
104:
93:
84:
73:
64:
55:
51:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5758:Bodhisattvas
5678:Christianity
5673:Baháʼí Faith
5538:Dharmachakra
5528:Prayer wheel
5518:Prayer beads
5320:
5286:Architecture
5165:969 Movement
4949:Saudi Arabia
4927:Central Asia
4920:South Africa
4742:
4725:
4658:Panchen Lama
4563:Buddhapālita
4159:Satipatthana
4154:Mindful Yoga
4067:Recollection
3981:Brahmavihara
3852:Japanese Zen
3847:Chinese Chan
3807:Animal realm
3614:Key concepts
3436:Bodhisattvas
3248:Three Jewels
3122:
3095:
3088:
3073:
3055:
3040:
3023:
3007:
2989:
2972:the original
2962:
2953:
2921:
2911:
2870:. Archinect.
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2845:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2806:
2799:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2742:
2738:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2684:
2671:
2651:
2647:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2553:
2544:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2250:Mount Haguro
2201:
2163:Dragon House
2156:
2137:
2048:
1947:Great Pagoda
1866:Pratap Malla
1824:Mandi region
1816:Prashar Lake
1803:Trần dynasty
1789:Kasai, Hyōgo
1780:Song dynasty
1772:Liuhe Pagoda
1762:Beisi Pagoda
1752:Pizhi Pagoda
1727:Song dynasty
1627:Hwangnyongsa
1623:Hwangnyongsa
1617:Daqin Pagoda
1531:
1384:
1308:Beisi Pagoda
1263:Pizhi Pagoda
1157:
1131:Dali kingdom
1076:Daqin Pagoda
1046:
1043:Sui and Tang
1008:
958:
937:
925:Ming dynasty
913:Song dynasty
910:
906:
899:
881:
838:
823:
803:
772:
747:Northern Wei
744:
739:Tang dynasty
715:Liao dynasty
704:
697:
687:Tang dynasty
684:
679:Northern Wei
672:
635:
628:
599:
589:designed by
581:
570:
555:
540:Architecture
529:examinations
526:
508:abhaya mudra
506:
486:
481:Tang dynasty
418:
413:Song dynasty
390:
375:
350:
346:
342:
340:
335:
331:
327:
298:
283:
275:
273:
269:
258:
185:is a tiered
182:
180:
154:Prashar Lake
126:Liuhe Pagoda
54:
5603:Dharma talk
5432:Asalha Puja
5228:Eschatology
5031:Switzerland
5011:New Zealand
4939:Middle East
4848:Philippines
4768:Afghanistan
4573:Bodhidharma
4558:Buddhaghosa
4478:Householder
4388:Monasticism
4341:Bodhisattva
4196:Prostration
4149:Mindfulness
4077:Anapanasati
4060:Kammaṭṭhāna
3857:Korean Seon
3797:Asura realm
3792:Human realm
3732:Ten Fetters
3687:Parinirvana
3589:Uppalavanna
3554:Mahākaccana
3539:Mahākassapa
3471:Kṣitigarbha
3466:Ākāśagarbha
3363:Suddhodāna
3308:Four sights
3235:Foundations
2384:located in
2314:Xumi Pagoda
2230:Iron Pagoda
2102:located in
1986:Jurong East
1951:Kew Gardens
1912:Palsangjeon
1719:Iron Pagoda
1659:, built in
1607:Xumi Pagoda
1172:Huqiu Tower
993:Han dynasty
991:during the
989:earthenware
966:watchtowers
955:Han dynasty
814:Sui dynasty
791:Sui dynasty
759:Sui dynasty
755:Emperor Wen
745:During the
629:During the
597:in London.
595:Kew Gardens
584:orientalist
577:Shinbashira
514:Han dynasty
491:iconography
477:Xumi Pagoda
439:, built by
351:dhātugabbha
347:dhātugarbha
309:"Pázhōu tǎ"
282:, although
144:, Vietnam;
5833:Categories
5720:Psychology
5700:Gnosticism
5688:Comparison
5683:Influences
5665:Comparison
5548:Bhavacakra
5506:Kushinagar
5481:Pilgrimage
5427:Māgha Pūjā
5382:Bodhi Tree
5198:Buddhology
5188:Abhidharma
5180:Philosophy
5113:Menander I
4981:Costa Rica
4932:Uzbekistan
4773:Bangladesh
4727:Dhammapada
4711:Pali Canon
4673:Ajahn Chah
4653:Dalai Lama
4553:Kumārajīva
4548:Vasubandhu
4523:The Buddha
4431:Zen master
4366:Sakadagami
4346:Buddhahood
4277:Pratimokṣa
4092:Shikantaza
4048:Meditation
4023:Deity yoga
3894:Madhyamaka
3787:Deva realm
3682:Mindstream
3632:Bodhicitta
3544:Aṅgulimāla
3411:Devadatta
3387:Yaśodharā
3290:The Buddha
3280:Middle Way
3006:. (1998).
2983:References
2846:Japan Talk
2794:Hymes, 30.
2348:Taipei 101
2196:Taipei 101
2122:Kyanzittha
2092:, Thailand
2008:Pagoda of
1967:Kek Lok Si
1597:Bunhwangsa
1581:Mount Song
1537:Dâu Temple
666: 220
499:Shakyamuni
370:Kek Lok Si
193:common to
5788:Festivals
5768:Buddhists
5730:Theosophy
5533:Symbolism
5523:Hama yumi
5496:Bodh Gaya
5263:Socialism
5238:Evolution
5213:Economics
5051:Venezuela
4966:Australia
4961:Argentina
4885:Sri Lanka
4880:Singapore
4798:Indonesia
4760:Countries
4701:Tripiṭaka
4663:Ajahn Mun
4538:Nagarjuna
4533:Aśvaghoṣa
4416:Anagārika
4411:Śrāmaṇerī
4406:Śrāmaṇera
4401:Bhikkhunī
4361:Sotāpanna
4250:Passaddhi
4191:Offerings
4166:Nekkhamma
4043:Iddhipada
3963:Practices
3933:Theravada
3906:Vajrayana
3899:Yogachara
3869:Pure Land
3782:Six Paths
3769:Cosmology
3549:Anuruddha
3524:Sāriputta
3514:Kaundinya
3506:Disciples
3481:Vajrapāṇi
3333:Footprint
3298:Tathāgata
2897:cite news
2851:7 January
2782:Brook, 7.
2773:. page 84
2753:. page 83
2713:Benn, 62.
2701:135707895
2333:Bhaktapur
2329:Nyatapola
2300:, Vietnam
2266:Ichijō-ji
2132:Naypyidaw
2081:Vientiane
2067:Bodawpaya
2043:Shan Lake
1996:Kaohsiung
1936:Bhaktapur
1932:Nyatapola
1906:Thiệu Trị
1891:Guangzhou
1875:Kathmandu
1862:Kathmandu
1852:Ping Shan
1799:Vĩnh Phúc
1785:Ichijō-ji
1713:Zhengding
1667:Seokgatap
1611:Zhengding
1561:Kathmandu
1551:Bhaktapur
1372:," n.d.,
834:Xiangyang
461:Changzhou
421:octagonal
409:Zhengding
317:Guangzhou
295:Etymology
289:Spaniards
177:, Myanmar
146:Seokgatap
132:, China;
124:, Japan;
5806:Category
5735:Violence
5705:Hinduism
5653:Sanskrit
5608:Hinayana
5593:Amitābha
5553:Swastika
5422:Uposatha
5412:Holidays
5397:Calendar
5243:Humanism
5081:Kanishka
5071:Timeline
4895:Thailand
4863:Kalmykia
4858:Buryatia
4843:Pakistan
4828:Mongolia
4823:Maldives
4818:Malaysia
4783:Cambodia
4648:Shamarpa
4643:Nichiren
4593:Xuanzang
4528:Nagasena
4446:Rinpoche
4176:Pāramitā
4018:Devotion
3938:Navayana
3926:Dzogchen
3889:Nichiren
3837:Mahayana
3829:Branches
3707:Saṅkhāra
3456:Mañjuśrī
3413:(cousin)
3405:(cousin)
3373:(mother)
3365:(father)
3353:Miracles
3303:Birthday
3220:Glossary
3193:Buddhism
2919:(1996).
2733:. p. 83
2460:Pyatthat
2439:See also
2354:, Taiwan
2213:Wongudan
2174:Indy 500
2118:Nyaung-U
2020:Brisbane
1916:Beopjusa
1844:, China.
1776:Hangzhou
1736:Dingzhou
1693:Gyeongju
1689:Bulguksa
1675:Gyeongju
1671:Bulguksa
1631:Gyeongju
1601:Gyeongju
1587:Mireuksa
1541:Bắc Ninh
929:Jingyang
898:wrote a
830:Wang Jun
661:period (
437:Chang'an
349:or Pali
227:Buddhist
199:Cambodia
195:Thailand
160:, India.
156:temple,
150:Bulguksa
130:Hangzhou
122:Hōryū-ji
5839:Pagodas
5783:Temples
5763:Buddhas
5725:Science
5715:Judaism
5710:Jainism
5628:Lineage
5588:Abhijñā
5558:Thangka
5501:Sarnath
5486:Lumbini
5407:Funeral
5402:Cuisine
5278:Culture
5253:Reality
5203:Creator
5193:Atomism
5063:History
5036:Ukraine
4996:Germany
4915:Senegal
4905:Vietnam
4833:Myanmar
4633:Shinran
4623:Karmapa
4598:Shandao
4568:Dignāga
4493:Śrāvaka
4473:Donchee
4468:Kappiya
4426:Sayadaw
4396:Bhikkhu
4371:Anāgāmi
4328:Nirvana
4294:Samadhi
4181:Paritta
4122:Tonglen
4117:Mandala
4072:Smarana
4053:Mantras
4001:Upekkha
3971:Bhavana
3921:Shingon
3874:Tiantai
3727:Tathātā
3717:Śūnyatā
3712:Skandha
3702:Saṃsāra
3697:Rebirth
3672:Kleshas
3662:Indriya
3564:Subhūti
3449:Guanyin
3403:Ānanda
3395:Rāhula
3275:Nirvana
3215:Outline
2615:at the
2475:Gongbei
2455:Chaitya
2252:, Japan
2234:Kaifeng
2108:Buddhas
1908:Emperor
1842:Nanjing
1828:Ban Sen
1748:, China
1723:Kaifeng
1705:, China
1685:Dabotap
1010:dougong
933:Shaanxi
911:In the
896:Daoxuan
810:Licheng
757:of the
646:Luoyang
573:dougong
518:Wu Hung
505:in the
495:Chinese
488:Chinese
453:Luoyang
361:History
330:, from
328:butkada
325:Persian
247:Chinese
235:viharas
223:Vietnam
219:Myanmar
18:Pagodas
5859:Towers
5844:Stupas
5778:Sutras
5773:Suttas
5638:Siddhi
5623:Koliya
5598:Brahmā
5513:Poetry
5459:Mantra
5449:Kasaya
5321:Pagoda
5301:Kyaung
5296:Vihāra
5291:Temple
5233:Ethics
5076:Ashoka
5026:Sweden
5021:Poland
5016:Norway
5006:Mexico
4991:France
4976:Canada
4971:Brazil
4910:Africa
4890:Taiwan
4853:Russia
4778:Bhutan
4738:Vinaya
4618:Naropa
4608:Saraha
4543:Asanga
4299:Prajñā
4208:Refuge
4171:Nianfo
4132:Tertön
4127:Tantra
4112:Ganana
4102:Tukdam
4028:Dhyāna
3996:Mudita
3991:Karuṇā
3884:Risshū
3879:Huayan
3812:Naraka
3752:Anattā
3747:Dukkha
3742:Anicca
3647:Dharma
3599:Channa
3534:Ānanda
3519:Assaji
3486:Skanda
3389:(wife)
3358:Family
3338:Relics
3263:Sangha
3258:Dharma
3253:Buddha
3080:
3065:
3047:
3032:
3016:
2996:
2929:
2769:
2749:
2729:
2699:
2662:
2638:
2613:Pagoda
2594:pagoda
2450:Cetiya
2386:Yangon
2352:Taipei
2104:Yangon
2050:Stupas
2039:Guilin
1971:Penang
1834:stone.
1766:Suzhou
1746:Shanxi
1703:Suzhou
1295:, 1120
711:Shanxi
689:poet,
655:Xuzhou
587:pagoda
562:finial
533:Fuzhou
343:dāgaba
284:pagoda
276:pagoda
257::
255:pinyin
249::
231:Taoist
183:pagoda
175:Yangon
50:Pagode
5750:Lists
5618:Kalpa
5613:Iddhi
5476:Music
5471:Mudra
5437:Vassa
5417:Vesak
5387:Budai
5333:Candi
5316:Stupa
5248:Logic
5001:Italy
4900:Tibet
4838:Nepal
4808:Korea
4803:Japan
4793:India
4788:China
4733:Sutra
4688:Texts
4638:Dōgen
4628:Hōnen
4613:Atiśa
4578:Zhiyi
4488:Achar
4456:Tulku
4451:Geshe
4436:Rōshi
4421:Ajahn
4376:Arhat
4336:Bodhi
4306:Vīrya
4223:Sacca
4218:Satya
4213:Sādhu
4201:Music
4144:Merit
4137:Terma
4097:Zazen
4033:Faith
3986:Mettā
3667:Karma
3627:Bardo
3594:Asita
3584:Khema
3574:Upāli
3559:Nanda
3397:(son)
3371:Māyā
3348:Films
3225:Index
2889:(PDF)
2697:S2CID
2681:(PDF)
2596:, at
2502:Notes
2298:Hanoi
2147:Hanoi
2100:stupa
1926:Kyoto
1922:Tō-ji
1900:, in
1832:pindi
1820:Rishi
1661:Xi'an
1651:Xi'an
1591:Iksan
1571:Hanoi
964:, as
828:, by
800:Stone
787:spire
779:Henan
769:Brick
717:(see
691:Du Mu
668:–265)
516:art,
451:) of
429:Hebei
395:China
378:stupa
355:stupa
243:India
239:stupa
215:Korea
211:Japan
207:China
203:Nepal
191:eaves
187:tower
138:Xi'an
5648:Pāḷi
5633:Māra
5543:Flag
4944:Iran
4868:Tuva
4813:Laos
4441:Lama
4289:Śīla
4257:Śīla
4245:Pīti
4235:Sati
4186:Puja
4107:Koan
4013:Dāna
3604:Yasa
3491:Tārā
3078:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3030:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2903:link
2853:2021
2767:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2660:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2281:1665
2228:The
2161:The
1975:Thai
1945:The
1493:The
1477:The
1461:The
1445:The
1429:The
1413:The
1397:The
1322:The
1246:The
1170:The
1144:The
1090:The
1074:The
917:Chan
892:Tang
890:and
851:and
849:Liao
845:Song
841:Tang
749:and
681:text
677:, a
613:Wood
501:and
475:The
449:永宁宝塔
403:The
336:kada
5370:Art
5306:Wat
3842:Zen
2812:257
2689:doi
2350:in
2232:of
2116:in
2077:wat
2037:in
2018:in
1994:in
1984:at
1959:of
1949:at
1934:at
1902:Huế
1850:in
1764:at
1754:of
1734:of
1721:of
1711:at
1687:on
1669:on
1609:at
1599:at
1589:at
1579:on
931:of
888:Sui
853:Jin
832:of
808:at
751:Sui
721:).
653:in
593:at
459:of
407:of
332:but
319:at
313:琶洲塔
305:八角塔
173:of
148:of
136:of
5835::
4872:ru
2941:^
2899:}}
2895:{{
2876:^
2844:.
2787:^
2695:.
2683:.
2658:.
2605:^
2518:.
2296:,
2145::
1938:,
1860:,
1787:,
1691:,
1673:,
1639:,
1629:,
1569:,
1559:,
1549:,
1539:,
972:.
935:.
847:,
843:,
663:c.
644:,
568:.
291:.
260:Tǎ
253:;
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
181:A
128:,
4874:)
4870:(
4088:)
4084:(
3179:e
3172:t
3165:v
3127:)
3121:(
3084:.
3069:.
3051:.
3036:.
3000:.
2935:.
2905:)
2855:.
2814:.
2703:.
2691::
2666:.
2642:.
2522:.
741:.
552:.
510:.
483:.
447:(
251:塔
52:.
45:.
34:.
20:)
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