1992:
2034:
487:
2256:
3180:
2108:
49:
2955:
2062:
555:
2904:
2694:
2670:
2164:
2921:
2020:
2972:
538:
2661:
470:
2094:
521:
1978:
2938:
2048:
504:
2080:
2989:
71:
2182:
227:
2242:
458:
3211:
2772:, such as "Avant Garde" and "Le Printemps". The Netherlands is the largest peony cut flower producing country with about 50 million stems each year, with "Sarah Bernhardt" dominating the sales with over 20 million stems. An emerging source of peonies in mid to late summer is the Alaskan market. Unique growing conditions due to long hours of sunlight create availability from Alaska when other sources have completed harvest.
2196:
2150:
7996:
2214:
2122:
2006:
3196:
2136:
572:
2228:
589:
2825:"Katoden", which resulted in a new category of peonies, the Itoh or intersectional cultivars. These are herbaceous, have leaves like tree peonies, with many large flowers from late spring to early autumn, and good peony wilt resistance. Some of the early Itoh cultivars are "Yellow Crown", "Yellow Dream", "Yellow Emperor" and "Yellow Heaven".
2835:
2631:
suggest that hybridisation already occurred relatively long ago. It is likely that the parent species occurred in the same region when the hybrids arose, and were later exterminated by successive
Pleistocene glaciations, while the nothospecies remained in refugia to the South of Europe. During their
2704:
Ancient
Chinese texts mention the peony was used for flavoring food. Peonies have been used and cultivated in China since early history. Ornamental cultivars were created from plants cultivated for medicine in China as of the sixth and seventh century. Peonies became particularly popular during the
2787:
to the flower buds. This is due to the nectar that forms on the outside of the flower buds, and is not required for the plants' own pollination or other growth. The presence of ants is thought to provide some deterrence to other harmful insects though, so the production of ant-attracting nectar is
2802:: During summer, renewal buds develop on the underground stem (the "crown"), particularly at the foot of the current season's annual shoots. These renewal buds come in various sizes. Large buds will grow into stems the following growing season, but smaller buds remain dormant. The
3374:, a classical Chinese novel. His paintings of warrior-heroes covered in pictorial tattoos included lions, tigers, dragons, koi fish, and peonies, among other symbols. The peony became a masculine motif, associated with a devil-may-care attitude and disregard for consequence.
411:, has 3-7 tough free sepals and mostly 5–8, but occasionally up to 13 free petals. These categories however are intergrading, making it difficult to assign some of them, and the number of these parts may vary. Within are numerous (50–160) free
830:. Only about half of the (sub)species is diploid, the other half tetraploid, while some species both have diploid and tetraploid populations. In addition to the tetraploids, are some diploid species also likely the result of hybridisation, or
339:, deeply lobed leaves and large, often fragrant flowers, in colors ranging from purple and pink to red, white or yellow, in late spring and early summer. The flowers have a short blooming season, usually lasting for only 7–10 days.
406:
and many of the cultivars these contributed to, few additional flowers develop in the axils of the leaves. Flowers close at night or when the sky is overcast. Each flower is subtended by a number of bracts, that may form a sort of
2840:
2839:
2836:
2841:
2806:
for the leaves can already be found in June, but the flower only starts differentiating in
October, as the annual shoots die down, completing its development in December, when sepals, petals, stamens and pistils are all
451:), which opens with a lengthwise suture and each of which contains one or a few large fleshy seeds. The annual growth is predetermined: if the growing tip of a shoot is removed, no new buds will develop that season.
3009:
Herbaceous and Itoh peonies are propagated by root division, and sometimes by seed. Tree peonies can be propagated by grafting, division, seed, and from cuttings, although root grafting is most common commercially.
3288:, peonies were often painted with their ripe seed-capsules, since it was the seeds, not the flowers, which were medically significant. Ancient superstition dictated that great care be taken not to be seen by a
2838:
4532:
692:
however is tetraploid (4n=20), particularly many of those in the
Mediterranean region. Both allotetraploids and autotetraploids are known, and some diploid species are also of hybrid origin.
3827:
Wang, Wei; Lu, An-Ming; Ren, Yi; Endress, Mary E.; Chen, Zhi-Duan (2009). "Phylogeny and
Classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data".
2954:
4699:
2815:: During the summer, large buds develop at the tip of the annual growth and near its foot. In the autumn, the leaves are shed, and the new stems become woody and are perennial.
2756:
and its cultivars were grown in Europe from the fifteenth century on, originally also for medicinal purposes, intensive breeding started only in the nineteenth century when
645:
biological activities include antioxidant, antitumor, antipathogenic, immunomodulative, cardiovascular-system-protective activities and central-nervous-system activities.
2033:
2619:, with most of the species occurring in the Mediterranean, while many others occur in eastern Asia. Genetic analysis has shown that all Mediterranean species are either
3232:
is called 牡丹 (mǔdān). It is also known as 富貴花 (fùguìhuā) "flower of riches and honour" or 花王 (huawang) "king of the flowers", and is used symbolically in
Chinese art.
9023:
3800:
James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and
Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see
2903:
1991:
9062:
4771:
3081:
486:
537:
554:
2837:
8032:
4449:
2255:
2937:
2821:(or "Intersectional"): In 1948 horticulturist Toichi Itoh from Tokyo used pollen from the yellow tree peony "Alice Harding" to fertilize the herbaceous
2061:
3861:; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Moore, Michael J.; Li, Ruiqi; Hendry, Tory A.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Dhingra, Amit; Bell, Charles D.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2008).
2920:
8971:
8041:
4819:
4076:
704:
that same year. The family had been given other names a few years earlier. The composition of the family has varied, but it has always consisted of
2107:
9036:
8984:
4506:
3021:, are shrubbier. They produce permanent woody stems that will lose their leaves in winter but the stem itself remains intact above ground level.
2988:
2306:, which comprises all other herbaceous species, occurs in a band stretching roughly from Morocco and Spain to Japan. One species of the section
9098:
2971:
1725:
3255:
government has no legally designated national flower. In 1994, the peony was proposed as the national flower after a nationwide poll, but the
3270:, peonies in Luoyang have been said to be the finest in the country. Dozens of peony exhibitions and shows are still held there annually.
2709:, when they were grown in the imperial gardens. In the tenth century the cultivation of peonies spread through China, and the seat of the
520:
2163:
1746:
4163:
1717:
2872:: a single or double row of broad petals encircle narrow incurved petal-like staminodes; fertile stamens are absent, carpels visible.
469:
4764:
3483:
4180:
3666:
2764:
in 1789. The main centre of peony breeding in Europe has been in the United
Kingdom, and particularly France. Here, breeders like
2748:). During the 1940s Toichi Itoh succeeded in crossing tree peonies and herbaceous peonies and so created a new class of so-called
390:. In the woody species the new growth emerges from scaly buds on the previous flush or from the crown of the rootstock. The large
3758:
He, C.-N.; Peng, Y.; Zhang, Y.-C.; Xu, L.-J.; Gu, J.; Xiao, P.-G. (2010). "Phytochemical and
Biological Studies of Paeoniaceae".
427:
grains which have three slits or pores and consist of two cells. Within the circle of stamens is a more or less prominent, lobed
9010:
4670:
3943:) using internal transcripted spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Implications for biogeography and concerted evolution"
2019:
8025:
4220:
3191:(960–1279), the two long-tailed birds represent longevity, and the peony seen at the top centre represents prosperity.
3179:
48:
9041:
3017:, will die back to ground level each autumn. Their stems will reappear the following spring. However tree peonies, such as
2780:
While the peony takes several years to re-establish itself when moved, it blooms annually for decades once it has done so.
9049:
4798:
3402:
3256:
3252:
2283:, which includes all woody species, is restricted in the wild to Central and Southern China, including Tibet. The section
146:
4037:"Evolution of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in peonies (Paeonia): phylogenetic relationships of putative nonhybrid species"
8781:
7999:
4824:
4814:
4757:
3137:
2728:. Both cities still host annual peony exhibitions and state-funded peony research facilities. Before the tenth century,
2047:
428:
3259:
failed to ratify the selection. In 2003, another selection process was initiated, but no choice has been made to date.
2795:
Peony species come in two distinct growth habits, while hybrid cultivars in addition may occupy an intermediate habit.
2195:
503:
9185:
8893:
3349:
Mischievous nymphs were said to hide in the petals of the peony, giving it the meaning of Shame or
Bashfulness in the
3034:
701:
4552:
3431:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"
2093:
1977:
9111:
4393:
3555:
2079:
9067:
2627:
of species currently limited to eastern Asia. The large distance between the ranges of the parent species and the
8755:
8705:
8018:
4298:
2181:
4328:
3905:
Ji, Li Jing; Wang, Qi; Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A.; Yu, Xiao Nan (2012). "The genetic diversity of Paeonia L.".
3430:
70:
8761:
8109:
4809:
3331:
457:
9116:
4606:
2896:: the flower consists of many broad petals only, including those which likely are altered stamens and carpels.
2316:, has by far the largest distribution, which is also north of the distribution of the other species: from the
2293:
between southern British Columbia and the Sierra Nevada in California and eastward to Wyoming and Utah, while
2241:
4629:
8958:
8735:
8649:
2390:
2693:
2213:
700:
The family name "Paeoniaceae" was first used by Friedrich K.L. Rudolphi in 1830, following a suggestion by
9175:
8945:
8836:
8623:
8602:
8545:
4707:
2669:
2149:
723:
31:
8898:
571:
8963:
8950:
8775:
8675:
8513:
8508:
8063:
3596:
3335:
3038:
2616:
2422:
2357:
2121:
1772:
1651:
588:
8529:
4496:
3704:
3356:
Peonies are a common subject in tattoos, often used along with koi-fish. The popular use of peonies in
2760:
was introduced from its native China to Europe. The tree peony was introduced in Europe and planted in
2603:
occurs in Northern China, including Manchuria, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East and Siberia).
2460:
2343:
2005:
9077:
8989:
8919:
8715:
8638:
8534:
8416:
8288:
8219:
8177:
4246:
3954:
3228:
3146:
3101:
2470:
in Albania, western Bulgaria, northern Greece, western Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia, while
2444:
2328:
Mountains of Kazakhstan. The rest of the section concentrates around the Mediterranean, and in Asia.
1960:
827:
57:
8355:
4685:
4528:
4233:
3350:
2660:
2522:
2454:
2333:
2295:
2135:
1919:
1904:
1845:
1643:
1596:
1537:
420:
370:
shrubs, with thick storage roots and thin roots for gathering water and minerals. Some species are
318:
180:
4272:
3629:
2884:: a single or double row of broad petals encircles further broad petals intermingled with stamens.
9147:
9103:
8745:
8701:
8685:
8665:
8607:
8561:
8431:
8119:
8079:
7839:
7057:
6949:
6573:
5060:
4804:
3783:
3152:
3122:
2599:
2227:
1956:
1876:
1853:
1780:
1764:
718:
649:
65:
4424:
419:
fixed at their base to the filaments, and are sagittate in shape, open with longitudinal slits
9085:
9028:
8906:
8406:
8273:
8209:
8058:
7796:
7595:
7147:
7007:
6936:
6859:
6740:
6626:
6543:
5908:
4899:
4835:
4159:
4058:
3982:
3884:
3775:
3365:
3297:
3240:
2539:
2466:
1869:
1861:
346:
on a large scale, although they generally are only available in late spring and early summer.
4474:
4358:
9180:
9090:
8576:
8571:
8482:
8463:
8426:
8263:
8134:
8129:
7680:
7670:
7630:
7610:
7386:
7316:
7291:
7238:
7012:
7002:
6765:
6702:
6646:
6621:
6367:
6272:
6239:
6029:
5943:
5938:
5913:
5814:
5776:
5684:
5348:
5211:
5186:
5181:
4974:
4891:
4383:. Translated from the Japanese by Shaun McCabe and Iwasaki Satoko. Boston: Tuttle. Page 247.
4048:
3972:
3962:
3914:
3874:
3858:
3836:
3767:
3608:
3455:
3445:
3406:
3324:
3310:
3281:, an herb supposedly capable of warding off certain evils, as a member of the peony family.
2545:
2432:
2427:
1927:
1911:
1884:
1680:
1619:
1589:
1458:
1441:
448:
342:
Peonies are popular garden plants in temperate regions. Herbaceous peonies are also sold as
325:
295:
255:
604:
Over 262 compounds have been obtained so far from the plants of Paeoniaceae. These include
8314:
7961:
7748:
7615:
7600:
7180:
7067:
7047:
7042:
7032:
6997:
6813:
6808:
6608:
6578:
6548:
6432:
6397:
6357:
6332:
6322:
6282:
6034:
5923:
5806:
5781:
5676:
5648:
5638:
5431:
5401:
5343:
5328:
5191:
5017:
4924:
4781:
4053:
4036:
3581:
3530:
3357:
3267:
3248:
2581:
2485:
2472:
2438:
2385:
2312:
2289:
1829:
1795:
1696:
1688:
1635:
1627:
1611:
1604:
1520:
1122:
branches off earliest, but a later publication of the same author and others suggests the
1111:
815:
735:
669:
444:
440:
363:
328:
282:
226:
108:
4694:
4534:
Folk-lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law, Volume 2
2745:
2277:
naturally occurs in the temperate and cold areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The section
1118:. This results in the following relationship tree. One dissertation suggests the section
4749:
4741:
4414:(San Francisco: Asian Art Museum/Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture), 2006.
3958:
2878:: the flower consists of triple row of broad petals that broaden and overlap each other.
8741:
8695:
8598:
8498:
8477:
8473:
8339:
8324:
8253:
8193:
8160:
7953:
7943:
7925:
7897:
7859:
7849:
7801:
7768:
7758:
7753:
7675:
7625:
7572:
7557:
7442:
7356:
7296:
7286:
7190:
7092:
7027:
7017:
6977:
6959:
6760:
6687:
6475:
6437:
6392:
6327:
6302:
6277:
6221:
6135:
5903:
5850:
5786:
5643:
5535:
5512:
5474:
5451:
5441:
5244:
5106:
5045:
4909:
3510:
3382:
3378:
2765:
2590:
2575:
2396:
2367:
2317:
1951:
1788:
1659:
1255:
1232:
379:
95:
3210:
2849:
Seven types of flower are generally distinguished in cultivars of herbaceous peonies.
321:
33 known species. The relationships between the species need to be further clarified.
9169:
8874:
8725:
8711:
8592:
8447:
8422:
8320:
8304:
8229:
8010:
7935:
7864:
7834:
7811:
7806:
7791:
7743:
7710:
7705:
7640:
7434:
7419:
7366:
7346:
7306:
7301:
7281:
7243:
7195:
7142:
7132:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7052:
6967:
6944:
6926:
6894:
6879:
6841:
6745:
6725:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6563:
6558:
6538:
6523:
6485:
6480:
6427:
6417:
6412:
6362:
6342:
6317:
6307:
6208:
6130:
6110:
6049:
6044:
6024:
5958:
5928:
5888:
5796:
5791:
5738:
5608:
5570:
5545:
5517:
5502:
5446:
5426:
5421:
5338:
5305:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5236:
5226:
5216:
5196:
5166:
5098:
5065:
5055:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4871:
4853:
4785:
4501:
4136:
3977:
3938:
3787:
3525:
3450:
2624:
2533:
2348:
1935:
1756:
1272:
1158:
677:
605:
310:
164:
9152:
8785:
8633:
8619:
8588:
8567:
8494:
7874:
7869:
7854:
7844:
7783:
7665:
7650:
7620:
7577:
7567:
7521:
7498:
7488:
7460:
7361:
7341:
7311:
7253:
7200:
7122:
7077:
7037:
6992:
6982:
6972:
6864:
6833:
6798:
6783:
6697:
6692:
6598:
6352:
6347:
6312:
6292:
6267:
6254:
6244:
6216:
6173:
6168:
6125:
6092:
6077:
6039:
6016:
5953:
5948:
5933:
5898:
5880:
5832:
5771:
5766:
5758:
5633:
5593:
5527:
5507:
5497:
5489:
5456:
5416:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5295:
5290:
5254:
5171:
5050:
5007:
4904:
4881:
4845:
3410:
3370:
3236:
3215:
3203:
3188:
3141:
2890:: a single row of broad petals encircles a shorter dense pompon of narrower petals.
2856:: a single or double row of broad petals encircle fertile stamens, carpels visible.
2733:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2628:
1943:
1210:
1115:
738:
709:
661:
653:
624:
172:
131:
8911:
8885:
3918:
3733:
317:
that can be distinguished, ranging from 25 to 40, although the current consensus
9139:
9054:
8997:
8868:
8771:
8361:
8125:
7829:
7725:
7685:
7660:
7655:
7645:
7513:
7503:
7493:
7475:
7424:
7376:
7371:
7351:
7331:
7258:
7185:
7127:
7082:
7022:
6987:
6884:
6874:
6818:
6730:
6669:
6664:
6616:
6588:
6568:
6528:
6510:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6377:
6372:
6337:
6231:
6188:
6163:
6087:
6059:
6054:
5893:
5870:
5855:
5824:
5743:
5618:
5598:
5560:
5411:
5406:
5383:
5368:
5310:
5300:
5206:
5201:
5153:
5070:
4994:
4979:
4956:
4951:
4876:
4863:
3840:
3285:
3278:
3274:
3184:
3168:
2761:
2321:
1893:
343:
4202:
3947:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3613:
3222:
The peony is among the longest-used flowers in Eastern culture. Along with the
3195:
3140:, its root was used as a treatment for convulsions. It is also cultivated as a
2287:
consist of two herbaceous species and is present in the West of North-America,
17:
8453:
8443:
8396:
8105:
7912:
7902:
7879:
7763:
7700:
7635:
7562:
7539:
7465:
7411:
7321:
7175:
7162:
7137:
7117:
6869:
6851:
6823:
6793:
6788:
6720:
6679:
6656:
6593:
6583:
6533:
6518:
6447:
6402:
6387:
6297:
6198:
6178:
6140:
6120:
5842:
5748:
5628:
5613:
5603:
5333:
5282:
5221:
5176:
5027:
4984:
4943:
4934:
4659:
4114:
3879:
3862:
3577:
3394:
3289:
2811:
2789:
2741:
2737:
2279:
1897:
1414:
831:
688:
The basic chromosome number is five. About half of the species of the section
620:
371:
360:
8859:
2732:
was introduced in Japan, and over time many varieties were developed both by
8932:
8721:
8629:
8386:
8370:
8351:
8279:
8233:
8165:
7920:
7889:
7821:
7690:
7549:
7531:
7483:
7452:
7381:
7326:
7263:
7248:
7233:
7170:
7152:
7087:
7062:
6899:
6803:
6755:
6735:
6382:
6287:
6262:
5733:
5725:
5623:
5588:
5565:
5555:
5540:
5479:
5436:
5396:
5373:
5143:
5075:
4966:
4236:
The Royal Horticultural Society. Updated April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
3967:
3667:"Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia): Genetics, Physiology and Cut Flower Production"
3323:), they are said to represent the blood of Serbian warriors who died in the
2863:
2803:
2586:
2477:
2409:
2352:
2325:
657:
612:
608:
367:
9129:
3888:
3779:
3771:
3505:
4689:
4062:
3986:
3130:("foreign medicine"). Pronunciation of 牡丹 (peony) in Japan is "botan." In
2464:
in western Romania, northern Serbia and Slovenia and in southern Hungary,
1114:
family Paeoniaceae to a group of families with woody species in the order
374:(tufted), because the crown produces adventitious buds, while others have
9124:
8853:
8765:
8691:
8525:
8402:
8382:
8365:
8330:
8310:
8283:
8269:
8225:
8146:
8115:
8095:
7773:
7695:
7605:
7587:
7336:
7273:
7225:
7215:
7072:
6889:
6775:
6750:
6712:
6553:
6422:
6407:
6193:
6183:
6158:
6115:
6082:
5991:
5918:
5715:
5698:
5550:
5466:
5320:
5135:
5125:
5037:
4556:
4158:(1: in volle glorie ed.). Uitgever Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. 143.
3597:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
3164:
3030:
2641:
2594:
2518:
2449:
2376:
2338:
641:
121:
4010:
3292:
while picking the plant's fruit, or the bird might peck out one's eyes.
2717:, was the centre for its cultivation, a position it still holds today.
2299:
is limited to the coastal mountains of Southern and Central California.
8976:
8731:
8681:
8392:
8239:
8156:
8089:
8085:
8054:
7735:
7401:
6500:
6455:
6150:
6102:
6069:
5983:
5707:
5653:
5161:
4726:
3460:
3361:
3339:
3263:
2714:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2380:
2372:
2362:
665:
636:
632:
628:
383:
314:
4584:
4077:"'The industry's about to explode': Peony market flourishes in Alaska"
2458:
from the South of France, through Switzerland to the Middle of Italy,
672:. The wax tubules that are formed primarily consist of palmitone (the
9002:
8557:
8412:
8259:
8205:
8182:
8075:
6006:
5973:
5580:
5391:
3398:
3343:
3306:
3302:
3266:
has a reputation as a cultivation centre for the peonies. Throughout
3244:
2862:: a single or double row of broad petals encircle somewhat broadened
2620:
2566:
2526:
2417:
673:
616:
436:
432:
424:
416:
412:
391:
375:
306:
8830:
3163:
are parboiled and sweetened as a tea-time delicacy. Peony water, an
3100:(Bai Shao, Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), has been used frequently in
2768:
and François Félix Crousse selected many new varieties, mainly with
2740:, particularly during the eighteenth to twentieth centuries (middle
2537:
occurs in the western Himalayas between Pakistan and western Nepal,
946:. Species that have both diploid and tetraploid populations include
8937:
8661:
8457:
8334:
8300:
8215:
8150:
8099:
3209:
3194:
3178:
3132:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
2833:
2692:
2558:
2405:
730:
belongs in the family Ranunculaceae, order Ranunculales, but that
408:
387:
332:
286:
82:
9015:
4002:
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Paeonia (PAEONIACEAE), dissertation
3171:. The petals may be added to salads or to punches and lemonades.
3045:'Bartzella', a double yellow-flowered Itoh (intersectional) peony
1784:(Chinese peony, Chinese herbaceous peony, or common garden peony)
819:
is a cultivated hybrid swarm, not a naturally occurring species.
8751:
8671:
8504:
8467:
8249:
2725:
1968:(Chinese tree peony, known as "moutan (moutan peony)" in China))
336:
302:
8834:
8014:
4753:
3572:
Tamura, Michio (2007). "Paeoniaceae". In Klaus Kubitski (ed.).
8924:
3223:
2784:
264:
2579:(Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan), while
1849:(European peony, common peony, or garden peony; type species)
447:. Each of these develops into a dry fruit (which is called a
4669:. School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Resources,
3084:
for the genus, and accepts over 7,000 registered cultivars.
4715:
4660:"Peonies: An Economic Background for Alaska Flower Growers"
4137:"Ants on Peony Flowers: An Example of Biological Mutualism"
2720:
A second centre for peony cultivation developed during the
273:
267:
3239:
declared the peony as the national flower. Currently, the
1134:
are more related to each other than to any other species.
745:
consists of about 35 species, assigned to three sections:
4736:
435:. Within the disk is a varying number (1-15) of separate
3937:
Sang, Tao; Crawford, Daniel J.; Stuessy, Tod F. (1995).
3829:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
3226:, it is a traditional floral symbol of China, where the
722:, and this idea has been followed in some recent works.
4731:
4721:
4104:
The Language of Flowers, edited by Sheila Pickles, 1990
3863:"Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales"
3628:
Deyuan, Hong; Kaiyu, Pan; Turland, Nicholas J. (2001).
4425:"China selects peony as national flower- China.org.cn"
4381:
Chado: The Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac
3342:, a title which it holds to this day. It replaced the
2497:
in the Balkans and Crimea, while the other subspecies
726:
studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that
4745:
article on the 2003 national flower selection process
3076:'High Noon', a semi-double yellow-flowered tree peony
270:
2866:, may carry pollen along the edges, carpels visible.
822:
The remainder of the species belongs to the section
331:
0.25–1 metre (1–3 ft) tall, but some are woody
261:
8843:
7952:
7934:
7911:
7888:
7820:
7782:
7734:
7723:
7586:
7548:
7530:
7512:
7474:
7451:
7433:
7410:
7399:
7272:
7224:
7213:
7161:
6958:
6935:
6924:
6850:
6832:
6774:
6711:
6678:
6655:
6607:
6509:
6498:
6446:
6253:
6230:
6207:
6149:
6101:
6068:
6015:
6004:
5982:
5971:
5879:
5868:
5841:
5823:
5805:
5757:
5724:
5706:
5697:
5675:
5666:
5579:
5526:
5488:
5465:
5382:
5319:
5281:
5253:
5235:
5152:
5134:
5119:
5097:
5088:
5036:
4993:
4965:
4942:
4933:
4922:
4890:
4862:
4844:
4833:
4141:
Integrated Pest Management - University of Missouri
3939:"Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (
258:
27:
Genus of flowering plants in the family Paeoniaceae
4234:The Award of Garden Merit lists: Ornamentals list.
2483:Between the two concentrations, the subspecies of
1042:, or one of their (now extinct) common ancestors.
4630:"Peony, the queen of flowers in Japanese culture"
4115:"HPS Frequently Asked Questions: Ants on Peonies"
3595:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016).
2585:grows in warm-temperate to cold China, including
378:. They have rather large compound leaves without
970:, although being a diploid with 10 chromosomes.
4667:SNRAS/AFES Miscellaneous Publication MP 2009-08
4658:Auer, James D.; Greenberg, Joshua (June 2009).
1639:(Brown's peony, native peony, or western peony)
1126:-section splits off first. Within that section
335:0.25–3.5 metres (1–11 ft) tall. They have
3346:, which had been the state flower since 1931.
3167:of peony petals, was used for drinking in the
708:and one or more genera that are now placed in
8026:
4765:
4732:Carsten Burkhardt's Open Source Peony Project
4394:"Getting to know peonies' symbolism - part 2"
3318:
3082:International Cultivar Registration Authority
2623:or tetraploid hybrids that resulted from the
2331:The species around the Mediterranean include
394:are mostly single at the end of the stem. In
8:
4475:"Luoyang Peony Festival – The Peony Society"
4035:Sang, T.; Donoghue, M.J.; Zhang, D. (1997).
3567:
3565:
3405:(1688-1766), who worked at the court of the
3401:. The Italian Jesuit, painter and architect
986:too, and radically different in appearance.
3852:
3850:
3550:Halda, Josef J.; Waddick, James W. (2004).
3545:
3543:
3541:
3156:is called the "Prime Minister of Flowers."
2644:and so produced the Himalayan nothospecies
1931:(Tibetan tree peony or Ludlow's tree peony)
8831:
8033:
8019:
8011:
7731:
7407:
7396:
7221:
7210:
6932:
6506:
6012:
6001:
5979:
5968:
5876:
5865:
5703:
5672:
5131:
5094:
4939:
4930:
4841:
4772:
4758:
4750:
4573:. London: George Bell & Sons. Page 69.
3574:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
2480:and southern France to Israel and Turkey.
1799:(Balkan peony, wild peony, or male peony)
826:, which is characterised by a complicated
548:showing the disk that encloses the carpels
225:
47:
38:
4052:
3976:
3966:
3900:
3898:
3878:
3674:Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology
3612:
3459:
3449:
3377:Famous painters of peonies have included
4569:Sowerby, James & John Edward. 1899.
4546:
4544:
3438:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2749:
3421:
2899:
1973:
1138:
453:
4509:from the original on 27 September 2021
3932:
3930:
3928:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3214:Portrait of a peony by Chinese artist
4537:. Macmillan and Company. p. 389.
4100:
4098:
4054:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025716
3727:
3725:
3665:Kamenetsky, Rina; Dole, John (2012).
3389:can be found in the altar picture of
3052:salmon-pink-flowered herbaceous peony
2845:Time lapse of a peony flower blooming
2543:is an endemic of southeastern Tibet,
2341:of the coastal mountains of Algeria,
1139:
313:. Scientists differ on the number of
7:
9078:f7e1a1de-0610-40a1-bc6e-1a748c5a019a
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3150:is called the "King of Flowers" and
2678:Distribution maps of the species of
2589:, Korea, Japan, Far Eastern Russia (
2573:and the eastern rim of Tibet), like
1915:(Delavay's tree peony or Dian peony)
990:is the tetraploid hybrid of diploid
781:, together making up the subsection
4011:"Tao Sang, DISSERTATION, chapter 4"
3429:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
3334:passed a law to make the peony the
3247:designates the plum blossom as the
1768:(Intermediate peony or Altay peony)
1512:
1501:
1433:
1402:
1395:
1367:
1356:
1324: core Saxifragales
1247:
1225:
1203:
1181:
1173:
1151:
1141:
1110:Recent genetic analyses relate the
712:. It has been widely believed that
431:, which is presumed not to excrete
8818:, beautification and conservation
8042:State flowers of the United States
4628:Whales, Maggie (10 January 2022).
4154:Pauwels, I.; Vervoort, G. (2009).
3397:in the former Dominican Church in
3080:The American Peony Society is the
2436:from the Middle Taurus Mountains,
1655:(Majorcan peony or Balearic peony)
1094:are all descendants of hybrids of
25:
3484:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1880:(steppe peony or fern leaf peony)
1865:(Kosovar peony or Romanian peony)
1729:(Caucasian peony or golden peony)
9117:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329475-2
7995:
7994:
4609:. State Symbols USA. 25 May 2014
3817:.Cambridge University Press: UK.
3738:The families of flowering plants
3451:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
3049:
2987:
2970:
2953:
2936:
2919:
2902:
2668:
2659:
2254:
2240:
2226:
2212:
2194:
2180:
2162:
2148:
2134:
2120:
2106:
2092:
2078:
2060:
2046:
2032:
2018:
2004:
1990:
1976:
1647:(California peony or wild peony)
1378:all Eurasian herbaceous peonies
809:which constitute the subsection
587:
570:
553:
536:
519:
502:
485:
468:
456:
254:
69:
4708:Ornamental Plants from Russia:
4671:University of Alaska, Fairbanks
4041:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3637:. Vol. 6. pp. 127–132
3295:The red flowers of the species
3202:, by Chinese artist Wang Qian,
3159:In China, the fallen petals of
3029:The numerous peony hybrids and
2792:. Ants do not harm the plants.
4686:Family and Suprafamilial Names
4585:"A Pilgrimage to Kosovo Today"
4495:Whysall, Steve (14 May 2015).
4412:Hidden Meanings in Chinese Art
3531:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2476:has a large distribution from
1:
8356:Pink and white lady's slipper
4497:"Into China's peony paradise"
3919:10.1016/j.scienta.2012.06.011
3136:, the Japanese adaptation of
3066:red-flowered herbaceous peony
1177: woody clade
962:was proven to be a hybrid of
648:Paeoniaceae are dependent on
4361:. The American Peony Society
4004:. The Ohio State University.
3760:Chemistry & Biodiversity
3709:ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY WEBSITE
3096:, in particular the root of
2324:in Siberia and South to the
1050:and one of this same group.
1046:is the tetraploid hybrid of
1018:is the tetraploid hybrid of
834:. Known diploid taxa in the
594:Young growth of a tree peony
216:
4571:Ranunculaceae to Cruciferae
4207:Royal Horticultural Society
3841:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001
3035:Royal Horticultural Society
3013:Herbaceous peonies such as
2611:The species of the section
1592:species (about 30 species)
702:Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling
9202:
8806:, state children's flower
8305:White pine cone and tassel
3813:David J. Mabberley. 2008.
3732:L. Watson; M.J. Dallwitz.
3614:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
3257:National People's Congress
3253:People's Republic of China
2682:in Europe and Western Asia
2389:on Corsica, Sardinia, the
439:, which have a very short
29:
8795:
8756:Bougainvillea spectabilis
8048:
7990:
6000:
4793:
4587:. Serbian Orthodox Church
4450:"China's National Flower"
4117:. Heartland Peony Society
3880:10.1080/10635150801888871
3511:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3491:as a variant spelling of
3314:
3262:The ancient Chinese city
3063:
2724:in Cáozhōu, now known as
2320:in North-West Russia, to
1534:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1455:
1438:
1431:
1411:
1400:
1393:
1376:
1365:
1322:
1269:
1252:
1245:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1201:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1156:
1149:
1002:is the diploid hybrid of
734:belongs in the unrelated
668:, as well as crystals of
565:ripe follicles with seeds
233:
224:
196:
191:
178:
171:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
8120:Rocky Mountain columbine
4553:"The World of the Peony"
4529:Frazer, Sir James George
4410:Terese Tse Bartholomew,
3680:(Special Issue 1): 62–77
3576:. Vol. IX. Berlin,
3413:, also painted peonies.
3332:Indiana General Assembly
2783:Peonies tend to attract
2549:grows in Central China (
301:. Peonies are native to
294:, the only genus in the
4695:Paeoniaceae in Topwalks
4179:Coit, J. Eliot (1908).
3968:10.1073/pnas.92.15.6813
3487:(12th ed., 2011) lists
2788:plausibly a functional
2489:occur, with subspecies
978:are diploid hybrids of
8812:, state floral emblem
8090:Saguaro cactus blossom
4722:Canadian Peony Society
4716:The Peony Society (UK)
4221:"Paeonia suffruticosa"
3907:Scientia Horticulturae
3815:Mabberley's Plant-Book
3772:10.1002/cbdv.200800341
3734:"Paeoniaceae Rudolphi"
3319:
3219:
3207:
3192:
3183:In this gold-engraved
2846:
2750:intersectional hybrids
2701:
2607:Distributional history
2448:from Andalucia to the
894:. Tetraploid taxa are
724:Molecular phylogenetic
531:leaves and flower buds
386:, and with anomocytic
32:Peony (disambiguation)
4379:Sasaki, Sanmi. 2005.
3213:
3198:
3182:
3102:traditional medicines
3039:Award of Garden Merit
2844:
2696:
2617:disjunct distribution
2423:P. kesrouanensis
2393:and in western Greece
2358:P. cambessedesii
2054:Paeonia cambessedesii
2040:Paeonia cambessedesii
1773:Paeonia kesrouanensis
1652:Paeonia cambessedesii
8650:Tennessee coneflower
8639:Purple passionflower
8577:Penngift crown vetch
8514:Large white trillium
8220:Syringa, mock orange
4718:(defunct as of 2106)
4081:Anchorage Daily News
3403:Giuseppe Castiglione
3368:'s illustrations of
3360:was inspired by the
3229:Paeonia suffruticosa
3147:Paeonia suffruticosa
3019:Paeonia suffruticosa
2965:semi-double flowered
1961:Paeonia suffruticosa
1010:, but possibly also
828:reticulate evolution
561:Paeonia wittmanniana
544:Paeonia suffruticosa
476:Paeonia suffruticosa
359:All Paeoniaceae are
58:Paeonia suffruticosa
30:For other uses, see
8800:: state wildflower
8432:Pink lady's slipper
3959:1995PNAS...92.6813S
3584:. pp. 265–269.
3387:Paeonia officinalis
3351:Language of Flowers
3305:folklore. Known as
3187:food tray from the
2776:Plant growth habits
2517:are known from the
2455:P. officinalis
2334:Paeonia algeriensis
2296:P. californica
2220:Paeonia officinalis
2026:Paeonia californica
1920:Paeonia jishanensis
1905:Paeonia decomposita
1846:Paeonia officinalis
1644:Paeonia californica
1597:Paeonia algeriensis
181:Paeonia officinalis
9186:Symbols of Indiana
8706:Coast rhododendron
8064:Oak-leaf hydrangea
7840:Pentaphragmataceae
7058:Stegnospermataceae
6950:Berberidopsidaceae
6574:Pentadiplandraceae
5061:Atherospermataceae
4737:German Peony Group
4727:U.S. Peony Society
4000:Sang, Tao (1996).
3867:Systematic Biology
3534:. Merriam-Webster.
3220:
3208:
3193:
3161:Paeonia lactiflora
3153:Paeonia lactiflora
3126:used to be called
3123:Paeonia lactiflora
3092:The herb known as
3015:Paeonia lactiflora
2995:Paeonia lactiflora
2961:Paeonia lactiflora
2944:Paeonia lactiflora
2847:
2734:self fertilisation
2702:
2600:P. lactiflora
2262:Paeonia tenuifolia
2114:Paeonia intermedia
1900:(about 8 species)
1877:Paeonia tenuifolia
1854:Paeonia parnassica
1781:Paeonia lactiflora
1765:Paeonia intermedia
1750:(Wittmann's peony)
1684:(Andalusian peony)
1623:(ram's horn peony)
1000:P. cambedessedesii
864:P. cambedessedesii
650:C3 carbon fixation
527:Paeonia tenuifolia
463:Pink peony flowers
9163:
9162:
9086:Open Tree of Life
8837:Taxon identifiers
8828:
8827:
8736:Indian paintbrush
8509:Scarlet carnation
8499:Wild prairie rose
8478:Flowering dogwood
8254:Wild prairie rose
8210:Hawaiian hibiscus
8008:
8007:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7797:Cardiopteridaceae
7719:
7718:
7596:Plocospermataceae
7395:
7394:
7209:
7208:
7148:Anacampserotaceae
7008:Ancistrocladaceae
6937:Berberidopsidales
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6860:Biebersteiniaceae
6741:Sphaerosepalaceae
6627:Strasburgeriaceae
6544:Setchellanthaceae
6494:
6493:
5967:
5966:
5909:Cercidiphyllaceae
5864:
5863:
5693:
5692:
5662:
5661:
5115:
5114:
5084:
5083:
4918:
4917:
4900:Austrobaileyaceae
4559:on 13 March 2016.
3953:(15): 6813–6817.
3859:Soltis, Pamela S.
3552:The genus Paeonia
3391:Maria im Rosenhag
3366:Utagawa Kuniyoshi
3301:are important in
3298:Paeonia peregrina
3273:The Greek doctor
3241:Republic of China
3206:(1271–1368)
3062:'Rubra Plena', a
3048:'Coral Charm', a
2946:'Bowl Of Beauty',
2931:Japanese flowered
2912:'Claire de Lune',
2910:Paeonia ×arendsii
2842:
2700:'Sarah Bernhardt'
2540:P. sterniana
2467:P. peregrina
2188:Paeonia peregrina
1870:Paeonia sterniana
1862:Paeonia peregrina
1833:(woodland peony)
1760:(Himalayan peony)
1631:(Brotero's peony)
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
421:at the outer side
242:
241:
167:
149:
16:(Redirected from
9193:
9156:
9155:
9143:
9142:
9133:
9132:
9120:
9119:
9107:
9106:
9094:
9093:
9081:
9080:
9071:
9070:
9058:
9057:
9055:NHMSYS0000461442
9045:
9044:
9032:
9031:
9019:
9018:
9006:
9005:
8993:
8992:
8980:
8979:
8967:
8966:
8954:
8953:
8941:
8940:
8928:
8927:
8915:
8914:
8902:
8901:
8889:
8888:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8832:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8805:
8804:
8696:American dogwood
8657:
8656:
8646:
8645:
8615:
8614:
8603:Yellow jessamine
8584:
8583:
8553:
8552:
8542:
8541:
8521:
8520:
8490:
8489:
8439:
8438:
8378:
8377:
8347:
8346:
8315:Black-eyed susan
8296:
8295:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8189:
8173:
8172:
8142:
8141:
8135:Mirabilis jalapa
8110:California poppy
8071:
8070:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8012:
7998:
7997:
7732:
7681:Thomandersiaceae
7671:Lentibulariaceae
7631:Scrophulariaceae
7611:Tetrachondraceae
7408:
7397:
7387:Mitrastemonaceae
7317:Pentaphylacaceae
7292:Tetrameristaceae
7239:Hydrostachyaceae
7222:
7211:
7013:Rhabdodendraceae
7003:Dioncophyllaceae
6933:
6766:Dipterocarpaceae
6703:Dipentodontaceae
6647:Crossosomataceae
6622:Geissolomataceae
6507:
6368:Chrysobalanaceae
6273:Ctenolophonaceae
6240:Lepidobotryaceae
6030:Anisophylleaceae
6013:
6002:
5980:
5969:
5944:Tetracarpaeaceae
5939:Aphanopetalaceae
5914:Daphniphyllaceae
5877:
5866:
5815:Trochodendraceae
5777:Circaeasteraceae
5704:
5685:Ceratophyllaceae
5673:
5349:Alstroemeriaceae
5212:Potamogetonaceae
5187:Scheuchzeriaceae
5182:Hydrocharitaceae
5132:
5095:
4975:Aristolochiaceae
4940:
4931:
4892:Austrobaileyales
4842:
4838:
4836:Basalangiosperms
4820:Acrogymnospermae
4782:flowering plants
4774:
4767:
4760:
4751:
4700:Flora Europaea:
4674:
4664:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4580:
4574:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4555:. Archived from
4548:
4539:
4538:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4454:www.china.org.cn
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4429:www.china.org.cn
4421:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4359:"Peony Registry"
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4047:(10): 994–1007.
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3857:Jian, Shuguang;
3854:
3845:
3844:
3824:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3701:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3671:
3662:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3536:
3535:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3502:
3496:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3435:
3426:
3407:Qianlong Emperor
3325:Battle of Kosovo
3322:
3316:
3138:Chinese medicine
3033:have gained the
2991:
2974:
2957:
2948:anemone flowered
2940:
2923:
2906:
2843:
2672:
2663:
2546:P. veitchii
2493:in Croatia, and
2461:P. banatica
2433:P. arietina
2428:Taurus Mountains
2258:
2244:
2230:
2216:
2198:
2184:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2128:Paeonia ludlowii
2124:
2110:
2096:
2086:Paeonia delavayi
2082:
2064:
2050:
2036:
2022:
2008:
1994:
1980:
1928:Paeonia ludlowii
1912:Paeonia delavayi
1888:(Veitch's peony)
1885:Paeonia veitchii
1776:(Keserwan peony)
1700:(Crimean peony)
1692:(Corsican peony)
1681:Paeonia coriacea
1620:Paeonia arietina
1600:(Algerian peony)
1513:
1502:
1434:
1426:subsection
1406:subsection
1403:
1396:
1368:
1357:
1248:
1226:
1204:
1182:
1174:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1136:
773:is divided into
591:
574:
557:
540:
523:
510:Paeonia veitchii
506:
489:
472:
460:
443:and a decurrent
392:bisexual flowers
329:perennial plants
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
229:
215:For lower taxa,
163:
145:
74:
73:
51:
39:
21:
9201:
9200:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9151:
9146:
9138:
9136:
9128:
9123:
9115:
9110:
9102:
9097:
9089:
9084:
9076:
9074:
9066:
9061:
9053:
9048:
9040:
9035:
9027:
9022:
9014:
9009:
9001:
8996:
8988:
8983:
8975:
8970:
8962:
8957:
8949:
8944:
8936:
8931:
8923:
8918:
8910:
8905:
8897:
8892:
8884:
8882:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8839:
8829:
8824:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8813:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8801:
8791:
8790:
8746:Paogo (Ulafala)
8654:
8653:
8643:
8642:
8612:
8611:
8581:
8580:
8572:Mountain laurel
8550:
8549:
8539:
8538:
8518:
8517:
8487:
8486:
8436:
8435:
8375:
8374:
8344:
8343:
8340:Dwarf lake iris
8293:
8292:
8198:
8197:
8187:
8186:
8170:
8169:
8139:
8138:
8130:Mountain laurel
8068:
8067:
8044:
8039:
8009:
8004:
7966:
7962:Paracryphiaceae
7948:
7930:
7907:
7884:
7816:
7778:
7749:Torricelliaceae
7728:
7715:
7616:Calceolariaceae
7601:Carlemanniaceae
7582:
7544:
7526:
7508:
7470:
7447:
7429:
7404:
7391:
7268:
7218:
7205:
7181:Balanophoraceae
7157:
7068:Lophiocarpaceae
7048:Achatocarpaceae
7043:Caryophyllaceae
7033:Macarthuriaceae
6998:Drosophyllaceae
6954:
6929:
6904:
6846:
6828:
6814:Crypteroniaceae
6809:Melastomataceae
6770:
6707:
6674:
6651:
6609:Crossosomatales
6603:
6579:Gyrostemonaceae
6549:Koeberliniaceae
6503:
6490:
6442:
6433:Picrodendraceae
6398:Lacistemataceae
6358:Dichapetalaceae
6333:Centroplacaceae
6323:Lophopyxidaceae
6283:Erythroxylaceae
6249:
6226:
6203:
6145:
6097:
6064:
6035:Corynocarpaceae
6009:
5996:
5976:
5963:
5924:Grossulariaceae
5873:
5860:
5837:
5819:
5807:Trochodendrales
5801:
5782:Lardizabalaceae
5753:
5720:
5689:
5677:Ceratophyllales
5668:Ceratophyllidae
5658:
5649:Ecdeiocoleaceae
5639:Flagellariaceae
5575:
5522:
5484:
5461:
5432:Tecophilaeaceae
5402:Blandfordiaceae
5378:
5344:Petermanniaceae
5329:Campynemataceae
5315:
5277:
5249:
5231:
5192:Aponogetonaceae
5148:
5123:
5111:
5080:
5032:
5018:Himantandraceae
4989:
4961:
4927:
4925:Mesangiospermae
4914:
4886:
4858:
4834:
4829:
4810:Marchantiophyta
4789:
4778:
4690:James L. Reveal
4682:
4677:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4568:
4564:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4083:. 5 August 2018
4075:
4074:
4070:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3582:Springer-Verlag
3571:
3570:
3563:
3554:. Oregon, USA:
3549:
3548:
3539:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3381:(ca. 1550) and
3358:Japanese tattoo
3268:Chinese history
3249:national flower
3177:
3090:
3027:
3007:
3000:
2999:double flowered
2998:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2963:'James Kelway',
2958:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2929:'Walter Mains',
2924:
2915:
2914:single flowered
2913:
2907:
2834:
2832:
2778:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2609:
2582:P. obovata
2507:mlokosewitschii
2486:Paeonia daurica
2473:P. mascula
2445:P. humilis
2439:P. broteri
2426:in the Western
2313:P. anomala
2290:P. brownii
2271:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2217:
2208:
2202:Paeonia obovata
2199:
2190:
2185:
2176:
2170:Paeonia mascula
2167:
2158:
2156:Paeonia mascula
2153:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2072:mlokosewitschii
2068:Paeonia daurica
2065:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2028:
2023:
2014:
2012:Paeonia brownii
2009:
2000:
1998:Paeonia broteri
1995:
1986:
1984:Paeonia anomala
1981:
1955:(Rock's peony;
1830:Paeonia obovata
1796:Paeonia mascula
1726:mlokosewitschii
1697:Paeonia daurica
1689:Paeonia corsica
1636:Paeonia brownii
1628:Paeonia broteri
1615:(Turkish peony)
1612:Paeonia turcica
1605:Paeonia anomala
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1108:
1038:or less likely
892:mlokosewitschii
816:P. suffruticosa
698:
686:
670:calcium oxalate
652:. They contain
602:
595:
592:
583:
581:
578:Paeonia anomala
575:
566:
564:
558:
549:
547:
541:
532:
530:
524:
515:
513:
507:
498:
496:
490:
481:
479:
473:
464:
461:
357:
352:
283:flowering plant
257:
253:
187:
184:
162:
144:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Paeonia (plant)
15:
12:
11:
5:
9199:
9197:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9168:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9153:wfo-4000027742
9144:
9134:
9121:
9108:
9095:
9082:
9072:
9059:
9046:
9033:
9020:
9007:
8994:
8981:
8968:
8955:
8942:
8929:
8916:
8903:
8890:
8880:
8865:
8849:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8835:
8826:
8825:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8778:
8768:
8758:
8748:
8738:
8728:
8718:
8708:
8698:
8688:
8678:
8668:
8666:Bluebonnet sp.
8658:
8626:
8616:
8595:
8585:
8564:
8554:
8535:Indian blanket
8522:
8501:
8491:
8470:
8460:
8450:
8440:
8419:
8409:
8399:
8389:
8379:
8358:
8348:
8327:
8317:
8307:
8297:
8289:Louisiana iris
8276:
8266:
8256:
8246:
8236:
8222:
8212:
8202:
8174:
8161:Orange blossom
8153:
8143:
8122:
8112:
8102:
8092:
8082:
8072:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8015:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7958:
7956:
7954:Paracryphiales
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7944:Escalloniaceae
7940:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7926:Caprifoliaceae
7923:
7917:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7898:Columelliaceae
7894:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7860:Argophyllaceae
7857:
7852:
7850:Alseuosmiaceae
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7826:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7802:Phyllonomaceae
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7769:Myodocarpaceae
7766:
7761:
7759:Pittosporaceae
7756:
7754:Griseliniaceae
7751:
7746:
7740:
7738:
7729:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7676:Schlegeliaceae
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7626:Plantaginaceae
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7573:Sphenocleaceae
7570:
7565:
7560:
7558:Convolvulaceae
7554:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7518:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7457:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7443:Metteniusaceae
7439:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7405:
7400:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7357:Sarraceniaceae
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7297:Fouquieriaceae
7294:
7289:
7287:Marcgraviaceae
7284:
7278:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7219:
7214:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7191:Misodendraceae
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7167:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7093:Phytolaccaceae
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7028:Asteropeiaceae
7025:
7020:
7018:Simmondsiaceae
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6978:Plumbaginaceae
6975:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6960:Caryophyllales
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6930:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6761:Sarcolaenaceae
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6688:Gerrardinaceae
6684:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6504:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6476:Elaeocarpaceae
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6438:Phyllanthaceae
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6393:Passifloraceae
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6328:Putranjivaceae
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6303:Calophyllaceae
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6278:Rhizophoraceae
6275:
6270:
6265:
6259:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6222:Zygophyllaceae
6219:
6213:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6136:Ticodendraceae
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5977:
5972:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5904:Hamamelidaceae
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5874:
5869:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5851:Myrothamnaceae
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:Menispermaceae
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5644:Joinvilleaceae
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5536:Strelitziaceae
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5513:Pontederiaceae
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5475:Dasypogonaceae
5471:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5452:Amaryllidaceae
5449:
5444:
5442:Xeronemataceae
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5245:Petrosaviaceae
5241:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5107:Chloranthaceae
5103:
5101:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Calycanthaceae
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4910:Schisandraceae
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4815:Polypodiophyta
4812:
4807:
4802:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4681:
4680:External links
4678:
4676:
4675:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4620:
4598:
4575:
4562:
4540:
4520:
4487:
4466:
4441:
4416:
4403:
4385:
4372:
4350:
4320:
4307:'Rubra Plena'"
4290:
4277:'Coral Charm'"
4264:
4238:
4226:
4212:
4194:
4171:
4165:978-9020965070
4164:
4146:
4128:
4106:
4094:
4068:
4027:
3992:
3924:
3894:
3846:
3819:
3806:
3802:External links
3793:
3766:(4): 805–838.
3750:
3721:
3705:"Saxifragales"
3691:
3648:
3631:Flora of China
3620:
3607:(3): 201–217.
3587:
3561:
3537:
3517:
3514:(Online). n.d.
3497:
3474:
3444:(2): 105–121.
3420:
3418:
3415:
3383:Auguste Renoir
3379:Conrad Gessner
3320:kosovski božur
3315:косовски божур
3243:government in
3218:, 17th century
3176:
3173:
3089:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3053:
3046:
3026:
3023:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2857:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2808:
2777:
2774:
2766:Victor Lemoine
2754:P. officinalis
2690:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2640:likely became
2608:
2605:
2591:Primorsky Krai
2576:P. mairei
2442:in Andalucia,
2397:P. clusii
2391:Ionian islands
2368:P. russoi
2318:Kola peninsula
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2248:Paeonia rockii
2246:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2142:Paeonia mairei
2140:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1952:Paeonia rockii
1948:
1940:
1939:(Osti's peony)
1932:
1924:
1923:(Jishan peony)
1916:
1908:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1792:
1789:Paeonia mairei
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1660:Paeonia clusii
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:P. californica
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:Cercidiphyllum
1251:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:Hamamelidaceae
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1107:
1104:
1072:mlokosewitschi
1032:P. officinalis
900:P. officinalis
795:P. jishanensis
791:P. decomposita
769:. The section
767:P. californica
761:only includes
757:. The section
716:is closest to
697:
694:
685:
682:
601:
600:Phytochemistry
598:
597:
596:
593:
586:
584:
576:
569:
567:
559:
552:
550:
542:
535:
533:
525:
518:
516:
508:
501:
499:
491:
484:
482:
474:
467:
465:
462:
455:
356:
353:
351:
348:
309:, and Western
240:
239:
231:
230:
222:
221:
213:
212:
207:
202:
194:
193:
189:
188:
185:
176:
175:
169:
168:
155:
151:
150:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9198:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9176:Garden plants
9174:
9173:
9171:
9154:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9135:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9073:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9012:
9008:
9004:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8876:
8870:
8866:
8861:
8855:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8833:
8799:
8794:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8652:
8651:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8625:
8624:Pasque flower
8622:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8586:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8547:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8530:Oklahoma rose
8528:
8527:
8523:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8484:
8483:Carolina lily
8479:
8476:
8475:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8335:Apple blossom
8333:
8332:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8195:
8194:Cherokee rose
8185:
8184:
8180:
8179:
8175:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8154:
8152:
8151:Peach blossom
8149:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8101:
8100:Apple blossom
8098:
8097:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8081:
8080:Forget-me-not
8078:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8036:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8001:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7936:Escalloniales
7933:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7865:Menyanthaceae
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7835:Campanulaceae
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7812:Aquifoliaceae
7810:
7808:
7807:Helwingiaceae
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7792:Stemonuraceae
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7744:Pennantiaceae
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7722:
7712:
7711:Orobanchaceae
7709:
7707:
7706:Paulowniaceae
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7641:Linderniaceae
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7435:Metteniusales
7432:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7420:Oncothecaceae
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7398:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:Actinidiaceae
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7347:Diapensiaceae
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7307:Lecythidaceae
7305:
7303:
7302:Polemoniaceae
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7282:Balsaminaceae
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7244:Hydrangeaceae
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7212:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7196:Schoepfiaceae
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7143:Portulacaceae
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7133:Halophytaceae
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7113:Molluginaceae
7111:
7109:
7108:Nyctaginaceae
7106:
7104:
7103:Sarcobataceae
7101:
7099:
7098:Petiveriaceae
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7053:Amaranthaceae
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6968:Frankeniaceae
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6945:Aextoxicaceae
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6927:Superasterids
6923:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6895:Simaroubaceae
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6880:Anacardiaceae
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6842:Picramniaceae
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6746:Thymelaeaceae
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6726:Muntingiaceae
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:Stachyuraceae
6640:
6638:
6637:Guamatelaceae
6635:
6633:
6632:Staphyleaceae
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6564:Emblingiaceae
6562:
6560:
6559:Salvadoraceae
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:Limnanthaceae
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6524:Tropaeolaceae
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6497:
6487:
6486:Brunelliaceae
6484:
6482:
6481:Cephalotaceae
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:Ixonanthaceae
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6418:Euphorbiaceae
6416:
6414:
6413:Rafflesiaceae
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6363:Euphroniaceae
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:Malpighiaceae
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6318:Caryocaraceae
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6308:Podostemaceae
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6209:Zygophyllales
6206:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Casuarinaceae
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6111:Nothofagaceae
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6050:Tetramelaceae
6048:
6046:
6045:Cucurbitaceae
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Apodanthaceae
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5970:
5960:
5959:Cynomoriaceae
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Saxifragaceae
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:Peridiscaceae
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5797:Ranunculaceae
5795:
5793:
5792:Berberidaceae
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:Nelumbonaceae
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:Eriocaulaceae
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5571:Zingiberaceae
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5546:Heliconiaceae
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5518:Haemodoraceae
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Commelinaceae
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Asphodelaceae
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Ixioliriaceae
5425:
5423:
5422:Doryanthaceae
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Melanthiaceae
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:Cyclanthaceae
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5273:Dioscoreaceae
5271:
5269:
5268:Burmanniaceae
5266:
5264:
5263:Nartheciaceae
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5237:Petrosaviales
5234:
5228:
5227:Cymodoceaceae
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Posidoniaceae
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5197:Juncaginaceae
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:Tofieldiaceae
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5099:Chloranthales
5096:
5093:
5091:
5090:Chloranthidae
5087:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Hernandiaceae
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Gomortegaceae
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Eupomatiaceae
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Degeneriaceae
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Myristicaceae
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Hydatellaceae
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4854:Amborellaceae
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4586:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4551:Walter Good.
4547:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4502:Vancouver Sun
4498:
4491:
4488:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4291:
4278:
4276:
4268:
4265:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3835:(2): 81–110.
3834:
3830:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:In 1957, the
3328:
3326:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:In 1903, the
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:P. lactiflora
3095:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:, including:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2982:bomb flowered
2979:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2829:
2824:
2823:P. lactiflora
2820:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:recognisable.
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2770:P. lactiflora
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:P. lactiflora
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:Shōwa periods
2743:
2739:
2738:crossbreeding
2735:
2731:
2730:P. lactiflora
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:P. lactiflora
2630:
2626:
2625:crossbreeding
2622:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:Paeonia emodi
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2412:, and subsp.
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2349:Rif Mountains
2346:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2234:Paeonia ostii
2229:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:Paeonia emodi
2095:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:(Qiu's peony)
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:Paeonia ostii
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:(Greek peony)
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:Paeonia emodi
1754:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1505:section
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1388:section
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1371:section
1370:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:Daphniphyllum
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:Peridiscaceae
1154:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:P. lactiflora
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:P. tenuifolia
1037:
1036:P. parnassica
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:P. lactiflora
1001:
997:
993:
992:P. lactiflora
989:
985:
981:
980:P. lactiflora
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:P. lactiflora
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:P. parnassica
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:P. tenuifolia
849:
845:
844:P. lactiflora
841:
838:-section are
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
693:
691:
683:
681:
679:
678:palmitic acid
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:ethereal oils
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:triterpenoids
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
606:monoterpenoid
599:
590:
585:
579:
573:
568:
562:
556:
551:
545:
539:
534:
528:
522:
517:
511:
505:
500:
494:
488:
483:
477:
471:
466:
459:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
400:P. lactiflora
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
354:
349:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:North America
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
292:
288:
284:
278:
251:
247:
237:
234:The range of
232:
228:
223:
220:
218:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
195:
190:
183:
182:
177:
174:
170:
166:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
148:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8844:
8797:
8786:Yellow elder
8780:
8770:
8760:
8750:
8740:
8730:
8720:
8716:Rhododendron
8710:
8700:
8690:
8680:
8670:
8660:
8648:
8637:
8628:
8618:
8606:
8597:
8587:
8575:
8566:
8562:Oregon grape
8556:
8544:
8533:
8524:
8512:
8503:
8493:
8481:
8472:
8462:
8458:Yucca flower
8452:
8442:
8430:
8427:Purple lilac
8421:
8411:
8401:
8391:
8381:
8369:
8360:
8350:
8338:
8329:
8319:
8309:
8299:
8287:
8278:
8268:
8258:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8224:
8214:
8204:
8192:
8181:
8176:
8164:
8155:
8145:
8133:
8124:
8114:
8104:
8094:
8084:
8074:
8062:
8053:
7875:Calyceraceae
7870:Goodeniaceae
7855:Phellinaceae
7845:Stylidiaceae
7784:Aquifoliales
7666:Bignoniaceae
7651:Martyniaceae
7621:Gesneriaceae
7578:Hydroleaceae
7568:Montiniaceae
7522:Boraginaceae
7499:Gelsemiaceae
7489:Gentianaceae
7461:Eucommiaceae
7362:Roridulaceae
7342:Symplocaceae
7312:Sladeniaceae
7254:Curtisiaceae
7201:Loranthaceae
7123:Didiereaceae
7078:Barbeuiaceae
7038:Microteaceae
6993:Nepenthaceae
6983:Polygonaceae
6973:Tamaricaceae
6865:Nitrariaceae
6834:Picramniales
6799:Vochysiaceae
6784:Combretaceae
6698:Tapisciaceae
6693:Petenaeaceae
6599:Brassicaceae
6353:Trigoniaceae
6348:Balanopaceae
6313:Hypericaceae
6293:Bonnetiaceae
6268:Irvingiaceae
6255:Malpighiales
6245:Celastraceae
6217:Krameriaceae
6174:Elaeagnaceae
6169:Dirachmaceae
6126:Juglandaceae
6093:Polygalaceae
6078:Quillajaceae
6040:Coriariaceae
6017:Cucurbitales
5954:Haloragaceae
5949:Penthoraceae
5934:Crassulaceae
5899:Altingiaceae
5881:Saxifragales
5833:Dilleniaceae
5772:Papaveraceae
5767:Eupteleaceae
5759:Ranunculales
5667:
5634:Restionaceae
5594:Bromeliaceae
5528:Zingiberales
5508:Philydraceae
5498:Hanguanaceae
5490:Commelinales
5457:Asparagaceae
5417:Hypoxidaceae
5364:Ripogonaceae
5359:Philesiaceae
5354:Colchicaceae
5296:Velloziaceae
5291:Triuridaceae
5255:Dioscoreales
5172:Alismataceae
5120:
5089:
5051:Siparunaceae
5008:Magnoliaceae
4905:Trimeniaceae
4882:Nymphaeaceae
4846:Amborellales
4825:Angiospermae
4780:Families of
4742:
4709:
4701:
4666:
4651:Bibliography
4637:. Retrieved
4633:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4601:
4589:. Retrieved
4578:
4570:
4565:
4557:the original
4533:
4523:
4511:. Retrieved
4500:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4453:
4444:
4432:. Retrieved
4428:
4419:
4411:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4380:
4375:
4363:. Retrieved
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:'High Noon'"
4334:
4330:
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4304:
4300:
4293:
4281:. Retrieved
4274:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4251:'Bartzella'"
4248:
4241:
4229:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4155:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4109:
4085:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4014:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3910:
3906:
3873:(1): 38–57.
3870:
3866:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3814:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:
3682:. Retrieved
3677:
3673:
3639:. Retrieved
3630:
3623:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3573:
3556:Timber Press
3551:
3529:
3520:
3509:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3441:
3437:
3424:
3411:Qing dynasty
3390:
3386:
3376:
3369:
3355:
3348:
3336:state flower
3329:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3272:
3261:
3251:, while the
3237:Qing dynasty
3234:
3227:
3224:plum blossom
3221:
3216:Yun Shouping
3204:Yuan dynasty
3199:
3189:Song dynasty
3160:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3142:garden plant
3131:
3127:
3121:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3055:
3028:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2997:'Da Fu Gui',
2994:
2980:'Ruth Clay',
2977:
2960:
2943:
2926:
2909:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2830:Flower types
2822:
2818:
2810:
2799:
2794:
2782:
2779:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2729:
2722:Qing dynasty
2719:
2711:Song dynasty
2707:Tang dynasty
2703:
2697:
2679:
2650:P. sterniana
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:nothospecies
2612:
2610:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2515:wittmanniana
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:velebitensis
2490:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2421:
2413:
2401:
2394:
2384:
2366:
2356:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:The section
2301:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2269:Distribution
2261:
2247:
2233:
2219:
2205:
2201:
2187:
2173:
2169:
2155:
2141:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2085:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2039:
2025:
2011:
1997:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1944:Paeonia qiui
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1898:tree peonies
1883:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:wittmanniana
1745:
1740:velebitensis
1739:
1733:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1536:
1535:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1457:
1456:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1415:tree peonies
1412:
1407:
1389:
1377:
1372:
1361:
1323:
1271:
1270:
1254:
1253:
1231:
1211:Altingiaceae
1209:
1188:
1187:
1157:
1146:Saxifragales
1145:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:Saxifragales
1109:
1099:
1095:
1092:wittmanniana
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:P. peregrina
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:P. sterniana
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:wittmanniana
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:P. peregrina
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:nothospecies
823:
821:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:P. cathayana
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:. The genus
739:Saxifragales
731:
727:
717:
713:
710:Ranunculales
705:
699:
689:
687:
654:ellagic acid
647:
640:
603:
577:
560:
543:
526:
509:
497:spring shoot
492:
475:
403:
399:
395:
358:
341:
323:
298:
290:
289:
249:
245:
243:
235:
214:
209:
204:
199:
179:
173:Type species
158:
157:
141:
132:Saxifragales
115:
102:
89:
56:
36:
8998:iNaturalist
8869:Wikispecies
8766:Flores mayo
8726:Wood violet
7830:Rousseaceae
7726:Campanulids
7686:Verbenaceae
7661:Acanthaceae
7656:Pedaliaceae
7646:Byblidaceae
7514:Boraginales
7504:Apocynaceae
7494:Loganiaceae
7476:Gentianales
7425:Icacinaceae
7377:Cyrillaceae
7372:Clethraceae
7352:Styracaceae
7332:Primulaceae
7259:Grubbiaceae
7186:Santalaceae
7128:Basellaceae
7083:Gisekiaceae
7023:Physenaceae
6988:Droseraceae
6885:Sapindaceae
6875:Burseraceae
6819:Alzateaceae
6731:Neuradaceae
6670:Francoaceae
6665:Geraniaceae
6617:Aphloiaceae
6589:Capparaceae
6569:Tovariaceae
6529:Moringaceae
6511:Brassicales
6471:Cunoniaceae
6466:Oxalidaceae
6461:Connaraceae
6378:Achariaceae
6373:Humiriaceae
6338:Elatinaceae
6232:Celastrales
6189:Cannabaceae
6164:Barbeyaceae
6088:Surianaceae
6060:Begoniaceae
6055:Datiscaceae
5894:Paeoniaceae
5871:Superrosids
5856:Gunneraceae
5825:Dilleniales
5744:Platanaceae
5619:Thurniaceae
5599:Rapateaceae
5561:Marantaceae
5412:Lanariaceae
5407:Asteliaceae
5392:Orchidaceae
5384:Asparagales
5369:Smilacaceae
5311:Pandanaceae
5301:Stemonaceae
5207:Zosteraceae
5202:Maundiaceae
5154:Alismatales
5071:Monimiaceae
4995:Magnoliales
4980:Saururaceae
4957:Winteraceae
4952:Canellaceae
4935:Magnoliidae
4877:Cabombaceae
4864:Nymphaeales
4797:Supergroup
4743:China Daily
4634:Tattoo Life
3580:, Germany:
3461:10654/18083
3286:Middle Ages
3279:aglaophotis
3275:Dioscorides
3185:lacquerware
3169:Middle Ages
3144:. In Japan
3128:ebisugusuri
3050:semi-double
3005:Propagation
2882:semi-double
2762:Kew Gardens
2752:. Although
2689:Cultivation
2529:Mountains.
2503:macrophylla
2344:P. coriacea
2337:that is an
2322:Lake Baikal
1838:willmottiae
1718:macrophylla
1459:P. delavayi
1442:P. ludlowii
1428:Delavayanae
1360:genus
1132:P. delavayi
1128:P. ludlowii
1112:monogeneric
1056:P. coriacea
1044:P. banatica
1024:P. arietina
1022:and either
984:P. veitchii
968:P. veitchii
920:P. coriacea
908:P. banatica
896:P. arietina
888:macrophylla
848:P. veitchii
783:Delavayanae
779:P. ludlowii
775:P. delavayi
621:stilbenoids
493:P. ludlowii
480:spring buds
404:P. veitchii
350:Description
344:cut flowers
299:Paeoniaceae
142:Paeoniaceae
109:Angiosperms
9170:Categories
8686:Red clover
8397:Bitterroot
7913:Dipsacales
7903:Bruniaceae
7880:Asteraceae
7764:Araliaceae
7701:Phrymaceae
7636:Stilbaceae
7563:Solanaceae
7540:Vahliaceae
7466:Garryaceae
7412:Icacinales
7322:Sapotaceae
7176:Opiliaceae
7163:Santalales
7138:Talinaceae
7118:Montiaceae
6870:Kirkiaceae
6852:Sapindales
6824:Penaeaceae
6794:Onagraceae
6789:Lythraceae
6721:Cytinaceae
6680:Huerteales
6657:Geraniales
6594:Cleomaceae
6584:Resedaceae
6534:Caricaceae
6519:Akaniaceae
6448:Oxalidales
6403:Salicaceae
6388:Goupiaceae
6298:Clusiaceae
6199:Urticaceae
6179:Rhamnaceae
6141:Betulaceae
6121:Myricaceae
5843:Gunnerales
5749:Proteaceae
5629:Cyperaceae
5614:Mayacaceae
5604:Xyridaceae
5334:Corsiaceae
5283:Pandanales
5222:Ruppiaceae
5177:Butomaceae
5028:Annonaceae
4985:Piperaceae
4944:Canellales
4365:12 October
4087:10 January
3578:Heidelberg
3417:References
3395:Schongauer
3290:woodpecker
2864:staminodes
2800:herbaceous
2790:adaptation
2499:coriifolia
2386:P. corsica
2273:The genus
1705:coriifolia
1590:Herbaceous
1521:P. brownii
1413:all other
1100:P. obovata
1088:P. daurica
1076:P. mascula
1068:P. daurica
1052:P. broteri
1028:P. humilis
1020:P. anomala
1012:P. obovata
960:P. anomala
956:P. obovata
936:P. daurica
924:P. mascula
880:coriifolia
876:P. daurica
860:P. broteri
840:P. anomala
763:P. brownii
728:Glaucidium
719:Glaucidium
613:flavonoids
609:glucosides
372:caespitose
364:perennials
361:herbaceous
355:Morphology
326:herbaceous
8676:Sego lily
8608:Goldenrod
8546:Mistletoe
8417:Sagebrush
8407:Goldenrod
8325:Mayflower
8274:Goldenrod
8264:Sunflower
7921:Adoxaceae
7890:Bruniales
7822:Asterales
7691:Lamiaceae
7550:Solanales
7532:Vahliales
7484:Rubiaceae
7453:Garryales
7382:Ericaceae
7327:Ebenaceae
7264:Cornaceae
7249:Loasaceae
7234:Nyssaceae
7171:Olacaceae
7153:Cactaceae
7088:Aizoaceae
7063:Limeaceae
6900:Meliaceae
6804:Myrtaceae
6756:Cistaceae
6736:Malvaceae
6383:Violaceae
6288:Ochnaceae
6263:Pandaceae
5734:Sabiaceae
5726:Proteales
5624:Juncaceae
5589:Typhaceae
5566:Costaceae
5556:Cannaceae
5541:Lowiaceae
5480:Arecaceae
5437:Iridaceae
5397:Boryaceae
5374:Liliaceae
5144:Acoraceae
5076:Lauraceae
4967:Piperales
4805:Bryophyta
4583:Natalia.
4398:Bloomthis
3913:: 62–74.
3788:205544231
3601:Phytotaxa
3526:"Paeonia"
3385:in 1879.
3309:peonies (
3031:cultivars
3025:Cultivars
2804:primordia
2744:to early
2642:sympatric
2638:P. mairei
2593:) and on
2587:Manchuria
2511:tomentosa
2478:Catalonia
2410:Karpathos
2353:Andalusia
2326:Tien Shan
1896:species,
1816:hellenica
1734:tomentosa
1408:Vaginatae
1106:Phylogeny
1082:and ssp.
1080:hellenica
1064:P. rhodia
1060:P. clusii
1048:P. mairei
1008:P. mairei
1006:, likely
996:P. mairei
952:P. mairei
948:P. clusii
940:tomentosa
928:hellenica
872:P. rhodia
868:P. clusii
811:Vaginatae
807:P. rockii
658:myricetin
423:and free
409:involucre
368:deciduous
324:Most are
319:describes
281:) is any
192:Sections
79:Kingdom:
9137:VASCAN:
9130:40036259
9125:Tropicos
8854:Wikidata
8387:Hawthorn
8371:Tickseed
8366:Magnolia
8284:Magnolia
8234:Milkweed
8166:Tickseed
8059:Camellia
8000:Category
7774:Apiaceae
7696:Mazaceae
7606:Oleaceae
7588:Lamiales
7337:Theaceae
7274:Ericales
7226:Cornales
7216:Asterids
7073:Kewaceae
6890:Rutaceae
6776:Myrtales
6751:Bixaceae
6713:Malvales
6554:Bataceae
6423:Linaceae
6408:Peraceae
6194:Moraceae
6184:Ulmaceae
6159:Rosaceae
6116:Fagaceae
6083:Fabaceae
5992:Vitaceae
5919:Iteaceae
5716:Buxaceae
5699:Eudicots
5551:Musaceae
5467:Arecales
5321:Liliales
5136:Acorales
5126:Monocots
5038:Laurales
4613:21 April
4591:21 April
4531:(1919).
4513:16 March
4507:Archived
4335:lemoinei
4185:Bulletin
4156:Pioenen
4007:cited on
3889:18275001
3780:20397219
3743:26 April
3714:26 April
3684:29 April
3506:"paeony"
3371:Suikoden
3165:infusion
3074:lemoinei
2860:Japanese
2646:P. emodi
2632:retreat
2595:Sakhalin
2519:Caucasus
2450:Provence
2377:Sardinia
2206:japonica
1373:Paeoniae
998:, while
988:P. russi
972:P. emodi
938:subsps.
926:subsps.
912:P. russi
878:subsps.
856:P. emodi
755:Paeoniae
696:Taxonomy
666:flavones
642:In vitro
633:paeonols
629:steroids
449:follicle
396:P. emodi
384:stipules
337:compound
217:see text
210:Paeoniae
138:Family:
122:Eudicots
9181:Peonies
9029:1019117
9016:33209-1
8977:3083483
8875:Paeonia
8860:Q147105
8845:Paeonia
8798:Italics
7736:Apiales
7402:Lamiids
6501:Malvids
6456:Huaceae
6151:Rosales
6103:Fagales
6070:Fabales
5984:Vitales
5708:Buxales
5654:Poaceae
5162:Araceae
5121:Lilidae
4710:Paeonia
4702:Paeonia
4607:"Peony"
4343:15 June
4331:Paeonia
4313:15 June
4305:festiva
4301:Paeonia
4283:15 June
4275:Paeonia
4257:15 June
4249:Paeonia
4203:"Peony"
4181:"Peony"
4063:9335140
3987:7624325
3955:Bibcode
3941:Paeonia
3804:below).
3409:in the
3364:artist
3362:ukiyo-e
3340:Indiana
3311:Serbian
3303:Serbian
3284:In the
3264:Luoyang
3175:Culture
3094:Paeonia
3070:Paeonia
3060:festiva
3056:Paeonia
2978:Paeonia
2927:Paeonia
2870:anemone
2715:Luoyang
2698:Paeonia
2680:Paeonia
2621:diploid
2615:have a
2613:Paeonia
2571:Sichuan
2563:Shaanxi
2555:Ningxia
2551:Qinghai
2495:daurica
2400:subsp.
2381:Sicilly
2373:Corsica
2363:Majorca
2347:in the
2339:endemic
2308:Paeonia
2304:Paeonia
2285:Onaepia
2275:Paeonia
2204:subsp.
2172:subsp.
2070:subsp.
1964:subsp.
1957:synonym
1836:subsp.
1820:subsp.
1814:subsp.
1810:bodurii
1808:subsp.
1804:mascula
1802:subsp.
1744:subsp.
1738:subsp.
1732:subsp.
1723:subsp.
1715:subsp.
1711:daurica
1709:subsp.
1703:subsp.
1671:subsp.
1665:subsp.
1584:Species
1507:Onaepia
1362:Paeonia
1189:Paeonia
1120:Onaepia
1090:subsp.
1084:mascula
1078:subsp.
1070:subsp.
932:mascula
884:daurica
836:Paeonia
824:Paeonia
803:P. qiui
799:P. osti
759:Onaepia
751:Onaepia
743:Paeonia
732:Paeonia
714:Paeonia
706:Paeonia
690:Paeonia
637:phenols
617:tannins
437:carpels
417:anthers
415:, with
413:stamens
388:stomata
376:stolons
315:species
291:Paeonia
285:in the
236:Paeonia
205:Onaepia
159:Paeonia
154:Genus:
128:Order:
83:Plantae
9099:PLANTS
9091:747767
9075:NZOR:
8964:123659
8951:123659
8899:179586
8886:193356
8883:APDB:
8593:Violet
8448:Violet
8230:Violet
8183:Azalea
6007:Fabids
5974:Rosids
5581:Poales
4786:APG IV
4639:18 May
4480:18 May
4459:18 May
4434:18 May
4191:: 104.
4162:
4061:
4020:19 May
3985:
3975:
3887:
3786:
3778:
3641:10 May
3489:paeony
3467:6 July
3399:Colmar
3344:zinnia
3307:Kosovo
3277:named
3245:Taiwan
2894:double
2876:triple
2854:single
2597:, and
2567:Shanxi
2527:Alborz
2523:Kaçkar
2418:Rhodes
2414:rhodia
2402:clusii
2280:Moutan
2174:russoi
1966:rockii
1822:russoi
1673:rhodia
1667:clusii
1390:Moutan
1124:Moutan
1086:, and
934:, and
785:, and
771:Moutan
747:Moutan
684:Genome
674:ketone
635:, and
445:stigma
433:nectar
425:pollen
380:glands
333:shrubs
307:Europe
296:family
250:paeony
200:Moutan
42:Peony
9104:PAEON
9068:13625
9042:18794
9024:IRMNG
9003:58228
8938:1PAOG
8925:61607
8244:Peony
4799:Plant
4663:(PDF)
4339:. RHS
4309:. RHS
4279:. RHS
4253:. RHS
4121:2 May
4015:Paeon
3978:41419
3784:S2CID
3670:(PDF)
3635:(PDF)
3493:peony
3434:(PDF)
3200:Peony
3133:kampo
3118:Japan
3116:. In
3114:Japan
3110:China
3106:Korea
2726:He Ze
2559:Gansu
2406:Crete
1894:Woody
736:order
582:seeds
441:style
287:genus
246:peony
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
9140:1513
9112:POWO
9063:NCBI
9037:ITIS
9011:IPNI
8990:8758
8985:GRIN
8972:GBIF
8933:EPPO
8912:6C8P
8894:BOLD
8776:Maga
8634:Iris
8468:Rose
4688:At:
4641:2024
4615:2018
4593:2018
4515:2023
4482:2024
4461:2024
4436:2024
4367:2023
4345:2023
4315:2023
4285:2023
4259:2023
4160:ISBN
4123:2010
4089:2019
4059:PMID
4022:2016
3983:PMID
3885:PMID
3776:PMID
3745:2016
3716:2016
3686:2016
3643:2016
3481:The
3469:2013
3112:and
3088:Uses
3064:bomb
2888:bomb
2819:Itoh
2812:tree
2785:ants
2736:and
2648:and
2636:and
2525:and
2513:and
2408:and
2379:and
2351:and
1130:and
1098:and
994:and
982:and
974:and
966:and
954:and
942:and
930:and
890:and
805:and
777:and
765:and
753:and
664:and
514:leaf
429:disc
382:and
303:Asia
244:The
147:Raf.
9148:WFO
9050:NBN
8959:FoC
8946:FNA
8920:EoL
8907:CoL
4189:259
4049:doi
3973:PMC
3963:doi
3915:doi
3911:143
3875:doi
3837:doi
3768:doi
3609:doi
3605:261
3456:hdl
3446:doi
3442:161
3393:by
3338:of
3104:of
3037:'s
2742:Edo
2416:on
2404:on
2371:on
2361:on
680:).
676:of
366:or
248:or
9172::
9150::
9127::
9114::
9101::
9088::
9065::
9052::
9039::
9026::
9013::
9000::
8987::
8974::
8961::
8948::
8935::
8922::
8909::
8896::
8871::
8856::
8821:BC
8815:FE
8809:CH
8803:WF
8782:VI
8772:PR
8762:MP
8752:GU
8742:AS
8732:WY
8722:WI
8712:WV
8702:WA
8692:VA
8682:VT
8672:UT
8662:TX
8655:WF
8647:,
8644:WF
8636:,
8630:TN
8620:SD
8613:WF
8605:,
8599:SC
8589:RI
8582:BC
8574:,
8568:PA
8558:OR
8551:FE
8543:,
8540:WF
8532:,
8526:OK
8519:WF
8511:,
8505:OH
8495:ND
8488:WF
8480:,
8474:NC
8464:NY
8454:NM
8444:NJ
8437:WF
8429:,
8423:NH
8413:NV
8403:NE
8393:MT
8383:MO
8376:WF
8368:,
8362:MS
8352:MN
8345:WF
8337:,
8331:MI
8321:MA
8311:MD
8301:ME
8294:WF
8286:,
8280:LA
8270:KY
8260:KS
8250:IA
8240:IN
8232:,
8226:IL
8216:ID
8206:HI
8199:FE
8191:,
8188:WF
8178:GA
8171:WF
8163:,
8157:FL
8147:DE
8140:CH
8132:,
8126:CT
8116:CO
8106:CA
8096:AR
8086:AZ
8076:AK
8069:WF
8061:,
8055:AL
4665:.
4632:.
4543:^
4505:.
4499:.
4452:.
4427:.
4396:.
4333:×
4303:×
4205:.
4187:.
4183:.
4139:.
4097:^
4079:.
4057:.
4045:14
4043:.
4039:.
4013:.
3981:.
3971:.
3961:.
3951:92
3949:.
3945:.
3927:^
3909:.
3897:^
3883:.
3871:57
3869:.
3865:.
3849:^
3833:11
3831:.
3782:.
3774:.
3762:.
3736:.
3724:^
3707:.
3694:^
3676:.
3672:.
3651:^
3603:.
3599:.
3564:^
3540:^
3528:.
3508:.
3454:.
3440:.
3436:.
3353:.
3327:.
3317:,
3313::
3120:,
3108:,
3072:×
3058:×
2713:,
2652:.
2569:,
2565:,
2561:,
2557:,
2553:,
2521:,
2509:,
2505:,
2501:,
2452:,
2430:,
2420:,
2395:,
2383:,
2375:,
2365:,
2355:,
2310:,
1102:.
1074:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1014:.
958:.
950:,
922:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
902:,
898:,
886:,
882:,
874:,
870:,
866:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
842:,
813:.
801:,
797:,
793:,
789:,
749:,
660:,
656:,
639:.
631:,
627:,
623:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
402:,
398:,
305:,
265:iː
238:.
219:.
186:L.
165:L.
118::
105::
92::
8034:e
8027:t
8020:v
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5124:(
4801::
4788:)
4784:(
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4766:t
4759:v
4673:.
4643:.
4617:.
4595:.
4517:.
4484:.
4463:.
4438:.
4400:.
4369:.
4347:.
4329:"
4317:.
4299:"
4287:.
4273:"
4261:.
4247:"
4223:.
4209:.
4168:.
4143:.
4125:.
4091:.
4065:.
4051::
4024:.
3989:.
3965::
3957::
3921:.
3917::
3891:.
3877::
3843:.
3839::
3790:.
3770::
3764:7
3747:.
3718:.
3688:.
3678:6
3645:.
3617:.
3611::
3558:.
3495:.
3471:.
3458::
3448::
580:,
563:,
546:,
529:,
512:,
495:,
478:,
277:/
274:i
271:n
268:ə
262:p
259:ˈ
256:/
252:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
