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the main part that is used in
Chinese medicine. Mu Dan Pi's main functions include reducing heat, cooling the blood, improving liver function, and mildly invigorating the blood. Mu Dan Pi of the best quality should be very fragrant, thick, white and starchy. The flower is now mostly cultivated for medicinal uses. Due to over-harvesting, the wild plant is threatened with extinction.
735:
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638:, the Chinese government again attempted to determine a national flower. Many Chinese citizens suggested copying the practices of countries such as France, Japan, and Thailand, by selecting two national flowers. 62 scholars from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering have proposed a "dual national flower" plan to name both
452:'Katoden', which resulted in a new category of peonies, the Itoh or intersectional cultivars. These are herbaceous, have leaves like tree peonies, with many large flowers from late spring to early summer, and good peony wilt resistance. Some of the early Itoh cultivars are 'Yellow Crown', 'Yellow Dream', 'Yellow Emperor' and 'Yellow Heaven'.
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In order to propagate the bush, the seeds are collected in June when the seed pods split. They are air-dried for a few days and are then stored in moist soil before planting out during autumn. If the pods are fully dried out, it is more difficult for the seeds to sprout. Seeds that are harvested late
455:
Cultivated hybrid tree peonies originate from China and its surrounding areas, possessing significant cultural meaning throughout
Chinese history. Currently there are about 600 Chinese tree peony cultivars. Since its introduction abroad, a few unique cultivar groups have been bred in France, Britain,
685:
has a long history of being used in
Chinese medicine. There are more than 1000 Chinese tree peony cultivars with various flower colors and flower forms that have been selected artificially for medicinal uses for more than 2000 years. The root bark, often referred to as Mu Dan Pi or Cortex Moutan, is
669:
as the primary national flower, with four supplementary flowers representing each season of the year: the chrysanthemum would represent autumn, the plum blossom would represent winter, the orchid would represent spring, and the lotus would represent summer. Despite the proposals, China was not able
549:
grows in both full sun to dappled shade. However, the plant blooms best in dappled shade with 3 to 4 hours of sunlight. When grown in full sun, it is essential to provide adequate moisture to the plant. Generally, the tree requires very little pruning, but it is necessary to cut off dead branches,
497:
is a bush or a tree, whereas most peonies are herbaceous. Despite their classification as trees, it is the flowers that attract people's attention. Peonies are generally slow to grow and have flowers that only last briefly and are fragile under weather conditions such as wind, rain or hot
618:
maintains cultural significance. In China, it is generally known as the "king of flowers", symbolizing honor, wealth, and aristocracy, as well as love, affection, and feminine beauty. The tree peony has been frequently portrayed in significant
Chinese works of literature and art.
1125:
Identification of ‘Candidatus
Phytoplasma solani’ Associated with Tree Peony Yellows Disease in China. Ying Gao, Ping-Ping Qiu, Wen-Hao Liu, Wen-Min Su, Shu-Peng Gai, Yuan-Cun Liang and Xiao-Ping Zhu, Journal of Phytopathology, March 2013, Volume 161, Issue 3, pages 197–200,
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derives from the name Paeon. In Greek mythology, Paeon was a disciple of the god of medicine, Ascleplus. The species name "suffruticosa" is composed of two parts. The first part "suf-" is only a prefix; the second part "fruticosa", means shrub-like.
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It is a perennial deciduous shrub with stems up to 2 m; The branches are short and thick. Leaves are usually green, pale green, sometimes white, 5-11 cm long. Flowers have petals reddish purple, pink to white. Flowering occurs in May; Fruit in June.
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as China's national flower. However, with political shifts and other factors, its title as the national flower was later replaced. In 1929, the plum tree was granted the title of national flower by the
Republic of China (the government at the time).
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or allowed to dry completely will not produce roots until the following spring and then do not send up shoots for another year. Ideally, the plant should be planted in fertile, humus-rich soil with plenty of organic matter (in USDA zones 3 to 8).
1044:
Applicability of Leaf
Morphology and Intersimple Sequence Repeat Markers in Classification of Tree Peony. Suo, Zhi-Li, Wen-ying Li, Juan Yao, Hui-jin Zhang, Zhi-ming Zhang, and Di-xuan Zhao.Hort Science 40 (2005). Retrieved 5 March
657:
pointed out that the lack of a flower is hindering the expansion of China's flower culture and industry. This proposal was only one of several potential plans; other plans included choosing one, four, or five national flowers.
509:, as a tree, survives longer than the rest of the peonies. The woody stems of tree peonies allow the plant to survive in winter. In general, the plant is long-lived, and the flowers bloom longer in the early spring.
909:
Zhou, Shi-Liang; Zou, Xin-Hui; Zhou, Zhi-Qin; Liu, Jing; Xu, Chao; Yu, Jing; Wang, Qiang; Zhang, Da-Ming; Wang, Xiao-Quan; Ge, Song; Sang, Tao; Pan, Kai-Yu; Hong, De-Yuan (2014).
280:). Plants belonging to this group have been cultivated for millennia in China, initially only as a source of traditional Chinese medicine particularly the skin of its roots (
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1181:"Galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin, suffruticosides A, B, C, and D, five new antioxidative glycosides, and suffruticoside E, A paeonol glycoside, from Chinese moutan cortex"
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group, and include double-flowered 'Chromatella' (1928), 'Alice
Harding' (1935) and semidouble-flowered 'Sang Lorraine' (1939). The semi-double, lemon-yellow
627:
In the late Qing
Dynasty, peony was regarded as the national flower of China. In May 1985, Peony was named second of the top ten famous flowers in China.
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Elections for the national tree and national flower were held in the 1980s and 1994, but both elections ended with no final conclusion. Prior to the
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332:, indicating that this species is the original maternal parent. Almost all of the remaining cultivars has chloroplast DNA identical to that in
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is the name used for most tree peony cultivars, but is not a naturally occurring species, so it can be regarded as the name for a man-made
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in Nancy has led to the introduction of the color yellow into the cultivated double-flowered tree-peonies. These hybrids are known as the
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With the
Olympics and Expo approaching, the ongoing uncertainty over choosing a national flower led to the Chinese government publishing
1021:
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the United States, and some other countries. This species is less common in U.S, but it can generally be found in plant nurseries.
479:, also known as the tree peony, originates from China. Sometimes, people refer to these tree peonies as "Chinese tree peonies".
1402:
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1169:"Chinese media, advertising, and urban life." Joel Martinsen. Debate over China's national flower. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
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Missouri Botanical Garden. "Paeonia suffruticosa - Plant Finder." Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
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In 1948 horticultulturist Toichi Itoh from Tokyo used pollen from 'Alice Harding' to fertilize the herbaceous
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The Recommendation Concerning Setting the Peony and Plum Blossom as National Flowers as Early as Possible.
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911:"Multiple species of wild tree peonies gave rise to the 'king of flowers', Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews"
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290:). Already early on the plant was also cultivated for its ornamental value, and it is highly revered in
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China Daily. "Environment." National Flower, Tree, Bird to Be Chosen. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
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The five flowers suggestion, known as "One Country, Five Flowers", proposed establishing
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together make up the parentage of the tree peony cultivars created before World War II.
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has always had an important status in both Chinese politics and culture. During the
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exclusively belonging to the subsection Vaginatae. The common name used in China is
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705:, galloyl-paeoniflorin, galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin, suffruticoside A, B, C, D and E.
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to make a decision before the Olympics and Expo. The decision remains undecided.
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In over three quarters of the almost fifty studied cultivars, the DNA of their
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Yoshikawa, M.; Uchida, E.; Kawaguchi, A.; Kitagawa, I.; Yamahara, J. (1992).
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Tree Peonies. David Beaulieu. About.com Landscaping. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
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and to cut off any sprouts that are suckers from the herbaceous root stock.
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A flower of a tree peony in a garden in Queens, New York City, May 2007
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Jade Institute. "MuDanPi." Jade Institute. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
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belongs to the peony family. The most distinctive feature is that
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317:. Genetic analysis has shown that five species of the subsection
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1016:(1: in volle glorie ed.). Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. 143.
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563:. This is associated with tree peony yellows disease in China.
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Despite its loss of status of being the national flower,
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is derived from two different sources. The genus name
993:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 71
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598:(1644 -1911), the government in 1903 appointed
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921:(1797). Royal Society Publishing: 20141687.
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1150:"National Flower, Tree, Bird to be Chosen"
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7:
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432:cultivar 'High Noon' has gained the
1012:Pauwels, I.; Vervoort, G. (2009).
915:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
646:and plum blossom to the position.
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460:Comparison with other peonies
380:is the only species from the
513:Etymology of scientific name
434:Royal Horticultural Society
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869:Plants of the World Online
559:, the causal agent of the
27:Species of flowering plant
988:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
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56:Scientific classification
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636:2010 Shanghai World Expo
575:Tree Peony by Zhao Chang
328:is identical to that in
865:"Paeonia × moutan Sims"
352:however, homology with
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1114:"Paeonia Suffruticosa"
927:10.1098/rspb.2014.1687
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556:Ca. Phytoplasma solani
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235:Abraham Jacobus Wendel
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886:"Paeonia moutan Sims"
632:2008 Beijing Olympics
583:Mudan by Chen Shizeng
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438:Award of Garden Merit
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1496:Paeonia suffruticosa
1250:Paeonia suffruticosa
1230:Paeonia suffruticosa
227:Paeonia suffruticosa
18:Paeonia suffruticosa
1198:10.1248/cpb.40.2248
959:"RHS Plantfinder -
395:of yellow-flowered
378:Paeonia decomposita
346:Paeonia rotundiloba
344:and partially from
1079:2015-12-08 at the
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1478:Open Tree of Life
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1227:Media related to
1132:10.1111/jph.12025
401:with traditional
330:Paeonia cathayana
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182: suffruticosa
160: suffruticosa
40: suffruticosa
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1042:"Hort Science"
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967:'High Noon'"
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880:
872:. Retrieved
859:
699:suffruticosa
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683:suffruticosa
682:
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667:suffruticosa
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603:
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596:Qing Dynasty
592:suffruticosa
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547:suffruticosa
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256:tree peonies
247:suffruticosa
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229:(originally
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1509:kew-2560986
1390:iNaturalist
1274:Wikispecies
674:As medicine
534:Cultivation
398:P. delavayi
350:nuclear DNA
132:Paeoniaceae
99:Angiosperms
1578:Categories
1504:Plant List
895:2020-08-10
874:2020-08-10
851:References
1356:200008041
1343:200008041
701:contains
690:Chemistry
517:The name
382:Vaginatae
348:. In the
319:Vaginatae
252:cultivars
233:Sims) by
150:Species:
69:Kingdom:
1548:27100123
1543:Tropicos
1408:711877-1
1288:BioLib:
1259:Wikidata
1077:Archived
1014:Pioenen
997:14 April
972:14 April
965:lemoinei
945:25377453
879:; also:
430:lemoinei
422:lemoinei
364:P. ostii
341:P. ostii
287:mǔdān pí
197:Synonyms
178:Paeonia
156:P.
128:Family:
112:Eudicots
36:Paeonia
1589:Peonies
1429:MoBotPF
1369:7155259
1317:2873860
1265:Q163018
1207:1423794
961:Paeonia
936:4240985
709:Gallery
703:paeonol
695:Paeonia
679:Paeonia
663:Paeonia
640:Paeonia
612:Paeonia
600:Paeonia
588:Paeonia
543:Paeonia
527:Paeonia
519:Paeonia
503:Paeonia
491:Paeonia
483:Paeonia
473:Paeonia
418:Paeonia
360:P. qiui
335:P. qiui
307:Paeonia
272:Chinese
260:species
243:Paeonia
205:Paeonia
189:Andrews
143:Paeonia
138:Genus:
118:Order:
73:Plantae
1522:PASU39
1517:PLANTS
1483:137620
1467:NZOR:
1434:286086
1421:895224
1395:125432
1304:196502
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237:, 1868
209:moutan
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1291:38843
1045:2014.
991:(PDF)
266:mǔdān
106:Clade
93:Clade
80:Clade
1530:POWO
1491:PfaF
1455:NCBI
1416:ITIS
1403:IPNI
1377:GRIN
1364:GBIF
1325:EPPO
1299:BOLD
1203:PMID
1018:ISBN
999:2018
974:2018
941:PMID
890:IPNI
653:The
634:and
370:and
213:Sims
1556:WFO
1442:NBN
1351:FoC
1338:FNA
1312:EoL
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