957:("One would have wished that this translator had composed his translation with equal diligence and close adherence to the original in all parts. Instead he not only frequently inserted certain phrases to bring more lucidity and splendour to Eutropius's wording, he also added many things that are, frankly, ahistorical; in some instances, they truly pervert parts of the History. On the other hand, he sometimes omits proper names of persons, places, times; even currencies, and other things of the sort which a faithful translator should not be expected to cut. Like he took some liberty in these instances, he likewise reveals himself in others to be not very well acquainted with language and history.")
289:
954:
pervertunt. Contra omittit nonnusquam propria nomina personarum, locorum, temporum; monetae item, et aliorum consimilium, quae ab accurato interprete praeteriri haudquaquam est consentaneum. Ad mutationem vero quod attinet, etsi ea non infeliciter interdum utitur, tamen saepenumero a mente auctoris ultra modum discedit. In quibus ut licentiam aliquam sibi usurpavit, ita in quibusdam se partim linguae, partim historiae minus peritum fuisse prodidit.
126:
804:, Paeanius's translation has received mixed reviews by scholars, starting with his first editor Friedrich Sylburg, who chastised Paeanius's ineptitude as a historian, his imperfect command of Latin or his liberal paraphrasing of his source. Later editors followed suit, a good example being Hans Droysen's judgement in the preface to his 1879 edition:
491:
correcting (or keeping) the text remain invaluable for any editor or reader, even though his manuscript was flawed. After
Sylburg, no efforts were made to substantially improve on his edition. While adding explanatory notes here and there, all later editors repeated Sylburg's text almost without suggestions of their own.
561:
in 1912. This edition has long been ignored, possibly due to its remote publication venue and its serious flaws (such as not taking note of important scholarship on the matter, misunderstanding the mutual relationship of the manuscript witnesses and unreliably noting variants in the apparatus).In the
406:
wrote another Greek translation, this one being (in part) closer to the original. Correlations between
Eutropius and Greek historians from this age and later ages therefor are in a limbo where we cannot say with certainty which translation was used. While Paeanius's translation has survived in at
494:
While most of these editions featured
Paeanius only as an addition to (the Latin text of) Eutropius, there were also editions of Paeanius on his own in 18th century Germany. This was due to (Eutropius and) Paeanius being used as introductory reading in high schools in Germany and the Netherlands
323:
that captures the gist of his source. Paeanius produced a generally faithful translation, turning
Eutropius's succinct Roman prose into elegant, graceful Atticising style. However, he occasionally made mistakes due to misunderstanding the Latin, not being aware of the historical background or
490:
in his collection of minor Greek writers of Roman history. Sylburg had acquired a copy of a copy (now lost) of the
Laurentian manuscript. His edition has not only the merit of making Paeanius accessible for the public but also in his curation of the Greek text. Sylburg's many suggestions for
953:
Optandum insuper et hoc fuisset, ut metaphrastes iste eadem ubique diligentia et fide metaphrasin pertexuisset. Sed ut is aliquammultis in locis addidit quae
Eutropii verbis lucem ac splendorem afferunt, ita saepe inseruit quae plane sunt ἀνιστόρητα; nonnusquam etiam historiae partes plane
927:
Paeanius studied rhetorics with
Libanius and Acacius sometime between 354–361. Assuming he was around 18–22 years old when he began his studies, his birth can be dated around 337. His year of death is unknown, but it must have been after 379 when he published his translation of
531:
suggested identifying
Paeanius with the individual known from Libanius's letters, characterised his translation and reported on two manuscripts that had a text superior to that of Sylburg. This incited Mommsen to inquire about the manuscripts and direct his pupil
557:' efforts from 1880 onward that the manuscripts of the Athos monasteries became known and accessible. Lambros himself rediscovered and first described the Iviron manuscript of Paeanius. Lambros also published a full edition of Paeanius in his own one-man journal
814:
Paeanius's translation (which was made for the use of a Greek audience by a Greek with questionable command of Latin and) is devised in such a way that he for the most part does not translate
Eutropius's text word-by-word but rather contracts it into a shorter
434:(ca. 1295–1360) took care in creating full copies of his work as well as making excerpts from it and using it in their own works. Most notably Nicephorus quoted Eutropius (in Paeanius's translation) as a pagan authority on the virtues of emperor
453:
of the 15th century, when
Western Europe rediscovered Greek learning, Paeanius's translation was brought to Italy by two eminent scholars. Between 1464 and 1491, the manuscript created under Nicephorus Gregoras' auspices was acquired for
507:
and presented both texts on facing pages. Doukas also filled in parts missing in the manuscript with translations of his own from Eutropius's Latin version (book 6, chapters 9–11; book 7, chapter 4; book 10, chapters 12–18).
937:
The manuscript transmission for Paeanius's text breaks off in book 10, chapter 16 (characterisation of emperor Julian) but there is no reason to doubt that his work continued to the death of Jovian, as did Eutropius's
198:
on his Persian campaign in 363 and thus had resided in the East around that time. Based on the assumption that Eutropius and Paeanius had both studied with Libanius and Acacius, they may well have been acquaintances.
522:
With the rise of classical scholarship in the early 19th century came an increasing demand for dependable critical editions. Even a non-canonical author such as Paeanius eventually profited from this in the wake of
499:'s 1780 edition of Paeanius which features an elaborate introduction, explanatory notes and a copious index of Greek words and their Latin equivalents. Another example (from the Greek diaspora) is
810:
Paeanii versionis ab homine Graeco neque linguae Latinae admodum perito factae in usum Graecorum haec est indoles, ut Eutropii textum in universum non ad verbum vertat sed in brevius contrahat.
399:(written around the same time and considered to be largely dependent on Socrates) in two places adds information originating from Eutropius whom he must have used in Paeanius's translation.
324:
misreading number signs or proper names. In other cases, he intentionally left out or rearranged bits of information. He also famously added explanations for various Roman terms (such as
1605:
168:
had studied rhetoric with Zenobius and later served in the imperial administration. In a letter from 363, Libanius names Paeanius as a student of his as well as of his colleague/rival
172:
when both taught rhetoric in Antioch (354–361). During that time, both rhetors took great care towards Paeanius. Other letters reveal that in 364 Paeanius was on a journey to
214:
No further mention is preserved of Paeanius's planned law career. The last extant piece of biographical information is the year when he wrote his translation of Eutropius's
319:
As was customary in ancient literature, Paeanius chose a liberal translation style where he applied both literal translations (even keeping to the order of the words) and
264:
Given his association with Libanius and Eutropius as well as the total absence of Christian themes in his translation, Paeanius is generally assumned to have been a
1477:
203:, a historian specialising in late antiquity and an expert on Libanius's letters, has suggested that Eutropius may himself have asked Paeanius to translate the
113:). His translation, which has survived in a handful of manuscripts, is a rare example of a near-contemporary translation from Latin to Greek, as Eutropius’s
884:
Politica, cultura e religione nell'impero romano (secoli IV–VI) tra Oriente e Occidente. Atti del Secondo Convegno dell'Associazione di Studi Tardoantichi
180:, the Eastern capital. Later that year Paeanius returned to Antioch, and, according to Libanius, planned to enroll in the famous Roman law school in
1206:
Fisher, Elizabeth (1982). "Greek Translations of Latin Literature in the Fourth Century". In Winkler, John J.; Williams, Gordon Willis (eds.).
680:
511:
By the 19th century, however, Paeanius had fallen out of favor as a school author. He is only mentioned as a bad choice for older students by
316:
periods. He omitted a preliminary dedication letter in which Eutropius briefly described the aims of the book and paid homage to the emperor.
296:
Paeanius wrote a translation of Eutropius's short Roman history, which had originally been published around 369 at the request of the emperor
261:
was composed around the year 379 when Shapur II died, as Paeanius assumed his audience to be familiar with the name from their own lifetime.
1610:
1568:
1215:
891:
846:
546:
which appeared in 1879. This edition, chiefly based on the Laurentian manuscript, offeres the best text since Sylburg and is still in use.
133:
Paeanius's life can be reconstructed from various sources. His name is attested in the subscription to his translation. In the letters of
1600:
1497:
1551:
882:
Matino, Giuseppina (1993). "Due traduzioni greche di Eutropio". In Conca, Fabrizio; Gualandri, Isabella; Lozza, Giuseppe (eds.).
304:
in 364. Paeanius retained Eutropius's partition of the work into ten small "books", with the first six narrating events from the
207:
into Greek. Additionally, the historian Joseph Geiger has linked both Eutropius and Paeanius with the Greco-Latin community of
692:
1324:
Pérez Martín, Inmaculada (2015). "The role of Maximos Planudes and Nikephoros Gregoras in the transmission of Cassius Dio's
783:
627:
Establishment of Rome as the only power in the Western Mediterranean: From the end of the First Punic War to the end of the
542:
496:
676:
656:
414:(written in the 6th or 7th century) bear no resemblance with Paeanius, they are generally assumed to stem from Capito.
407:
least one manuscript until the 12th century, the one of Capito is lost entirely. As the numerous Eutropian passages in
779:
751:
408:
237:
169:
384:
269:
254:
173:
1282:
Périchon, Paul (1968). "Eutrope ou Paeanius? L'historien Socrate se référait-il à une source latine ou grecque?".
93:), was a late Roman lawyer and translator who lived in the Eastern provinces. He was author of a translation into
563:
516:
391:(written in the 440s) used Eutropius's narrative both in Latin and in Paeanius's Greek translation side-by-side.
616:
604:
528:
218:, which can be inferred from the work itself: In book 9, chapter 24, where Eutropius mentions the Persian king
712:
187:
Since Libanius also mentions a historian named Eutropius in a 362 letter, scholars assume that he referred to
402:
After this time nothing certain can be said about the reception of Paeanius's translation because around 500
137:, a prominent orator and teacher of rhetoric in the 4th century, Paeanius is mentioned several times (in the
1535:
903:
Memorie dell'Istituto Lombardo, Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, Classe di Lettere, Scienze Morali e Storiche
423:
1562:
251:
819:
A systematic analysis of Paeanius's manner of translation was first attempted by Luigi Baffetti in 1922.
640:
435:
375:
Paeanius's translation was used by several Greek writers in the 5th century. It has been suggested that
188:
165:
102:
1539:
455:
1582:
292:
First page of the oldest extant manuscript with Paeanius's text, Athous 4932 Iviron 812 (12th century)
1427:
664:
549:
Unfortunately Mommsen and Droysen could not use the oldest and most complete of the manuscripts, the
403:
265:
471:
439:
431:
273:
1268:
Un héritage de paix et de piété. Étude sur les histoires ecclésiastiques de Socrate et de Sozomène
533:
1527:
1471:
1444:
1188:
716:
512:
459:
184:. He was still in Antioch in 365, when he married the daughter of a wealthy citizen, Pompeianus.
1547:
1211:
887:
842:
740:
688:
487:
288:
208:
1506:
1436:
1360:
1291:
1180:
1116:
834:
787:
755:
628:
608:
554:
553:, which was at the time only known from a handwritten 18th century catalogue. It was due to
500:
427:
301:
195:
1107:
Pellizzari, Andrea (2013). "Tra Antiochia e Roma: il network comune di Libanio e Simmaco".
612:
524:
1531:
1151:
Aspects of Latin. Papers from the Seventh International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics
644:
593:
332:
305:
177:
148:
98:
94:
68:
35:
1594:
1448:
1192:
1149:
Geiger, Joseph (1996). "How Much Latin in Greek Palestine?". In Rosén, Hannah (ed.).
684:
589:
376:
503:' 1807 edition which furbished Paeanius's text with a translation into Modern Greek
1395:
704:
660:
504:
338:
326:
228:πάππος δὲ ἦν οὗτος Σάπωρί τε καὶ Ὁρμίσδῃ τοῖς εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν ἡλικίαν ἀφικομένοις.
125:
418:
Manuscript transmission and revival of interest during the Palaeologan Renaissance
470:(1403–1472) issued another copy of the same manuscript which he bequested to the
300:. The work covers the period from the foundation of Rome to the death of emperor
1184:
450:
138:
1520:
Eutropius Historicus καὶ οἱ Ἕλληνες μεταφράσται τοῦ Breviarium ab urbe condita
1440:
759:
708:
478:
after his death. Other copies went to Germany and France in the 16th century.
320:
309:
200:
1120:
1153:. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 39–58.
763:
467:
350:
344:
233:
1510:
1365:
1352:
838:
1295:
362:) in order to make the work more accessible to a Greek-speaking audience.
775:
720:
463:
359:
313:
134:
1466:. Eutropii Breviarium ab urbe condita (in Latin). Berlin. p. XXII.
527:'s work on Roman and Greek historians. In a groundbreaking 1870 essay,
392:
181:
161:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1583:
Entry on Paeanius, Translation of the Breviarium of Eutropius in the
858:
Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo, Classe di Lettere e Scienze Morali
736:
596:: From the foundation (753 BCE) to the Gallic sack of Rome (387 BCE)
475:
297:
219:
142:
77:
1422:
1168:
856:
Malcovati, Enrica (1943–1944). "Le traduzioni greche di Eutropio".
829:
Janiszewski, Pawel; Stebnicka, Krystyna; Szabat, Elzbieta (2015).
732:
287:
124:
1544:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395
1353:"Nicéphore Grégoras, copiste et superviseur du Laurentianus 70,5"
422:
From the late 13th century, Paeanius was rediscovered during the
257:
has since his first editor Sylburg been taken as a sign that the
1210:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–193, especially 189.
1097:
27 Fatouros/Krischer (see also pp. 321–322) = 754 Foerster.
379:
had used Eutropius, probably in Paeanius's translation, for his
355:
831:
Prosopography of Greek Rhetors and Sophists of the Roman Empire
466:. Also in the 1460s, probably before this purchase, cardinal
226:
152:
72:
39:
1247:
Baffetti, Luigi (1922). "Di Peanio traduttore di Eutropio".
1495:
Groß, Jonathan (2020). "On the Transmission of Paeanius".
1384:. Cooperativa Universitaria Libraria Catanese. p. IX.
1229:
1227:
731:
Roman empire (Principate): From the reign of the emperors
117:
was written in 369 and translated by Paeanius around 379.
998:
996:
901:
Venini, Paola (1983). "Peanio traduttore di Eutropio".
495:
during the 17th and 18th century. A notable example is
129:
Map of Antioch, Paeanius's home town, in Late Antiquity
562:
1970s, Lambros' edition was reproduced as part of the
160:
Paeanius was born around 337 into a wealthy family of
1033:
1021:
486:The first printed edition was published in 1590 by
54:
30:
23:
1396:"Diktyon no. 24407, ms. Iviron 812 (Lambros 4932)"
833:. Oxford University Press. p. 271 (no. 766).
268:. This has not deterred Christian authors such as
869:Matino, Giuseppina (2017). "Peanio e il Latino".
1606:Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire
806:
566:and is available online to subscribed members.
224:
1280:The most comprehensive study of this topic is
1245:The most comprehensive study of this topic is
383:(written circa 425–433). Shortly thereafter,
276:from making extended use of his translation.
8:
1585:Clavis Historicorum Antiquitatis Posterioris
1311:Die Quellen des Kirchenhistorikers Sozomenos
951:
808:
1476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1162:
1160:
639:Rome conquers the Mediterranean: From the
515:and as "having finally been done with" by
20:
16:Roman lawyer and translator (c. 337–c. 379
1546:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1364:
1136:Die Briefe des Libanius zeitlich geordnet
886:(in Italian). D'Auria. pp. 227–238.
739:(98–117) to the assassination of emperor
279:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1002:
987:
573:
371:Reception during the 4th and 5th century
245:Paeanius, Metaphrasis book 9, chapter 24
211:and suggested a common origin for both.
194:. The historian had accompanied emperor
980:
920:
758:to the reformation of the empire under
482:Printed editions and use as school text
1469:
1249:Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbücher
786:(363) and the death of his successor
446:(BHG 369) between 1334/5 and 1341/2.
366:Reception and history of transmission
222:, Paeanius adds an explanatory note:
7:
1233:
961:Historiae Romanae scriptores Graecos
679:and end of the Roman Republic: From
1400:Pinakes. Textes et manuscrits grecs
1382:Nicephori Gregorae Vita Constantini
1034:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1971
1022:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1971
800:In comparison to Eutropius's Latin
796:Style and manner of the translation
536:to publish Paeanius as part of his
497:Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser
1498:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
1313:. Trowitzsch und Sohn. p. 86.
1270:. Uitgeverij Peeters. p. 437.
963:(in Latin). Frankfurt. p. 62.
240:, who have lived into our own age.
14:
1351:Clérigues, Jean-Baptiste (2007).
1169:"De Paeanio Eutropii interprete"
1518:Trivolis, Dionysios N. (1941).
1380:Leone, Pietro Luigi M. (1994).
1115:: 101–127, especially 115–116.
615:(241 BCE) and establishment of
308:and the last four covering the
693:assassination of Julius Caesar
1:
1423:"Ein neuer Codex des Päanius"
766:) until his abdication (305)
611:in 386 BCE to the end of the
543:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
426:. Prominent scholars such as
83:
1266:Van Nuffelen, Peter (2004).
1138:. B. G. Teubner. p. 15.
551:Codex Athous 4932 Iviron 812
143:
111:Breviarium historiae Romanae
78:
1357:Revue d'Histoire des Textes
1185:10.1524/phil.1869.29.14.285
959:Sylburg, Friedrich (1590).
784:Julian's Persian expedition
780:civil wars of the Tetrarchy
752:Crisis of the Third Century
683:rebellion (78 BCE) and the
1627:
1421:Lambros, Spyridon (1897).
385:Socrates of Constantinople
270:Socrates of Constantinople
232:He was the grandfather of
227:
153:
107:Breviarium ab urbe condita
73:
40:
1601:Writers of late antiquity
1441:10.1017/S0009840X00042013
1284:Revue des études grecques
952:
564:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
517:Friedrich August Eckstein
1328:and of John Xiphilinos'
719:to the death of emperor
607:: From the elections of
605:Roman expansion in Italy
438:and those of his father
430:(ca. 1260–ca. 1305) and
1611:Latin–Greek translators
1567:. Opera. Translated by
1167:Schulze, Ernst (1870).
424:Palaeologan Renaissance
1511:10.5281/zenodo.3960022
1462:Droysen, Hans (1879).
1366:10.1484/J.RHT.5.101274
1208:Later Greek Literature
1121:10.13135/2039-4985/762
1084:, pp. 1324, 1488.
839:10.1515/hzhz-2016-0029
817:
809:
397:Ecclesiastical history
389:Ecclesiastical history
381:Ecclesiastical history
293:
250:Paeanius's use of the
248:
130:
1309:Schoo, Georg (1911).
1296:10.3406/reg.1968.1056
1060:, pp. 1225–1229.
713:Liberators' civil war
703:establishment of the
663:(113–101 BCE) to the
643:(200–197 BCE) to the
641:Second Macedonian War
540:of Eutropius for the
472:Library of Saint Mark
412:Chronological history
291:
128:
1428:The Classical Review
1134:Seeck, Otto (1906).
354:) or locations (the
1528:Martindale, John R.
1236:, pp. 387–409.
444:Life of Constantine
440:Constantius Chlorus
432:Nicephorus Gregoras
274:Nicephorus Gregoras
170:Acacius of Caesarea
101:historical work of
717:Second Triumvirate
619:as first province
513:Friedrich Meinecke
456:Lorenzo de' Medici
442:when he wrote his
294:
189:the author of the
131:
1561:Libanius (1903).
1359:. 2 N.S.: 21–47.
793:
792:
756:barracks emperors
741:Severus Alexander
715:(43 BCE) and the
689:First Triumvirate
665:Sulla's civil war
609:military tribunes
559:Neos Ellinomnimon
488:Friedrich Sylburg
409:John of Antioch's
209:Caesarea Maritima
62:
61:
1618:
1572:
1569:Richard Foerster
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1290:(386): 378–384.
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1243:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:978-0-51197292-8
1203:
1197:
1196:
1179:(1–4): 285–299.
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1155:
1154:
1146:
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1139:
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1125:
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1098:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1072:, pp. 1306.
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1049:
1048:, pp. 1307.
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985:
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897:
893:978-8-87092092-5
878:
865:
852:
848:978-0-19871340-1
812:
629:Second Punic War
574:
555:Spyridon Lambros
501:Neophytos Doukas
428:Maximus Planudes
246:
230:
229:
156:
155:
146:
92:
88:
85:
81:
76:
75:
43:
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21:
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1591:
1590:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1538:, eds. (1971).
1532:Jones, A. H. M.
1526:
1517:
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1009:
1005:, pp. 128.
1001:
994:
990:, pp. 129.
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823:Further reading
813:
798:
613:First Punic War
572:
525:Theodor Mommsen
484:
420:
404:Capito of Lycia
373:
368:
286:
247:
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50:
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26:
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735:(96–98) and
711:): From the
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667:(83–81 BCE)
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655:Rome averts
558:
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1402:(in French)
754:: From the
659:: From the
451:Renaissance
449:During the
436:Constantine
282:Metaphrasis
280:Paeanius's
259:Metaphrasis
1595:Categories
1340:: 175–193.
1173:Philologus
1093:Libanius,
975:References
940:Breviarium
928:Eutropius.
864:: 273–304.
802:Breviarium
760:Diocletian
709:Principate
631:(212 BCE)
592:and early
321:paraphrase
310:Principate
255:participle
216:Breviarium
205:Breviarium
201:Otto Seeck
191:Breviarium
166:Calliopius
121:Background
115:Breviarium
91: 379
89: – c.
87: 337
1564:Epistulae
1472:cite book
1464:Praefatio
1449:163259934
1234:Groß 2020
1193:164421655
1109:Historikά
764:Tetrarchy
695:(44 BCE)
468:Bessarion
351:imperator
345:miliarium
333:dictatura
174:Macedonia
103:Eutropius
58:circa 379
46:circa 337
1255:: 15–36.
1095:Epistula
877:: 43–59.
871:Κοινωνία
815:version.
776:Dominate
723:(96 CE)
721:Domitian
691:and the
681:Lepidus'
580:Subject
570:Contents
464:Florence
360:Aquileia
314:Dominate
243:—
154:Παιώνιος
144:Paionios
135:Libanius
79:Paianios
74:Παιάνιος
65:Paeanius
41:Παιάνιος
25:Paeanius
1330:Epitome
687:to the
617:Sicilia
460:library
395:in his
393:Sozomen
387:in his
327:senator
238:Hormizd
182:Berytus
162:Antioch
97:of the
49:Antioch
1550:
1447:
1214:
1191:
890:
845:
788:Jovian
743:(235)
737:Trajan
677:crises
476:Venice
339:legion
302:Jovian
298:Valens
252:aorist
234:Shapur
220:Narseh
196:Julian
105:, the
1445:S2CID
1189:S2CID
915:Notes
733:Nerva
675:more
149:Greek
141:form
139:Attic
99:Latin
69:Greek
36:Greek
1548:ISBN
1478:link
1408:2023
1212:ISBN
888:ISBN
843:ISBN
588:The
577:Book
356:Alps
312:and
236:and
176:and
109:(or
55:Died
31:Born
1507:doi
1437:doi
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