302:, a characteristic skin irritation that occurs if one of the insects is crushed against skin. That name, Paederus dermatitis, is a poor choice because, decades earlier, the affliction had been called dermatitis linearis, a name that works in all languages, not just English, because of its Latin origin; the name Paederus dermatitis is also inappropriate because it has shown to be caused by (a) only a few species of the genus Paederus, but (b) also a few species that belong to closely related genera (that are not
33:
446:
342:
54:
473:
Once pederin is on the skin from the initial beetle contact, it may also be spread elsewhere on the skin. "Kissing" or "mirror-image" lesions where two skin areas come in contact (for example, the elbow flexure) are often seen. Washing the hands and skin with soap and water is strongly recommended if
464:
Paederus dermatitis is caused when a pederin-containing beetle is crushed, even partially, against the skin. This skin irritation is also called "dermatitis linearis" or "linear dermatitis" because one can inadvertently drag a beetle across the skin in a more-or-less straight line when trying to
520:
impact are documented in research papers with titles like "An outbreak of paederus dermatitis in a suburban hospital in Sri Lanka", "An outbreak of 268 cases of
Paederus dermatitis in a toy-building factory in central China", "Outbreak of dermatitis linearis caused by
469:
species are widely dispersed around the world, this syndrome has many different local nicknames including "whiplash dermatitis", "spider lick", and "Nairobi fly dermatitis". In East Africa, conjunctivitis from getting pederin in the eye is called "Nairobi eye".
382:
eggs are laid singly, in moist habitats. Larvae go through two instars before pupation. Both larvae and adults are predatory on other insects. Because of their preference for moist soil, large numbers of
1076:
Davidson, SA; Norton, SA; Carder, MC; Debboun, M (2009). "Outbreak of dermatitis linearis caused by
Paederus ilsae and Paederus iliensis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) at a military base in Iraq".
495:
suggests that events like those described as the first two of the ten plagues of Egypt (anoxic die-off in the Nile, followed by many dead frogs) would have created ideal breeding conditions for
1099:
Todd, RE; Guthridge, SL; Montgomery, BL (1996). "Evacuation of an
Aboriginal community in response to an outbreak of blistering dermatitis induced by a beetle (Paederus australis)".
798:
Kellner, Rupert L. L.; Dettner, Konrat (1996). "Differential efficacy of toxic pederin in deterring potential arthropod predators of
Paederus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) offspring".
387:
beetles may be attracted to irrigated farmland, where they provide some benefit by eating herbivorous insects but can cause problems for people working in fields or grassy areas.
529:(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) at a military base in Iraq", and "Evacuation of an Aboriginal community in response to an outbreak of blistering dermatitis induced by a beetle (
1330:
356:
species are much more brightly colored than most other rove beetles, with metallic blue- or green-colored elytra and many with bright orange or red on the
766:
1291:
964:
735:
980:
Kamaladasa, Satheeka D.; Perera, W.D.H.; Weeratunge, L. (1997). "An outbreak of paederus dermatitis in a suburban hospital in Sri Lanka".
513:
infestations are often localized, so it would be quite possible for them to have invaded
Pharaoh's palace but not the homes of the Jews.
1023:
Huang, Changzheng; Liu, Yeqiang; Yang, Jing; Tian, Jin; Yang, Lingyun; Zhang, Jing; Li, Yanqiu; Li, Jiawen; et al. (2009).
549:
611:
Frank, JH; Kanamitsu, K (1987). "Paederus, sensu lato (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): natural history and medical importance".
1384:
1317:
840:
This study investigates the effects of pederin, a hemolymph toxin that is accumulated in the eggs of most
Paederus females
481:) appears, which develops into blisters. Irritation, including crusting and scaling, may last from two to three weeks.
1213:
1190:
650:
1270:
1335:
1283:
854:"A polyketide synthase-peptide synthetase gene cluster from an uncultured bacterial symbiont of Paederus beetles"
152:
53:
773:
222:
209:
246:
203:
1143:
477:
Initial skin contact with pederin shows no immediate result. Within 12–36 hours, however, a reddish rash (
1218:
234:
445:
191:
32:
497:
253:
240:
228:
185:
169:
1361:
865:
807:
699:
1389:
459:
299:
1124:
1058:
1005:
831:
680:
48:
341:
1343:
1239:
1116:
1081:
1050:
997:
960:
937:
893:
823:
749:
Pederin contacts human skin only when a beetle is brushed vigorously over the skin or crushed.
731:
672:
628:
505:
could be the skin irritation, typically delayed by a day or more, resulting from contact with
1348:
1108:
1040:
989:
927:
883:
873:
815:
662:
620:
502:
311:
280:
259:
215:
580:
197:
869:
811:
1278:
1265:
1181:
1112:
319:
888:
853:
667:
1378:
1045:
1024:
993:
557:
286:("rove beetles"). With 622 valid species assigned by 1987 to the subtribe Paederina (
283:
1128:
1062:
1009:
835:
684:
1244:
426:
161:
376:
species are active during the day and attracted to bright lights after nightfall.
725:
1322:
1304:
1195:
1175:
431:
361:
360:
and the basal segments of the abdomen. These bright colors may be an example of
115:
624:
491:
1166:
421:, a vesicant toxin in the hemolymph of many but not all females in the genus
417:
beetles do not bite or sting. This skin irritation results from contact with
1252:
932:
915:
306:) within the subtribe Paederina. A scholarly paper in 2002 suggested that a
295:
135:
125:
85:
65:
1085:
1054:
941:
897:
878:
827:
676:
1120:
1001:
632:
585:, sensu lato (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): An index and review of the taxa"
1226:
1160:
478:
357:
1205:
509:
during the third or fourth plagues (lice or flies). They also note that
1296:
1231:
819:
465:
brush it away. The resulting inflammation will also be linear. Because
418:
396:
1309:
276:
105:
95:
75:
1137:
1257:
425:. The toxin is manufactured, not by the beetles themselves, but by
1356:
444:
340:
315:
955:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
1141:
701:
Biologia
Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera Vol. 1 Part 2
298:
of some species within this genus, it has given its name to
920:
Indian
Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
724:
Mullen, Gary; Gary
Richard Mullen; Lance Durden (2009).
1029:
dermatitis in a toy-building factory in central China"
405:(2009) "At least 20 of the more than 600 species of
310:
species could have been responsible for some of the
1150:
290:and its close allies), and with all but 148 within
516:Many modern occurrences of localized but intense
372:Although most adult rove beetles avoid daylight,
333:species are widely distributed around the world.
294:itself, the genus is large. Due to toxins in the
858:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
772:. US Army Public Health Command. Archived from
8:
914:Singh, Gurcharan; Ali, Syed Yousuf (2007).
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
606:
604:
602:
364:, a warning signal to potential predators.
1138:
649:Norton, Scott A; Lyons, Christina (2002).
31:
20:
1044:
931:
887:
877:
666:
474:contact with a rove beetle has occurred.
909:
907:
761:
759:
757:
644:
642:
541:
651:"Blister beetles and the ten plagues"
7:
1362:54338780-FFAA-FF86-FF2D-2776380E315E
1284:66d06aec-9f68-42a6-94f5-135f5b767d6a
1078:U.S. Army Medical Department Journal
1033:International Journal of Dermatology
982:International Journal of Dermatology
429:bacteria, probably some species of
1113:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94150.x
959:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1180.
409:beetles have been associated with
14:
767:"Just the facts…Paederus Beetles"
727:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
403:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1101:The Medical Journal of Australia
1046:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03876.x
994:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00009.x
556:. Fauna Europaea. Archived from
52:
730:. Academic Press. p. 102.
501:. The authors suggest that the
1:
1025:"An outbreak of 268 cases of
668:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08759-7
613:Journal of Medical Entomology
349:spreading its wings, Malaysia
704:. Vol. 1. p. 609.
43:rove beetles, showing size
1406:
457:
394:
263: many more, see text
957:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
413:dermatitis", even though
182:
177:
167:
160:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
625:10.1093/jmedent/24.2.155
223:Paederus crebrepunctatus
933:10.4103/0378-6323.30644
879:10.1073/pnas.222481399
453:
439:Impact on human beings
350:
210:Paederus cruenticollis
916:"Paederus dermatitis"
698:Sharp, David (1887).
448:
344:
247:Paederus ornaticornis
204:Paederus brasiliensis
1385:Staphylinidae genera
1279:Fauna Europaea (new)
579:Frank, J.H. (1988).
560:on 30 September 2007
312:ten Plagues of Egypt
275:is a genus of small
870:2002PNAS...9914002P
852:Piel, Jörn (2002).
812:1996Oecol.107..293K
460:Paederus dermatitis
450:Paederus littoralis
300:paederus dermatitis
235:Paederus littoralis
820:10.1007/BF00328445
531:Paederus australis
454:
351:
192:Paederus australis
1372:
1371:
1344:Open Tree of Life
1144:Taxon identifiers
966:978-1-4160-2999-1
737:978-0-12-372500-4
527:Paederus iliensis
503:plague of "boils"
485:Mass infestations
314:described in the
268:
267:
254:Paederus irritans
241:Paederus melampus
229:Paederus fuscipes
186:Paederus alfierii
170:Paederus riparius
156:
1397:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1325:
1323:NHMSYS0001719437
1313:
1312:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1020:
1014:
1013:
977:
971:
970:
952:
946:
945:
935:
911:
902:
901:
891:
881:
849:
843:
842:
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
779:on 16 March 2012
778:
771:
763:
752:
751:
746:
744:
721:
706:
705:
695:
689:
688:
670:
646:
637:
636:
608:
597:
596:
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
546:
260:Paederus sabaeus
216:Paederus eximius
151:
57:
56:
35:
21:
16:Genus of beetles
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1146:
1136:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1022:
1021:
1017:
979:
978:
974:
967:
954:
953:
949:
913:
912:
905:
864:(22): 14002–7.
851:
850:
846:
797:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
769:
765:
764:
755:
742:
740:
738:
723:
722:
709:
697:
696:
692:
648:
647:
640:
610:
609:
600:
578:
577:
573:
563:
561:
554:Fabricius 1775"
548:
547:
543:
539:
487:
462:
456:
455:
441:
399:
393:
370:
339:
328:
257:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
219:
213:
207:
201:
198:Paederus baudii
195:
189:
173:
150:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1266:Fauna Europaea
1262:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1210:
1200:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1091:
1068:
1015:
972:
965:
947:
903:
844:
806:(3): 293–300.
790:
753:
736:
707:
690:
661:(9321): 1950.
638:
598:
571:
540:
538:
535:
523:Paederus ilsae
489:An article in
486:
483:
458:Main article:
443:
442:
440:
437:
395:Main article:
392:
389:
369:
366:
338:
335:
327:
324:
320:Book of Exodus
266:
265:
180:
179:
175:
174:
165:
164:
158:
157:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:(4): 238–40.
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1039:(2): 128–31.
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
973:
968:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
908:
904:
899:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
791:
775:
768:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
739:
733:
729:
728:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
708:
703:
702:
694:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:(2): 155–91.
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
599:
594:
590:
589:Insecta Mundi
586:
584:
575:
572:
559:
555:
553:
545:
542:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
493:
484:
482:
480:
475:
471:
468:
461:
451:
447:
438:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:According to
398:
390:
388:
386:
381:
377:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
348:
345:Unidentified
343:
336:
334:
332:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Staphylinidae
282:
278:
274:
273:
264:
262:
261:
256:
255:
249:
248:
243:
242:
237:
236:
231:
230:
225:
224:
218:
217:
212:
211:
206:
205:
200:
199:
194:
193:
188:
187:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
159:
154:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:Staphylinidae
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1151:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1077:
1071:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1018:
985:
981:
975:
956:
950:
923:
919:
861:
857:
847:
839:
803:
799:
793:
781:. Retrieved
774:the original
748:
741:. Retrieved
726:
700:
693:
658:
654:
616:
612:
595:(2): 97–159.
592:
588:
582:
574:
562:. Retrieved
558:the original
551:
544:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
510:
506:
496:
490:
488:
476:
472:
466:
463:
449:
430:
427:endosymbiont
422:
414:
410:
406:
402:
400:
384:
379:
378:
373:
371:
353:
352:
346:
330:
329:
326:Distribution
307:
303:
291:
287:
271:
270:
269:
258:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
220:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
184:
183:
168:
162:Type species
146:
145:
40:
24:
18:
1305:iNaturalist
1176:Wikispecies
988:(1): 34–6.
926:(1): 13–5.
498:P. alfierii
432:Pseudomonas
362:aposematism
337:Description
1390:Paederinae
1379:Categories
655:The Lancet
537:References
492:The Lancet
452:, Portugal
132:Subtribe:
106:Coleoptera
86:Arthropoda
800:Oecologia
296:hemolymph
153:Fabricius
136:Paederina
126:Paederini
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1227:BugGuide
1203:BioLib:
1196:Paederus
1182:Paederus
1161:Wikidata
1152:Paederus
1129:40346362
1086:20084733
1080:: 6–15.
1063:12349799
1055:19200185
1027:Paederus
1010:39540236
942:17314440
898:12381784
836:44776265
828:28307257
685:38364604
677:12057588
583:Paederus
552:Paederus
518:Paederus
511:Paederus
507:Paederus
479:erythema
467:Paederus
423:Paederus
415:Paederus
411:Paederus
407:Paederus
385:Paederus
380:Paederus
374:Paederus
358:pronotum
354:Paederus
347:Paederus
331:Paederus
308:Paederus
304:Paederus
292:Paederus
288:Paederus
272:Paederus
178:Species
147:Paederus
112:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
41:Paederus
25:Paederus
1297:3262381
1167:Q139742
1121:8604198
1002:9071612
866:Bibcode
808:Bibcode
783:30 July
743:31 July
633:3295241
564:28 July
419:pederin
397:Pederin
391:Pederin
368:Biology
279:of the
277:beetles
142:Genus:
122:Tribe:
102:Order:
96:Insecta
92:Class:
1349:935356
1336:347426
1310:302933
1271:259422
1258:1PAEDG
1219:167616
1127:
1119:
1084:
1061:
1053:
1008:
1000:
963:
940:
896:
889:137826
886:
834:
826:
734:
683:
675:
631:
281:family
155:, 1775
1357:Plazi
1245:8VRXT
1232:21473
1125:S2CID
1059:S2CID
1006:S2CID
832:S2CID
777:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
681:S2CID
316:Bible
1331:NCBI
1292:GBIF
1253:EPPO
1214:BOLD
1206:6235
1117:PMID
1082:PMID
1051:PMID
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