709:
46:
53:
836:
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478:– but this is apparently not well recorded in this region. The next sedimentary sequence is apparently just under two million years old – and comprises the Limpopo and Luvuvhu sands and gravels covering the lower parts of the region. The landscape today in the Makuleke has been largely carved out by the meanderings and
435:
The
Jurassic gives way to the Cretaceous Period in the upper rocks of the Makuleke area, and these are particularly evident in the North and East of the Pafuri triangle. In these upper-most rocks - the region still seems to be dominated by deserts but these seem to give way to water born gravels that
506:
clearly found this raw material provided by the rivers of great importance and used these abundant gravel deposits as quarry sites – there are quite literally hundreds of thousands if not millions of stone tools, and the byproducts of their manufacturing process, which can be seen throughout the
767:
The introduction of significant species which have been absent for many years (more than 120 years in the case of the white rhino), the protection of all animal and plant life, and partnering with the
Makuleke people in sustainable ecotourism mark the beginning of the restoration of ecological
353:
Periods. During the early parts of the
Jurassic, which lasted from approximately 210 million years ago until about 144 million years ago, the area was almost certainly extremely arid as is evidenced by the great sandstones of the region and the many dune and desert structures – such as
436:
may indicate the emergence of the ancient
Limpopo in the region. This is particularly evident in areas like Matule hill, where abundant gravels contain large and small bone fragments that appear to be those of medium-sized and small dinosaurs. Fossil wood typical of the Cretaceous
784:
The Pafuri region is famous for its bird watching and more than 250 bird species have been recorded in a year. While comprising only about 1% of the Kruger
National Park's actual area, the area contains plants and animals representing almost 75% of the Parks total diversity.
542:-points. The Middle Stone Age begins around 250,000 years ago and ends around 25 – 35 thousand years ago. It holds within this temporal period not only the origins of a new and more complex toolkit used by humans, but the origin in Africa of
679:
cities that existed in the Pafuri triangle – almost every hill and overlook in the area has evidence of significant occupation during this period. Thulamela and the other walled cities of the region were occupied at about the same time
275:
The
Makuleke region carries a remarkable geological and natural heritage that makes this region of interest to geographers and historians. Some rocks in the area have been dated to over 250 million years old. In the bottom of
827:
fame and yet seeing a great sand filled body instead. This is, however, a recent phenomenon, probably due to a great extent to the over utilization by agriculture of the water resources of the river. As recently as 1950, a
307:
and date to between 248 million and 206 million years. Rocks of this age are found in the lower walls of Lanner Gorge and in these can be found fragments of bone and probably wood representing both holdovers from the
502:. The raw materials they were seeking are still visible today in the form of rocks and cobbles of non-native materials brought from the West and in abundance in channel lag deposits left by the ancient Limpopo.
708:
853:
and poachers who would use the proximity of three countries at the join of the
Limpopo and Luvuvhu rivers to escape police by fleeing out of their jurisdiction into an adjoining country.
412:
of which are plentiful in the slightly younger rocks of the coastal regions to the southeast of the area. This was also a time of global upheaval as the World-continent of
464:
deposits of the North East coast of South Africa are of this age. There is also the hope of finding the rarest forms of vertebrates alive in this time period – the tiny
621:
powers and the ability to predict the future. These early civilizations represented the rise of one of the greatest ancient trade networks the world has ever seen.
358:– that are found preserved within the rocks of the region. In these sediments have been found the remains of early dinosaurs - possibly those of a species known as
45:
515:
industry and lasted from around 1.7 million years ago until around 250,000 years ago when it gave way to a slightly more advanced stone tool culture known as the
1337:
1090:
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from this period is abundant in the region, particularly South of the
Luvuvhu, but good examples have recently been discovered in the Pafuri region itself.
1370:
1308:"Commission on the Restitution of Land Rights, Media statement on a claim by the Makuleke Tribe on a Portion of the Kruger National Park and other areas"
546:
itself – it is during the middle part of this period that we see not only the emergence of the modern human brain and physical features but modern human
1534:
441:
372:
rocks representing the ejected and intrusive molten matter from the interior of the Earth scattered about the region. The
Jurassic was the age of great
523:
that occupied the area, but also the vast amount of time in which this occupation occurred – more than 1.4 million years of continuous occupation.
1469:
238:
along the
Limpopo River. It is a natural choke point for wildlife crossing from North to South and back, and forms a distinct ecological region.
929:
671:. It was then, around 1550, that groups crossed the Limpopo and founded numerous flourishing settlements in the Pafuri region including that of
440:
have also been found in the rocks of the region. The Cretaceous Period lasted from about 144 million years ago until 66 million years when the
309:
1539:
1141:
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667:– which flourished for more than one hundred years. The centre of power then shifted to the south at a site known as Khami near present-day
444:
occurred. While the Cretaceous is often referred to as the end of the age of dinosaurs, many new lifeforms appeared. This is the age of
1524:
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The dry Limpopo in the Winter near Crook's Corner. Only a small trickle of water marks the boundary between South Africa and Zimbabwe.
1307:
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989:
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The end of Mapungubwe occurred at the same time as the rise of an even greater trading and architectural civilization – that of
222:, and comprises approximately 240 square kilometres of land. The "triangle" is a wedge of land created by the confluence of the
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99:
760:
by the time the Makuleke people received the land back. Recent anti-poaching efforts and re-introduction of game including
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1529:
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740:. The land was given back to the Makuleke people, however, they chose not to resettle on the land but to engage with the
152:
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519:. The vast numbers of Acheulean aged stone tools in the region are not only testimony of the large numbers of human
1341:
788:
The area has both semi-arid vegetation including numerous large baobabs as well as rich riverine forests with large
808:, in the uplands. The area is famous for its elephant herds in winter, which come to drink from the Luvuvhu River.
728:
South Africa government in 1969 and about 1500 of them were relocated to land to the South so that their original
534:. On top of many hills, at particularly good outlooks, can be found quite literally thousands of Middle Stone age
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Looking out over the floodplains of the Luvuvhu River (right) and the Limpopo River (far distance and left)
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that have been brought from hundreds if not thousands of kilometers away by the Luvuvhu and the Limpopo.
732:
areas could be integrated into the greater Kruger National Park. In 1996 the Makuleke tribe submitted a
700:
found in the sites and accompanying burials of sacred leaders. The Thulamela culture ended around 1650.
355:
597:. Additionally, the idea of sacred leadership emerged – concept that transcends English terms such as
396:
appearing. The oceans themselves were full of a wide variety of life including many different types of
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Tools of the Middle Stone Age are also in abundance in the area, particularly on top of hills and
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in the region where these humans were apparently using overlooks and high spots to scout for
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From about 1.5 million years ago, human ancestors, who were probably members of the species
688:. The wealth and sophistication of these people is evident by the beautifully crafted gold
1311:
957:
The Transvaal (A Collection of the Mobil Treasury of Travel Series covering the Transvaal)
824:
797:
685:
574:
570:
475:
264:
242:
849:
Crook's Corner gained its name in the 19th century as the region was seen as a haven for
640:
as far south as present day Mozambique – the region emerged as a trade center producing
1310:. South African Commission on Restitution of Land Rights. 6 August 1996. Archived from
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461:
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256:
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lifestyle of modern humans. The Latest Stone Age merges with the culture of Iron-aged
1518:
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602:
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and trade network began to emerge just to the North as is evidenced at such sites as
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511:– which are common – are evidence that this early stone tool culture represents the
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and most places have evidence of the micro-lithic cultures that characterize this
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which would eventually dominate the planet after the Cretaceous extinction event.
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in the Pafuri region however probably represent the great age of dinosaurs – the
1290:
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speaking pastoralists who moved into the region around 1500 to 2000 years ago.
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Due to its proximity to Zimbabwe and Mozambique, the area had been heavily
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498:, were attracted to the area as a source of raw material for making early
856:
The Makuleke area will form the core of the approximately 35,000 km
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316:(a form of mammal-like reptile), and new forms that would dominate the
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chieftains who ruled locally, while the Luvuvhu River is named after a
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A breeding herd of elephants crossing the Luvuvhu in the Makuleke area
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was caught at the confluence of the Luvuvhu and Limpopo rivers.
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for 19,842 hectares (198.42 km) in the northern park of the
693:
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397:
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on the southern bank of the Luvuvhu. Thulamela was one of many
555:
423:
The walls of Lanner Gorge in the Makuleke are made of ancient
792:. While game is plentiful, one is most likely to encounter
712:
Makuleke shown near the northeastern boundary of district
27:
Northernmost section of Kruger National Park, South Africa
1509:
748:, thus resulting in the building of several game lodges.
804:
in the riverine areas and drier adapted game, including
565:
The Middle Stone age is followed in this region by the
816:
Many people visiting the modern Limpopo expecting the
188:
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172:
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955:Bulpin, T. V. (1975). "The Kruger National Park".
482:activities of the two rivers. The sandy soils are
245:) is derived from Mphaphuli, the dynastic name of
1289:. IIED Evaluating Eden Programme. Archived from
1003:
1001:
984:. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. p. 265.
295:A westward view of Lanner Gorge in the Makuleke
1331:
1329:
720:The Makuleke area was forcibly taken from the
454:dinosaurs (armoured and horned dinosaurs like
384:dinosaurs. This was the age of the origin of
284:age, which indicate that the then interior of
1421:Hilton-Barber, B. & Berger, L.R. (2004).
1218:
1216:
1214:
8:
1191:
1189:
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214:constitutes the northernmost section of the
364:. It was also clearly a period of intense
234:Crook's Corner, which forms a border with
31:
1416:
1414:
1084:
1082:
1080:
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1091:"the History of the Makuleke Concession"
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
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1058:
312:like glossopetrids (a type of tree) and
892:
1224:"Mapangubwe: History of Africa denied"
427:. The Luvuvhu River has carved a deep
1505:Kruger National Park official website
1144:. National Geographic. Archived from
442:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
187:
179:
171:
162:
7:
1096:. Wilderness Safaris. Archived from
684:trade began on the eastern coast of
632:Through interactions and trade with
585:Mapungubwe and the rise of Thulamela
67:
982:Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername
613:members of the community, types of
589:From around 1200 a large cultural
471:The Cretaceous is followed by the
142:Incorporated into Kruger Park 1969
25:
310:Permian–Triassic extinction event
876:List of national parks in Africa
144:Returned to Makuleke people 1998
134:240 km (93 sq mi)
52:
51:
44:
280:are rocks that appear to be of
267:Rivubye) growing on its banks.
137:
81:
1510:Pafuri Camp commercial website
35:Makuleke, Kruger National Park
1:
1340:. Kruger Park. Archived from
1008:Kruger National Park (2007).
1540:Ramsar sites in South Africa
1535:South Africa–Zimbabwe border
1425:. Prime Origins Publishing.
1245:Wonders of the African World
153:South African National Parks
959:. Cape Town: T. V. Bulpin.
928:Wilderness Safaris (2007).
1556:
1525:Protected areas of Limpopo
1035:African adrenalin (2007).
507:area. Beautifully crafted
1284:"The Makuleke Land Claim"
1115:"Euskelosaurus Locations"
980:du Plessis, E.J. (1973).
908:Sites Information Service
806:southern white rhinoceros
208:Makuleke Contractual Park
200:
196:
39:
1470:"Pafuri Gate Fact Sheet"
1355:Siyabona Africa (2007).
1336:Siyabona Africa (2007).
818:great grey-green greasy
60:Location in South Africa
768:integrity to the area.
392:, as well as the first
1446:Rainbow Tours (2007).
1373:. 2007. Archived from
1282:Steenkamp, C. (2000).
1117:. 2007. Archived from
840:
781:
752:Reintroduction of game
717:
629:
432:
296:
1261:"The Thulamela Story"
1103:on 28 September 2007.
1089:Berger, L.R. (2005).
838:
779:
711:
627:
422:
294:
115:22.40139°S 31.19694°E
1530:Kruger National Park
1397:"Kruger Park Lodges"
1344:on 14 February 2007.
1043:on 28 September 2007
871:Kruger National Park
738:Kruger National Park
656:from as far away as
299:The rocks above the
288:was harsh and arid.
216:Kruger National Park
1168:"Country Histories"
1140:J. Shreeve (2006).
1121:on 17 December 2007
930:"Pafuri Wilderness"
901:"Makuleke Wetlands"
636:traders plying the
490:Early human history
416:began to break up.
320:, including modern
155:and Makuleke People
149:Governing body
120:-22.40139; 31.19694
111: /
1468:San Parks (2006).
1371:"Wilderness Trust"
1196:San Parks (2006).
1148:on 16 October 2007
858:Transfrontier Park
841:
782:
772:Plants and animals
718:
716:, on a map of 1897
630:
433:
303:ones are from the
297:
271:Geological history
189:Reference no.
1016:on 1 January 2006
704:Political history
698:Chinese porcelain
447:Tyrannosaurus rex
431:into these rocks.
368:– with intrusive
204:
203:
176:Makuleke Wetlands
83:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
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1492:
1491:
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1481:
1475:. Archived from
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1423:Exploring Kruger
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1296:on 22 July 2011.
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1039:. Archived from
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1021:
1012:. Archived from
1010:"Kruger History"
1005:
996:
995:
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936:on 6 August 2007
932:. Archived from
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918:
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897:
860:or "Peace Park".
696:glass beads and
648:and trading for
567:Latest Stone Age
517:Middle Stone Age
460:). The abundant
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1482:on 25 July 2008
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1142:"Human Journey"
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1499:External links
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1359:. Kruger Park.
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1448:"Pafuri Camp"
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1484:. Retrieved
1477:the original
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1451:. Retrieved
1441:
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1401:. Retrieved
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1365:
1350:
1342:the original
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1291:the original
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1265:. Retrieved
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1150:. Retrieved
1146:the original
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:the original
1109:
1098:the original
1045:. Retrieved
1041:the original
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1018:. Retrieved
1014:the original
981:
975:
956:
950:
938:. Retrieved
934:the original
923:
911:. Retrieved
904:
895:
817:
815:
798:Cape buffalo
787:
783:
766:
755:
719:
714:Zoutpansberg
662:
638:Indian Ocean
631:
619:supernatural
591:civilization
588:
564:
525:
504:Homo erectus
503:
496:Homo erectus
493:
470:
455:
445:
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388:flight with
359:
356:desert roses
341:Most of the
340:
333:
298:
278:Lanner Gorge
274:
260:
250:
240:
220:South Africa
211:
207:
205:
88:South Africa
77:South Africa
29:
1198:"Thulamela"
844:Other facts
790:nyala trees
762:white rhino
650:glass beads
457:Triceratops
452:ceratopsian
382:carnivorous
332:, such as
314:dicynodonts
184:22 May 2007
139:Established
118: /
94:Coordinates
1519:Categories
1318:9 December
1125:7 December
887:References
881:Shingwedzi
734:land claim
682:Portuguese
595:Mapungubwe
473:Palaeogene
425:sandstones
390:pterosaurs
386:vertebrate
351:Cretaceous
343:sandstones
181:Designated
106:31°11′49″E
103:22°24′05″S
86:Tshipise,
1357:"Outpost"
851:criminals
726:Apartheid
673:Thulamela
654:porcelain
554:toolkit,
544:modernity
528:mountains
521:ancestors
513:Acheulean
509:hand axes
484:sediments
480:erosional
406:ammonites
378:sauropods
366:volcanism
330:dinosaurs
252:Combretum
1486:4 August
1453:4 August
1203:4 August
1174:4 August
1152:4 August
1047:4 August
1020:4 August
913:25 April
865:See also
802:bushbuck
669:Bulawayo
615:prophets
603:"Queens"
579:Rock art
552:infinite
450:and the
347:Jurassic
322:conifers
318:Mesozoic
305:Triassic
241:Pafuri (
236:Zimbabwe
232:tripoint
69:Location
1403:29 July
1381:27 July
1267:31 July
1230:31 July
940:27 July
825:Kipling
820:Limpopo
758:poached
746:tourism
724:by the
690:jewelry
599:"Kings"
556:artwork
548:culture
466:mammals
410:fossils
376:eating
370:igneous
301:Permian
282:Permian
261:muvuvhu
230:at the
224:Limpopo
73:Limpopo
1429:
1399:. 2007
1263:. 2007
1226:. 2007
1170:. 2007
988:
963:
906:Ramsar
730:tribal
677:walled
634:Muslim
607:Sacred
560:burial
550:– our
536:knives
462:marine
429:canyon
414:Pangea
402:squids
326:cycads
286:Pangea
265:Tsonga
255:tree (
243:Tsonga
18:Pafuri
1480:(PDF)
1473:(PDF)
1294:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
794:nyala
658:China
646:ivory
611:elite
575:Bantu
540:spear
476:Epoch
438:flora
394:birds
374:plant
257:Venda
247:Venda
1488:2007
1455:2007
1427:ISBN
1405:2007
1383:2007
1320:2009
1269:2007
1232:2007
1205:2007
1176:2007
1154:2007
1127:2012
1049:2007
1022:2007
986:ISBN
961:ISBN
942:2007
915:2018
800:and
694:Arab
652:and
644:and
642:gold
558:and
532:game
404:and
398:fish
349:and
226:and
206:The
192:1687
131:Area
1249:PBS
823:of
601:or
210:or
1521::
1413:^
1328:^
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1057:^
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796:,
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408:–
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324:,
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944:.
917:.
20:)
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