1103:
602:
123:
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961:
613:
1231:
165:
994:
952:
1255:
928:
358:
5231:
1264:
492:
1062:
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1050:
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1120:
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1222:
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1091:
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580:
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985:
919:
1205:
4054:
1193:
1025:
1038:
142:
846:. Dicynodontia was later ranked as a suborder or infraorder with the larger group Anomodontia, which is classified as an order. The ranking of Dicynodontia has varied in recent studies, with Ivakhnenko (2008) considering it a suborder, Ivanchnenko (2008) considering it an infraorder, and Kurkin (2010) considering it an order.
482:
possibly vindicates the status of dicynodonts as endothermic animals. As these coprolites come from carnivorous species and digested dicynodont bones are abundant, it has been suggested that at least some of these hair remnants come from dicynodont prey. A new study using chemical analysis seemed to
910:. Most of these taxa are no longer considered valid. Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009) suggested that the problematic taxonomy and nomenclature of Dicynodontia and other groups results from the large number of conflicting studies and the tendency for invalid names to be mistakenly established.
386:
temporal openings at the rear of the skull greatly enlarged to accommodate larger jaw muscles. The front of the skull and the lower jaw are generally narrow and, in all but a number of primitive forms, toothless. Instead, the front of the mouth is equipped with a horny beak, as in
398:. Food was processed by the retraction of the lower jaw when the mouth closed, producing a powerful shearing action, which would have enabled dicynodonts to cope with tough plant material. Dicynodonts typically had a pair of enlarged maxillary caniniform teeth, analogous to the
2881:
Bajdek, Piotr; Qvarnström, Martin; Owocki, Krzysztof; Sulej, Tomasz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Golubev, Valeriy K.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2016). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper
Permian coprolites from Russia".
402:
present in some living mammals. In the earliest genera, they were merely enlarged teeth, but in later forms they independently evolved into ever-growing teeth like mammal tusks multiple times. In some dicynodonts, the presence of tusks has been suggested to be
849:
Many higher taxa, including infraorders and families, have been erected as a means of classifying the large number of dicynodont species. Cluver and King (1983) recognised several main groups within
Dicynodontia, including Eodicynodontia (containing only
2909:
Rey, Kévin; Amiot, Romain; Fourel, François; Abdala, Fernando; Fluteau, Frédéric; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Liu, Jun; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Smith, Roger MH; Steyer, J. Sébastien; Viglietti, Pia A; Wang, Xu; Lécuyer, Christophe (2017).
460:, and their bodily proportions are conducive to heat preservation. In young specimens, the bones are so highly vascularised that they exhibit higher channel densities than most other therapsids. Yet, studies on
553:. Since Bain was preoccupied with the Corps of Royal Engineers, he wanted Owen to describe his fossils more extensively. Owen did not publish a description until 1876 in his
2682:"Triassic pentadactyl tracks from the Los Menucos Group (Río Negro province, Patagonia Argentina): possible constraints on the autopodial posture of Gondwanan trackmakers"
317:
that typically bore a pair of tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. Members of the group possessed a horny, typically toothless beak, unique amongst all
2451:
Racki, Grzegorz; Lucas, Spencer G. (2018). "Timing of dicynodont extinction in light of an unusual Late
Triassic Polish fauna and Cuvier's approach to extinction".
2815:"Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?"
571:
as a replacement name for his
Dicynodontia. The name Bidentalia quickly fell out of use in the following years, replaced by popularity of Owen's Dicynodontia.
3578:
Cluver, M.A.; King, G.M. (1983). "A reassessment of the relationships of
Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodont".
3469:
Espen M. Knutsen; Emma
Oerlemans (2019). "The last dicynodont? Re-assessing the taxonomic and temporal relationships of a contentious Australian fossil".
644:. During this time, they included a large variety of ecotypes, including large, medium-sized, and small herbivores and short-limbed mole-like burrowers.
681:, the only dicynodonts who diversified during the Triassic. These stocky, pig- to ox-sized animals were the most abundant herbivores worldwide from the
2564:"A new tusked cistecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the upper Permian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia"
3688:
705:(middle of the Late Triassic), perhaps due to increasing aridity, they drastically declined, and the role of large herbivores was taken over by
5525:
648:
330:
3716:
5535:
527:
gave the first description of dicynodonts in 1845. At the time, Bain was a supervisor for the construction of military roads under the
5530:
2846:
Bajdek, Piotr; Owocki, Krzysztof; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2014). "Putative dicynodont coprolites from the Upper
Triassic of Poland".
531:
and had found many reptilian fossils during his surveys of South Africa. Bain described these fossils in an 1845 letter published in
337:
but died out towards the end of that period. They were the most successful and diverse of the non-mammalian therapsids, with over 70
3206:
2486:
Crompton, A. W.; Hotton, N. (1967). "Functional morphology of the masticatory apparatus of two dicynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida)".
3429:"A reappraisal of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas from Australia and New Zealand: Evidence for their Gondwanan affinities"
765:
With the decline and extinction of the kannemeyerids, there were to be no more dominant large synapsid herbivores until the middle
3189:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018). "5. Non-Mammalian synapsids: The deep roots of the mammalian family tree".
1102:
738:, Australia, were interpreted as remains of a skull in 2003. This suggested to indicate that dicynodonts survived into the
533:
164:
3032:
Descriptive and
Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum
555:
Descriptive and
Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum
4996:
2208:
3709:
636:
in the
Southern Hemisphere, with South Africa being the centre of their known diversity, and underwent a rapid
528:
483:
suggest that cynodonts and dicynodonts both developed warm blood independently before the Permian extinction.
520:
prior to 1835 may have been partly inspired by fossil dicynodont skulls which erode out of rocks in the area.
3343:
325:, ca. 270–260 million years ago, and became globally distributed and the dominant herbivorous animals in the
5230:
2962:
750:
crocodyliform by Agnolin et al. in 2010), and in 2019 Knutsen and Oerlemans considered this fossil to be of
559:
4869:
4445:
601:
438:
dicynodont tracks suggest that dicynodonts had fleshy pads on their feet. Mummified skin from specimens of
5445:
746:. The dicynodont affinity of these specimens was questioned (including a proposal that they belonged to a
637:
640:, becoming globally distributed and amongst the most successful and abundant land vertebrates during the
5492:
830:. Cryptodonts were distinguished from dicynodonts from their absence of tusks. Although it lacks tusks,
543:
537:, calling them "bidentals" for their two prominent tusks. In that same year, the English paleontologist
497:
2610:
5520:
5381:
5360:
5045:
4440:
3702:
3610:
3306:
3247:
3153:
2855:
2787:
2744:
2622:
2431:
2257:
346:
5374:
5290:
2680:
Citton, Paolo; Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio; de Valais, Silvina; Cónsole-Gonella, Carlos (7 August 2018).
557:. By this time, many more dicynodonts had been described. In 1859, another important species called
122:
5367:
5311:
4720:
3601:, a Bidentalian Dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the ?Guadalupian of Northwestern China".
2912:"Oxygen isotopes suggest elevated thermometabolism within multiple Permo-Triassic therapsid clades"
2051:
1107:
835:
802:
434:
5353:
5339:
3664:
807:
5297:
4900:
4887:
4864:
4832:
3798:
3626:
3560:
3525:
3486:
3451:
3391:
3348:
3212:
3122:
3009:
2760:
2732:
2646:
2591:
2562:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Benoit, Julien; Rubidge, Bruce S. (February 2021). Ruta, Marcello (ed.).
2544:
2468:
2145:
678:
524:
404:
159:
5497:
3045:
Owen, R. (1860). "On the orders of fossil and recent Reptilia, and their distribution in time".
5483:
3428:
5276:
5059:
4645:
4194:
3647:
3409:
3324:
3275:
3202:
3171:
3114:
2963:"A possible later stone age painting of a dicynodont (Synapsida) from the South African Karoo"
2943:
2713:
2638:
2583:
2536:
2271:
1882:
1663:
5073:
5052:
5017:
4654:
4620:
4552:
4545:
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4053:
4009:
3893:
3618:
3552:
3517:
3478:
3443:
3399:
3383:
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3194:
3161:
3106:
3047:
Report of the Twenty-Ninth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
3001:
2993:
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2923:
2891:
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2752:
2703:
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1128:
1054:
951:
907:
859:
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694:
549:
1230:
1173:
960:
612:
5172:
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5108:
5084:
4987:
4946:
4928:
4921:
4790:
4672:
4661:
4356:
4331:
4144:
2733:"Taphonomy of drought afflicted tetrapods in the Early Triassic Karoo Basin, South Africa"
2364:
2293:
2169:
2161:
2123:
1989:
1895:
1820:
1751:
1692:
1408:
1152:
1029:
993:
895:
887:
879:
817:
759:
706:
457:
423:
418:
563:
was named from South Africa. In the same year, Owen named the group Dicynodontia. In his
468:
paradoxically showcase digestive patterns more typical of animals with slow metabolisms.
416:
The body is short, strong and barrel-shaped, with strong limbs. In large genera (such as
3614:
3310:
3251:
3157:
3068:
2859:
2791:
2748:
2626:
2563:
523:
Dicynodonts have been known to science since the mid-1800s. The South African geologist
357:
5179:
4976:
4773:
4741:
4611:
4579:
4490:
4185:
4119:
4098:
3920:
3404:
3371:
3270:
3231:
2938:
2911:
2708:
2681:
2531:
2507:"The evolution of the synapsid tusk: Insights from dicynodont therapsid tusk histology"
2506:
2371:
2175:
2085:
1963:
1903:
1657:
1644:
1623:
1476:
1453:
1385:
1254:
1066:
875:
871:
863:
713:
512:
of a superficially walrus-like imaginary creature with downcurved tusks created by the
39:
2799:
491:
5514:
5388:
5117:
4820:
4806:
4699:
4692:
4511:
4379:
4372:
4345:
4219:
3902:
3630:
3564:
3490:
3455:
3126:
3094:
3013:
2831:
2814:
2764:
2650:
2595:
2548:
2317:
2130:
2108:
2016:
2009:
1953:
1841:
1771:
1757:
1727:
1678:
1488:
1430:
1017:
812:
747:
461:
80:
43:
3529:
3216:
3166:
3141:
2472:
1061:
927:
5414:
5332:
5269:
5259:
5207:
5200:
5152:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5010:
5003:
4914:
4813:
4762:
4634:
4393:
4304:
4105:
4002:
3968:
2997:
2982:"On the discovery of fossil remains of bidental and other reptiles in South Africa"
2399:
2392:
2352:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2222:
2215:
2151:
2137:
2079:
1923:
1877:
1855:
1785:
1630:
1361:
1273:
1240:
1138:
1049:
821:
791:
665:
538:
517:
502:
453:
440:
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409:
272:
251:
3622:
2464:
1263:
1147:
3505:
3260:
2867:
2756:
2634:
413:
lacked true tusks and instead bore tusk-like extensions on the side of the beak.
5477:
5420:
5318:
5304:
5283:
5193:
5138:
5131:
5066:
4962:
4713:
4685:
4600:
4586:
4497:
4386:
4322:
4295:
4248:
4228:
4201:
4167:
4133:
4112:
3936:
3909:
3881:
3860:
3847:
3810:
3725:
2426:
2385:
2345:
2331:
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2189:
2030:
1995:
1977:
1945:
1937:
1849:
1814:
1778:
1732:
1712:
1684:
1670:
1637:
1501:
1337:
1209:
1183:
1095:
970:
937:
903:
891:
883:
851:
834:
is now classified as a dicynodont, and the name Cryptodontia is no longer used.
755:
698:
633:
584:
322:
235:
55:
3005:
1012:
422:) the hindlimbs were held erect, but the forelimbs bent at the elbow. Both the
365:
5395:
5325:
5186:
4955:
4935:
4755:
4476:
4463:
4408:
4268:
4256:
3981:
3957:
3874:
3767:
3556:
3447:
3230:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Fröbisch, Jörg; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (31 May 2013).
3198:
3110:
2378:
2307:
2182:
2072:
1872:
1793:
1516:
1221:
1197:
1119:
1090:
899:
794:. It was erected as a family of the order Anomodontia and included the genera
739:
735:
731:(latest Triassic); this animal was also the largest known dicynodont species.
727:
indicate that dicynodonts survived at least until the late Norian or earliest
568:
513:
392:
222:
100:
65:
5468:
3482:
3175:
3118:
2642:
2587:
5406:
5145:
5124:
5097:
4798:
4782:
4748:
4734:
4706:
4627:
4570:
4338:
4311:
4277:
4241:
4208:
4153:
4126:
3783:
3758:
3659:
The Marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs & prehistoric animals
3319:
3294:
3142:"A review of the Guadalupian (middle Permian) global tetrapod fossil record"
2338:
2324:
2300:
2100:
2092:
2037:
2023:
2002:
1931:
1916:
1862:
1834:
1827:
1799:
1738:
1698:
1651:
1311:
1288:
1164:
1073:
1042:
1003:
867:
826:
796:
766:
718:
682:
659:
653:
641:
622:
579:
479:
465:
383:
370:
342:
333:
that wiped out most other therapsids ca. 252 Mya. They rebounded during the
314:
310:
306:
209:
176:
151:
132:
105:
49:
3413:
3387:
3328:
3279:
2947:
2717:
2540:
2522:
677:). None of these survived long into the Triassic. The fourth group was the
17:
3657:
Cox, B., Savage, R.J.G., Gardiner, B., Harrison, C. and Palmer, D. (1988)
3236:, a kannemeyeriiform dicynodont (Anomodontia) from Triassic North America"
984:
5462:
4969:
4727:
4559:
4536:
4518:
4504:
4174:
4160:
3929:
3749:
2196:
2065:
1745:
1719:
1705:
774:
751:
743:
728:
686:
674:
509:
395:
334:
318:
196:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
2928:
2505:
Whitney, M. R.; Angielczyk, K. D.; Peecook, B. R.; Sidor, C. A. (2021).
1204:
918:
4284:
3995:
3988:
3950:
3943:
3395:
2698:
1806:
1192:
1024:
690:
589:
476:
326:
110:
85:
3427:
Agnolin, F. L.; Ezcurra, M. D.; Pais, D. F.; Salisbury, S. W. (2010).
3344:"An Elephant-Size Relative of Mammals That Grazed Alongside Dinosaurs"
2895:
2731:
Smith, Roger M.H.; Botha, Jennifer; Viglietti, Pia A. (October 2022).
2579:
1037:
777:, began to diversify after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.
141:
5346:
4593:
3743:
3095:"Permian anomodonts: Paleobiogeography and distribution of the group"
1970:
1078:
770:
724:
702:
670:
388:
186:
5439:
2981:
2609:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Ordoñez, Maria de los Angeles (2021-06-01).
758:
age, and reinterpreted it as a fossil of a large mammal, probably a
669:, the latter being the most common and widespread herbivores of the
3543:
Kurkin, A.A. (2010). "Late Permian dicynodonts of Eastern Europe".
3521:
4525:
2116:
1191:
1146:
1101:
1089:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1011:
578:
490:
379:
364:
356:
338:
302:
3597:
Angielczyk, K. D.; Liu, J.; Yang, W. (2021). "A Redescription of
790:
Dicynodontia was originally named by the English paleontologist
472:
399:
5443:
5246:
4885:
4461:
4069:
3845:
3736:
3698:
3694:
321:. Dicynodonts first appeared in Southern Pangaea during the
3295:"An elephant-sized Late Triassic synapsid with erect limbs"
456:
animals. Their bones are highly vascularised and possess
3140:
Olroyd, Savannah L.; Sidor, Christian A. (August 2017).
2778:
Bakker, Robert T. (April 1975). "Dinosaur renaissance".
2611:"Dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia) of South America"
651:; the first three represented with a single genus each:
3376:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2511:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3372:"The last dicynodont: an Australian Cretaceous relict"
2813:
Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (2010).
838:
revised Owen's Dicynodontia as an order that included
3671:, Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York, 1988
3069:"A proposed higher taxonomy of anomodont therapsids"
541:
named two species of dicynodonts from South Africa:
5452:
5405:
5257:
5162:
5107:
5083:
4986:
4945:
4898:
4831:
4772:
4671:
4644:
4610:
4569:
4535:
4474:
4407:
4355:
4321:
4294:
4267:
4227:
4218:
4184:
4143:
4082:
4020:
3967:
3919:
3892:
3858:
3809:
3782:
3689:
Therapsida : Neotherapsida : Dicynodontia
647:Only four lineages are known to have survived the
382:is highly specialised, light but strong, with the
2848:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2737:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2986:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
1033:, a small dicynodont from Africa's Upper Permian
534:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
329:, ca. 260–252 Mya. They were devastated by the
3232:"On the validity and phylogenetic position of
3191:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
452:Dicynodonts have long been suspected of being
3710:
8:
3293:Tomasz Sulej; Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki (2019).
501:, first published in an 1845 description by
444:in South Africa have numerous raised bumps.
734:Six fragments of fossil bone discovered in
5440:
5254:
5243:
5089:
4906:
4895:
4882:
4677:
4482:
4471:
4458:
4233:
4224:
4090:
4079:
4066:
3973:
3866:
3855:
3842:
3788:
3779:
3733:
3717:
3703:
3695:
140:
121:
31:
3676:The Dicynodonts: A Study in Palaeobiology
3403:
3318:
3269:
3259:
3165:
3067:Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D. (2009).
2937:
2927:
2830:
2819:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2707:
2697:
2530:
430:are large and strong. The tail is short.
2615:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1291:modified from Angielczyk et al. (2021):
1203:
1036:
1023:
3678:, Chapman and Hall, London and New York
3062:
3060:
3025:
3023:
2443:
806:. Other groups of Anomodontia included
3342:St. Fleur, Nicholas (4 January 2019).
632:Dicynodonts first appeared during the
3652:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
3034:. London: British Museum. p. 88.
2670:, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
565:Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue
7:
3436:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1494:
1469:
1445:
1423:
1401:
1377:
1353:
1329:
1304:
1294:
882:), Kingoriamorpha (containing only
854:), Endothiodontia (containing only
309:, an extinct type of non-mammalian
3661:, 2nd Edition, Marshall Publishing
3603:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3580:Annals of the South African Museum
3506:"Reclassification of the Reptilia"
448:Endothermy and soft tissue anatomy
25:
3370:Thulborn, T.; Turner, S. (2003).
2800:10.1038/scientificamerican0475-58
588:, a basal dicynodont from middle
5229:
4868:
4863:
4444:
4439:
4052:
3669:Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology
2832:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00601.x
1262:
1253:
1229:
1220:
1172:
1163:
1127:
1118:
1084:G. elginensis and G. locusticeps
992:
983:
959:
950:
926:
917:
611:
600:
567:, Owen honored Bain by erecting
495:An illustration of the skull of
471:More recently, the discovery of
163:
3167:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.001
2998:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72
341:known, varying from rat-sized
1:
5526:Guadalupian first appearances
3623:10.1080/02724634.2021.1922428
2465:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499734
288:
3261:10.1371/journal.pone.0064203
2868:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.013
2757:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111207
2668:Evolution of the Vertebrates
2635:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103171
693:they had been supplanted by
3667:, "Anomodontia" Part 17 C,
3093:Kurkin, A. A. (July 2011).
626:, from Late Triassic Poland
407:. Some dicynodonts such as
27:Extinct clade of therapsids
5552:
5536:Taxa named by Richard Owen
508:A 2024 paper posited that
5531:Late Triassic extinctions
5253:
5242:
5227:
5092:
4909:
4894:
4881:
4861:
4680:
4485:
4470:
4457:
4437:
4236:
4093:
4078:
4065:
4050:
3976:
3869:
3854:
3841:
3791:
3778:
3732:
3557:10.1134/S0031030110060092
3448:10.1080/14772011003594870
3199:10.1515/9783110341553-005
3111:10.1134/S0031030111030075
1514:
1499:
1492:
1474:
1467:
1450:
1443:
1428:
1421:
1406:
1399:
1382:
1375:
1358:
1351:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1302:
773:, distant descendants of
285:
280:
160:Scientific classification
158:
148:
139:
129:
120:
34:
3674:King, Gillian M., 1990,
3483:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.011
529:Corps of Royal Engineers
3545:Paleontological Journal
3510:The American Naturalist
3320:10.1126/science.aal4853
3099:Paleontological Journal
2568:Papers in Palaeontology
3654:, WH Freeman & Co.
3388:10.1098/rspb.2002.2296
3234:Eubrachiosaurus browni
2523:10.1098/rspb.2021.1670
1612:Current classification
1213:
1201:
1156:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1021:
638:evolutionary radiation
593:
560:Ptychognathus declivis
505:
375:
362:
331:end-Permian Extinction
5493:Paleobiology Database
3504:Osborn, H.F. (1904).
3146:Earth-Science Reviews
1207:
1195:
1150:
1105:
1093:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1027:
1015:
701:reptiles. During the
582:
544:Dicynodon lacerticeps
498:Dicynodon lacerticeps
494:
368:
360:
5046:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
3193:. pp. 117–198.
2432:Evolution of mammals
2258:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
1139:Lystrosaurus murrayi
858:), Pristerodontia (
816:(now known to be an
575:Evolutionary history
281:Clades & genera
5407:Paraphyletic groups
3615:2021JVPal..41E2428A
3311:2019Sci...363...78S
3252:2013PLoSO...864203K
3158:2017ESRv..171..583O
3006:2027/uc1.c034667778
2980:Bain, A.G. (1845).
2929:10.7554/eLife.28589
2860:2014PPP...411....1B
2792:1975SciAm.232d..58B
2780:Scientific American
2749:2022PPP...60411207S
2627:2021JSAES.10803171K
868:Aulacephalodontidae
836:Thomas Henry Huxley
769:epoch (60 Ma) when
313:. Dicynodonts were
4901:Kannemeyeriiformes
4888:Kannemeyeriiformes
4833:Kannemeyeriiformes
3599:Kunpania scopulusa
3349:The New York Times
2961:Benoit, J (2024).
2699:10.7717/peerj.5358
2453:Historical Biology
2157:Dinodontosauridae
2146:Kannemeyeriiformes
1214:
1202:
1157:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1022:
716:-sized dicynodont
679:Kannemeyeriiformes
594:
525:Andrew Geddes Bain
506:
405:sexually dimorphic
376:
363:
361:Dicynodont fossils
345:to elephant-sized
5508:
5507:
5446:Taxon identifiers
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5238:
5237:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5060:Uralokannemeyeria
4877:
4876:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4646:Rhachiocephalidae
4453:
4452:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4403:
4402:
4061:
4060:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3471:Gondwana Research
3382:(1518): 985–993.
3030:Owen, R. (1876).
2896:10.1111/let.12156
2580:10.1002/spp2.1285
2272:Uralokannemeyeria
1883:Rhachiocephalidae
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
886:), Diictodontia (
824:, which included
810:, which included
296:
295:
276:
16:(Redirected from
5543:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5441:
5255:
5244:
5233:
5090:
5074:Xiyukannemeyeria
5053:Sinokannemeyeria
5018:Parakannemeyeria
4907:
4896:
4883:
4872:
4867:
4678:
4655:Kitchinganomodon
4621:Australobarbarus
4553:Interpresosaurus
4483:
4472:
4459:
4448:
4443:
4366:Cistecephaloides
4234:
4225:
4091:
4080:
4067:
4056:
4010:Anomocephaloidea
3974:
3894:Anomocephaloidea
3867:
3856:
3843:
3789:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3734:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3665:King, Gillian M.
3635:
3634:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3433:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3017:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2534:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2360:Stahleckeriinae
2286:Xiyukannemeyeria
2265:Sinokannemeyeria
2230:Parakannemeyeria
2204:Kannemeyeriidae
2059:Interpresosaurus
1910:Australobarbarus
1889:Kitchinganomodon
1765:Cistecephaloides
1495:
1470:
1446:
1424:
1402:
1378:
1354:
1330:
1305:
1295:
1266:
1257:
1233:
1224:
1176:
1167:
1131:
1122:
1055:Australobarbarus
996:
987:
963:
954:
930:
921:
908:Venyukoviamorpha
860:Pristerodontidae
856:Endothiodontidae
615:
604:
550:Dicynodon bainii
458:Haversian canals
374:life-sized model
271:
266:
250:
234:
168:
167:
144:
125:
115:
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5496:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5448:
5438:
5425:
5401:
5382:Platypodosaurus
5361:Opisthoctenodon
5249:
5234:
5213:
5173:Eubrachiosaurus
5164:Stahleckeriinae
5158:
5103:
5085:Stahleckeriidae
5079:
4988:Kannemeyeriidae
4982:
4947:Shansiodontidae
4941:
4929:Elephantosaurus
4922:Dinodontosaurus
4903:
4890:
4873:
4847:
4827:
4791:Euptychognathus
4768:
4673:Dicynodontoidea
4667:
4662:Rhachiocephalus
4640:
4606:
4565:
4531:
4479:
4466:
4449:
4423:
4399:
4357:Cistecephalidae
4351:
4332:Dicynodontoides
4317:
4290:
4263:
4214:
4180:
4145:Pylaecephalidae
4139:
4087:
4074:
4057:
4036:
4016:
3963:
3915:
3888:
3863:
3850:
3825:
3805:
3774:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3685:
3644:
3642:Further reading
3639:
3638:
3609:(1): e1922428.
3596:
3595:
3591:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3516:(446): 93–115.
3503:
3502:
3498:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3305:(6422): 78–80.
3292:
3291:
3287:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3209:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3021:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2423:
2365:Eubrachiosaurus
2294:Stahleckeriidae
2170:Shansiodontidae
2162:Dinodontosaurus
2124:Euptychognathus
1990:Dicynodontoidea
1896:Rhachiocephalus
1821:Dicynodontoides
1752:Cistecephalidae
1693:Pylaecephalidae
1614:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1409:Pylaecephalidae
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1153:Dinodontosaurus
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1030:Dicynodontoides
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
997:
989:
988:
977:
976:
975:
974:
966:
965:
964:
956:
955:
944:
943:
942:
941:
933:
932:
931:
923:
922:
896:Cistecephalidae
880:Kannemeyeriidae
818:archosauromorph
788:
783:
630:
629:
628:
627:
618:
617:
616:
607:
606:
605:
577:
489:
450:
424:pectoral girdle
419:Dinodontosaurus
378:The dicynodont
355:
353:Characteristics
270:
264:
248:
232:
162:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
48:268–201.4
47:
46:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5549:
5547:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5489:
5474:
5458:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5375:Planitorostris
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5291:Chelyoposaurus
5287:
5280:
5273:
5265:
5263:
5251:
5250:
5248:Other articles
5247:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5180:Ischigualastia
5176:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4977:Rhinodicynodon
4973:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4778:
4776:
4774:Lystrosauridae
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4742:Repelinosaurus
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4614:
4612:Oudenodontidae
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4580:Aulacephalodon
4575:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4491:Daqingshanodon
4486:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4186:Endothiodontia
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4120:Lanthanostegus
4116:
4109:
4102:
4099:Brachyprosopus
4094:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3923:
3921:Venyukovioidea
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3792:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3683:External links
3681:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3662:
3655:
3648:Carroll, R. L.
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3589:
3570:
3535:
3522:10.1086/278383
3496:
3461:
3442:(2): 257–300.
3419:
3362:
3334:
3285:
3222:
3207:
3181:
3132:
3105:(4): 432–444.
3085:
3056:
3037:
3019:
2972:
2953:
2901:
2890:(4): 455–477.
2873:
2838:
2825:(2): 341–365.
2805:
2770:
2723:
2672:
2664:Colbert, E. H.
2656:
2601:
2574:(1): 405–446.
2554:
2497:
2478:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2372:Ischigualastia
2368:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2176:Rhinodicynodon
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2086:Lystrosauridae
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1964:Aulacephalodon
1957:
1949:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:Oudenodontidae
1901:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1749:
1742:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1658:Endothiodontia
1655:
1648:
1645:Lanthanostegus
1641:
1634:
1627:
1624:Brachyprosopus
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:Endothiodontia
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:Brachyprosopus
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:Lanthanostegus
1381:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1312:"Eodicynodon"
1308:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1067:Aulacephalodon
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
982:
981:
980:
979:
978:
968:
967:
958:
957:
949:
948:
947:
946:
945:
935:
934:
925:
924:
916:
915:
914:
913:
912:
888:Diictodontidae
876:Lystrosauridae
872:Dicynodontidae
864:Cryptodontidae
787:
784:
782:
779:
723:discovered in
714:Asian elephant
712:Fossils of an
707:sauropodomorph
697:cynodonts and
634:Middle Permian
620:
619:
610:
609:
608:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
576:
573:
488:
485:
449:
446:
354:
351:
301:is an extinct
294:
293:
283:
282:
278:
277:
262:
255:
254:
246:
239:
238:
230:
226:
225:
220:
213:
212:
207:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
156:
155:
146:
145:
137:
136:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
40:Middle Permian
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5548:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5389:Putillosaurus
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:Parvobestiola
5365:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:Dicranozygoma
5309:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5241:
5232:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5118:Argodicynodon
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4871:
4866:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4822:
4821:Sintocephalus
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4807:Kwazulusaurus
4804:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4700:Delectosaurus
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:Daptocephalus
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:Odontocyclops
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4447:
4442:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:Kawingasaurus
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:Cistecephalus
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4346:Thliptosaurus
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Therochelonia
4217:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:Anomocephalus
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:(5): e64203.
3245:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3208:9783110341553
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:Argodicynodon
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:Kwazulusaurus
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:Sintocephalus
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:Delectosaurus
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:Daptocephalus
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1954:Odontocyclops
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:Thliptosaurus
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1772:Kawingasaurus
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:Cistecephalus
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:Therochelonia
1726:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:Eumantellidae
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1489:Therochelonia
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:Eumantellidae
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1018:Cistecephalus
1014:
1006:
1005:
995:
986:
973:
972:
962:
953:
940:
939:
929:
920:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
823:
819:
815:
814:
813:Rhynchosaurus
809:
805:
804:
803:Ptychognathus
799:
798:
793:
785:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
760:diprotodontid
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
662:
661:
656:
655:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
625:
624:
614:
603:
592:South Africa.
591:
587:
586:
581:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
552:
551:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
504:
500:
499:
493:
486:
484:
481:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
462:Late Triassic
459:
455:
447:
445:
443:
442:
437:
436:
435:Pentasauropus
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:
414:
412:
411:
406:
401:
397:
394:
390:
385:
381:
373:
372:
367:
359:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
290:
284:
279:
274:
269:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
157:
154:
153:
147:
143:
138:
135:
134:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
45:
44:Late Triassic
41:
33:
30:
19:
5484:Dicynodontia
5454:Dicynodontia
5453:
5415:Cryptodontia
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5354:Nasoplanites
5352:
5345:
5340:Keirognathus
5338:
5333:Haughtoniana
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5270:Azarifeneria
5268:
5260:Nomina dubia
5258:
5208:Ufudocyclops
5206:
5201:Stahleckeria
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5153:Zambiasaurus
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5096:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5039:Rhadiodromus
5037:
5032:Rechnisaurus
5030:
5025:Rabidosaurus
5023:
5016:
5011:Kannemeyeria
5009:
5004:Dolichuranus
5002:
4997:Acratophorus
4995:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4915:Angonisaurus
4913:
4819:
4814:Lystrosaurus
4812:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4763:Vivaxosaurus
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4660:
4653:
4635:Tropidostoma
4633:
4626:
4619:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4394:Sauroscaptor
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4310:
4305:Myosauroides
4303:
4283:
4276:
4255:
4247:
4240:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4106:Colobodectes
4104:
4097:
4085:Dicynodontia
4084:
4072:Dicynodontia
4071:
4022:Dicynodontia
4021:
4008:
4003:Patranomodon
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3969:Chainosauria
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3908:
3901:
3880:
3873:
3763:
3754:
3675:
3668:
3658:
3651:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3551:(6): 72–80.
3548:
3544:
3538:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3347:
3337:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3190:
3184:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3031:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2966:
2956:
2919:
2915:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2786:(4): 58–79.
2783:
2779:
2773:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2400:Ufudocyclops
2398:
2393:Stahleckeria
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2353:Zambiasaurus
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2313:Placeriinae
2306:
2299:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2251:Rhadiodromus
2249:
2244:Rechnisaurus
2242:
2237:Rabidosaurus
2235:
2228:
2223:Kannemeyeria
2221:
2216:Dolichuranus
2214:
2209:Acratophorus
2207:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2160:
2152:Angonisaurus
2150:
2138:Lystrosaurus
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2080:Vivaxosaurus
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1924:Tropidostoma
1922:
1915:
1908:
1894:
1887:
1878:Cryptodontia
1861:
1856:Myosauroides
1854:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1798:
1786:Sauroscaptor
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1744:
1737:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1669:
1662:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1631:Colobodectes
1629:
1622:
1618:Dicynodontia
1617:
1515:
1500:
1475:
1452:
1451:
1429:
1407:
1384:
1383:
1362:Colobodectes
1360:
1359:
1336:
1335:
1313:
1310:
1299:Dicynodontia
1298:
1286:
1274:Ufudocyclops
1272:
1241:Stahleckeria
1239:
1208:
1196:
1182:
1151:
1137:
1106:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1028:
1016:
1002:
969:
936:
848:
843:
839:
831:
825:
822:Cryptodontia
811:
808:Gnathodontia
801:
795:
792:Richard Owen
789:
764:
748:baurusuchian
742:in southern
733:
717:
711:
695:traversodont
689:age. By the
666:Lystrosaurus
664:
658:
652:
646:
642:Late Permian
631:
621:
583:
564:
558:
554:
548:
542:
539:Richard Owen
532:
522:
518:South Africa
507:
503:Richard Owen
496:
475:remnants in
470:
454:warm-blooded
451:
441:Lystrosaurus
439:
433:
432:
417:
415:
410:Stahleckeria
408:
377:
369:
327:Late Permian
299:Dicynodontia
298:
297:
286:
268:Dicynodontia
267:
258:
252:Chainosauria
242:
216:
203:
150:
149:Skeleton of
131:
130:Skeleton of
35:Dicynodontia
29:
5521:Dicynodonts
5478:Wikispecies
5421:Dromasauria
5319:Elatosaurus
5305:Diaelurodon
5298:Cristonasus
5284:Calleonasus
5194:Sangusaurus
5139:Pentasaurus
5132:Moghreberia
5109:Placeriinae
5067:Wadiasaurus
4963:Tetragonias
4714:Dinanomodon
4686:Counillonia
4601:Pelanomodon
4587:Bulbasaurus
4498:Idelesaurus
4387:Kembawacela
4323:Kingoriidae
4296:Myosauridae
4249:Emydorhinus
4229:Emydopoidea
4202:Endothiodon
4168:Prosictodon
4134:Pristerodon
4113:Eodicynodon
3937:Parasuminia
3910:Tiarajudens
3882:Novocynodon
3861:Anomodontia
3848:Anomodontia
3811:Anomodontia
3726:Anomodontia
3477:: 184–203.
3152:: 583–597.
2459:(4): 1–11.
2427:Dromasauria
2386:Sangusaurus
2346:Pentasaurus
2332:Moghreberia
2279:Wadiasaurus
2190:Tetragonias
2031:Dinanomodon
1996:Counillonia
1978:Pelanomodon
1946:Idelesaurus
1938:Bulbasaurus
1850:Myosauridae
1815:Kingoriidae
1779:Kembawacela
1733:Emydopoidea
1713:Prosictodon
1685:Pristerodon
1671:Endothiodon
1638:Eodicynodon
1502:Emydopoidea
1338:Eodicynodon
1287:Below is a
1210:Moghreberia
1184:Wadiasaurus
1096:Pelanomodon
971:Pristerodon
938:Endothiodon
904:Myosauridae
892:Robertiidae
884:Kingoriidae
852:Eodicynodon
781:Systematics
756:Pleistocene
709:dinosaurs.
699:rhynchosaur
649:Great Dying
585:Eodicynodon
464:dicynodont
393:ceratopsian
323:mid-Permian
236:Anomodontia
18:Dicynodonts
5515:Categories
5396:Taognathus
5326:Eurycarpus
5187:Jachaleria
4956:Shansiodon
4936:Woznikella
4842:see below↓
4756:Turfanodon
4477:Bidentalia
4464:Bidentalia
4418:see below↓
4409:Bidentalia
4269:Emydopidae
4257:Palemydops
4031:see below↓
3982:Galechirus
3958:Venyukovia
3875:Biseridens
3820:see below↓
3768:Therapsida
3586:: 195–273.
3053:: 153–166.
2922:: e28589.
2743:: 111207.
2666:, (1969),
2621:: 103171.
2438:References
2379:Jachaleria
2308:Woznikella
2183:Shansiodon
2073:Turfanodon
1959:Geikiinae
1873:Bidentalia
1794:Emydopidae
1517:Bidentalia
1198:Woznikella
900:Emydopidae
740:Cretaceous
736:Queensland
673:(earliest
569:Bidentalia
514:San people
480:coprolites
466:coprolites
315:herbivores
307:anomodonts
229:Suborder:
223:Therapsida
5146:Placerias
5125:Lisowicia
5098:Sungeodon
4799:Jimusaria
4783:Basilodon
4749:Taoheodon
4735:Peramodon
4707:Dicynodon
4628:Oudenodon
4571:Geikiidae
4339:Kombuisia
4312:Myosaurus
4278:Compsodon
4242:Digalodon
4209:Niassodon
4154:Diictodon
4127:Nyaphulia
3799:Synapsida
3784:Synapsida
3759:Synapsida
3742:Kingdom:
3691:- Palaeos
3631:236406006
3565:131459807
3491:202908716
3456:130568551
3355:6 January
3176:0012-8252
3127:129331000
3119:0031-0301
3014:128602890
2992:: 53–59.
2765:251781291
2692:: e5358.
2651:233565963
2643:0895-9811
2596:210304700
2588:2056-2799
2549:239890042
2339:Placerias
2325:Lisowicia
2301:Sungeodon
2101:Jimusaria
2093:Basilodon
2038:Peramodon
2024:Dicynodon
2003:Taoheodon
1932:Geikiidae
1917:Oudenodon
1863:Myosaurus
1835:Niassodon
1828:Kombuisia
1800:Compsodon
1739:Digalodon
1699:Diictodon
1652:Nyaphulia
1314:oelofseni
1289:cladogram
1283:Phylogeny
1043:Myosaurus
1004:Diictodon
844:Oudenodon
840:Dicynodon
832:Oudenodon
827:Oudenodon
797:Dicynodon
775:cynodonts
767:Paleocene
719:Lisowicia
683:Olenekian
660:Kombuisia
654:Myosaurus
623:Lisowicia
396:dinosaurs
371:Diictodon
343:burrowers
319:synapsids
311:therapsid
210:Synapsida
183:Kingdom:
177:Eukaryota
152:Placerias
133:Diictodon
5463:Wikidata
5277:Baiopsis
4970:Vinceria
4728:Kunpania
4721:Gordonia
4560:Katumbia
4537:Elphidae
4519:Rastodon
4505:Keyseria
4195:Abajudon
4175:Robertia
4161:Eosimops
3930:Otsheria
3750:Chordata
3748:Phylum:
3744:Animalia
3650:(1988),
3530:84492986
3414:12803915
3329:30467179
3280:23741307
3240:PLOS ONE
3217:92370138
2967:PLOS One
2948:28716184
2854:: 1–17.
2718:30123702
2541:34702071
2517:(1961).
2488:Postilla
2473:91926999
2421:See also
2197:Vinceria
2066:Katumbia
2052:Gordonia
1746:Rastodon
1720:Robertia
1706:Eosimops
1664:Abajudon
1108:Gordonia
786:Taxonomy
744:Gondwana
729:Rhaetian
687:Ladinian
675:Triassic
510:rock art
426:and the
384:synapsid
347:browsers
335:Triassic
289:Taxonomy
197:Chordata
193:Phylum:
187:Animalia
173:Domain:
5469:Q131682
4285:Emydops
3996:Galepus
3989:Galeops
3951:Ulemica
3944:Suminia
3611:Bibcode
3405:1691326
3396:3558635
3307:Bibcode
3299:Science
3271:3669350
3248:Bibcode
3154:Bibcode
3082:: 1–24.
3076:Zootaxa
2939:5515572
2884:Lethaia
2856:Bibcode
2788:Bibcode
2745:Bibcode
2709:6086091
2623:Bibcode
2532:8548784
2494:: 1–51.
1807:Emydops
906:), and
771:mammals
691:Carnian
685:to the
590:Permian
487:History
477:Permian
389:turtles
5498:164268
5347:Koupia
4594:Geikia
3629:
3563:
3528:
3489:
3454:
3412:
3402:
3394:
3327:
3278:
3268:
3215:
3205:
3174:
3125:
3117:
3012:
2946:
2936:
2763:
2716:
2706:
2649:
2641:
2594:
2586:
2547:
2539:
2529:
2471:
1971:Geikia
1079:Geikia
878:, and
820:) and
725:Poland
721:bojani
703:Norian
671:Induan
663:, and
339:genera
275:, 1859
4526:Syops
3764:Clade
3755:Clade
3627:S2CID
3561:S2CID
3526:S2CID
3487:S2CID
3452:S2CID
3432:(PDF)
3392:JSTOR
3213:S2CID
3123:S2CID
3072:(PDF)
3010:S2CID
2916:eLife
2761:S2CID
2686:PeerJ
2647:S2CID
2592:S2CID
2545:S2CID
2469:S2CID
2117:Syops
428:ilium
400:tusks
380:skull
303:clade
287:see "
259:Clade
243:Clade
217:Clade
204:Clade
4546:Elph
3797:see
3410:PMID
3357:2019
3325:PMID
3276:PMID
3203:ISBN
3172:ISSN
3115:ISSN
3080:2018
3051:1859
2944:PMID
2714:PMID
2639:ISSN
2584:ISSN
2537:PMID
2045:Elph
902:and
842:and
800:and
752:Plio
547:and
473:hair
391:and
273:Owen
56:PreꞒ
3619:doi
3553:doi
3518:doi
3479:doi
3444:doi
3400:PMC
3384:doi
3380:270
3315:doi
3303:363
3266:PMC
3256:doi
3195:doi
3162:doi
3150:171
3107:doi
3002:hdl
2994:doi
2934:PMC
2924:doi
2892:doi
2864:doi
2852:411
2827:doi
2823:160
2796:doi
2784:232
2753:doi
2741:604
2704:PMC
2694:doi
2631:doi
2619:108
2576:doi
2527:PMC
2519:doi
2515:288
2492:109
2461:doi
516:of
305:of
42:to
5517::
5495::
5480::
5465::
3766::
3757::
3625:.
3617:.
3607:41
3605:.
3584:91
3582:.
3559:.
3549:44
3547:.
3524:.
3514:38
3512:.
3508:.
3485:.
3475:77
3473:.
3450:.
3438:.
3434:.
3408:.
3398:.
3390:.
3378:.
3374:.
3346:.
3323:.
3313:.
3301:.
3297:.
3274:.
3264:.
3254:.
3242:.
3238:.
3211:.
3201:.
3170:.
3160:.
3148:.
3144:.
3121:.
3113:.
3103:45
3101:.
3097:.
3078:.
3074:.
3059:^
3049:.
3022:^
3008:.
3000:.
2988:.
2984:.
2965:.
2942:.
2932:.
2918:.
2914:.
2888:49
2886:.
2862:.
2850:.
2821:.
2817:.
2794:.
2782:.
2759:.
2751:.
2739:.
2735:.
2712:.
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