784:. The Canterbury Association had clear and simple plans. A block of one million acres (4,000 km²) was to be acquired from the New Zealand Company and sold to intending immigrants at £3 per acre.’ (Century of Change, ). The Canterbury Association did not want to have the same problems that The New Zealand Company had with absentee ownership in their settlements. To combat this, the Association required land purchasers or their representatives to be present in the colony before they could buy land. Unfortunately land sales were disappointing and even after a campaign promoting the Canterbury settlement the first batch of settlers included 545 with assisted passages and only 40 paying the full price. Because there were so few people there was not a varied range of labourers available, the majority of settlers were farmers and as a result it took longer to get the settlement underway.
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offered jobs working on establishing roads in the New
Plymouth area. This originally brought a large number of settlers to the region but in 1843 it was no longer financially viable for the English company in charge of this arrangement to offer this opportunity. The company in England to reduce spending gave the local agent and as a result they ended the offer of employment provided by the company. Because of the lack of employment opportunities that this resulted in many settlers left New Plymouth choosing to move to
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899:. This heavenly image also did a lot to attract settlers to New Zealand, as it was such a welcome contrast to the rain and cold weather in England. Many settlers also believed that the paradise New Zealand was presented as would be good for their families' health as the warm weather as well as the small population in New Zealand could keep dangerous diseases that were arising in England to a minimum in New Zealand.
35:
757:. Because of the isolation in Otago and the lack of previous development in the area, it was difficult to attract prospective farm owners. However the resident agent for the New Zealand Company who lived in the area was determined to get the scheme underway. A promotional campaign started up in Scotland and a public meeting in the
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thousands of people who would have had no hope of owning land in the United
Kingdom were given the opportunity to do so in New Zealand. Settlers found this attractive because they could farm it and make money from it as well as being able to keep it in the family for future generations. Few of the new settlers understood Māori.
669:. This posed a problem as Wellington was an agricultural settlement but there were few people with the skills to farm the land. It was clear that neither the occupational or social composition of this early settlement was varied and as a result this assisted in giving Wellington a shaky beginning as a developing settlement.
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and so, to save face they chose to exaggerate the positive sides of living in New
Zealand and keep quiet about the negative factors. This writing of letters by settlers back to their families in the United Kingdom resulted in a chain reaction as more and more people were encouraged to come out and join their families.
823:. These formed a defensive ring against any possible Māori attack from the south. By 1853 there were approximately 8,000 people living in the Auckland area, with a wide range of skills among them and with about 17,000 acres (69 km²) in crops. Auckland was the closest in New Zealand to an agricultural settlement.
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Trades Hall inspired people enough to warrant the use of two ships to transport the new settlers to New
Zealand. It did take time to establish the settlement in Otago mainly because the majority of the Scottish settlers were only working class and relatively poor. This meant that occupation wise they
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was the second
Wakefield settlement to be established although it was set up with some reluctance. Late 1840 Wellington settlers found that there was insufficient land available in their original settlement to satisfy their land claims and Colonel Wakefield was forced to offer them the option of land
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could encourage people to write exaggerated letters to their relatives in the hope of luring their extended families to join them thus providing them with some comfort. There were also settlers who were afraid to admit to their families back home that they had made a mistake in coming to New
Zealand
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In New
Zealand, Bell (2004, 2006, 2009) demonstrated this approach as she examined the motivations of the dominant majority in relation to white guilt, settler identity and biculturalism. She concluded that without critical reflection, the words and actions of white people can sustain the continued
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had served as a chance to acknowledge wrongs and resolve Pākehā guilt, the opportunity was missed; "Without the mirror image of unexpiated guilt, a necessary process in the recognition and validation of a shared reality, Pākehā guilt moved, not onto the next stage of externalised shame, but into an
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in New
Zealand as in Britain. Settlers were also offered free passage and the possibility of eventually buying land at an affordable price, but high enough to make them work manually for a few years to raise the necessary funds. This principle was applied in many areas throughout New Zealand, and
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first visited the islands. Between 1805 and 1835 the
European population grew very slowly. Most Europeans were itinerant sailors. The Bay of Islands and the Hokianga in Northland had the most Europeans with about 200 in the 1830s. Before 1835, most migrants were runaway sailors, escaped convicts,
902:
Another factor in attracting people to New
Zealand was families who had already settled writing to their relatives back in Great Britain telling them what a wonderful place New Zealand was. Sometimes these letters were sincere and people truly had discovered a much better life in New Zealand and
920:
Another factor in attracting people to New Zealand was undoubtedly the prospect of owning land. The New Zealand Company had purchased large amounts of land from local Māori, which they were willing to sell to settlers at a low price as a way of attracting them to New Zealand. The scheme worked,
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was the following settlement to be established. Originally the development of the settlement was organised by the Plymouth Company but they merged with the New Zealand Company in 1840, resulting in New Plymouth becoming the next Wakefield settlement. Workers were attracted from England by being
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after local Māori pleaded with him to buy the land to protect them from the feared Ngāpuhi invaders. After 1847 large numbers (over 2,500) of retired British soldiers called Fencibles and their families came to Auckland and established new outlying settlements at Panmure, Howick, Ōtāhuhu and
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population in Wanganui and they disputed the questionable land purchase by the New Zealand Company. There was unrest between the Māori and Pākehā until 1848, when Donald Maclean, an assistant to the Native Protector, sorted out boundaries and land title by purchasing the area officially.
991:
was an expression of residual "liberal Pākehā guilt" in its "extolling Māori spiritual superiority and pandering to the stereoptype of crass Western materialism, Pākehā seek to compensate Māori for their political powerlessness without actually changing the status quo".
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attracted thousands of people during the 1840s. This continued into the 1850s, with unprecedented masses of Pākehā settlers arriving from Britain and other European countries, most of which understood little of local
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did everything for themselves, unable to afford to employ labour. Once the settlement had got under way most settlers had succeeded in establishing themselves on farms and were making money from agricultural work.
801:
was initially an unplanned settlement, established solely by settlers themselves through migration and immigration to the area. Land was easy to purchase from Māori as the isthmus had been fought over by many
661:
from England in 1840. At this point the majority of immigrants sailed from England, particularly London, but may have originated elsewhere in the UK. Most of those who arrived were timber workers,
716:. This did leave more job opportunities for the remaining settlers and by the mid-1850s New Plymouth began to prosper; by that time it had a population of 2000. It had the resources to export
944:, and the autonomy of local communities". Property rights came with a new and foreign understanding, alien to the native customs; both an ideological and distinctively European concept.
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from England to set up homes and farms in New Zealand. As part of its marketing, the company promoted New Zealand as ‘a Britain of the South’. The company wanted a range of people from
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940:, European emigrants to New Zealand transported over many of their cultural and political norms; "Pākehā settlers brought with them a profound belief in self-reliance,
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The voyage from England to New Zealand was long and arduous and often took over three months so settlers choosing to move to New Zealand had to have good incentives.
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cultural practices, their settlement resulted in the social and occupational composition of Wanganui being much the same as Wellington. There was already a
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in an insistent and persistent exercise of forceful measures to individualise land holdings and to promote colonisation by Pākehā settlers".
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or fled or welcomed the protection afforded by large numbers of Europeans and their technology. The whole of eastern Auckland was bought by
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1321:
Avril Bell (2004). "'Cultural vandalism' and Pākehā politics of guilt and responsibility". In Paul Spoonley; David George Pearson (eds.).
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Early Pākehā settlers brought a range of European customs with them to what would become New Zealand. According to Christchurch newspaper
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was the first official settlement set up by the New Zealand Company for recently arrived immigrants. The first settlers arrived at
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berry to make jam. As more settlers arrived, feral pigs released during the earliest visits to the islands, which became known as
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did give many settlers false hopes, manipulating their reasons. These posters often described New Zealand as an island
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dominance of the white majority through 'the avoidance of engagement and responsibility' (Bell, 2004, p. 90).
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the objective of this chapter is to trace the ideological origins of this European concept of property rights
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In the 2004 essay "'Cultural vandalism' and Pākehā politics of guilt and responsibility", the concept of
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was still the main cause of unnatural death among them. The 1906–1908 Native Land Commission, headed by
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mostly. Large-scale organised migration from Britain to other regions began in the 1840s, such as to
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1159:"Sarjeant Gallery: Early settlers brought love of arts to Whanganui Pukenamu Queen's Park Reserve"
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was said to reject the "cringing guilt" from the legacy of Pākehā settlers, after the government
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immigrants. Fred Tuckett was employed to find the settlement and do the surveying. He settled on
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types, became scarcer as they were over-hunted. Despite often being poor and burdened with debt,
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wanted their relatives to share in the spoils, but sometimes there were other motives. Pure
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Buying the Land Selling the Land: Governments and Maori Land in the North Island 1865–1921
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Safeguarding the Public Health : A History of the New Zealand Department of Health
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established the New Zealand Company in 1839. This company was established to attract
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In 1842 the New Zealand Company decided that they would establish a settlement for
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Tuberculosis remained the major cause of death among Pakeha settlers after 1900
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settlers working and farming new land benefited from the infrastructure of the
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1059:"A Pākehā's tale: Wide-eyed in the early days of the settlement of Canterbury"
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compared the cultural impact of European settlement in the islands with the
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Onehunga. They were organised by Governor Grey and the force was called
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European settlers were still arriving well into the 20th century, with
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In 1848 the Canterbury Association was formed after a meeting between
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White Privilege: Exploring the (in)visibility of Pakeha whiteness
847:, encouraged the sale of unoccupied or seemingly underdeveloped
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to other settlements and the land was extremely cultivatable.
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28:
538:, began arriving in the country in the early 19th century as
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Tangata Tangata: The Changing Ethnic Contours of New Zealand
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internal and enclosed narcissism". In 2007, anthropologist
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An early custom of European settlers was to use the native
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in the Wanganui settlement. Bringing with them England's
1215:"Te Kooti Tango Whenua": The Native Land Court 1864–1909
1025:(1st ed.). New Zealand: Hodder Moa. pp. 69–70.
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sealers, whalers and missionaries with their families.
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and the native population had either been killed as at
1038:"New Zealand nightshade's potentially poisonous berry"
608:-granted lands and protection by Land Transfer Acts.
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
542:of various types, initially settling around the
1352:"Taliban comparison draws fire for NZ minister"
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1265:Society And Politics New Zealand Social Policy
1021:Bronwyn Dalley and Gavin McLean, ed. (2005).
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1023:Frontier of Dreams: The Story of New Zealand
1374:A Political Economy of Neotribal Capitalism
1130:Maori and Pakeha: Race relations, 1912–1980
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119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1114:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
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855:suggests, by the early 20th century, "
851:lands to European settlers. Historian
665:drivers, shopkeepers, rope makers and
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1350:Gillian Bradford (4 December 2002).
57:adding citations to reliable sources
835:statistics showing that post-1900,
806:for several generations during the
68:"European settlers in New Zealand"
25:
1242:John McCrone (9 September 2012).
1157:Kyle Dalton (17 September 2019).
1107:Phillips, Jock (21 August 2013).
1057:John McCrone (10 February 2018).
1445:European diaspora in New Zealand
821:Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps
532:European settlers in New Zealand
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413:Foreshore and seabed controversy
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44:needs additional citations for
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420:Christchurch national crises
1295:Claire Frances Gray (2012),
891:, complete with white sandy
479:List of years in New Zealand
1440:19th century in New Zealand
962:Race Relations Commissioner
883:advertising New Zealand in
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978:has argued that while the
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578:immigration to New Zealand
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1184:Victoria University Press
1084:Victoria University Press
1036:Paul Gay (27 June 2018).
580:directly after 1769 when
572:Colony of New South Wales
1301:University of Canterbury
1244:"The business of NZ Inc"
534:, also known locally as
447:Pike River Mine disaster
380:and contemporary history
1450:Settlers of New Zealand
1078:Boast, Richard (2008).
1002:European New Zealanders
859:had overwhelmed tribal
778:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
700:History of New Plymouth
637:to establish a similar
623:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
1164:The New Zealand Herald
1128:Sheehan, Mark (1989).
867:Reasons for settlement
772:Canterbury Association
766:Canterbury Association
604:, with secure titles,
495:New Zealand portal
393:Māori protest movement
338:Responsible government
148:History of New Zealand
1410:Duke University Press
1263:Grant Duncan (2004).
1178:Derek A. Dow (1995).
853:David Vernon Williams
792:Further information:
566:Further information:
435:June 2011 earthquakes
1134:Macmillan Publishers
857:colonial state power
833:Department of Health
440:2019 mosque massacre
53:improve this article
1412:. p. 244-245.
1043:The Southland Times
968:destruction of the
794:History of Auckland
618:New Zealand Company
612:New Zealand Company
314:Temperance movement
279:New Zealand Company
1329:. p. 90-107.
782:John Robert Godley
582:Captain James Cook
576:There was minimal
304:Land confiscations
289:Treaty of Waitangi
1211:David V. Williams
980:Waitangi Tribunal
970:Buddhas of Bamyan
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109:December 2019
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64:Find sources:
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42:This article
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948:Pākehā guilt
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841:Robert Stout
837:tuberculosis
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827:20th century
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755:South Island
747:Presbyterian
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705:New Plymouth
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694:New Plymouth
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639:class system
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568:Pākehā Māori
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474:Bibliography
369:World War II
329:independence
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266:19th century
183:Capital city
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
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954:white guilt
875:Environment
808:Musket Wars
635:upper class
458:(2020–2022)
403:Rogernomics
364:World War I
284:Musket Wars
258:Archaeology
198:Environment
1434:Categories
1406:Excursions
1356:ABC Online
1008:References
905:loneliness
655:Wellington
650:Wellington
552:Canterbury
548:Wellington
540:immigrants
356:World Wars
327:Stages of
79:newspapers
1249:The Press
1064:The Press
937:The Press
909:isolation
879:Campaign
673:Whanganui
398:Think Big
388:Wool boom
218:Political
193:Education
178:Antarctic
1404:(2007).
1372:(2000).
1213:(1999).
996:See also
889:paradise
799:Auckland
788:Auckland
744:Scottish
714:Adelaide
712:or even
710:Auckland
678:Wanganui
667:artisans
627:settlers
590:poroporo
466:See also
431:February
378:Post-war
208:Military
188:Economic
164:Timeline
139:a series
137:Part of
1327:Cengage
966:Taliban
893:beaches
885:England
881:posters
812:Panmure
759:Glasgow
753:in the
663:bullock
422:(2010s)
213:Natural
93:scholar
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722:barley
659:Petone
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450:(2010)
416:(2004)
230:Postal
223:Voting
141:on the
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849:Māori
751:Otago
732:Otago
718:wheat
687:Māori
606:Crown
556:Otago
203:Māori
100:JSTOR
86:books
1414:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1088:ISBN
916:Land
907:and
895:and
843:and
804:hapū
726:oats
724:and
570:and
554:and
429:and
72:news
633:to
55:by
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