714:
164:
2162:
595:. The fossil indicated that whales swam up and down with their vertebral column, which caused their feet to move up and down like otters and their land movements were similar to sea lions; even their limbs protracted and retracted on land. In contrast, the origin of cetaceans, which includes whales, began as four-legged land animals who actively used locomotion and were great runners as a result.
700:
142:
401:
606:. Speculation is that many major marine banks flourished with the presence of this prehistoric whale. According to the location of fossil findings, the animals preferred a shallow habitat that neighbored decent-sized land. Assortments of limestone, dolomite, stone mud and other varieties of different coloured sands have been predicted to be a favourable habitat for
422:
541:
had a thickened skull bone known as the auditory bulla, which was specialized for underwater hearing. Cetaceans also all categorically exhibit a large mandibular foramen within the lower jaw, which holds a fat pack and extends towards the ear, both of which are also associated with underwater
378:) period, about 50 million years ago. It was a wolf-like mammal, about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long, and lived in and around water where it ate fish and other animals. The vast majority of paleontologists regard it as the most
546:
is the only cetacean in which the mandibular foramen is small, as is the case in all terrestrial animals. It thus lacked the fat pad, and sounds reached its eardrum following the external auditory meatus as in terrestrial mammals. Thus the hearing mechanism of
439:
had a long snout; a typical complement of teeth that included incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; a distinct and flexible neck; and a very long and robust tail. As in most land mammals, the nose was at the tip of the snout.
1337:
Gingerich, Philip D. (2003a). "Land-to-sea transition in early whales: evolution of Eocene
Archaeoceti (Cetacea) in relation to skeletal proportions and locomotion of living semiaquatic mammals".
507:
argued that "the orbits ... of these cetaceans were located close together on top of the skull, as is common in aquatic animals that live in water but look at emerged objects. Just like
435:
looked very different from modern cetaceans, and its body shape more resembled those of land-dwelling hoofed mammals. Unlike all later cetaceans, it had four fully functional long legs.
533:
skeleton reveals several details regarding the creature's unique senses and provides a newfound ancestral link between terrestrial and aquatic animals. As previously mentioned, the
1123:
454:
with some teeth. Based on the detail of the teeth, the molars suggest that the animal could rend and tear flesh. Wear, in the form of scrapes on the molars, indicated that
443:
Reconstructions of pakicetids that followed the discovery of composite skeletons often depicted them with fur; however, given their relatively close relationships with
551:
is the only known intermediate between that of land mammals and aquatic cetaceans." With both the auditory and visual senses in mind, as well as the typical diet of
2255:
1374:
Gingerich, Philip D. (2003b). "Stratigraphic and micropaleontological constraints on the middle Eocene age of the mammal-bearing
Kuldana Formation of Pakistan".
684:, and the discovery of its cetacean-like inner ear, simultaneously put an end to the idea that whales were descended from mesonychids, while demonstrating that
844:
2326:
875:
537:
upward-facing eye placement was a significant indication of its habitat. Even more so, however, was its auditory abilities. Like all other cetaceans,
2242:
2321:
1601:
1153:
2316:
1209:
de Muizon, Christian (March 2009). "L'origine et l'histoire évolutive des Cétacés" [Origin and evolutionary history of cetaceans].
591:
Eocene in age. The discovery of
Pakicetus played an important role in solidifying the inferences that revolved around the evolution of
917:
1115:
1415:
675:, with a "double pulley" shape characteristic of artiodactyls. The redescription of the primitive, semi-aquatic small deer-like
2311:
1172:; Hussain, S. T. (2009). "New middle Eocene archaeocetes (Cetacea: Mammalia) from the Kuldana Formation of northern Pakistan".
2296:
671:, to which the mesonychids do not belong. In 2001, fossils of ancient whales were found that featured an ankle bone, the
2306:
1550:
West, Robert M (1980). "Middle Eocene large mammal assemblage with
Tethyan affinities, Ganda Kas region, Pakistan".
555:, one might assume that the creature was able to attack both aquatic and terrestrial prey from a low vantage point.
163:
1594:
517:, also suggestive of aquatic habitat" (since heavy bones provide ballast). "This peculiarity could indicate that
1358:
836:
887:
1305:, A New Archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan)"
2182:
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1300:
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1514:
1430:
1383:
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are thought to have been 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in length.
1238:
719:
1559:
1538:
1454:
1399:
1362:
1281:
1243:"Origin of Whales in Epicontinental Remnant Seas: New Evidence from the Early Eocene of Pakistan"
1197:
1149:
1084:
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158:
2273:
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1319:
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1226:
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1052:
785:
767:
705:
521:
could stand in water, almost totally immersed, without losing visual contact with the air."
382:
whale, representing a transitional stage between land mammals and whales. It belongs to the
360:
414:
Based on the sizes of specimens, and to a lesser extent on composite skeletons, species of
1762:
748:"A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales"
2220:
602:
bounded largely by shallow marine deposits typical of coastal environments caused by the
488:
Somewhat more complete skeletal remains were discovered in 2001, prompting the view that
1518:
1434:
1387:
1350:
1261:
1222:
1185:
1048:
763:
2078:
1979:
1782:
1502:
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1411:
1169:
667:. However, studies from molecular biology placed today's cetaceans within the group of
638:
514:
450:
The first fossil found consisted of an incomplete skull with a skull cap and a broken
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1844:
1833:
1805:
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2011:
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1819:
1812:
1773:
1741:
1542:
1458:
1416:"Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls"
664:
653:
represents a transitional taxon between extinct land mammals and modern cetaceans.
642:
603:
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is thought to have eaten fish and other small animals. The teeth also suggest that
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17:
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67:
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1571:
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618:, and therefore an ideal habitat for the evolution and diversification of the
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772:
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1964:
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1033:"Fossil Evidence for the Origin of Aquatic Locomotion in Archaeocete Whales"
634:
400:
175:
117:
61:
1450:
1277:
1080:
496:
wrote that "Pakicetids were terrestrial mammals, no more amphibious than a
1534:
799:
633:
was classified as an early cetacean due to characteristic features of the
421:
2199:
2032:
1629:
1241:; Wells, N. A.; Russell, Donald E.; Shah, S. M. Ibrahim (22 April 1983).
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2018:
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was part of an independent island-continent off the coastal region of
1641:
1623:
1526:
1442:
1312:
Contributions from the Museum of
Paleontology, the Museum of Michigan
564:
375:
205:
185:
50:
2176:
485:
as a semiaquatic, vaguely crocodile-like mammal, diving after fish.
1477:"From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises"
645:
bone only). It was recognized as the earliest member of the family
458:
ground its teeth as it chewed its food. Because of the tooth wear,
1505:; Hussain, S.T. (1993). "Origin Of Underwater Hearing in Whales".
592:
497:
420:
399:
352:
1395:
2234:
2180:
1583:
990:
988:
1475:; Cooper, Lisa Noelle; George, John C.; Bajpai, Sunil (2009).
1359:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0429:LTIEWE>2.0.CO;2
956:
944:
815:
504:
493:
912:. Topics in Paleobiology (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
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932:
583:
west of
Islamabad in northern Pakistan and were dated as
386:
with the closest living non-cetacean relative being the
571:, was found in 1981 in Pakistan. Subsequent fossils of
1414:; Williams, E. M.; Roe, L. J.; Hussain, S. T. (2001).
1031:
Thewissen, J. G. M.; Hussain, S. T.; Arif, M. (1994).
1006:
886:. NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine. Archived from
492:
was primarily a land animal about the size of a wolf.
335:
323:
575:
were also found in
Pakistan, hence the generic name
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2111:
2077:
1987:
1978:
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1843:
1781:
1772:
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1299:Gingerich, Philip D.; Russell, Donald E. (1981).
908:Marx, Felix; Lambert, Oliver; Uhen, Mark (2016).
746:Bajpai, S.; Gingerich, P. D. (22 December 1998).
994:
980:
656:
299:
278:
258:
752:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1116:"A life spent chasing down how whales evolved"
1595:
688:, and all other cetaceans, are artiodactyls.
8:
637:found only in cetaceans (namely, the large
2177:
1984:
1778:
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466:had herbivorous and omnivorous ancestors.
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447:, they may have had sparse body hair.
7:
1007:Cooper, Thewissen & Hussain 2009
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336:Cooper, Thewissen & Hussain 2009
324:Cooper, Thewissen & Hussain 2009
311:
479:It was illustrated on the cover of
1376:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1174:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1152:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
25:
2327:Taxa named by Philip D. Gingerich
1481:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1150:"Pakicetus (fossil Mammal Genus)"
2161:
2160:
835:Black, Riley (1 December 2010).
712:
698:
610:. During the Eocene, modern day
579:. The fossils were found in the
162:
1156:from the original on 2013-10-29
1126:from the original on 2015-11-05
874:Geisler, Jonathan; Ho, Melody.
847:from the original on 2014-03-10
513:, limb bones of pakicetids are
1114:Holmes, Bob (8 October 2014).
1:
2322:Fossil taxa described in 1981
1270:10.1126/science.220.4595.403
1057:10.1126/science.263.5144.210
995:Gingerich & Russell 1981
981:Thewissen & Hussain 1993
657:Gingerich & Russell 1981
598:The fossils came out of red
475:Possible semi-aquatic nature
300:Gingerich & Russell 1981
279:Gingerich & Russell 1981
259:Gingerich & Russell 1981
153:, Canadian Museum of Nature
2317:Prehistoric cetacean genera
2343:
1231:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.07.002
31:
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1494:10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2
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159:Scientific classification
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43:
837:"How Did Whales Evolve?"
773:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15464
32:Not to be confused with
1552:Journal of Paleontology
366:, which was endemic to
27:Genus of ancient whales
2312:Eocene mammals of Asia
1211:Comptes Rendus Palevol
728:Evolution of cetaceans
567:, a skull fragment of
429:
409:
2269:Paleobiology Database
1168:Cooper, Lisa Noelle;
1019:Gingerich et al. 1983
957:Thewissen et al. 2009
945:Thewissen et al. 2001
933:Gingerich et al. 1983
910:Cetacean Paleobiology
816:Thewissen et al. 2009
600:terrigenous sediments
505:Thewissen et al. 2009
494:Thewissen et al. 2001
424:
408:, compared to a human
403:
2297:Transitional fossils
1239:Gingerich, Philip D.
1194:10.1671/039.029.0423
884:Cetacean Family Tree
841:Smithsonian Magazine
559:History of discovery
525:Sensory capabilities
2307:Fossils of Pakistan
1519:1993Natur.361..444T
1473:Thewissen, J. G. M.
1435:2001Natur.413..277T
1412:Thewissen, J. G. M.
1388:2003JVPal..23..643G
1351:2003Pbio...29..429G
1262:1983Sci...220..403G
1223:2009CRPal...8..295D
1186:2009JVPal..29.1289C
1170:Thewissen, J. G. M.
1049:1994Sci...263..210T
764:1998PNAS...9515464B
758:(26): 15464–15468.
720:Paleontology portal
641:is formed from the
384:even-toed ungulates
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274:†Pakicetus inachus
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2183:Taxon identifiers
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1974:
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1726:Remingtonocetidae
1513:(6411): 444–445.
1503:Thewissen, J.G.M.
1429:(6853): 277–281.
1303:Pakicetus inachus
1256:(4595): 403–406.
1043:(5144): 210–212.
581:Kuldana Formation
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16:(Redirected from
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2100:
2093:
2088:Basilosaurus
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2059:
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2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2012:Cynthiacetus
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:Dorudontinae
1963:
1956:
1949:
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1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1888:Crenatocetus
1886:
1879:
1874:Aegyptocetus
1872:
1865:Protocetinae
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1825:
1820:Natchitochia
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1813:Georgiacetus
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1648:Artiodactyla
1555:
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1484:
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1462:. Retrieved
1426:
1422:
1396:10.1671/2409
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1339:Paleobiology
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1327:. Retrieved
1315:
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1302:
1289:. Retrieved
1253:
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892:. Retrieved
888:the original
883:
877:
849:. Retrieved
840:
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751:
741:
685:
679:
669:artiodactyls
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267:Type species
252:
251:
222:Infraorder:
216:Artiodactyla
150:
44:
38:
29:
2302:Pakicetidae
2215:Wikispecies
2143:Platyosphys
2095:Basiloterus
2061:Supayacetus
2040:Pontogeneus
2005:Chrysocetus
1998:Ancalecetus
1944:Qaisracetus
1930:Phiomicetus
1923:Peregocetus
1854:Makaracetus
1756:Kutchicetus
1701:Ambulocetus
1658:Pakicetidae
1611:Archaeocete
677:artiodactyl
647:Pakicetidae
620:Pakicetidae
394:Description
370:during the
364:Pakicetidae
239:Pakicetidae
60:50–48
2291:Categories
2129:Pachycetus
2122:Antaecetus
2054:Stromerius
2047:Saghacetus
2026:Masracetus
1958:Takracetus
1951:Rodhocetus
1937:Protocetus
1902:Gaviacetus
1895:Dhedacetus
1881:Artiocetus
1827:Pappocetus
1799:Babiacetus
1749:Dalanistes
1708:Gandakasia
1636:Vertebrata
1634:Subphylum
1572:4899161959
1464:2013-06-01
1329:2013-02-01
1291:2013-06-01
1160:2013-10-24
1141:References
1130:2018-12-02
894:2014-01-21
851:2020-11-16
673:astragalus
665:mesonychid
569:P. inachus
563:The first
542:hearing. "
535:Pakicetus'
426:P. inachus
331:P. chittas
307:P. attocki
295:P. inachus
151:P. attocki
34:Pachycetus
2221:Pakicetus
2191:Pakicetus
2136:Perucetus
2068:Zygorhiza
1965:Togocetus
1916:Maiacetus
1909:Indocetus
1792:Aegicetus
1674:Nalacetus
1667:Pakicetus
1404:131407382
1324:742729300
1065:0036-8075
878:Pakicetus
782:0027-8424
686:Pakicetus
661:Pakicetus
659:believed
651:Pakicetus
635:inner ear
631:Pakicetus
608:Pakicetus
577:Pakicetus
573:Pakicetus
553:Pakicetus
549:Pakicetus
544:Pakicetus
539:Pakicetus
531:Pakicetus
519:Pakicetus
503:However,
490:Pakicetus
464:Pakicetus
460:Pakicetus
456:Pakicetus
437:Pakicetus
433:Pakicetus
416:Pakicetus
406:Pakicetus
348:Pakicetus
319:P. calcis
312:West 1980
253:Pakicetus
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
45:Pakicetus
2200:Wikidata
2166:Category
2033:Ocucajea
1642:Mammalia
1630:Chordata
1624:Animalia
1622:Kingdom
1451:11565023
1367:86600469
1286:37602424
1278:17831411
1202:84127292
1154:Archived
1124:Archived
1089:20604393
1081:17839179
845:Archived
692:See also
681:Indohyus
663:to be a
649:. Thus,
612:Pakistan
510:Indohyus
452:mandible
404:Size of
372:Ypresian
368:Pakistan
357:cetacean
286:Species
232:Family:
206:Mammalia
196:Chordata
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
149:Cast of
55:Ypresian
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2206:Q310503
2102:Eocetus
2019:Dorudon
1628:Phylum
1564:1304193
1543:4319369
1535:8429882
1515:Bibcode
1459:4416684
1431:Bibcode
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1347:Bibcode
1258:Bibcode
1250:Science
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1182:Bibcode
1073:2882378
1045:Bibcode
1037:Science
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800:9860991
760:Bibcode
616:Eurasia
482:Science
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245:Genus:
226:Cetacea
212:Order:
202:Class:
129:↓
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565:fossil
445:hippos
376:Eocene
361:family
51:Eocene
2274:42935
2256:IRMNG
1560:JSTOR
1539:S2CID
1455:S2CID
1419:(PDF)
1400:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1308:(PDF)
1282:S2CID
1246:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1085:S2CID
1069:JSTOR
791:28065
734:Notes
585:early
498:tapir
380:basal
353:genus
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