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then pressed onto the slab. It picks up the ink from the grease, thus reproducing the drawing. The process can be repeated to make many copies. A multicolored print could be made using different blocks for different colors. For ceramics, the print was made onto duplex paper, with a thin layer of tissue paper facing a thicker layer of paper. A weak varnish was painted on the ceramic surface, which could be slightly curved, then the duplex paper pressed onto the surface. The tissue paper was soaked off before firing. Later techniques were developed to photographically copy images onto lithograph plates. The technique, with its ability to transfer fine detail, is considered most suitable for onglaze decoration, although it has been used for underglaze images.
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1617:. China painting also became popular in America. It was acceptable since it resembled other "parlor crafts" such as watercolor and glass painting. At first, men dominated the field of china painting as an artform. Thus Edward Lycett, who had learned his art in the Stoke-on-Trent potteries of England, moved to America where, "the only place where painting of the finer kind was being done as a regular business was at Mt. Lycett's wareroom; and here many ladies resorted to study the methods employed and the materials required." H.C. Standage wrote in
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eliminated. Eventually the technique evolved to use fine screens, with some areas blocked by a film and some lines or areas left open to allow paint to pass through. Techniques were developed to transfer images to screens photographically. The process was in use for ceramics by the mid-20th century, and is now the main way of decorating ceramics. It can be used to print curved shapes such as mugs with underglaze, onglaze, glaze, wax resist and heated thermoplastic colors.
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290:. Earthenware is opaque, with a relatively coarse texture, while porcelain is translucent, with a fine texture of minute crystals dispersed in a transparent glassy matrix. Industrial manufacturers of earthenware pottery biscuit-fire the body to the maturing range of the body, typically 1,100 to 1,160 °C (2,010 to 2,120 °F), then apply glaze and glaze-fire the piece at a lower temperature of about 1,060 to 1,080 °C (1,940 to 1,980 °F).
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1329:(1718–80). In the 1770s designs were often inspired by the Rococo style of early Sèvres pieces, including exotic birds or flowers on solid or patterned backgrounds. The company introduced a harder paste and harder, brighter glaze after 1796. Between 1804 and 1813 the partner Martin Barr Jr. was responsible for production of superbly painted ornamental vases with landscapes or designs of natural objects such as shells or flowers.
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1695. The
Japanese began to produce ware for export in 1660, but the supply was uncertain. Trade with China reopened at the end of the 17th century, but the Dutch had lost their monopoly. A French ship reached Canton in 1698, and an English ship in 1699. In the years that followed large quantities of porcelain manufactured in China for trade purposes were imported to Europe, much of it in English ships.
880:. Blue and white Chinese porcelains from the 14th to 16th centuries have also been found in peasant houses in Syria. Often the porcelain was designed for the market, with decorative designs that included prayers and quotations from the Koran in Arabic or Persian script. Large amounts of Ming porcelain had also been found in Iraq and Egypt, and also in Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, India and East Africa.
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circumstances. It was an excruciating experience to watch enormously gifted women squander their creative talents on teacups." Chicago was criticized by other feminists for her condescending views on "women's crafts." One wrote that "Chicago the feminist wants to give the china painters their historic due. Chicago the artist is offended by the aesthetic of what they have done."
981:(1706–75) was the most famous sculptor at Meissen, creating vigorous models of figures and groups. The pieces had bright glazes and were painted in enamels with strong colors. Meissen's processes were carefully guarded from competitors. The secrets gradually leaked out, and factories were established in Prussia and at Vienna by the 1720s. After Saxony was defeated in the
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437:(618–907 AD). Over the years that followed the quality of the porcelain, the design and decoration became extremely refined. The pieces were thin and finely made, with subtle glazes, and later with elaborate painted decorations. The Chinese began exporting porcelain throughout medieval Continental Asia and the Near East in the 9th century. By the time of the
231:. Soft-paste porcelain is fired to 1,000 to 1,100 °C (1,830 to 2,010 °F). The kiln must be raised to the precise temperature where the piece will vitrify, but no higher or the piece will sag and deform. Soft-paste porcelain is translucent and can be thinly potted. After firing it has similar appearance and properties to hard-paste porcelain.
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212:, or more commonly feldspar and quartz. The glaze is prepared from petuntse mixed with liquid lime, with less lime in the higher-quality glazes. The lime gives the glaze a hint of green or blue, a brilliant surface and a sense of depth. Hard-paste porcelain is fired to temperatures of 1,260 to 1,300 °C (2,300 to 2,370 °F).
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the roses, which seemed to be part of the porcelain on which they were painted. I became enormously curious as to how it had been done. The next year I went to Europe for the first time and found myself almost more interested in cases of painted porcelain than in the endless rows of paintings hanging on musty museum walls.
961:" did not contain china clay, and was only made in small quantities. In the late 17th century Louis Poterat tried to manufacture porcelain at Rouen, France. Little of this has survived. Tea drinking became fashionable in Europe at the start of the 18th century, and created increasing demand for Oriental-style porcelain.
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object. The technique is similar to watercolor painting. One advantage of overglaze china painting compared to oil or watercolor is the paint may be removed with a slightly wetted brush while the color is still moist, bringing back the original ground. Pieces with overglaze painting are often referred to as "enamelled".
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Chicago spent a year and a half studying china painting. She became intrigued by the effort that amateur women had put into the undervalued art form. She wrote, "The china-painting world, and the household objects the women painted, seemed to be a perfect metaphor for women's domestic and trivialized
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implicitly acknowledges its origins in China. Others say the use of cobalt blue as a pigment for painting pottery was developed in the Middle East, and adopted in China for painting porcelain. However, this has been disputed, since the earliest Middle-Eastern pottery with cobalt blue decoration, from
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The
Japanese began to make porcelain early in the 17th century, learning from Chinese and Korean craftsmen how to fire the pieces and make underglaze blue cobalt decoration and overglaze enamel painting. In the mid-17th century the Japanese found a growing market from European traders who were unable
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was invented in 1797, at first used in printing paper images. An image is drawn with a greasy crayon on a smooth stone or zinc surface, which is then wetted. The water remains on the stone but is repelled by the grease. Ink is spread on and is repelled by the water but remains on the grease. Paper is
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Overglaze china paints are made of ground mineral compounds mixed with flux. Paints may contain expensive elements including gold. The flux is a finely-ground glass, similar to porcelain glaze. The powdered paint is mixed with a medium, typically some type of oil, before being brushed onto the glazed
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dismissed the preconception that several firings were needed when the work included a variety of colors. She admitted that this could be desirable in porcelain factories, but it would not be practical for amateurs. McLaughlin always prepared her work for a single firing, using a technique similar to
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Porcelain factories in France, Germany, England and the United States produced plates, bowls, cups and other objects for decoration by china painters. In 1877 McLaughlin recommended the hard French porcelain blanks. The "blanks" were plain white, with a clear glaze, and could be fired several times.
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employed young women with artistic talent to create hand-painted or hand-colored art pottery. Until as late as 1939, women in the ceramic industry in
Britain were mostly confined to decorating, since they were thought to have special aptitude for repetitive detailed work. The trades' unions did what
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from engraved or etched copperplates or woodblocks dates to around 1750. The plate is painted with an oil-and-enamel pigment. The surface is cleaned, leaving the paint in the cut grooves. The paint is then transferred to "potter's tissue", a thin but tough tissue paper, using a press. The tissue is
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in using the term "China painting" in preference to "porcelain painting", although "porcelain" is preferred to "china" for the material being painted. The term "china painting" is sometimes used to refer only to overglaze painting, in contrast to underglaze decoration. This article uses the term in
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in 1759, which prospered. His jasper ware has been classed as a fine stoneware, but is similar to porcelain, although the raw materials differ from both. In 1805 his company began to make a hard-paste porcelain in small quantities. Some of this was richly painted in floral designs and gilt. In 1836
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was established in 1751, mainly producing high-quality blue underglaze painted porcelain. At first the decorations were hand painted. Around 1755 the factory introduced overglaze transfer printing, and in 1757–58 introduced underglaze blue transfer printing. Robert
Hancock (1730–1817) executed the
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was first introduced in Japan in the early 18th century, said to be the invention of
Yutensai Miyassak. The early Japanese version was a refinement to stenciling that used human hairs to hold together parts of the stencil, such as the outside and center of a circle, so that visible bridges could be
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The artist may begin by sketching their design with a china marker pencil. When the painted object is fired in a kiln, the china marker lines and the medium evaporate. The color particles melt and flatten on the glaze surface, and the flux bonds them to the glaze. At sufficient heat the underlying
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Open mediums do not dry in the air, while closed mediums do. An artist may prefer a medium that stays fluid for some time, may want one that dries hard, or may want a medium that remains somewhat sticky. If the medium dries hard the artist can build up layers of color, which will fuse together in a
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Traditional porcelain in China included painting under the glaze as well as painting over the glaze. With underglaze painting, as its name implies, the paint is applied to an unglazed object, which is then covered with glaze and fired. A different type of paint is used from that used for overglaze
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factory in Saxony was followed by other factories in
Germany, France, the UK and other European countries. Technology and styles evolved. The decoration of some hand-painted plates and vases from the 19th century resembles oil paintings. In the later part of the 19th century china painting became a
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During a trip up the northwest coast in the summer of 1971, I stumbled onto a small antique shop in Oregon and went in. There, in a locked cabinet, sitting on velvet, was a beautiful hand-painted plate. The shopkeeper took it out of the case, and I stared at the gentle color fades and soft hues of
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Overglaze decorations of earthenware, Faience or porcelain were traditionally made with carefully outlined designs that were then colored in. Later designs represented flowers, landscapes or portraits with little overpainting or blending of the colors. In the 20th century china painting techniques
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Wheeler's
Society of Decorative Art in New York taught pupils to paint simple floral motifs on ceramic tableware. The more talented and experienced china painters could move on to painting portrait plaques. Some women were able to develop professional careers as independent china painters. Rosina
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wrote of
Jingdezhen in 1712, "During a night entrance, one thinks that the whole city is on fire, or that it is one large furnace with many vent holes." The European traders began to supply models to show the manufacturers the form and decoration they required for tableware items unfamiliar to the
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with about 100,000 porcelain items. These were auctioned at
Amsterdam in August 1604 to buyers from across Europe. Over the period from 1604 to 1657 the Dutch may have brought 3,000,000 pieces of porcelain to Europe. Political upheavals then cut off most of the trade of porcelain from China until
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lamented the number of unqualified teachers who had failed to spend the six months or a year needed for a thorough artist to acquire reasonable knowledge of china painting techniques. The writer estimated that among the tens of thousands of professional and amateur china painters in the US there
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In the household china-painting affords amusement for the girls in the family during the hours their brothers and father leave for business, and return in the evening. To many such ladies, who have nothing better to do than novel reading, this method of filling their time will be esteemed a great
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treatment. The portraits were either made from the live sitter or from a photograph. One portrait of a young girl that has survived was painted on a white glazed earthenware blank from Josiah
Wedgwood & Sons. It is finely detailed, from the background of patterned wallpaper to the details of
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kilns in northern China began production early in the 8th century, where they produced sophisticated and beautiful porcelains and developed innovative kiln stacking and firing techniques. Ding ware had white bodies, and typically had an ivory-white glaze. However, some Ding ware had monochrome
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flux that melts and reacts with the other ingredients. The resulting material is strong, white and translucent, and resonates when struck. It is fired at a medium temperature, up to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F), which gives it a much better body than soft-paste objects with a glassy frit. The
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Porcelain painting was developed in China and later taken up in Korea and then Japan. Decorated Chinese porcelain from the 9th century has been found in the Middle East. Porcelain for trade with this region often has Islamic motifs. Trade with Europe began in the 16th century. By the early 18th
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Their price varied depending on size and complexity of the object's molding, ranging from a few cents to several dollars. The china painter could buy commercially produced powdered colors of mineral oxides mixed with a low-temperature flux. Some manufacturers sold paints pre-mixed with oil.
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Vincennes-Sèvres became the most famous porcelain factory in Europe in the later 18th century. It was known for its finely modeled and brightly colored artificial flowers, used to decorate objects such as clocks and candelabra. The factory at Sèvres was nationalized in 1793 after the
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copper plates and developed the process of transfer printing. Japanese-inspired designs were introduced in the late 1750s. Overglaze hand-painted polychrome decoration was also produced by "the best painters from Chelsea etc.", or by independent decorating shops such as that of
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Chinese. The French Jesuits provided paintings, engravers, enamels and even the painters themselves to the Imperial court, and these designs found their way into porcelain decoration. Colorful enamel paints, used in German tin-glazed pottery, gave rise to new techniques such as
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that could be used for small pieces. However, she recommended having the firing done by a professional, which would probably be safer, faster and cheaper. Often the amateur artist could take their work for firing to the same shop where they bought their colors and blanks.
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painting. The glaze has to be subject to very high temperatures to bond to the paste, and only a very limited number of colors can stand this process. Blue was commonly used under the glaze and other colors over the glaze, both in China and in Europe, as with English
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in Iraq in the 9th century, has Chinese shapes. At that time the potters in the region did not have the technology to make high-fire underglaze porcelain. It appears that the white glazed pottery with blue decoration was in imitation of imported porcelain from China.
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caused further damage. The industry recovered and produced new forms with white or white and blue glaze. In the late 19th century the loss of state support for the industry and the introduction of printed transfer decoration caused the traditional skills to be lost.
1296:" is thought to have been introduced about 1780 by Thomas Turner of the Caughley Pottery Works in Shropshire. It takes elements from various Chinese designs, including a willow tree, a pair of doves, a pavilion and three figures on a bridge over a lake. Spode and
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The roots of natural sponges were used in Scotland to make crude stamps to decorate earthenware pottery in the 19th century and early 20th century. Rubber stamps were introduced in the 20th century to decorate porcelain and bone china with gold lustred borders.
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from the 1690s. The Saint-Cloud painters were given the license to innovate, and produced lively and original designs, including blue-and-white pieces in the Chinese style and grotesque ornaments. A factory for white tin-glazed soft porcelain was founded at
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473:(1369–1644) production of blue and white and red and white ceramics peaked. The Jingdezhen artisans developed and perfected use of overglaze enamels in the second half of the 15th century. They excelled in their floral, abstract or calligraphic designs.
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China decoration by amateurs was popular in America between about 1860 and 1920. As the practice declined, the artists were encouraged to make their own designs and to learn to throw pots. Those who succeeded were among America's first studio potters.
1486:. The latter factory was transferred to Madrid in 1759 when Charles became king of Spain. Modeled figures were often not decorated, or were painted in subdued pastel colors. Porcelain was manufactured in Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Russia. The
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boon. Doubly so, since their work may be used either as decorations to the wall surface, if it be plaques they paint, or else disposed of at a profit to themselves to increase their pin-money, or may be given to some bazaar for charitable purposes.
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from 1776, was a pioneer in use of steam-powered machinery for making pottery. He perfected the process for transfer printing from copper plates. His son, Josiah Spode the younger, began making bone china around the end of the 18th century, adding
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underglazing the decoration is typically fairly simple, using outline extensively and broad shading. The Japanese were known for their skill in depicting flowers, plants and birds in underglaze paintings that used the fewest possible brushstrokes.
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The Chinese define porcelain as a type of pottery that is hard, compact and fine-grained, that cannot be scratched by a knife, and that resonates with a clear, musical note when hit. It need not be white or translucent. This porcelain is made from
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to 1,220 to 1,300 °C (2,230 to 2,370 °F). Because the glost temperature is higher than the biscuit temperature, the glaze reacts with the body. The body also releases gases that bubble up through the glaze, affecting the appearance.
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single firing. This can create unusual intensity or depth of color. If the medium remains sticky the artist can add to the design by dusting more color onto the surface, or can dust on an overglaze powder to create a high gloss surface.
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John Martin testified before a select committee of the British House of Commons on Arts and Manufactures. He considered that china painting was in decline in his country and no original designs were being produced. He acknowledged that
1717:. The magazine found a ready market, with many subscribers in the US, Europe and other countries. It became recognized as the authority on all aspects of china painting, and continued to be published until 1901. An 1891 editorial in
1335:(1730–95) came from a family of potters. In 1754 he formed a partnership to make earthenware, and became interested in coloring. He invented a rich green glaze for use in leaf and fruit patterns. He established his own pottery in
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coloring in Chinese porcelain. Designs of European origin found their way onto many porcelain items made in China for export to Europe. At least 60 million pieces of Chinese porcelain were imported to Europe in the 18th century.
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period (918–1392) there was high demand for Chinese porcelain, and Korean potters used the imports as models. Distinctively Korean designs had emerged by the end of the 12th century, and the white porcelain of the reign of
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they could to handicap women even in these occupations, for example refusing to allow them to use hand rests. Often the women were used for subordinate tasks such as filling in outlines or adding decorative sprigs.
313:, but different pigments are used due to the different body characteristics and firing temperatures. Generally earthenware painting uses bolder, simpler designs, while china painting may be finer and more delicate.
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1142:(1823–91) introduced manufacture of siliceous soft-paste pieces. The factory could make large objects that did not crack or split, and that could be decorated in rich colors due to the low firing temperature.
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and fired again to bond the paint with the glaze. Most pieces use only one of underglaze or overglaze painting, the latter often being referred to as "enamelled". Decorations may be applied by brush or by
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became more like oil painting, with blended colors and designs in which attention to light gives three-dimensional effects. More recently a style more like watercolor painting has become more common.
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then positioned face-down over the ceramic and rubbed to transfer the paint to the surface. This technique was introduced for both underglaze and overglaze transfer in Worcester in the mid-1750s.
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For the duration of the china painting craze, between about 1880 and 1920, many books on pottery making, focusing on painting, were published for the amateur in England and America, for example,
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was among the first porcelain manufacturing centers in the south of China, with ready access to kaolin and petunse. In its day it was the world's most important center of porcelain production.
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1498:. It featured neoclassical designs with dark ground colors and antique-style cameo painting, including reproductions of engravings of Russian peasants. In 1803 the factory was reorganized by
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433:(206 BC – 220 AD) in an attempt to make vessels similar to the glass vessels that were being imported from Syria and Egypt at the time. Certainly porcelain was being made in China in the
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in East London. Bone china was also made at Lowestoft, at first mainly decorated in underglaze blue but later with Chinese-style over-glaze that also included pink and red.
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in Saxony was the first to successfully manufacture hard-paste porcelain in Europe. Painted porcelain wares that imitated oriental designs were being produced after 1715.
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Factories also opened in France and England, and porcelain wares began to be produced in higher volumes at lower prices. In France, soft-paste porcelain was produced at
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paints change color in the great heat. A light violet may turn into a dark blue, and a pale pink into a brown-crimson. The artist must anticipate these changes. With
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Underglaze painting requires considerably more skill than overglaze, since defects in the painting will often become visible only after the firing. During firing even
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Some writers suspect that porcelain may have been independently invented in Persia alongside China, where it has been made for many centuries, but the Persian word
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In the 16th century the Portuguese developed a limited trade in commonplace blue-and-white ware manufactured in China. In 1604 the Dutch captured a Portuguese
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1654:. His book, published by a supplier of artists' materials, carried many adverts for colours and pottery blanks, brushes and teachers of pottery painting.
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Soft-paste porcelain was invented in Europe. Soft-paste porcelain made in England from about 1745 used a white-firing clay with the addition of a glassy
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English Porcelain: A Handbook to the China Made in England During the Eighteenth Century as Illustrated by Specimens Chiefly in the National Collections
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985:(1756–63) the methods of making porcelain became widely known. By the late 18th century there were twenty-three porcelain factories in Germany. The
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441:(960–1279) the porcelain makers had achieved a high level of skill. Some experts consider their work to be unsurpassed in its purity of design.
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was in use in the 17th century. A pattern is cut out of a paper form, which is placed on the ceramic. Paint is then dabbed through the stencil.
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respectable hobby for middle-class women in North America and Europe. More recently interest has revived in china painting as a fine art form.
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and took four hundred potters as prisoners to Japan. The Korean porcelain industry was destroyed while the Japanese industry boomed. The
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decoration may then be applied, followed by glaze, which is fired so it bonds to the body. The glazed porcelain may then be painted with
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ware, made from the commonest materials, could be beautiful works of art. However, he preferred plain ware to poorly decorated ware.
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designs, using the Kakiemon colors of iron red, pale yellow, clear blue and turquoise green. Soft-paste porcelain was also made at
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China Trade Porcelain: Patterns of Exchange: Additions to the Helena Woolworth McCann Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
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tried to obtain backing to manufacture painted porcelain in Vienna in 1777. He failed, but later became known for his still-life
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607:-style decorations included patterns of birds and foliage, and influenced designs used in European factories. The very refined
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1138:, near Limoges. The factory produced many different painted designs for decoration. Later in the 19th century the art director
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China painting became a fashionable hobby for wealthy young women in England in the 1870s. This followed the establishment by
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1810:(1864–1929), American artist known primarily for his beautiful China painting, floral paintings and California landscapes.
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glaze softens, or "opens". The color is strongly bonded to the glaze and the surface of the finished object is glossy.
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1804:(1758–1828), English ceramic artist, gilder and potter. His technique of painting gave rise to the 'Billingsley Rose'.
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The first soft paste porcelain manufactured in Britain came from factories in London, soon followed by factories in
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and porcelain the body is usually biscuit fired to 950 to 1,000 °C (1,740 to 1,830 °F), and then glost or
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opened a gallery in Regent Street where they put on annual china painting exhibitions judged by members of the
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developed a distinctive style of overglaze enamel decoration, typically using iron red, yellow and soft blue.
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can retain their composition and bond to the surface. This gives a wider range of colors for decoration.
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of a pottery painting studio in Kensington that provided employment for female graduates of the nearby
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18th century Chinese porcelain with underglaze blue, overglaze enamels. Mounts are 19th century French.
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were not exported until the 19th century, but used for presentation wares among Japan's feudal elite.
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The Pottery Notebook of Maude Robinson: A Woman's Contribution to Art Pottery Manufacture, 1903--1909
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For many years china painting was categorized as a craft, but in the 1970s feminist artists such as
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museum in Istanbul. Another large collection of 805 pieces of Chinese porcelain, donated to the
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was developed in England, with the first patent taken out in 1744. Bone china was perfected by
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4376:
3962:
3936:
3909:
3903:
3865:
3834:
3802:
3754:
3727:
3721:
3688:
3647:
China Painting: A Practical Manual for the Use of Amateurs in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain
3625:
3586:
3578:
3557:
3551:
3489:
3462:
3456:
3435:
3408:
3381:
3348:
3321:
3294:
3267:
3261:
3208:
3188:
1659:
1651:
1610:
1224:
1131:
970:
873:
865:
826:
394:
174:
162:
145:
3956:
3796:
3748:
3663:
3429:
3402:
3342:
3315:
3244:
3202:
1667:
lacework and individual strands of hair, giving a realistic effect in the English tradition.
4586:
4544:
4526:
4400:
4382:
4358:
4331:
4151:
4133:
4034:
3645:
3483:
3377:
3288:
1862:
1782:
1536:
1491:
1228:
1139:
958:
936:
710:
600:
345:
69:
31:
305:
The same techniques are used to paint the various types of porcelain and earthenware, both
4753:
4574:
4466:
4364:
4226:
4121:
1925:(1854–1956), British 'Royal Worcester' painter best known for his 'Highland Cattle' scenes
1859:(1888–1960), Hungarian painter known for early innovations in Hungarian porcelain painting
1332:
588:
458:
453:
method, where surface layers were scaped away to expose a ground with a different color.
412:
334:
196:
166:
3775:
3553:
Eighteenth-century English Porcelain in the Collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art
1771:
4777:
4538:
4231:
4115:
3854:
3681:
1844:
1838:
1807:
1698:
1416:
1293:
1280:
893:
869:
852:
Chinese porcelain was prized by wealthy people in the Middle East from the time of the
608:
565:
64:
51:
3510:
1853:(1718–1780), a decorator of Worcester, Derby, Bow and Chelsea porcelain and also glass
250:
and 25% china clay. The stone and clay are both derived from granite. The stone is a
4823:
4580:
4341:
4067:
4049:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
1904:
1356:
1348:
1297:
1256:
247:
726:
is quite unique. In 1424 there were 139 kilns in Korea producing porcelain. In 1592
234:
The use of calcined animal bones in porcelain was suggested in Germany in 1689, but
4679:
4097:
3370:
1922:
1856:
1813:
1750:
1663:
1579:
Products of the Russian Imperial Porcelain Factory, 2nd quarter of the 19th century
1276:
920:
914:
Jingdezhen production expanded to meet the demand for export porcelain. The Jesuit
853:
561:
523:
503:
470:
466:
438:
434:
320:
298:
239:
220:
4388:
3078:
1992:
the broad sense of painted decoration of ceramics, either overglaze or underglaze.
1564:
1478:
Porcelain was made in Italy in the 18th century in Venice, in Florence and in the
1697:
watercolors to finish the painting. At that time an amateur could obtain a small
4290:
4246:
4241:
4127:
2009:, meaning cowrie shell. The material resembles the shell in its glossy surface.
1963:
1874:
1268:
719:
697:
612:
584:
430:
401:
256:
251:
17:
3823:
3702:
3606:
105:
objects such as plates, bowls, vases or statues. The body of the object may be
4659:
4221:
1690:
A Practical Manual for the use of Amateurs in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain
1355:
popularized one-of-a-kind, hand-crafted objects. Commercial potteries such as
682:
627:
596:
592:
557:
454:
386:
Transfer printed bowl, Abbey pattern, Petrus Regout, Netherlands, 20th century
341:
306:
235:
149:
114:
3856:
Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists' Writings
429:
Possibly, as some authors claim, porcelain was already being made during the
144:
Typically the body is first fired in a kiln to convert it into a hard porous
4091:
4085:
4013:
1264:
747:
507:
450:
445:
294:
283:
267:
126:
102:
3431:
The Dinner Party: Judy Chicago and the Power of Popular Feminism, 1970-2007
1303:
591:
ware by the Europeans, after the shipping port. Porcelain only painted in
1798:(1782–1821), English porcelain painter, watercolor painter and illustrator
1662:, became well known for her ceramic portrait plaques, with characteristic
1398:
Royal Worcester soft-paste tea canister, transfer-printed in black enamel
579:
to obtain Chinese porcelain due to political upheavals. Brightly-coloured
316:
4508:
4236:
4079:
1787:
1341:
1285:
1107:
1069:
Frankenthal, Johann Friedrich Lück, couple with bagpipes and hurdy-gurdy
950:
648:
604:
243:
209:
173:
century European manufacturers had discovered how to make porcelain. The
134:
469:
the use of underglaze cobalt blue decoration became popular. During the
4759:
4604:
4568:
4073:
1950:(1737–1806), German genre, portrait and porcelain painter, and engraver
1738:
1602:
1360:
1336:
974:
907:
857:
845:
770:
462:
390:
287:
224:
158:
138:
2898:
1715:
The China Decorator, A Monthly Journal Devoted Exclusively to this Art
1292:
porcelain was often embossed and decorated in Oriental patterns. The "
989:
in Munich was renowned for its delicate modeling and fine decoration.
892:
Chinese porcelain with the Grill coat of arms crane made for Sweden's
3723:
Candace Wheeler: The Art and Enterprise of American Design, 1875-1900
1647:
1638:, Headmaster of the National Art Training School and director of the
949:
A first attempt to manufacture porcelain in Europe was undertaken in
799:
dynasty porcelain jar, 17th century, iron-brown underglaze decoration
796:
766:
751:
723:
714:
242:(1733–1797) of Stoke-upon-Trent in England. The basic formula is 50%
205:
87:
1597:
showing arts and crafts suitable for women, including a painted vase
1300:
both manufactured printed blue-and-white pottery with this pattern.
784:
Joseon porcelain pot, iron oxide pattern of plum blossom, and Bamboo
449:
black, green and reddish brown glazes. Some were decorated with the
337:
ware. Most pieces use only one of underglaze or overglaze painting.
3626:"Select Committee of the House of Commons on Arts and Manufactures"
255:
firing temperature is lower than for hard-paste porcelain, so more
2247:
2245:
1877:(1750–1881), English china painter at Royal Crown Derby and Minton
1781:
1770:
1733:
1673:
1650:
and lustre ware (not the province of the amateur) and the work of
1588:
1302:
1289:
1260:
1246:
931:
887:
820:
381:
356:
315:
261:
190:
81:
63:
42:
36:
1835:(1848–1932), American painter, specializing in painting ceramics.
1307:
Worcester Dessert Plate in the Japanese Arita style decorated by
228:
216:
3986:
3630:
The Mechanics' Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal, and Gazette
1847:(born in Sarawak, Malaysia), entrepreneur and porcelain painter
811:
Joseon dynasty porcelain bottle, 19th century, blue & white
1865:(1872–1972), Canadian ceramic artist from Halifax, Nova Scotia
1753:
restored it to the status of fine art. In 1979 Chicago wrote,
1449:
Minton vase, bone china, bleu celeste ground, enamel and gilt
713:
began to be exported to Korea in the 3rd century. During the
2693:
2691:
2630:
2628:
2288:
2286:
2284:
4173:
4165:
3982:
3090:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
1931:(1849–1932), founder of Rookwood Pottery of Cincinnati, Ohio
1901:(1870–1930), American artist, designer, teacher, and author
3905:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty
1895:(1848–1936), American artist best known as a china painter
1494:
made soft- and hard-paste porcelain, and flourished under
2370:
2368:
2366:
2178:
2176:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
3556:. Indianapolis Museum of Art. Indiana University Press.
2751:
2749:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2507:
2505:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2217:
2215:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
1889:(1732–87), French porcelain painter who worked at Sèvres
2232:
2230:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1907:(1770–1823), British enameler noted for flower painting
1883:(1847–1939), American ceramic painter and studio potter
1871:(1808–84), English china and enamel painter, and writer
3902:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W. (1998-01-28).
3079:
Luetta E. Braumuller, The China Decorator Reading Room
2591:
2589:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
117:), developed in 18th-century Europe. The broader term
2051:
2049:
1841:(1747–1829), French porcelain painter and businessman
1944:), French porcelain painter active from 1741 to 1777
1741:
bowl from Zittau, 1663, with typical outlined design
510:
porcelain bottle, iron-tinted under-glaze decoration
4724:
4688:
4642:
4351:
4319:
4310:
4283:
4266:
4259:
4214:
4192:
4185:
4060:
4027:
4020:
2040:
109:, developed in China in the 7th or 8th century, or
3853:
3753:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated.
3680:
3369:
1919:(1865–1929), American painter, potter and ceramist
3583:The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal: Volume 13, 1985
4170:Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi
1816:(born 1939), American feminist artist and writer
1755:
1623:
953:, Italy in the late 16th century, sponsored by
3825:A Handbook to the Practice of Pottery Painting
3777:Pottery and Porcelain of All Times and Nations
3458:Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road
1632:A Handbook to the Practice of Pottery Painting
856:. A large collection from the Ottoman sultans
825:Chinese porcelain bowl made for Grand Khedive
651:dish, Arita, porcelain with overglaze enamels
3998:
3852:Stiles, Kristine; Selz, Peter Howard (1996).
2697:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2619:
2443:
2292:
1913:(1844–1917), a porcelain painter from Austria
1106:around 1730. Many of its pieces was based on
955:Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8:
3890:. China decorating publishing Company. 1891
3683:The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts
2001:The word "porcelain" comes from the French
1551:Shepherd and shepherdess, Sweden, Marieberg
526:, foliated dish with underglaze blue design
4316:
4263:
4189:
4024:
4005:
3991:
3983:
3860:. University of California Press. p.
3126:
3114:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3006:
2946:
2899:China Painting, Canadian Museum of History
2716:
2496:
2484:
1482:factory founded in 1743 in Naples by King
465:pieces with shadow-blue glazes. Under the
3835:"Simple Directions for Painting on China"
3720:Peck, Amelia; Irish, Carol (2001-01-01).
3372:Warman's Antiques & Collectibles 2014
2994:
2982:
2333:
3935:, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art,
3066:
2803:
2263:
2182:
2167:
2103:
2005:, which in turns comes from the Italian
669:Imari ware, Edo period, overglaze enamel
3707:Porcelain Painters International Online
3150:
3138:
2970:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2511:
2472:
2455:
2431:
2374:
2251:
2115:
2084:
2033:
1980:
1722:were at most 500 competent decorators.
1504:
1366:
1144:
1122:, and hard-paste porcelain was made at
991:
737:
617:
475:
4337:Chinese porcelain in European painting
3839:Letts's illustrated household magazine
2934:
2922:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2827:
2815:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2740:
2728:
2357:
2316:
2304:
2275:
2221:
2206:
2194:
2155:
2134:
2072:
1969:Chinese porcelain in European painting
1431:Wedgwood. Sadness, glazed earthenware
4045:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
3170:A Beginner's Lesson in China Painting
3102:
3018:
2958:
2910:
2839:
2607:
2595:
2580:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2345:
2236:
2055:
1679:Parliament Buildings and Ottawa River
1271:(1710–62) produced bone china at his
1181:Villeroy Mennecy soft porcelain cock
7:
3801:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3536:Library of Congress Subject Headings
3407:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3347:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3266:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1468:Lambeth Vase, c. 1892, Royal Doulton
876:in 1607–08, is now held in Tehran's
3482:Le Corbeiller, Clare (1974-01-01).
3249:, Committee of Council on Education
4701:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
3828:, London: Lechertier, Barbe and Co
1683:Canadian Historical Dinner Service
1279:(1733–97), who owned a factory in
25:
4146:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
3780:. Harper & Brothers. p.
3577:Lippincott, Louise (1985-01-01).
3185:Shah ʻAbbas: The Remaking of Iran
1829:–1874), German porcelain painter.
987:Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory
685:, late 18th to early 19th century
4760:Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics
4178:Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735
3644:McLaughlin, Mary Louise (1877).
3611:The China Decorator Reading Room
3550:Lippert, Catherine Beth (1987).
3201:Charles, Victoria (2011-07-01),
3091:The China Decorator January 1891
1572:
1556:
1544:
1528:
1507:
1461:
1442:
1424:
1409:
1391:
1369:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1174:
1162:
1147:
1080:
1062:
1041:
1019:
994:
804:
789:
777:
759:
740:
690:
674:
662:
641:
620:
549:
531:
515:
496:
485:Tang dynasty glazed earthenware
478:
323:plate with underglaze decoration
3455:Kessler, Adam T. (2012-07-25).
3434:. University of Georgia Press.
3428:Gerhard, Jane F. (2013-06-01).
3376:. Krause Publications. p.
3314:Davis, Emily Elizabeth (2007).
3243:Church, Arthur Herbert (1886),
1484:Charles IV of Naples and Sicily
1267:. The painter and mezzotintist
1001:Meissen hard porcelain teapots
538:Jingdezhen blue and white ware
121:includes painted decoration on
3932:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
3908:. Cambridge University Press.
3774:Prime, William Cowper (1879).
3726:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3488:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3183:Canby, Sheila R., ed. (2009),
2024:paintings of porcelain objects
1929:Maria Longworth Nichols Storer
1681:by Martha Logan from the 1897
1169:Chantilly perforated container
1026:Meissen centerpiece and stand
700:ewer, Japan, late 19th century
461:includes the famous decorated
274:Earthenware pottery including
101:, is the decoration of glazed
70:Imperial Porcelain Manufactory
1:
4766:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
4711:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
3679:Osborne, Harold, ed. (1975),
3368:Fleisher, Noah (2013-03-29).
3263:Ten Thousand Years of Pottery
3167:Blattenberger, Marci (2014),
1938:
1823:
1730:Evolving styles and attitudes
1658:Emmet (1854–1948), sister of
1518:
1450:
1432:
1399:
1381:
1311:
1232:
1182:
1070:
1052:
1027:
1009:
1008:decorated in the Netherlands
1002:
940:
916:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
830:
652:
631:
595:blue is traditionally called
539:
486:
73:
55:
4748:Dresden Porcelain Collection
3961:. Chinese University Press.
3822:Sparkes, John C. L. (1879),
3747:Petrie, Kevin (2006-01-25).
3579:"Liotard's "China Painting""
3530:Library of Congress (2006).
3401:Fraser, Harry (2000-10-20).
3341:Doherty, Jack (2002-05-30).
3232:, Canadian Museum of History
1607:National Art Training School
1595:World's Columbian Exposition
1199:Vincennes, milk jug, 1750–56
1157:soft porcelain spitting bowl
681:Brush holder with Dutchmen,
3958:Studies in Chinese Ceramics
3955:Zheng, Dekun (1984-01-01).
3687:, Oxford University Press,
3207:, Parkstone International,
1705:In 1887 the ceramic artist
1322:Worcester Porcelain Company
27:Art of painting on ceramics
4856:
4790:Victoria and Albert Museum
3795:Scott, Paul (2002-02-05).
1636:John Charles Lewis Sparkes
1619:Letts's Household Magazine
1488:Imperial Porcelain Factory
1376:Shepherdess and shepherd,
899:
68:Painters' workshop at the
29:
4796:Museum of Royal Worcester
4772:Musée des Arts Décoratifs
4737:Percival David Foundation
4731:British Museum (London):
4205:Japanese export porcelain
4163:
3287:Copeland, Robert (1998).
3260:Cooper, Emmanuel (2000).
2620:Twitchett & Mote 1998
1987:This article follows the
1211:Sèvres container, 1757–69
581:Japanese export porcelain
223:that causes the piece to
208:. The clay is mixed with
4706:Johann Friedrich Böttger
4040:Chinese export porcelain
3701:Patterson, Gene (2014).
3509:Lewis, Florence (1883).
3187:, British Museum Press,
2254:, pp. 130–131, 133.
2041:Library of Congress 2006
1707:Luetta Elmina Braumuller
1642:. Sparkes mentioned the
1535:Judgement of Paris from
1514:Still Life – Tea Set by
1474:Other European countries
1353:Arts and Crafts movement
902:Chinese export porcelain
862:Suleiman the Magnificent
583:made around the town of
48:Chinese export porcelain
30:Not to be confused with
3929:Valenstein, S. (1998),
3833:Standage, H.C. (1884).
1917:Adelaïde Alsop Robineau
1899:Henrietta Barclay Paist
1833:Susan Stuart Frackelton
1776:Susan Stuart Frackelton
1251:The Wedgwood rooms 1809
1087:Nymphenburg plates 1899
878:National Museum of Iran
123:lead-glazed earthenware
4179:
4171:
3607:"Luetta E. Braumuller"
3585:. Getty Publications.
3127:Stiles & Selz 1996
3115:Stiles & Selz 1996
1948:Johann Eleazar Zeissig
1881:Mary Louise McLaughlin
1791:
1779:
1760:
1742:
1694:Mary Louise McLaughlin
1685:
1628:
1598:
1593:Catalog from the 1893
1585:Victorian era amateurs
1317:
1252:
1035:Johann Joachim Kändler
979:Johann Joachim Kändler
946:
928:European manufacturing
897:
836:
387:
362:
324:
271:
270:showing Chinese scenes
227:when it is fired in a
200:
91:
86:Porcelain painting in
79:
61:
4177:
4169:
3662:Miller, Fred (1885).
3624:Martin, John (1836).
3538:. Library of Congress
3293:. Osprey Publishing.
2995:Peck & Irish 2001
2983:Peck & Irish 2001
1785:
1774:
1737:
1711:Monson, Massachusetts
1677:
1640:Lambeth School of Art
1615:Royal Academy of Arts
1592:
1480:Capodimonte porcelain
1456:(After Sèvres design)
1378:Bow porcelain factory
1306:
1273:Bow porcelain factory
1250:
935:
891:
824:
769:dynasty 12th century
385:
378:Mechanical approaches
360:
319:
265:
194:
85:
67:
40:
4830:East Asian porcelain
4742:The David Collection
4665:Overglaze decoration
4655:Hard-paste porcelain
4650:Soft-paste porcelain
2020:Jean-Étienne Liotard
1893:Clara Chipman Newton
1767:Noted china painters
1646:of the Moors and of
1567:, Sweden before 1882
1563:Lace pattern plate,
1516:Jean-Étienne Liotard
1050:Franz Anton Bustelli
732:1636 Manchu invasion
556:Plate with dragons,
420:East Asian porcelain
154:overglaze decoration
111:soft-paste porcelain
107:hard-paste porcelain
4835:Painting techniques
4599:Bing & Grøndahl
4563:Dihl & Guérhard
4461:Villeroy & Boch
3887:The China Decorator
3515:. Cassell. p.
2610:, pp. 120–121.
1989:Library of Congress
1935:Louis Jean Thévenet
1802:William Billingsley
1786:Ceramic painter in
1719:The China Decorator
1496:Catherine the Great
728:Japan invaded Korea
328:Underglaze painting
4808:Ludwigsburg Palace
4802:Walters Art Museum
4200:Japanese porcelain
4180:
4172:
4070:(16th century BCE)
3798:Ceramics and Print
3703:"Oils and Mediums"
2698:Le Corbeiller 1974
2683:Le Corbeiller 1974
2671:Le Corbeiller 1974
2659:Le Corbeiller 1974
2647:Le Corbeiller 1974
2635:Le Corbeiller 1974
2444:Le Corbeiller 1974
2293:Blattenberger 2014
1820:Philipp Christfeld
1792:
1780:
1743:
1686:
1611:Howell & James
1599:
1318:
1288:to the body. The
1253:
947:
898:
837:
388:
363:
353:Overglaze painting
325:
280:Victorian majolica
276:tin-glazed pottery
272:
201:
131:tin-glazed pottery
99:porcelain painting
92:
80:
62:
4840:Visual arts media
4817:
4816:
4716:Dmitry Vinogradov
4638:
4637:
4611:Wagner & Apel
4327:List of companies
4306:
4305:
4255:
4254:
4161:
4160:
4118:(14th century on)
4112:(14th century on)
4106:(11th century on)
4035:Chinese porcelain
3968:978-962-201-308-7
3915:978-0-521-24333-9
3871:978-0-520-20251-1
3760:978-0-8122-1946-3
3733:978-1-58839-002-8
3592:978-0-89236-090-1
3495:978-0-87099-089-2
3468:978-90-04-23127-6
3441:978-0-8203-4457-7
3404:The Electric Kiln
3387:978-1-4402-3462-0
3327:978-0-549-18371-6
3300:978-0-7478-0364-5
3273:978-0-8122-3554-8
3214:978-1-78042-206-0
3204:Chinese Porcelain
3194:978-0-7141-2452-0
2422:, pp. 27–28.
2018:The Swiss artist
1911:Josef Karl Rädler
1660:Lydia Field Emmet
1652:William De Morgan
1347:During the later
1223:Plate painted by
1132:French Revolution
971:Meissen porcelain
874:Abbas I of Persia
599:. The craftsman
395:Transfer printing
246:cattle bone, 25%
182:Technical aspects
175:Meissen porcelain
163:transfer printing
146:biscuit or bisque
90:, Germany in 1989
16:(Redirected from
4847:
4425:Saint Petersburg
4332:French porcelain
4317:
4274:Korean porcelain
4264:
4190:
4025:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3859:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3829:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3697:
3686:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3665:Pottery-painting
3658:
3656:
3655:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3532:"China painting"
3526:
3524:
3523:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3375:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3197:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2559:, pp. 8–10.
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2434:, p. 44–46.
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2118:, p. 36–38.
2113:
2107:
2101:
2088:
2087:, p. 16–18.
2082:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2027:
2016:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1943:
1940:
1887:Jean-Louis Morin
1863:Alice Mary Hagen
1828:
1825:
1576:
1560:
1548:
1539:factory, c. 1801
1537:Naples porcelain
1532:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1492:Saint Petersburg
1465:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1373:
1316:
1313:
1237:
1234:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1166:
1151:
1112:Mennecy-Villeroy
1084:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
998:
983:Seven Years' War
959:Medici porcelain
945:
942:
937:Medici porcelain
884:European exports
835:
832:
808:
793:
781:
763:
750:made during the
744:
711:Chinese ceramics
694:
678:
666:
657:
654:
645:
636:
633:
624:
601:Sakaida Kakiemon
553:
544:
541:
535:
519:
500:
491:
488:
482:
219:. The frit is a
119:ceramic painting
78:
75:
60:
57:
32:Chinese painting
21:
18:Painted ceramics
4855:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4754:Gardiner Museum
4733:Asia Department
4720:
4684:
4634:
4575:Hutschenreuther
4347:
4344:
4302:
4279:
4276:
4251:
4210:
4207:
4181:
4157:
4056:
4053:
4016:
4011:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3928:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3893:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3851:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3750:Glass and Print
3746:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3695:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3576:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3427:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3195:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3055:McLaughlin 1877
3053:
3049:
3043:McLaughlin 1877
3041:
3037:
3031:McLaughlin 1877
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3007:McLaughlin 1877
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2947:Lippincott 1985
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2717:Lippincott 1985
2715:
2704:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2497:Valenstein 1998
2495:
2491:
2485:Valenstein 1998
2483:
2479:
2471:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2141:
2133:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2043:, p. 1310.
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2017:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1960:
1954:
1941:
1826:
1769:
1732:
1692:, the American
1664:Aesthetic-style
1587:
1580:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1512:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1374:
1351:in Britain the
1333:Josiah Wedgwood
1314:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1005:
999:
967:
943:
930:
904:
886:
864:is held by the
833:
819:
812:
809:
800:
794:
785:
782:
773:
764:
755:
745:
708:
701:
695:
686:
679:
670:
667:
658:
655:
646:
637:
634:
630:porcelain bowl
625:
589:Imari porcelain
576:
569:
554:
545:
542:
536:
527:
520:
511:
501:
492:
489:
483:
459:Jingdezhen ware
427:
422:
413:Screen printing
380:
355:
335:Royal Worcester
330:
197:Royal Worcester
189:
184:
167:screen printing
76:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4853:
4851:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4784:Topkapı Palace
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:China painting
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:(14th century)
4294:
4293:(10th century)
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:(18th century)
4149:
4148:(17th century)
4143:
4142:(17th century)
4137:
4136:(17th century)
4131:
4130:(16th century)
4125:
4124:(16th century)
4119:
4116:Blanc de Chine
4113:
4110:Blue and white
4107:
4101:
4100:(12th century)
4095:
4094:(10th century)
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3952:
3941:
3926:
3914:
3899:
3882:
3870:
3849:
3830:
3819:
3807:
3792:
3771:
3759:
3744:
3732:
3717:
3698:
3693:
3676:
3659:
3641:
3621:
3603:
3591:
3574:
3562:
3547:
3527:
3512:China painting
3506:
3494:
3479:
3467:
3452:
3440:
3425:
3413:
3398:
3386:
3365:
3353:
3338:
3326:
3311:
3299:
3284:
3272:
3257:
3240:
3229:China Painting
3224:
3213:
3198:
3193:
3180:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3153:, p. 226.
3143:
3131:
3129:, p. 358.
3119:
3117:, p. 291.
3107:
3095:
3093:, p. 120.
3083:
3071:
3069:, p. 220.
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2997:, p. 180.
2987:
2985:, p. 181.
2975:
2963:
2951:
2949:, p. 122.
2939:
2937:, p. 173.
2927:
2925:, p. 171.
2915:
2903:
2880:
2878:, p. 110.
2868:
2866:, p. 109.
2856:
2844:
2842:, p. 321.
2832:
2830:, p. 238.
2820:
2808:
2806:, p. 272.
2796:
2794:, p. 169.
2784:
2782:, p. 167.
2772:
2770:, p. 166.
2760:
2758:, p. 165.
2745:
2743:, p. 164.
2733:
2731:, p. 163.
2721:
2719:, p. 121.
2702:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2649:, p. 2–3.
2639:
2624:
2622:, p. 379.
2612:
2600:
2585:
2573:
2571:, p. 339.
2561:
2549:
2537:
2516:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2379:
2377:, p. 173.
2362:
2350:
2338:
2334:Patterson 2014
2321:
2309:
2297:
2280:
2278:, p. 138.
2268:
2266:, p. 219.
2256:
2241:
2239:, p. 5–6.
2226:
2224:, p. 137.
2211:
2199:
2187:
2172:
2160:
2158:, p. 174.
2139:
2137:, p. 161.
2120:
2108:
2106:, p. 218.
2089:
2077:
2075:, p. 160.
2060:
2045:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2011:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1845:Lynda Ghazzali
1842:
1839:Louis Gerverot
1836:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1808:Franz Bischoff
1805:
1799:
1768:
1765:
1731:
1728:
1699:muffle furnace
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1513:
1506:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:Willow pattern
1415:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1385: 1765–70
1375:
1368:
1315: 1765–70
1294:willow pattern
1281:Stoke-on-Trent
1244:
1243:United Kingdom
1241:
1240:
1239:
1225:Raphaël Collin
1222:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1000:
993:
966:
963:
929:
926:
900:Main article:
885:
882:
870:Ardabil Shrine
866:Topkapı Palace
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
803:
801:
795:
788:
786:
783:
776:
774:
765:
758:
756:
746:
739:
707:
704:
703:
702:
696:
689:
687:
680:
673:
671:
668:
661:
659:
647:
640:
638:
626:
619:
609:Nabeshima ware
575:
572:
571:
570:
566:Kangxi Emperor
555:
548:
546:
537:
530:
528:
521:
514:
512:
506:(960-1279 AD)
502:
495:
493:
490: 675-750
484:
477:
426:
423:
421:
418:
379:
376:
354:
351:
329:
326:
188:
185:
183:
180:
95:China painting
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4852:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4810:(Ludwigsburg)
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4778:Palace Museum
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4342:Armorial ware
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4088:(6th century)
4087:
4084:
4082:(2nd century)
4081:
4078:
4076:(1st century)
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:Proto-celadon
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4050:Fonthill Vase
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3942:9780870995149
3938:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3810:
3808:0-8122-1800-0
3804:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3563:0-936260-11-4
3559:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3416:
3414:0-8122-1758-6
3410:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3356:
3354:0-8122-1827-2
3350:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3141:, p. 80.
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3105:, p. 29.
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:Standage 1884
3063:
3060:
3057:, p. 11.
3056:
3051:
3048:
3045:, p. 10.
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3009:, p. 14.
3008:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2961:, p. 31.
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2913:, p. 32.
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2854:, p. 80.
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2818:, p. 79.
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:Fleisher 2013
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:, p. 92.
2597:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:, p. 90.
2582:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2547:, p. 14.
2546:
2541:
2538:
2535:, p. 13.
2534:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:, p. 11.
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:, p. 92.
2498:
2493:
2490:
2487:, p. 89.
2486:
2481:
2478:
2475:, p. 10.
2474:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2410:, p. 24.
2409:
2404:
2401:
2398:, p. 27.
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:, p. 14.
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:, p. 28.
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:, p. 40.
2318:
2313:
2310:
2307:, p. 41.
2306:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:Standage 1884
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:, p. 95.
2208:
2203:
2200:
2197:, p. 94.
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 28.
2184:
2183:Copeland 1998
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:Copeland 1998
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:Standage 1884
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:, p. 30.
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:Thomas Pardoe
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:Thomas Baxter
1794:
1793:
1790:, Spain, 1979
1789:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1445:
1440:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:Royal Doulton
1354:
1350:
1349:Victorian era
1345:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:Thomas Minton
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Staffordshire
1249:
1242:
1230:
1229:Théodore Deck
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1140:Théodore Deck
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1048:Nymphenburg,
1044:
1039:
1036:
1022:
1017:
997:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:factory near
972:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
938:
934:
927:
925:
922:
917:
912:
909:
903:
895:
890:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
847:
842:
828:
823:
816:
807:
802:
798:
792:
787:
780:
775:
772:
768:
762:
757:
753:
749:
743:
738:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
712:
705:
699:
693:
688:
684:
677:
672:
665:
660:
650:
644:
639:
629:
623:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
573:
567:
563:
559:
552:
547:
534:
529:
525:
518:
513:
509:
505:
499:
494:
481:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
424:
419:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
384:
377:
375:
371:
367:
359:
352:
350:
347:
346:mazarine blue
343:
338:
336:
327:
322:
318:
314:
312:
308:
303:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
266:18th-century
264:
260:
258:
253:
249:
248:Cornish stone
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
198:
193:
186:
181:
179:
176:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
89:
84:
71:
66:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4744:(Copenhagen)
4680:Factory mark
4669:
4643:Technologies
4551:Clignancourt
3972:. Retrieved
3957:
3946:, retrieved
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3886:
3875:. Retrieved
3855:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3776:
3764:. Retrieved
3749:
3737:. Retrieved
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:
3682:
3669:. Retrieved
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3629:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:
3596:. Retrieved
3582:
3567:. Retrieved
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3535:
3520:. Retrieved
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3371:
3358:. Retrieved
3343:
3331:. Retrieved
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3262:
3251:, retrieved
3245:
3234:, retrieved
3228:
3218:, retrieved
3203:
3184:
3174:, retrieved
3169:
3151:Gerhard 2013
3146:
3139:Gerhard 2013
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3033:, p. 9.
3026:
3021:, p. 7.
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2971:Sparkes 1879
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2736:
2724:
2700:, p. 9.
2685:, p. 7.
2678:
2673:, p. 4.
2666:
2661:, p. 3.
2654:
2642:
2637:, p. 2.
2615:
2603:
2576:
2569:Kessler 2012
2564:
2557:Charles 2011
2552:
2545:Doherty 2002
2540:
2533:Doherty 2002
2512:Doherty 2002
2492:
2480:
2473:Doherty 2002
2458:, p. 9.
2456:Doherty 2002
2451:
2446:, p. 5.
2439:
2432:Charles 2011
2427:
2415:
2403:
2375:Lippert 1987
2353:
2341:
2312:
2300:
2295:, p. 2.
2271:
2259:
2252:Osborne 1975
2202:
2190:
2170:, p. 4.
2163:
2116:Charles 2011
2111:
2085:Charles 2011
2080:
2036:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1983:
1953:
1923:John Stinton
1857:Gitta Gyenes
1814:Judy Chicago
1761:
1756:
1751:Judy Chicago
1748:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1689:
1688:In her 1877
1687:
1678:
1669:
1656:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1600:
1477:
1346:
1331:
1319:
1277:Josiah Spode
1254:
1231:'s workshop
1136:Saint-Yrieix
1128:
1096:
968:
948:
921:famille rose
913:
905:
896:in the 1700s
894:Grill family
854:Tang dynasty
851:
840:
838:
709:
587:were called
577:
562:Qing dynasty
524:Yuan dynasty
522:Jingdezhen,
504:Song dynasty
471:Ming dynasty
467:Yuan dynasty
443:
439:Song dynasty
435:Tang dynasty
428:
411:
407:
400:
389:
372:
368:
364:
339:
331:
321:Ming dynasty
304:
292:
273:
257:metal oxides
240:Josiah Spode
233:
214:
202:
171:
143:
118:
98:
94:
93:
41:
4804:(Baltimore)
4798:(Worcester)
4725:Collections
4491:Ludwigsburg
4473:Frankenthal
4449:Nymphenburg
4443:Fürstenberg
4419:Capodimonte
4371:Saint-Cloud
3650:. R. Clarke
3632:. M. Salmon
2935:Cooper 2000
2923:Cooper 2000
2876:Martin 1836
2864:Martin 1836
2852:Church 1886
2828:Cooper 2000
2816:Church 1886
2792:Cooper 2000
2780:Cooper 2000
2768:Cooper 2000
2756:Cooper 2000
2741:Cooper 2000
2729:Cooper 2000
2358:Petrie 2006
2317:Miller 1885
2305:Miller 1885
2276:Miller 1885
2222:Miller 1885
2207:Fraser 2000
2195:Fraser 2000
2156:Cooper 2000
2135:Cooper 2000
2073:Cooper 2000
1964:Ceramic art
1942: 1778
1875:Samuel Keys
1869:John Haslem
1851:James Giles
1827: 1796
1778:(1848–1932)
1522: 1782
1500:Alexander I
1454: 1855
1436: 1795
1403: 1768
1327:James Giles
1309:James Giles
1269:Thomas Frye
1236: 1880
1186: 1750
1155:Saint-Cloud
1099:Saint-Cloud
1074: 1760
1056: 1760
1033:modeled by
1031: 1737
1013: 1735
1006: 1720
944: 1580
834: 1853
817:Middle East
720:King Sejong
698:Hirado ware
656: 1670
635: 1640
613:Hirado ware
568:(1662–1722)
564:, reign of
543: 1335
431:Han dynasty
402:Lithography
299:glaze fired
252:feldspathic
77: 1830
59: 1680
4824:Categories
4786:(Istanbul)
4660:Bone china
4545:Copenhagen
4539:Loosdrecht
4521:Wallendorf
4104:Jingdezhen
3974:2014-11-29
3948:2016-09-17
3921:2014-11-29
3894:2014-11-26
3877:2014-11-26
3844:2014-11-27
3814:2014-11-29
3787:2014-12-01
3766:2014-12-01
3739:2014-11-27
3712:2014-11-26
3694:0198661134
3671:2014-11-26
3654:2014-11-26
3636:2014-11-27
3616:2014-11-26
3598:2014-11-27
3569:2014-12-01
3542:2014-11-26
3522:2014-11-26
3501:2014-11-28
3474:2014-11-29
3447:2014-11-27
3420:2014-11-28
3393:2014-12-01
3360:2014-11-29
3333:2014-11-27
3306:2014-11-28
3279:2014-11-28
3253:2014-12-01
3236:2014-11-26
3220:2014-11-28
3176:2014-11-26
3103:Davis 2007
3019:Lewis 1883
2959:Davis 2007
2911:Davis 2007
2840:Prime 1879
2608:Canby 2009
2596:Zheng 1984
2581:Zheng 1984
2420:Scott 2002
2408:Scott 2002
2396:Scott 2002
2346:Scott 2002
2237:Lewis 1883
2056:Davis 2007
2007:porcellana
2003:porcelaine
1975:References
1644:tin-enamel
1621:in 1884,
1124:Strasbourg
827:Said Pasha
683:Arita ware
628:Imari ware
597:Arita ware
593:underglaze
558:Jingdezhen
455:Jingdezhen
391:Stenciling
342:refractory
307:underglaze
236:bone china
199:bone china
159:stenciling
150:Underglaze
115:bone china
72:in Vienna
4780:(Beijing)
4756:(Toronto)
4750:(Dresden)
4623:Porsgrund
4617:Rosenthal
4557:Hollóháza
4467:Worcester
4407:Vincennes
4395:Chantilly
4389:Rörstrand
4232:Nabeshima
4014:Porcelain
3461:. BRILL.
3344:Porcelain
1713:launched
1565:Rörstrand
1265:Liverpool
1116:Vincennes
1104:Chantilly
829:of Egypt
748:Maebyeong
508:Ding ware
451:sgraffito
311:overglaze
295:stoneware
284:Delftware
268:Delftware
127:creamware
103:porcelain
4792:(London)
4762:(Moscow)
4696:Chinamen
4629:Augarten
4509:Wedgwood
4455:Plymouth
4320:General:
4267:General:
4237:Kakiemon
4193:General:
4028:General:
1958:See also
1788:Valencia
1342:Wedgwood
1286:feldspar
1108:Kakiemon
951:Florence
872:by Shah
649:Kakiemon
605:Kakiemon
244:calcined
210:petuntse
195:Vintage
135:maiolica
133:such as
125:such as
4774:(Paris)
4768:(Paris)
4675:Biscuit
4605:Zsolnay
4581:Doulton
4569:Mintons
4533:Limoges
4431:Mennecy
4413:Chelsea
4377:Meissen
4098:Qingbai
4074:Celadon
3160:Sources
1937:(1705–
1739:Faience
1603:Mintons
1361:Mintons
1337:Burslem
975:Dresden
965:Germany
957:. The "
908:carrack
858:Selim I
846:Samarra
771:celadon
754:dynasty
463:Qingbai
288:faience
225:vitrify
139:faience
113:(often
54:period
46:plate,
4689:People
4631:(1923)
4625:(1885)
4619:(1879)
4613:(1877)
4607:(1853)
4601:(1853)
4595:(1826)
4593:Herend
4589:(1822)
4587:Lichte
4583:(1815)
4577:(1814)
4571:(1793)
4565:(1781)
4559:(1777)
4553:(1775)
4547:(1775)
4541:(1774)
4535:(1771)
4529:(1768)
4523:(1764)
4517:(1763)
4515:Berlin
4511:(1759)
4505:(1760)
4503:Retiro
4499:(1759)
4493:(1758)
4487:(1757)
4481:(1756)
4479:Sèvres
4475:(1755)
4469:(1751)
4463:(1748)
4457:(1748)
4451:(1747)
4445:(1747)
4439:(1747)
4433:(1745)
4427:(1744)
4421:(1743)
4415:(1743)
4409:(1740)
4403:(1735)
4401:Doccia
4397:(1730)
4391:(1726)
4385:(1718)
4383:Vienna
4379:(1710)
4373:(1693)
4367:(1673)
4361:(1575)
4359:Medici
4352:Types:
4312:Europe
4297:Joseon
4291:Goryeo
4284:Types:
4247:Hirado
4242:Kutani
4215:Types:
4152:Canton
4140:Kangxi
4134:Tianqi
4128:Swatow
4061:Types:
4052:(1338)
3965:
3939:
3912:
3868:
3805:
3757:
3730:
3691:
3589:
3560:
3492:
3465:
3438:
3411:
3384:
3351:
3324:
3297:
3270:
3211:
3191:
1648:Gubbio
1120:Sèvres
1093:France
797:Joseon
767:Goryeo
752:Goryeo
724:Joseon
715:Goryeo
206:kaolin
187:Bodies
88:Weimar
52:Kangxi
4527:Revol
4497:Weesp
4485:Derby
4365:Rouen
4260:Korea
4227:Imari
4222:Arita
4186:Japan
4122:Kraak
4021:China
3290:Spode
1419:plate
1290:Spode
1261:Derby
939:bowl
841:chini
706:Korea
585:Arita
574:Japan
425:China
293:With
97:, or
43:Wucai
4092:Ding
4086:Xing
3963:ISBN
3937:ISBN
3910:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3803:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3728:ISBN
3689:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3558:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3382:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3189:ISBN
1359:and
1320:The
1263:and
1114:and
969:The
860:and
611:and
446:Ding
444:The
309:and
286:and
229:kiln
221:flux
217:frit
165:and
4437:Bow
4080:Yue
3862:291
3782:321
3378:272
1709:of
1634:by
1490:at
722:of
137:or
129:or
4826::
4735:/
3864:.
3837:.
3705:.
3628:.
3609:.
3581:.
3534:.
3380:.
3320:.
2883:^
2748:^
2705:^
2690:^
2627:^
2588:^
2519:^
2504:^
2463:^
2382:^
2365:^
2324:^
2283:^
2244:^
2229:^
2214:^
2175:^
2142:^
2123:^
2092:^
2063:^
2048:^
2026:.
1939:c.
1824:c.
1609:.
1519:c.
1451:c.
1433:c.
1400:c.
1382:c.
1380:,
1312:c.
1259:,
1233:c.
1227:,
1183:c.
1126:.
1071:c.
1053:c.
1028:c.
1010:c.
1003:c.
941:c.
831:c.
653:c.
632:c.
560:,
540:c.
487:c.
282:,
278:,
169:.
161:,
148:.
141:.
74:c.
56:c.
50:,
4006:e
3999:t
3992:v
3977:.
3924:.
3897:.
3880:.
3847:.
3817:.
3790:.
3769:.
3742:.
3715:.
3674:.
3657:.
3639:.
3619:.
3601:.
3572:.
3545:.
3525:.
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3504:.
3477:.
3450:.
3423:.
3396:.
3363:.
3336:.
3309:.
3282:.
3081:.
2973:.
2901:.
2336:.
1822:(
1118:-
34:.
20:)
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