80:
mother's fur allows the mother to keep the infant with her while foraging for food or moving from one place to another. This is beneficial to the mother because she does not lose function of her limbs or mouth (as she would from oral carrying). Carrying the infant with the mother also gives a degree of safety to the infant, which it would not have if it were left in a nest or other location away from the mother. The grasp reflex also allows young individuals to have more developed food manipulation and dexterity skills. This suggests that the grasping reflex is
20:
118:. This damage could be a result of neural degeneration, lack of oxygen in the brain, or other genetic factors. Any abnormal response for this reflex could produce suspicion for an underlying disease that would need to be addressed. That is why the elicitation of this grasp reflex is part of neurological examinations for newborns.
97:
abnormalities. In a normal infant, the palmar grasp reflex is present during the first three months of age and disappears by six months of age. Disappearance of the reflex has been attributed to conscious and voluntary hand use. Based on collected evidence, there is no significant difference between
79:
Biologists have found that the reflex is significantly more frequent in infants of fur carrying primate species. It is theorized that the grasping reflex evolved as it is essential to survival in species, usually primates, where the young are carried in the fur. The infant's ability to grasp onto a
101:
Absence of the grasp reflex could indicate a neural communication error with the spinal cord. In other words, signals from the stimulation of tendons in the palm are being interrupted before they have a chance to make it to the spinal cord, resulting in a lack of the reflex. Absence of the grasp
84:
in humans and in other non-fur carrying primates. The reflex is also suggested to create a basis for which the voluntary grasping action originates. This comes from the maturation of higher motor centers, allowing a child to exert more control over the body.
402:
Kurjak, A; Stanojevic, M; Andonotopo, W; Salihagic-Kadic, A; Carrera, JM; Azumendi, G (2004). "Behavioral pattern continuity from prenatal to postnatal life--a study by four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography".
548:
Pouydebat, Emmanuelle; Welser, Kay; Shaw, Erin; Haring, David; Ehmke, Erin; Brewer, David; Wall, Christine E.; Fabre, Anne-Claire; Peckre, Louise (24 November 2016).
324:
Jakobovits, AA (2009). "Grasping activity in utero: a significant indicator of fetal behavior (the role of the grasping reflex in fetal ethology)".
527:
493:
459:
155:
94:
631:
39:
and involuntary reflex found in infants of humans and most primates. When an object, such as an adult finger, is placed in an
795:
947:
887:
842:
446:
Lipkin, Paul H. (2009-01-01), Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C.; Coleman, William L.; Elias, Ellen Roy (eds.),
514:
Niezgoda, Julie; Bansal, Vipin (2011-01-01), Davis, Peter J.; Cladis, Franklyn P.; Motoyama, Etsuro K. (eds.),
940:
680:
715:
656:
115:
515:
481:
447:
143:
973:
925:
684:
661:
624:
561:
93:
In humans, absence of the palmar grasp reflex or persistence of the reflex can both be indicators of
920:
862:
676:
114:. Presence of the reflex in infants older than four months could be an indicator of damage to the
877:
872:
821:
765:
752:
428:
349:
306:
36:
968:
935:
837:
735:
689:
595:
577:
523:
489:
455:
420:
384:
341:
298:
263:
196:
151:
106:
or injury to the spinal cord. Persistence of the grasp reflex could be an indication of brain
930:
905:
816:
800:
585:
569:
412:
376:
333:
290:
253:
243:
68:
43:
palm, the infant's fingers reflexively grasp the object. Placement of the object triggers a
550:"Holding-on: co-evolution between infant carrying and grasping behaviour in strepsirrhines"
910:
847:
785:
730:
666:
617:
565:
138:
Swaiman, Kenneth F.; Phillips, John (2017-01-01), Swaiman, Kenneth F.; Ashwal, Stephen;
852:
790:
780:
740:
720:
699:
671:
648:
590:
549:
258:
231:
139:
111:
44:
232:"The Grasp Reflex and Moro Reflex in Infants: Hierarchy of Primitive Reflex Responses"
962:
857:
760:
710:
52:
432:
353:
310:
103:
81:
48:
47:, resulting from stimulation of tendons in the palm, that gets transmitted through
67:(sometimes, as early as 16 weeks), and persists until development of rudimentary
775:
55:. The reverse motion can be induced by stroking the back or side of the hand. A
19:
188:
867:
294:
581:
64:
599:
424:
388:
345:
267:
200:
380:
302:
248:
144:"3 - Neurologic Examination after the Newborn Period Until 2 Years of Age"
915:
416:
337:
573:
640:
107:
40:
56:
281:
Sherer, DM (June 1993). "Fetal grasping at 16 weeks' gestation".
613:
230:
Futagi, Yasuyuki; Toribe, Yasuhisa; Suzuki, Yasuhiro (2012).
520:
Smith's
Anesthesia for Infants and Children (Eighth Edition)
609:
486:
484:, in Aminoff, Michael J.; Daroff, Robert B. (eds.),
452:
Developmental-Behavioral
Pediatrics (Fourth Edition)
898:
830:
809:
751:
698:
647:
98:the reflexes of normal-term and pre-term infants.
454:, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 643–652,
448:"Chapter 66 - Motor Development and Dysfunction"
195:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
625:
148:Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology (Sixth Edition)
8:
488:, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 477–480,
632:
618:
610:
589:
257:
247:
187:Anekar, Aabha A.; Bordoni, Bruno (2021),
18:
522:, Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 10–21,
127:
367:Jakobovits, A (2 September 2007). "".
482:"Brain Development, Normal Postnatal"
102:reflex could also be an indicator of
7:
516:"Chapter 2 - Behavioral Development"
225:
223:
221:
219:
217:
215:
182:
180:
178:
176:
174:
172:
133:
131:
236:International Journal of Pediatrics
71:between two and six months of age.
14:
283:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
16:Primitive and involuntary reflex
1:
948:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
405:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
326:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
150:, Elsevier, pp. 14–19,
23:Infant grasping adult finger
990:
295:10.7863/jum.1993.12.6.316
142:; Schor, Nina F. (eds.),
75:Evolutionary significance
51:in the median and ulnar
941:Crossed extensor reflex
690:Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
681:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
480:Berg, B. (2014-01-01),
104:peripheral nerve injury
716:Brachioradialis reflex
657:Pupillary light reflex
116:central nervous system
24:
888:Churchill–Cope reflex
843:Bezold–Jarisch reflex
381:10.1556/OH.2007.28089
189:"Palmar Grasp Reflex"
89:Clinical significance
22:
810:Superficial reflexes
685:Oculocephalic reflex
662:Accommodation reflex
417:10.1515/JPM.2004.065
338:10.1515/JPM.2009.094
59:exhibits the reflex
921:Golgi tendon reflex
863:Oculocardiac reflex
677:Caloric reflex test
566:2016NatSR...637729P
249:10.1155/2012/191562
29:palmar grasp reflex
878:Reflex tachycardia
873:Reflex bradycardia
822:Cremasteric reflex
753:Primitive reflexes
554:Scientific Reports
140:Ferriero, Donna M.
95:neurodevelopmental
25:
956:
955:
936:Withdrawal reflex
838:Bainbridge reflex
736:Ankle jerk reflex
574:10.1038/srep37729
529:978-0-323-06612-9
495:978-0-12-385158-1
461:978-1-4160-3370-7
157:978-0-323-37101-8
69:fine motor skills
63:by 28 weeks into
981:
931:Startle response
906:List of reflexes
817:Abdominal reflex
700:Stretch reflexes
634:
627:
620:
611:
604:
603:
593:
545:
539:
538:
537:
536:
511:
505:
504:
503:
502:
477:
471:
470:
469:
468:
443:
437:
436:
399:
393:
392:
371:(in Hungarian).
364:
358:
357:
321:
315:
314:
278:
272:
271:
261:
251:
227:
210:
209:
208:
207:
184:
167:
166:
165:
164:
135:
989:
988:
984:
983:
982:
980:
979:
978:
959:
958:
957:
952:
911:Acoustic reflex
894:
848:Coronary reflex
826:
805:
747:
731:Patellar reflex
694:
667:Jaw jerk reflex
643:
638:
608:
607:
547:
546:
542:
534:
532:
530:
513:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
479:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
445:
444:
440:
401:
400:
396:
366:
365:
361:
323:
322:
318:
280:
279:
275:
229:
228:
213:
205:
203:
186:
185:
170:
162:
160:
158:
137:
136:
129:
124:
91:
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
987:
985:
977:
976:
971:
961:
960:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
944:
943:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
900:
896:
895:
893:
892:
891:
890:
882:
881:
880:
875:
865:
860:
855:
853:Cushing reflex
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
831:Cardiovascular
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
813:
811:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
744:
743:
741:Plantar reflex
738:
733:
725:
724:
723:
721:Triceps reflex
718:
713:
704:
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
674:
672:Corneal reflex
669:
664:
659:
653:
651:
645:
644:
639:
637:
636:
629:
622:
614:
606:
605:
540:
528:
506:
494:
472:
460:
438:
394:
375:(35): 1673–5.
369:Orvosi Hetilap
359:
316:
273:
211:
168:
156:
126:
125:
123:
120:
112:cerebral palsy
90:
87:
76:
73:
53:sensory nerves
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
986:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
897:
889:
886:
885:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Diving reflex
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
829:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
754:
750:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:Biceps reflex
709:
708:
706:
705:
703:
701:
697:
691:
688:
686:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
650:
649:Cranial nerve
646:
642:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
615:
612:
601:
597:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
544:
541:
531:
525:
521:
517:
510:
507:
497:
491:
487:
483:
476:
473:
463:
457:
453:
449:
442:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:(4): 346–53.
410:
406:
398:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
320:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
274:
269:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
216:
212:
202:
198:
194:
190:
183:
181:
179:
177:
175:
173:
169:
159:
153:
149:
145:
141:
134:
132:
128:
121:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
96:
88:
86:
83:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:motor neurons
46:
45:spinal reflex
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
884:Respiratory
770:
557:
553:
543:
533:, retrieved
519:
509:
499:, retrieved
485:
475:
465:, retrieved
451:
441:
408:
404:
397:
372:
368:
362:
332:(5): 571–2.
329:
325:
319:
286:
282:
276:
239:
235:
204:, retrieved
192:
161:, retrieved
147:
100:
92:
78:
60:
33:grasp reflex
32:
28:
26:
974:Neonatology
926:Optokinetic
766:Gastrocolic
963:Categories
868:Baroreflex
796:Tonic neck
535:2021-01-04
501:2021-01-04
467:2021-01-04
289:(6): 316.
242:: 191562.
206:2021-10-28
193:StatPearls
163:2021-01-04
122:References
801:Parachute
582:2045-2322
560:: 37729.
82:vestigial
65:gestation
37:primitive
969:Reflexes
916:H-reflex
786:Stepping
641:Reflexes
600:27883046
433:44725653
425:15346822
389:17720675
354:26736429
346:19492927
311:21202088
268:22778756
201:31985926
61:in utero
41:infant's
791:Sucking
781:Rooting
591:5121892
562:Bibcode
303:8515527
259:3384944
108:lesions
35:) is a
761:Galant
598:
588:
580:
526:
492:
458:
431:
423:
387:
352:
344:
309:
301:
266:
256:
199:
154:
899:Other
771:Grasp
429:S2CID
350:S2CID
307:S2CID
57:fetus
776:Moro
727:Leg
707:Arm
596:PMID
578:ISSN
524:ISBN
490:ISBN
456:ISBN
421:PMID
385:PMID
342:PMID
299:PMID
264:PMID
240:2012
197:PMID
152:ISBN
31:(or
27:The
586:PMC
570:doi
413:doi
377:doi
373:148
334:doi
291:doi
254:PMC
244:doi
110:or
965::
594:.
584:.
576:.
568:.
556:.
552:.
518:,
450:,
427:.
419:.
409:32
407:.
383:.
348:.
340:.
330:37
328:.
305:.
297:.
287:12
285:.
262:.
252:.
238:.
234:.
214:^
191:,
171:^
146:,
130:^
683:/
679:/
633:e
626:t
619:v
602:.
572::
564::
558:6
435:.
415::
391:.
379::
356:.
336::
313:.
293::
270:.
246::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
