2808:: Polypetalae: Dedication. Preface. Novelties in this Flora. Precursory or related publications. References. Introduction. I. The Palni hills: 1. Location and physical features. 2. Kodaikanal: taluk and town. 3. Rivers. 4. Roads. 5. Table 2: Gazetteer of localities. 6. Climatic conditions at Kodaikanal. 7. Geology and soils. 8. History. 9. The vegetation: A. Native; B. Alien. 10. References. II. Plant explorations on the Palnis: 1. Past explorations: 1. The Bournes. 2. The Fysons. 3. The Shembaganur team. 4. Natural History Centre at Shembaganur (SHC). 5. Recent explorations. 6. References. 2. Present exploration: 1. Background and scope. 2. Field trip report. 3. Phytogeographical findings. 4. Ethnobotany. 5. Nature conservation. 3. The present Flora: Format and conventions. Acknowledgments. Family sequence. Key to families.
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3033:" The PHCC generated a National Park proposal used by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. One of the council's major contributions has been the creation of nurseries for indigenous trees. Today, thanks to its efforts, young shola trees thrive at Kodai institutions and in private gardens. The organisation sought to restrict unsustainable building development in the 1990s. The PHCC has been active in the case against mercury contamination of the once beautiful Pambar Shola.,
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1274:. These falls have two stages. At the first stage water collects in huge rock recesses which are each named after wild animals such as tiger, elephant and snake. The Pambar river then flows .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) to the second stage before falling as the main waterfall. Bathing is allowed. There is a bus from
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Many native tribals in the Palani Hills have partially assimilated modern culture but are marginalized on the fringes of society. Their social, economic and physical survival has become a difficult challenge for them and several public and private agencies. Their ancient culture in this area is well
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Peaks rising to over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) with total area of 385 square kilometres (149 sq mi) and average elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) consist mostly of montane grasslands interspersed with sholas. The grassland component is now largely replaced by forest plantations
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and the southwestern coastal plains, temperatures vary from moderate to quite cool. In the central Palani Hills at
Kodaikanal, during March to May, the temperature range is between 10.1 and 20.9 °C (50.2 and 69.6 °F). The temperature can rise to a high of 35 °C (95 °F). During
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They live in small hamlets in huts and government constructed colonies. The sedentary life started with the construction of group houses by the government in the early sixties. The community is vertically divided into two sub divisions called Koora and Kanni, further subdivided into 47 sub sects.
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The sanctuary has been under consideration of the
Government of India in consultation with the Government of Tamil Nadu since 1999. The actual park boundaries have not been finalized. In 2007, proposals for declaration of Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary were under consideration of the Government.
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on the west and extend east into the plains of Tamil Nadu, covering an area of 2,068 square kilometres (798 sq mi). The highest part of the range is in the southwest, and reaches 1,800-2,500 metres (5,906-8,202 feet) elevation; the eastern extension of the range is made up of hills
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The Palani Hills
Conservation Council (PHCC) was formed by concerned residents in 1985 One of its first goals was to support and push for the creation of a national park or a wildlife sanctuary in the Palni Hills. Zafar Futehally and M.S. Viraraghavan were its leaders. The PHCC made a clear
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The
Vattakanal Conservation Trust promotes the conservation of Palni Hills' native plants and habitats by raising plant nurseries, establishing conservation gardens, working with the Forest Department to restore habitats and acquiring properties to ensure survival of specific species and
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is at, elevation 2,270 metres (7,450 ft). There is small pool above this 50 m (160 ft) waterfall just southwest of the
Kodaikanal–Munnar Road crossing the Kathirikkai Odei (the Second Trout Stream) 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) west of the Forest Dept
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The park area includes only reserve forest land, including Palni Hills
Northern Slope East, Kallar, Palni Hills Southern Slope East, Upper Palni Shola, Allinagaram, and Palni Hills Northern Slope West Reserve Forests in the Dindigul and Kodaikanal Forest Divisions.
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On 13 August 2012, in an apparent change away from plans for notification of parts of the Palani Hills as a separate wildlife sanctuary, the Tamil Nadu
Gazette notification attached parts of Kodaikanal and Dindigul divisions of reserve forests to the buffer zone of
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may help the local populace to welcome this new
Protected area. It remains to be seen whether the Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will stimulate or stifle commercial development and tourism. The decision to finally establish the park must balance short term
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Conservation and eco-restoration of degraded forests in
Nilgiris and Palani Hills. During 2007–2008, it is proposed to take up degraded sholas over an extent of 3 square kilometres and to carry out other maintenance and improvement works at a cost of Rs. 590.75
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The
Northeast monsoon season from October through early December, when rain is abundant and occurs over 30 or more days. Depending on the timing of the northeast monsoon, the latter half of December may experience a few days of heavy rain or remain completely
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The Palni Hills are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats with a maximum east–west length of 65 kilometres (40 mi), and a north–south width of 40 kilometres (25 mi). Area is 2,064 square kilometres (797 sq mi). These hills rise in steep
3590:. A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 59. Archived from
3555:. A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 53. Archived from
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The Ampthill Downs area is now named Upper Palani Shola Reserved Forest and totals 145.7 square kilometres (56.3 sq mi) (36,000 acres) of forest land. It is the largest reserve forest division in the Palani Hills. The core of the proposed
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The Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. is implementing forest maintenance and restoration works over a period of 5 years from 2006 to 2007. Government of Tamil Nadu has sanctioned a sum of Rs.30.00 crores for the following components:
3477:"Environment and Forests Department – Declaration of Areas as Critical Tiger Habitats in the Three Tiger Reserves of the State of Tamil Nadu in the Interest of Conservation of Tiger Under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972"
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at, 400 metres (1,300 ft) are down a pine needle path through large pines beginning on left of road .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) past Forest Dept. Nursery, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Kodaikanal on Poombrai
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Each sub sect is called Kootams, which regulates certain social events. Each kootam has its own deity, which is common to the entire group and once yearly the members of the same kootam assemble to worship the deity.
455:. The park is located between latitude 10°7'–10°28' N and longitude 77°16'–77°46' E. Central location is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east northeast of Silver Cascade Waterfall and 4 km (2.5 mi) E X NE of
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signs survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and
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throughout the park which are popular tourist attractions. Some of the prominent falls associated with the park are: (Distances are referenced from km 0.0 at the bund (dam) on northeast end of Kodaikanal lake at .)
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of endemic plant life. Notable among these is Pambar Shola. The Pambar Shola, draining to the Pambar River, is now reduced to less than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in circumference. It contains several rare and
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of Kodaikanal stands in a 2,195 m (7,202 ft) high basin at the southern edge of the central part. The eastern end of the park is made of hills 1000–1500 m (3,281 ft - 4,921 ft) high.
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December to February it is between 8.1 and 18.6 °C (46.6 and 65.5 °F). In January, night temperatures sometimes drop below freezing, and thin ice is seen on lake edges in the early morning.
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3157:. Permission from the Forest Department is necessary to visit areas deep inside the forests and for trekking in forests. Forest rest houses are available with advance reservation at Kodaikkanal,
988:
The Palani hills are most prominent towards the west, ranging from 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) to 2,553 metres (8,376 ft) (5,906 ft - 8,376 ft). The ten most prominent peaks are:
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which varies from west to east. Generally, as one proceeds from the Kerala border in the west to the foothills in the east, average rainfall decreases and temperature increases. Compared to the
1150:, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the
1128:, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the
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and Devadanapatty. Contact: District Forest officer, Kodaikkanal Forest Division, Kodaikanal, Dindigal District, Tamil Nadu, India. (open 10 am to 6 pm) Phone : 91-4542-240287
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The Tamil Nadu Department of Geology and Mining has completed detailed Geo-Technical Studies of the Palni Hills determining moderate to high landslide danger in much of the area.
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the dry season, usually between January and March, during which rain is scarce and limited to around 10 rainy days, the air is crisp, dry and cold, and when ground frost occurs;
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proposed to the Tamil Nadu state government that much of the range be granted protected status as a wildlife sanctuary or Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park.
505:. It was over 140 square kilometres (53 sq mi) in extent and about one quarter of it then consisted of sholas and three quarters was open, rolling, grassy downs.
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Just below Pambar Falls where Levigne stream comes out of Pambar Shola. Is particularly visible from Priests Walk and from top end of Coolie Ghat just below Shenbuganour.
594:
4129:
Govt. of Tamilnadu, Tourism, Demand No.50, Policy Note 2000-2001, State Government Schemes, Works in progress under Part-II Scheme 1999-2000, retrieved 26 January 2007.
3918:
P.Thamizoli, K.Balasubramanian, M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai and P.Ignatius Prabakar, Department of Anthropology, University of Madras, Chennai (2003) "
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The Tamil Nadu Green Movement works on Nature Education, Conservation awareness, Judicial intervention, media awareness and works with other NGOs in the Western Ghats.
3848:"Forest plantations, water availability, and regional climate change: controversies surrounding Acacia mearnsii plantations in the upper Palni Hills, southern India"
3372:
The Hindu, Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 16, 02–15 August 2003, "On The Danger List" by Ian Lockwood, an excellent and comprehensive description of the Palani Hills
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Moist areas exist along the ravines and in the sheltered pockets of high elevation shola forests around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). These sholas are often
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The Palani Hills are currently subject to increasing development pressure as it is under developed for a long time. The Palani Hills Conservation Council, a
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ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS DEPARTMENT, POLICY NOTE ON FOREST DEPARTMENT 2001-2002, DEMAND NO. 44 - FORESTS AND DEMAND NO.58 - CAPITAL OUTLAY ON FORESTS
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The warm season of April and May when most tourists arrive for their holiday in the hills and when summer showers and rain may fall on 18 to 20 days;
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3350:. Dehra Dun: Wildlife Institute of India. pp. Summary of Protected Area Proposals Considered to be of National Priority Status. Archived from
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hills could expand back into this area when it is better protected. In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day
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The Government of Tamil Nadu completed establishment of a litter free zone and awareness campaign in Kodaikanal in 2000 at a cost of Rs 1. lakh.
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on the hills interspersed with pockets of dense shola forests in the valleys. This is an undulating plateau interspersed with occasional peaks.
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region to the north. The northern slopes are drained by the Shanmukha River, Nanganji River, and Kodavanar River, which are tributaries of the
3996:
Bellan, M.F. (1980) Palani Hills Vegetation Map, Institut de la Carte Internationale du Tapis Végétal, Toulouse, France, retrieved 3/29/2007
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4164:
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News about Kuringi, Endemic birds, Vattakanal Conservation Trust, the Hindu, Frontline, Volume 23 - Issue 17 :: 26 Aug. – 8 Sep. 2006
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at A dangerous sheer cliff that drops over 100 metres (330 ft), to the first level, then drops off a couple more times to the plains.
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3044:
2530:
1195:, (Rat Tail Falls) at, elevation 820 metres (2,690 ft), is 975 feet (297 m) (297 meters) high. It is the highest waterfall in
567:
3945:
Bicultural Versatility as a Frontier Adaptation among Paliyan Foragers of South India, by Dr. Peter Gardner, Edwin Mellen Press, 2000,
3920:
Folk Narratives from the Palni Hills: The Pulayans left behind the dead cattle, driven to the mountain’s edge, shown the dry waterhole
1234:
at, 16 metres (52 ft) high, is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of Vandaravu Peak in remote southwest corner of Palani Hills.
173:
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2327:. Paliyan people can be seen near Kukal Cave. The Tamil speaking Pulayan are referred to as the MalaPulayans, a group categorized as
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of traditional varieties of fruits, vegetables and cereals, including vegetables of all colours, shapes and sizes and orchards of
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of the world. Some of the very rare and endangered plants and animals of India are found here. including intact relics of primary
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1169:(also called Liril or Vatakanal) at, elevation 2,120 metres (6,960 ft), is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) SE from Kodaikanal.
4265:
News: The Group Endeavor for Environment and Nature Sustenance Pleas to the Forestry Minister for Palani Hills National Park.
2295:
The Southwest monsoon season extends between June and September, with around 45 days of rainfall spread over the four months;
57:
4281:
2994:
of Kodaikanal Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme, with an expenditure of Rs.33.90 lakhs incurred till 2007.
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in Kerala borders the southwestern corner of the park. These Wildlife Sanctuaries are adjacent to the recently established
100:
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433:
53:
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72:
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4012:", The Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli 620 002, India. 364. pp. Price: set Rs 600. $ 175, £100.
3153:, which has a list and map of local treks in the Kodaikanal area. Several trekking destinations are accessible from the
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In 1906, the great undulating plateau on top of the Palanis comprising four forest ranges were consolidated under the
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will be included in the buffer zone. The villages and hamlets that now form part of the Palani Hills buffer zone are
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Wildlife Sanctuary was included in the protected area proposals considered to be of national priority status by the
79:
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which was to be established in 2008. The park includes about 36% of the 2,068 km (798 sq mi) in the
3254:
46:
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The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, the Public Works Department and the local bodies are executing
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768:
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86:
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4141:
Tamil Nadu Ministry of Forests and Environment, Policy note 2006-2007, Demand 25, Dept. of Forests, page 49
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2559:
2509:
490:
385:
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877:
3797:"Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901-2000 data: Kodaikanal"
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submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palani Hills by declaring the area a
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The average annual rainfall is 1,617 millimetres (63.7 in), mostly during the north-east monsoon.
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The lower elevations of the Palani Hills, between 250 and 1,000 m (820-3,281 ft), are part of the
4323:
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3322:
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2378:
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670:
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VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area
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Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the collection of chinchona plants and seeds in...
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and small gaming in the nearby forest areas combined with cultivation of several species of minor
1284:, in Allinagaram Reserved Forest, elevation 2,220 metres (7,280 ft), location estimated from
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at 55 metres (180 ft) high, is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Kodaikanal) on the Ghat Road.
444:. The park will be an upgrade and expansion of the 736.87 km (284.51 sq mi) Palani
3077:
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at Kookkal Kombai, 90 metres (300 ft) high, is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) walk northwest of
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555:
536:
513:
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height 15 metres (49 ft), elevation 2,170 metres (7,120 ft), location estimated from
953:; they are among the oldest mountain ranges in India. The park is an eastward extension of the
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occur in this sanctuary. Other more widespread species of herpetofauna also occur lower down.
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From 1,600 to 2,000 metres (5,200 to 6,600 ft) are upper montane slopes characterised by
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The Save Kurinji Campaign Council organises campaigns and programmes for conservation of the
2756:: Laurel tree believed extinct (Botanical Survey of India). Two trees found in Pambar Shola,
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ranges, which run parallel to the west coast of India. The Palani Hills adjoin with the high
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2788:" by K.M. Matthew (1999), Tiruchirapalli, 3 vols., xcvi, 1880 p., figs., maps, $ 193 (set).
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3806:. Chennai: Indian Meteorological Department, Regional Meteorological Centre. Archived from
704:, except in the western portion, where it forms the boundary between Dindigul district and
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ranging from 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) elevation.
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Relics and artifacts of the Paliyan tribes people can be seen in the Shenbaganur Museum.
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1068:, between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River, public access restricted.
3750:
3581:
Surukumar, R.; Venkataraman, Arun; Varma, Surendra; Kumar, N. Venkatesa (October 1998).
3546:
Surukumar, R.; Venkataraman, Arun; Varma, Surendra; Kumar, N. Venkatesa (October 1998).
783:
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Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. (2007) Projects & Programs 2007 - 2008, retrieved 9/2/2007
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2893:) which blossom in spectacular fields of violet only once in 12 years are threatened.
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The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Kodaikanal - Territorial Forest Division - Data
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3253:. Vol. Demand 15. Tamil Nadu Ministry of Forests and Environment. Archived from
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2738:
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Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the
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Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the
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3649:", Chapter XXIV, p. 390 - 407, Willim clowes and sons, London, retrieved 3/28/2007
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The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Dindigul - Territorial Forest Division - Data
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supports and leads environmental initiatives in the surrounding area. It offers an
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597:. About 5155.42 hectares of forest land belonging to Palani Hills Northern Slope,
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in small plots located near their hamlets to meet their subsistence requirements.
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reserve forest, 4,344.53 acres in Kudraiyar block forest and 5,548.49 hectares in
4278:
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Industries Department, POLICY NOTE - 2005-2006, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING
3310:. Madras: Superintendent, Government Press. pp. 139 – on the Palni Plateaus.
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Vellari Malai Peak, seen from Talinji Village, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away
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The foothills from 400 to 800 metres (1,300 to 2,600 ft) consist mostly of
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812:. In the highest portions of the range, above 2,000 m (6,562 ft), the
637:
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35:
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A sum of Rs.1327.50 lakhs has been released for this purpose during 2006–2007.
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accompanied by shrub savannah, although most has been converted to plantations.
2384:
The hills may be divided into four distinct vertical zones comprising distinct
4162:
FOREST MAINTENANCE WORKS AS PER THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION
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3399:"1.5.3. Biodiversity Conservation, Landscape and Protected Areas Management"
3244:"1.5.3. Biodiversity Conservation, Landscape and Protected Areas Management"
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in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local
2875:
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by State government of Tamil Nadu. Their traditional livelihood is foraging
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unnamed? at .6 kilometres (0.37 mi) southwest of Kukkal village center
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lies in the southern central portion of the range. Palani Hills joined with
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3706:", Asia Pacific Mountain Network, Vol. 4, No. 2, retrieved 23 March 2010
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and designated by the British Government as a single reserve forest, from
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at 20 metres (66 ft) high, elevation 590 metres (1,940 ft) in
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peak is the highest peak in the Palani hills. The range lies between the
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The comprehensive source on Palani Hills flora is currently in print: "
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hills formed by separation of the India-Madagascar-Seychelles blocks of
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Between 800 and 1,600 metres (2,600 and 5,200 ft) is dominated by
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sp.: a new species for the Palni hills first collected in April 2000,
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Wild are common in areas away from human habitation and cultivation.
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peak in Kerala state. Vattavada in Kerala is a part of Palani hills.
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tribes people have been seen living in some of the several caves in
3064:, 8 km NW of Kodaikanal, is a 100-acre (0.40 km) private
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The Palani Hills derive their name from the ancient temple town of
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Kodaikanal International School, Environmental awareness programs.
3408:. Chennai: Tamil Nadu Forest Department. p. 4. Archived from
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The climate of the upper Palnis has four clearly defined seasons:
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between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River in
563:
4235:
3344:
Mathur, Vinod B.; Rogers, W. Alan; Panwar, Hemendra S. (2002).
3011:
Maintenance and special repairs to Forest Department buildings.
2677:: a succulent vine with waxy flowers endemic to Pambar Shola',
869:
Perumal Malai in distance seen from Anna Salai, Street bazaar,
2977:
516:
awaiting government notification is located in this division.
29:
4326:, The Hindu, 1 September 2012, P. OPPILI and B. ARAVIND KUMAR
4318:
4192:
3896:
2983:
groups are actively working to reduce some of these threats:
4324:
20 years on, Kodaikanal wildlife sanctuary yet to take shape
2736:: tree fern, highly endangered (Botanical Survey of India),
261:
Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (proposed)
4117:", Infochange India, Toxic Tours - IV, retrieved 3/28/2007
3511:. Kodaikanal: Vattakanal Conservation Trust. Archived from
3149:
The Kodaikanal Division Forest Office offers a book called
519:
In 1988, the new 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi)
2691:: an epiphytic orchid. Pambar Shola is its major habitat,
747:
The western extremity of the park is contiguous with the
4071:
Pambar shola: a biodiversity treasure trove under threat
976:
eruption 66 million years ago as India drifted over the
3005:
Improvement of roads in the forest areas of Tamil Nadu.
2710:
sp.: a delicate creeping fern endemic to Pambar Shola,
2743:: known only from one other shola in the Palni hills,
397:
are a mountain range in the southern Indian states of
3475:
Stationary and Printing Department (13 August 2012).
1181:
at is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) NE from Kodaikanal).
968:
It is surrounded to the north, east and south by the
3450:"Gazette note doesn't exempt Topslip from core zone"
3031:
The health of the hills is the wealth of the plains.
2381:
vegetation and a large number of non-native plants.
1278:
with fare of Rs. 5(6.00,7.00 13.00,15.30,16.30 hrs).
501:
town limits to the south, and given the name of the
497:
town to the Kerala state border in the west and the
425:, who is worshipped as a major deity in Tamil Nadu.
405:. The Palani Hills are an eastward extension of the
381:
373:
336:
326:
308:
260:
242:
237:
223:
209:
204:
165:
155:
150:
136:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4277:Elephant Valley Organic Farm, retrieved 4/13/2007
3857:. author version. pp. 103–117. Archived from
3846:Rangan, H., C. A. Kull, and L. Alexander. (2010).
3347:Wildlife Protected Area Network in India: A Review
3323:"National Parks and Sanctuaries : Kodaikanal"
753:Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
2369:The Palani hills are the easternmost part of the
1087:at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Kodaikanal),
430:Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
377:736.87 square kilometres (284.51 sq mi)
3666:. In Indian Science Congress Association (ed.).
3222:"List of Proposed Wildlife Sanctuaries in India"
2781:, only one other known location in Palni hills.
1270:located in the lower Palni foothills, along the
4131:Policy Note 2000-2001, State Government Schemes
3533:Kurinjimala and Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuaries,
1081:at 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Kodaikanal,
4051:. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. 1 March 2010
4024:Project Tiger, Kalakad - Mundanthurai Reserve
853:, was founded in 1985. In the early 1990s the
2763:: vine, vulnerable, endemic to Pambar shola,
1213:, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Kodaikanal.
1044:List_of_waterfalls_in_India § Tamil_Nadu
825:-grassland mosaic, made up of frost-tolerant
486:) located at the northern base of the hills.
8:
3882:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3831:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3456:. Coimbatore: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd
3433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2684:: a succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola,
2546:Several little-known and endemic species of
2408:along streams and rivers at these altitudes.
1120:(Five House Falls), 85 metres (279 ft)
929:12. Thaliar Falls 975 feet (297 m) high
921:11. Silver Cascade, 55 m high, < 1/4 flow
3790:
3788:
3192:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 172.
2911:Monoculture pine plantation near Bear Shola
2729:: a tree believed extinct until this year,
2723:: only one clump known on the Palni hills,
2413:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
1209:between Kilavarai and intersection 11 with
1205:at, 52 feet (16 m) high, is along the
796:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
3014:Raising shola seedlings for afforestation.
2716:: a tree, until recently thought extinct,
2704:sp.: a fern ally endemic to Pambar Shola,
2402:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1299:
1022:Vellari Malai 2,229 metres (7,313 ft)
1007:Sandana Parai 2,404 metres (7,887 ft)
1004:Karunmakadu 2,451 metres (8,041 ft),
998:Vembadi Peak 2,505 metres (8,219 ft),
801:. Above 1,000 m (3,281 ft), the
550:land. These forests are already among the
414:1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft) high.
257:
133:
4089:The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India
4083:The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India
4045:"Sathyamangalam could be a tiger reserve"
3302:Francis, W. Indian Civil Service (1906).
2786:The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India
833:forests. The hills extend into Kerala as
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4010:The Flora of the Palni Hills, Parts 1–3.
3668:The Shaping of Indian Science: 1914-1947
2666:succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola,
2252:Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
1819:Source: Indian Meteorological Department
1806:Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
1013:Tina Vardi 2,270 metres (7,450 ft),
992:Vandaravu 2,553 metres (8,376 ft),
810:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
3926:Folk Narratives from the Palni Hills...
3908:Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kodaikanal
3804:Climatological Data of Important Cities
3503:
3501:
3178:
3025:connection between natural forests and
1311:
1262:at estimated from Army Map and contours
995:Ibex Peak 2,517 metres (8,258 ft)
3875:
3824:
3795:Davinder Sharma, SA, DGM Secretariat.
3670:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 508–511.
3426:
3220:National Wildlife Data Center (2006).
688:on the south, which is drained by the
3855:Regional Environmental Change, 10 (2)
3769:. Discover Tamil Nadu. Archived from
3484:Extraordinary Gazette Publication 233
3277:"Call for protection of Palani hills"
1010:Venkombu 2,327 metres (7,635 ft)
829:interspersed with pockets of stunted
546:The proposed park area includes only
7:
3397:Selvaraj, N., Minister for Forests.
1272:Kodai-Vellagavi-Periyakulam footpath
1001:Gundar 2,461 metres (8,074 ft),
965:period about 120 million years ago.
873:, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away
673:of the natural and human community.
307:
295:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3486:. Chennai: Government of Tamil Nadu
3406:POLICY NOTE 2006–2007 Demand No. 15
3308:Madras District Gazetteers - Madura
3045:International Baccalaureate Program
2903:Kodaikanal § Mercury_pollution
2698:: a shrub endemic to Pambar Shola,
2531:Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
2426:mosaic, composed of frost-tolerant
692:and its upper tributaries, and the
3897:Kodaikanal.org, Kodaikanal climate
3735:Lockwood, Ian (29 February 2012).
3651:(1862) Journey to the Pulney Hills
469:Boundary of the Wildlife Sanctuary
25:
4340:Montane grasslands and shrublands
4193:Palani Hills Conservation Council
4191:Palni Hills Conservation Council
2373:of India, which is one of the 25
4319:Palni Hills Conservation Council
3645:Markham Clements Robert (1862) "
3047:course on Environmental Systems.
629:, Pazhamputhur and Puthurpuram.
294:
287:
271:
142:
34:
4267:Tamil Nadu Green Movement, News
4217:Kodaikanal International School
3767:Tamilnadu Waterfalls & Dams
3702:Gurung Dr. Harka (Sept, 1999) "
3623:. 2 August 2003. Archived from
3151:Kodaikanal Beauty in Wilderness
3041:Kodaikanal International School
1199:and the third highest in India.
938:The Palani Hills are formed of
700:. The range lies mostly within
325:
45:needs additional citations for
4246:The Tamil Nadu Green Movement-
4234:Save Kurinji Campaign Council
4203:Vattakanal Conservation Trust
2260:Precipitation totals in inches
787:View of the Palani Hills from
617:, Kilavarai, Polur, Kavunchi,
1:
4236:Save Kurinji Campaign Council
4205:Vattakanal Conservation Trust
3448:K.A. Shaji (22 August 2012).
3224:. Wildlife Institute of India
3186:R. P. Singh, Zubairul Islam.
2315:Paliyan woman & children.
1335:, public access restricted.|
1228:at is on Dolphins Nose Trail.
1019:2,236 metres (7,336 ft),
847:non-governmental organization
552:protected areas of Tamil Nadu
266:Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary
4143:Ministry of Forests, page 49
4119:Mercury rising in Kodaikanal
4115:Mercury rising in Kodaikanal
2521:populations in the adjacent
972:formed later in the massive
855:Tamil Nadu Forest Department
835:Pampadum Shola National Park
533:Tamil Nadu Forest Department
386:Tamil Nadu Forest Department
161:2,533 m (8,310 ft)
4297:Kodaikkanal Forest Division
4085:", retrieved 24 March 2007
4049:The Times of India, Chennai
3008:Bio-diversity conservation.
2362:Palani Hills Vegetation Map
1333:Indira Gandhi National Park
1066:Indira Gandhi National Park
632:The increasingly important
529:Wildlife Institute of India
4376:
3737:"Pambar Falls in February"
2923:, grasslands destruction,
2900:
2839:. III. Monochlamvdeae: 1.
2596:Platyplectrurus madurensis
2568:Nyctibatrachus deccanensis
2488:in the park area include:
2398:Deccan thorn scrub forests
2256:
2248:
1831:
1818:
1814:Precipitation totals in mm
1810:
1802:
1041:
805:forests transition to the
757:Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary
531:. In the early 1990s, the
4248:Tamil Nadu Green Movement
3972:Bicultural Versatility...
3956:Bicultural Versatility...
2655:plant species including:
2580:Hemidactylus anamallensis
2388:with a wide diversity of
1142:103 metres (338 ft)
905:8. Neptune Falls and Pool
491:Indian Forest Act of 1878
282:
270:
265:
141:
4014:Flora of the Palni Hills
3662:Wadia, Dr. D.N. (2003).
3029:and coined the phrase: "
2544:Amphibians and reptiles:
2275:tropical monsoon climate
2270:The Palani Hills have a
769:Eravikulam National Park
3749:Trekking to the Plains
3710:Mountains of South Asia
3704:Mountains of South Asia
3387:9. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
2891:Strobilanthes kunthiana
2624:Trimeresurus macrolepis
2560:Micrixalus nigraventris
2510:grizzled giant squirrel
2467:Grizzled giant squirrel
1322:20 metres (66 ft)
1097:on Palar (Kallar) River
712:to the south west. The
595:Annamalai Tiger Reserve
27:Mountain range in India
4113:Yashwant Shailendra "
4008:Matthew K. M. (1999) "
3155:Kodaikanal–Munnar Road
2934:in the park. There is
2927:tree plantations, and
2912:
2643:
2600:Teretrurus rhodogaster
2527:Anamalai Tiger Reserve
2476:
2468:
2460:
2366:
2316:
1238:Kudiraiyar River Falls
1211:Kodaikanal–Munnar Road
1107:Neptune Falls and Pool
930:
922:
914:
906:
898:
890:
882:
874:
791:
640:, including trekking,
4081:K.M. Matthew (1999) "
3998:Full Map with Legend:
3664:"The making of India"
3251:Policy note 2006-2007
3189:Environmental Studies
2910:
2812:: I. Polypetalae: 1.
2637:
2604:Uropeltis pulneyensis
2588:Kaestlea travancorica
2564:Indirana leptodactyla
2474:
2466:
2458:
2404:. There is also some
2375:biodiversity hotspots
2364:Full Map with Legend:
2361:
2314:
928:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
868:
786:
765:Kurinjimala Sanctuary
740:to a high undulating
358:10.24528°N 77.52389°E
4181:"On The Danger List"
3773:on 23 September 2009
3617:"On the danger list"
3374:"On The Danger List"
3054:plant and its habit.
2932:exotic plant species
2915:There is decreasing
2612:Uropeltis woodmasoni
1203:Gaur Vellaiyan Falls
562:will increase their
54:improve this article
4350:Hills of Tamil Nadu
4345:Grasslands of India
3763:"Kumbakkarai Falls"
3145:Visitor information
3076:. They promote the
3060:Elephant Valley at
2726:Elaeocarpus blascoi
2608:Uropeltis broughami
2556:Ghatixalus asterops
1832:Imperial conversion
1256:(போளூர் அருவி) at .
889:3. Bear Shola Falls
554:. Their upgrade to
417:It is also home to
382:Governing body
354: /
185: /
4302:2009-10-31 at the
4284:2007-05-16 at the
4253:2007-09-29 at the
4222:2007-10-08 at the
4167:2007-10-12 at the
4148:2007-01-01 at the
4031:2013-07-26 at the
3986:Shenbaganur Museum
3984:travelportalindia
3968:Gardner, Excerpts
3933:2007-06-07 at the
3627:on 4 February 2012
3597:on 11 October 2007
3562:on 11 October 2007
3515:on 28 October 2010
3454:The Times of India
3100:intercropped with
2913:
2831:: Gamopetalae: 1.
2644:
2576:Salea anamallayana
2552:Raorchestes dubois
2486:Threatened species
2477:
2469:
2461:
2428:montane grasslands
2367:
2325:Manjampatti Valley
2317:
1329:Manjampatti Valley
1062:Manjampatti Valley
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
875:
827:montane grasslands
792:
749:Manjampatti Valley
566:status from level
556:Wildlife Sanctuary
537:wildlife sanctuary
514:Wildlife Sanctuary
449:Wildlife Sanctuary
363:10.24528; 77.52389
151:Highest point
4069:Greenpeace India
3951:978-0-7734-7819-0
3199:978-81-8069-774-6
2954:mercury pollution
2713:Psydraxficiformis
2365:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
1823:
1822:
1349:Kodaikanal, India
1339:
1338:
1291:Unnamed Falls 15m
1282:Unnamed Falls 10m
1232:Unnamed Falls 16m
1218:Kathirikkai Falls
1140:Palar Lower falls
1114:Palar Upper Falls
849:headquartered in
751:core area of the
708:to the south and
702:Dindigul district
669:versus long term
438:Dindigul District
391:
390:
327:Nearest city
313:Dindigul district
256:
255:
189:10.200°N 77.467°E
130:
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16:(Redirected from
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2956:. There is also
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2584:Kaestlea palnica
2406:evergreen forest
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1267:Kumbakarai Falls
1118:Anju Veedu Falls
1079:Bear Shola Falls
963:Early Cretaceous
913:10. Pambar Falls
665:benefits of the
574:and improve the
369:
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2964:, uncontrolled
2958:sound pollution
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2897:Threat aversion
2887:Kurinji flowers
2860:Monocotyledones
2664:Melastomataceae
2592:Ristella rurkii
2494:Indian elephant
2475:Indian elephant
2453:
2451:Flora and fauna
2390:Endemic species
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2329:scheduled caste
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1354:Climate chart (
1344:
1331:, core area of
1318:Ananthoni Falls
1207:Kilavarai trail
1192:Thalaiyar Falls
1162:Poombarai Falls
1156:Kodaikanal lake
1134:Kodaikanal lake
1064:, core area of
1058:Alanthoni Falls
1048:There are many
1046:
1040:
986:
978:Reunion Hotspot
936:
863:
843:
781:
710:Idukki District
679:
472:
471:
470:
465:
457:Kodaikanal Lake
419:the main temple
362:
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4313:External links
4311:
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3692:satellite view
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3066:nature reserve
3058:
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3034:
3027:water security
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2995:
2992:Bioremediation
2988:
2974:eutrophication
2945:pollution and
2901:Main article:
2898:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2848:
2841:Plantaginaceae
2833:Caprifoliaceae
2821:
2775:anamallayannum
2620:Boiga dightoni
2498:Indian leopard
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2431:
2416:
2409:
2355:
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2279:Deccan plateau
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1173:Silver Cascade
1170:
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1071:
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1042:Main article:
1039:
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1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
985:
982:
970:Deccan Plateau
935:
932:
897:5. Fairy Falls
862:
859:
842:
839:
780:
777:
726:Cardamom Hills
722:Anamalai Hills
706:Theni district
678:
675:
650:mountaineering
548:reserve forest
503:Ampthill Downs
499:Bodinayakkanur
468:
467:
466:
464:
461:
434:protected area
432:is a proposed
411:Anamalai range
389:
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251:Laws Ghat Road
248:
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194:10.200; 77.467
169:
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159:
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147:
139:
138:
128:
127:
69:"Palani Hills"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:Project Tiger
4021:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3975:
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3673:
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3574:
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3527:
3514:
3510:
3509:"Palni Hills"
3504:
3502:
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3485:
3478:
3471:
3468:
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3441:
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3353:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3337:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3304:"V - Forests"
3298:
3295:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3239:
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3223:
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3083:
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3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
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3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3010:
3007:
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3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
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2985:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:contamination
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:deforestation
2918:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:81-900539-6-5
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:81-900539-5-7
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:Ranunculaceae
2811:
2810:Dicotyledones
2807:
2806:81-900539-4-9
2803:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:81-900539-3-0
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2752:Actinodapohne
2748:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2739:Aeschynanthus
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2687:Trichoglottis
2683:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2662:: a delicate
2661:
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2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:Agasthyamalai
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:Project Tiger
2520:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2473:
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2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:Western Ghats
2360:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2306:
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2297:
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2280:
2276:
2273:
2255:
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2215:
2184:
2153:
2122:
2091:
2060:
2029:
1998:
1967:
1936:
1905:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
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1857:
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1851:
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1845:
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1817:
1809:
1801:
1769:
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1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:Unnamed Falls
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
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1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:also called
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1017:Perumal Malai
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
989:
983:
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
959:East Gondwana
956:
955:Western Ghats
952:
948:
944:
941:
933:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
872:
867:
860:
858:
856:
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838:
836:
832:
828:
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823:
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815:
811:
808:
804:
800:
797:
790:
785:
778:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:and with The
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Cumbum Valley
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
658:bird watching
655:
654:rock climbing
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
590:
586:
585:of the area.
584:
581:
577:
573:
572:National Park
569:
565:
561:
560:National Park
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
541:national park
538:
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407:Western Ghats
404:
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245:Easiest route
241:
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232:Western Ghats
230:
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4292:
4279:Organic Farm
4273:
4261:
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4175:
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4137:
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4114:
4109:
4097:
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4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4048:
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3992:
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3941:
3925:
3919:
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3903:
3892:
3866:. Retrieved
3859:the original
3854:
3841:
3815:. Retrieved
3808:the original
3803:
3775:. Retrieved
3771:the original
3766:
3757:
3745:
3730:
3718:
3709:
3703:
3698:
3686:
3667:
3657:
3646:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3620:
3611:
3601:30 September
3599:. Retrieved
3592:the original
3583:
3576:
3566:30 September
3564:. Retrieved
3557:the original
3548:
3541:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:the original
3488:. Retrieved
3483:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:
3417:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3405:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3346:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3325:. Wildvistas
3316:
3307:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3280:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3255:the original
3250:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3215:
3203:. Retrieved
3188:
3181:
3150:
3148:
3078:conservation
3074:eco-tourists
3070:organic farm
3030:
3019:
2981:conservation
2917:biodiversity
2914:
2890:
2885:
2872:Gymnospermae
2796:. Contents:
2785:
2783:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2696:chandrabosei
2692:
2685:
2680:Plectranthus
2678:
2674:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2543:
2525:reserves of
2519:Bengal tiger
2514:
2506:Nilgiri tahr
2490:Bengal tiger
2484:
2479:
2478:
2459:Nilgiri tahr
2383:
2368:
2349:
2347:documented.
2345:
2341:
2318:
2302:
2284:
2269:
1317:
1290:
1281:
1265:
1260:Poondi Falls
1259:
1253:
1248:Kukkal Falls
1247:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1202:
1190:
1184:
1179:Skamba Falls
1178:
1172:
1167:Pambar Falls
1166:
1161:
1139:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:Gundar Falls
1100:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1057:
1047:
1033:
1028:hill station
1025:
987:
974:Deccan Traps
967:
947:charnockites
940:pre-Cambrian
937:
844:
841:Conservation
830:
820:
819:give way to
793:
773:
746:
734:
714:hill station
698:Kaveri River
690:Vaigai River
680:
631:
591:
587:
583:conservation
545:
518:
507:
502:
488:
479:
473:
453:Palani Hills
429:
427:
416:
395:Palani Hills
394:
392:
226:Parent range
137:Palani Hills
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3690:Wikimapia,
3205:18 November
3165:, Kavunji,
3130:pomegranate
2943:solid waste
2925:monoculture
2864:Orchidaceae
2850:Volume III
2818:Alangiaceae
2768:pulneyensis
2741:perrottetii
2721:salicifolia
2707:Selaginella
2694:Phyllanthus
2675:pulneyensis
2660:pulneyensis
2504:(wild ox),
1356:explanation
1276:Periyakulam
1254:Polur Falls
1185:Snake Falls
1085:Fairy Falls
1074:Bamen Falls
817:rainforests
738:escarpments
638:Eco-tourism
623:Kilanavayal
361: /
337:Coordinates
192: /
167:Coordinates
18:Palni hills
4355:Kongu Nadu
4334:Categories
4179:The Hindu
3974:" excerpts
3777:26 October
3173:References
3126:jack fruit
3072:welcoming
3037:ecosystems
2880:Cycadaceae
2845:Salicaceae
2823:Volume II
2770:: scarce,
2766:Pimpinella
2761:thwaitesii
2548:amphibians
2542:scratches.
2516:Endangered
2444:eucalyptus
2386:Ecoregions
2379:indigenous
2354:Ecoregions
1197:Tamil Nadu
1091:Glen Falls
1050:waterfalls
1038:Waterfalls
871:Kodaikanal
851:Kodaikanal
789:Kodaikanal
779:Ecoregions
718:Kodaikanal
667:status quo
615:Mannavanur
607:Kodaikanal
603:Mannavanur
521:Kodaikanal
511:Kodaikanal
495:Kodaikanal
446:Kodaikanal
442:Tamil Nadu
399:Tamil Nadu
349:77°31′26″E
346:10°14′43″N
331:Kodaikanal
317:Tamil Nadu
214:Tamil Nadu
80:newspapers
4055:2 January
3621:Frontline
3490:22 August
3460:22 August
3281:The Hindu
3159:Poombarai
2972:and lake
2939:pollution
2876:Gnetaceae
2868:Gramineae
2800:Volume I
2759:Ceropegia
2682:bourneate
2640:Ceropegia
2539:carnivore
2442:and some
2424:grassland
1309:Location
984:Mountains
807:evergreen
803:deciduous
799:ecoregion
694:Kongunadu
682:Vandaravu
677:Geography
671:stability
663:financial
605:Range in
599:Andipatty
205:Geography
157:Elevation
110:July 2020
4360:Dindigul
4300:Archived
4282:Archived
4251:Archived
4220:Archived
4165:Archived
4146:Archived
4029:Archived
3931:Archived
3878:cite web
3868:26 March
3827:cite web
3817:30 March
3519:31 March
3429:cite web
3419:25 March
3358:31 March
3228:26 March
3114:cinnamon
3090:avocados
3062:Vilpatti
2929:invasive
2837:Labiatae
2754:bourneae
2746:Eulophia
2701:Huperzia
2658:Sonerila
2648:hotspots
2572:reptiles
2529:and the
2480:Mammals:
2319:Nomadic
1312:Details
1152:Vilpatti
1130:Vilpatti
1095:Vilpatti
943:gneisses
636:role of
634:economic
580:wildlife
570:or II -
309:Location
238:Climbing
210:Location
4103:Kuringi
3631:7 April
3329:1 April
3287:12 July
3261:12 July
3167:Berijam
3138:bananas
3122:mangoes
3110:vanilla
3052:Kurinji
2966:tourism
2947:mercury
2779:gentian
2734:crinita
2732:Cyathea
2719:Utleria
2671:wightii
2653:endemic
2630:Plants:
2533:in the
2337:millets
2321:Paliyan
2272:montane
1342:Climate
1306:Height
961:in the
951:schists
934:History
861:Geology
814:montane
742:plateau
730:Anamudi
646:camping
576:habitat
525:Berijam
463:History
423:Murugan
180:77°28′E
177:10°12′N
94:scholar
3949:
3751:Kukkal
3674:
3283:. 2006
3196:
3163:Kukkal
3134:guavas
3118:nutmeg
3106:pepper
3102:coffee
3094:guavas
3086:orange
3002:lakhs.
2952:, and
2936:sewage
2870:. II.
2854:
2827:
2804:
2792:
2773:Exacum
2689:tenera
2436:wattle
2307:Tribes
2232:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2201:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2170:
2167:
2159:
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2128:
2125:
2108:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2077:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2046:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2015:
2012:
2004:
2001:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1970:
1953:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1922:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1891:
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1462:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1242:Kukkal
763:. The
761:Kerala
642:hiking
627:Kukkal
619:Kumbur
611:Poondi
476:Palani
403:Kerala
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3862:(PDF)
3851:(PDF)
3811:(PDF)
3800:(PDF)
3595:(PDF)
3588:(PDF)
3560:(PDF)
3553:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3413:(PDF)
3402:(PDF)
3247:(PDF)
2878:. 2.
2874:: 1.
2866:. 2.
2862:: 1.
2843:. 2.
2835:. 2.
2816:. 2.
2673:ssp.
2574:like
2550:like
2420:shola
1303:Name
1148:photo
1144:photo
1126:photo
1122:photo
1110:Road.
831:shola
822:shola
539:or a
484:Tamil
321:India
218:India
101:JSTOR
87:books
4057:2011
3947:ISBN
3884:link
3870:2007
3833:link
3819:2010
3779:2009
3672:ISBN
3633:2015
3603:2008
3568:2008
3521:2010
3492:2012
3462:2012
3435:link
3421:2010
3360:2010
3331:2010
3289:2020
3263:2020
3230:2007
3207:2012
3194:ISBN
3136:and
3098:amla
3096:and
3082:lime
3068:and
2852:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2669:Hoya
2642:sp.'
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2570:and
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2440:pine
2400:and
2333:yams
2299:dry.
1222:Hut.
1026:The
949:and
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656:and
578:and
564:IUCN
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