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species. The shoulders represent the highest position of the back. The limb bones are generally robust, and the deltoid muscle ridge on the humerus is well developed. The tusks were upward curving and somewhat twisted in males, but were relatively straight and untwisted in females, and reached a
877:
Takahashi, Keiichi; Soeda, Yuji; Izuho, Masami; Yamada, Goro; Akamatsu, Morio; Chang, Chun-Hsiang (April 2006). "The
Chronological Record of the Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in Japan, and its Temporary Replacement by Palaeoloxodon naumanni During MIS 3 in Hokkaido (northern Japan)".
517:
during cooler intervals. It is suggested that it preferred temperate forested habitats, including deciduous broad-leaved trees and conifers, and is thought to have inhabited a wide range of altitudes, from sea level to over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).
370:
having a reconstructed shoulder height of 2.4–2.8 metres (7.9–9.2 ft), for males and around 2 metres (6.6 ft) for females. This is relatively small in comparison to other (non-dwarf)
983:
Iwase, Akira; Hashizume, Jun; Izuho, Masami; Takahashi, Keiichi; Sato, Hiroyuki (March 2012). "Timing of
Megafaunal Extinction in the Late Late Pleistocene on the Japanese Archipelago".
465:
Remains from mainland China have also been attributed to this species by some authors. However, other authors attribute the
Chinese remains, which are considerably larger than Japanese
420:, Shizuoka Prefecture, and, in his “Notes on a Fossil Elephant from Sahamma, Totomi”, reported that the elephant was a previously unidentified subspecies, and designated the fossil
340:
had a parietal-occipital crest on the top of the skull to anchor the splenius and possibly other muscles to support the head. In comparison to other
Eurasian species of
618:. Any more recent dates are considered unreliable. Some authors have suggested that its extinction was due to climatic change resulting in loss of habitat and
1072:
695:"The Evolution of Palaeoloxodon Skull Structure: Disentangling Phylogenetic, Sexually Dimorphic, Ontogenetic, and Allometric Morphological Signals"
1146:
344:, the parietal-occipital crest was only weakly developed and does not come near the nasal opening, comparable to the condition in the African
311:
are also known from China, though the status of these specimens is unresolved, and some authors regard them as belonging to separate species.
1136:
740:
Shoshani, Jeheskel; Ferretti, Marco P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Agenbroad, Larry D.; Saegusa, Haruo; Mol, Dick; Takahashi, Keiichi (July 2007).
606:, have been found together with many lithic and bone tool artifacts, suggesting that the elephants were butchered by humans at the site.
636:
1131:
1141:
631:
827:
657:
790:"An Overview of Palaeloxodon naumanni, the Palaeoloxodon (Elephantidae) of the Far East: Distribution, Morphology and Habitat"
491:
The oldest known date for the species is around 330,000 years ago, when it seems to have replaced the earlier proboscidean
319:
946:"Geology and Quaternary Environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic Site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, Central Japan"
126:
614:
The most recent reliable dates for the species are around 24,000 years Before
Present, during the early stages of the
1063:
471:
375:
maximum length of about 2.2–2.4 metres (7.2–7.9 ft) and a maximum diameter of 20 centimetres (7.9 in).
619:
350:. The frons (forehead region) of the skull is wide and proportionally flat, with the frontal being high. The
852:
401:
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300:
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1025:
1098:
303:
who first described remains of the species in the 19th century, with the species sometimes being called
225:
914:
452:
during the 1970s. Historically, some
Japanese researchers continued to place the species in the genus
992:
957:
887:
789:
749:
706:
615:
527:
523:
288:
944:
Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko
Excavation Research Group (April 2018).
853:"Land Bridge Formation and Proboscidean Immigration into the Japanese Islands During the Quaternary"
362:
shows the development of a distinctive depression called the "angulus", with appears to be a unique
493:
406:
346:
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Humans are thought to have arrived in the
Japanese archipelago around 40,000 years ago. Bones of
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is known from hundreds of localities across the
Japanese archipelago, ranging from southern
296:
693:
Larramendi, Asier; Zhang, Hanwen; Palombo, Maria Rita; Ferretti, Marco P. (February 2020).
658:"On the Stylohyoid Bone of Naumann's Elephant (Elephas naumanni MAKIYAMA) from Lake Nojiri"
405:), which has been originally named for remains found in the Indian subcontinent. In 1924,
384:
996:
961:
891:
753:
710:
656:
Norihisa, Inuzuka; Hasegawa, Yoshikazu; Nogariya, Hiroshi; Kamei, Tadao (31 Jan 1975).
603:
545:
514:
459:
113:
1120:
726:
665:
Memoirs of the
Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy
622:, while others suggest humans may have been a contributing factor in the extinction.
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442:
Palaeoloxodon tokunagai, P. namadicus namad, P. namadicus yabei, P. aomoriensis
366:
of this species. The species like other elephants was sexually dimorphic, with
561:
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In 1860, the first fossil record was found at Yokosuka and the bottom of the
541:
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bones (which contain the tusks) are relatively short in comparison to other
138:
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33:
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around 330,000 to 24,000 years ago. It is named after the German geologist
534:
lived alongside other megafauna species, including the extinct giant deer
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278:
158:
79:
74:
59:
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44:
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YOSHIKAWA, Shusaku; KAWAMURA, Yoshinari; TARUNO, Hiroyuki (March 2007).
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395:” (1882). Naumann classified the fossil as belonging to the species
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during warmer intervals, while it was replaced in Hokkaido by the
318:
573:
1023:
742:"Relationships within the Elephantinae using hyoid characters"
440:
species and subspecies were identified in Japan, including
480:
or otherwise consider them indeterminate within the genus
1032:
880:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
860:Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University
8:
927:Bulletin of the Yamanashi Prefectural Museum
526:suggests that it had a diet heavy in coarse
921:from Ani-gawa River, Yamanashi, Japan]
29:Temporal range: Middle to Late Pleistocene
16:Extinct species of elephant native to Japan
1020:
588:alongside those of the extinct giant deer
391:researched and reported these fossils in “
112:
20:
448:. These were all later synonymised with
648:
436:. In the 1920s and 1930s several other
393:Ueber japanische Elephanten der Vorzeit
602:dating to approximately 37,900 years
257:
7:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
688:
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476:originally named as a subspecies of
917:[Dental microwear analysis for
637:Lake Nojiri Naumann Elephant Museum
828:"ナウマン象に出会った石器たち「－３万５千年前の石器製作跡か？－」"
14:
788:Takahashi, Keiichi (2022-10-29).
334:like other members of the genus
125:
719:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106090
632:Chūrui Naumann Elephant Museum
1:
1147:Fossil taxa described in 1924
913:Yamada, Eisuke (March 2021).
806:10.1080/08912963.2022.2132857
1005:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.029
970:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012
900:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.08.006
762:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.003
522:analysis of a specimen from
416:researched fossils found in
1137:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
458:(which contains the living
422:Elephas namadicus naumannni
260:Elephas namadicus naumannni
1163:
915:"山梨県兄川産ナウマンゾウ化石のマイクロウェア解析"
699:Quaternary Science Reviews
469:, to the separate species
426:Elephas namadicus naumanni
387:, Japan. German geologist
379:Discovery and nomenclature
1132:Pleistocene proboscideans
505:, northwards to northern
428:as a new species, called
424:. Tadao Kamei identified
277:is an extinct species of
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122:Scientific classification
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23:
1142:Extinct animals of Japan
985:Quaternary International
950:Quaternary International
746:Quaternary International
620:population fragmentation
580:Relationship with humans
487:Distribution and ecology
432:, from fossils found at
307:. Fossils attributed to
402:Palaeoloxodon namadicus
389:Heinrich Edmund Naumann
332:Palaeoloxodon naumanni,
301:Heinrich Edmund Naumann
287:that was native to the
281:belonging to the genus
1064:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
1034:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
919:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
532:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
430:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
328:
327:at the Hokkaido Museum
325:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
274:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
238:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
25:Palaeoloxodon naumanni
1099:Paleobiology Database
530:like bark and twigs.
322:
748:. 169–170: 174–185.
616:Last Glacial Maximum
524:Yamanashi Prefecture
289:Japanese archipelago
997:2012QuInt.255..114I
962:2018QuInt.471..385K
892:2006PPP...233....1T
754:2007QuInt.169..174S
711:2020QSRv..22906090L
591:Sinomegaceros yabei
537:Sinomegaceros yabei
494:Stegodon orientalis
347:Palaeoloxodon recki
794:Historical Biology
329:
305:Naumann's elephant
1114:
1113:
1086:Open Tree of Life
1026:Taxon identifiers
840:on July 22, 2011.
800:(11): 2076–2093.
600:Nagano Prefecture
397:Elephas namadicus
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297:Late Pleistocene
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244:(Makiyama, 1924)
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217:P. naumanni
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32:0.33–0.024
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604:Before Present
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515:woolly mammoth
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482:Palaeoloxodon.
472:P. huaihoensis
460:Asian elephant
446:P. yokohamanus
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372:Palaeoloxodon
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358:species. The
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337:Palaeoloxodon
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284:Palaeoloxodon
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226:Binomial name
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189:Elephantidae
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1058:Wikispecies
991:: 114–124.
956:: 385–395.
596:Lake Nojiri
586:P. naumanni
566:black bears
562:brown bears
499:P. naumanni
467:P. naumanni
450:P. naumanni
434:Lake Nojiri
410: [
368:P. naumanni
352:premaxillae
315:Description
309:P. naumanni
291:during the
179:Proboscidea
1121:Categories
705:: 106090.
643:References
610:Extinction
814:0891-2963
727:213676377
554:musk deer
542:sika deer
418:Hamamatsu
210:Species:
145:Kingdom:
139:Eukaryota
1049:Q1593261
1043:Wikidata
626:See also
511:Hokkaido
279:elephant
251:Synonyms
185:Family:
169:Mammalia
159:Chordata
155:Phylum:
149:Animalia
135:Domain:
1091:6144042
1078:8653639
993:Bibcode
958:Bibcode
888:Bibcode
750:Bibcode
707:Bibcode
675:2 March
671:(1): 49
509:and to
455:Elephas
235:†
214:†
195:Genus:
175:Order:
165:Class:
101:↓
1104:159799
866:: 1–6.
812:
725:
574:wolves
570:tigers
528:browse
507:Honshu
503:Kyushu
293:Middle
923:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
838:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
723:S2CID
661:(PDF)
550:moose
414:]
399:(now
1073:GBIF
810:ISSN
677:2017
572:and
444:and
40:PreꞒ
1001:doi
989:255
966:doi
954:471
896:doi
884:233
802:doi
758:doi
715:doi
703:229
598:in
594:at
462:).
295:to
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948:.
931:15
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770:^
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685:^
669:41
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663:.
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568:,
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560:,
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540:,
412:ja
90:Pg
34:Ma
1007:.
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902:.
898::
890::
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804::
764:.
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729:.
717::
709::
679:.
474:,
199:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
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